Elective monarchy - Knowledge (XXG)

1963: 3030: 2219:, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State. The Prince and Grand Master holds the rank of Prince, bestowed by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1607 and holds the precedence of a cardinal of the Church since 1630. The Council that elects the prince includes members of the Sovereign Council and other high-ranking office-holders and representatives of the Order's worldwide entities. The Sovereign Council, including the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller, and the Receiver of the Common Treasure, aid the prince in governing the order. 50: 2872:

power, or might appear as a true outsider, (hopefully) unbiased in matters of internal politics. (The concept of "invitation" may discreetly gloss over intense lobbying or diplomatic maneuvering in some cases.) By selecting a foreign prince or aristocrat, nations could expect to gain diplomatic links and a figurehead accustomed to the trappings of courts and ceremonial duties. Newly established states in the 19th and early 20th centuries established trends in the selection and appointment of newly minted monarchs.

3166:, the composition of which includes the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, the two Patriarchs of the country’s two main Buddhist Sangha Nikayas, the 1st and 2nd Deputy Presidents of the Senate and the 1st and 2nd Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly. Article 14 of the Constitution further states that the royal candidate for the throne must be at least 30 years old and a descendant of the late King Ang Duong, King Norodom or King Sisowath. 1842:

century, hereditary succession was increasingly stable until the Frankish invasions against the Visigoths led to a period of crisis in which the Visigoths reverted to elections. After the crisis was over in the 6th century, the family of Leovigild attempted to revive hereditary succession until Swintila was overthrown and the Fourth Council of Toledo formally declared elective succession as the principle of succession in 633.

1648:, repeatedly tried to abolish the office of Stadtholder or leave it vacant – which it was for several decades of Dutch history. Conversely, the House of Orange and its adherents tried to increase the powers of the Stadtholder to approximate those of a monarch, to make it officially hereditary (which it became in the later part of the 18th century) and finally to transform it into a full-fledged monarchy – as it was in 1815. 1284: 3895: 2179:. In this case the elective aspect in the choice of Monarch was especially prominent, since Bernadotte had been a French commoner with no previous connection to Sweden and not the most remote of dynastic claims to the Swedish throne – his being chosen derived solely from urgent political and military considerations of the crisis time of the 2024:. Since in Poland, all sons of a noble were nobles, and not only the eldest, every one of an estimated 500,000 nobles could potentially have participated in such elections in person – by far the most extensive franchise of any European country at the time. During the election period, the function of the king was performed by an 2758:) and with extensive powers. Hamilton believed that elective monarchs had sufficient power domestically to resist foreign corruption, yet there was enough domestic control over their behavior to prevent tyranny at home. His proposal was resoundingly voted down in favor of a four-year term with the possibility of reelection. 3514:, comprising the most powerful senior princes, which has the power to disapprove the King's nominee for Crown Prince and substitute its own by simple majority vote. In effect, this makes the Saudi monarchy elective within the House of Saud, as the king's eldest son has not become Crown Prince since the death of King 1636:, whose powers fell short of those of a monarch, and which was elective. Each of the seven Dutch provinces could separately elect its own Stadtholder, and it did not have to be the same person in all of them. In theory anyone could be elected Stadtholder, though in practice it was restricted to members of the 2645:" as the new monarch and stirps of a new dynasty. In practice, however, during the entire time from 1864 until the abolition of the monarchy, the throne was never passed from parent to child, as every Hawaiian monarch who reigned during that period died without leaving issue. Following the 1872 death of 4874:

The Pskov men invited princes to Pskov whose professional armoured cavalry was very important for a city that had constant wars with the Livonian Order. The princely power grew during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries while the prince himself usually was a protégé of the grand prince of Moscow.

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passed into distant history, and the Empire became functionally an absolute monarchy. The office of Roman and Byzantine emperor remained vaguely elective (albeit with the election procedure never strictly defined, but generally understood to be a matter for the Senate). For instance, whilst the first

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If there was no uparaja at the time of the king's death—and this was frequently the case—the choice of a new monarch drawn from the royal family was left to the Senabodi, the council of senior officials, princes, and Buddhist prelates that assembled at the death of a king. It was such a council that

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In the past; new polities or countries in internal turmoil sometimes selected and invited some person to become their monarch. The selected person might have had little or nothing to do with his prospective kingdom; he might have had associations with a current great power or with a current regional

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Portugal's monarchy contained the remnants of the elective principle in requiring reciprocal oaths, the assent of the Cortes and acclamation before acceding to the throne. Portugal's first king Afonso I followed Visigothic precedent by appointing his son as co-ruler to establish a hereditary line of

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A hereditary monarchy may occasionally use election to fill a vacant throne. For example, the royal family may become extinct; depending on how precisely the succession to the throne is defined in law, several candidates with equally, or almost equally, strong claims could emerge, with an election

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between multiple kings. Disputed succession was common because of a large number of sons sired by kings. However, when single rule appeared in the 9th century, civil wars grew in frequency throughout the region. Later, Christianisation led to the promulgation of primogeniture in Norway in 1163 and

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elected the king from the relatives of past kings, in accordance with the Germanic traditions. In practice, the Visigoth kings appointed their eldest sons to manage the kingdom's affairs, so that when the king died the eldest son was politically skilled enough to secure the throne. In the 5th

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Scandinavian kingship, according to the Germanic tradition, was elected upon the death of the previous king. The selection was not always limited to the heirs of the previous king (e.g. in Sweden when the royal house was changing between the houses of Eric and Sverker between generations).

3380:, as they are considered the unofficial successor of the Counts of Foix. The Andorran authorities and people have no say in the election of the President of France, leaving Andorra in the unique position of having a monarch who is democratically elected by the citizenry of another state. 4090:

Austria in 1848-49: being a history of the late political movements in Vienna, Milan, Venice, and Prague; with details of the campaigns of Lombardy and Novara; a full account of the Revolution in Hungary; and Historical sketches of the Austrian Government and the princes of the empire:

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In order to bypass the prohibition on heredity and ensure dynastic continuity, many reigning Byzantine emperors had their heirs crowned co-emperor so that the throne could not be considered vacant at their own death and thus the need for succession by election would not arise.

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In 1867, as Mongkut had not designated who would succeed him, the choice fell to a council to decide. The council led by Prince Deves, Mongkut's eldest half-brother, then chose Chulalongkorn as Mongkut's successor. However, Chulalongkorn was only 15 and so the council choose

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Denmark in 1170, but the elective idea still persisted in the requirement to be certified by a local assembly and subsequently the magnates would still elect the new king, albeit while the incumbent king was still alive. This demonstrated the enduring power of the nobles.

2056: – thus applying the right of disobedience they had inscribed in their public records only two years before.' Second, it resulted in two candidates being proclaimed the winner, and in subsequent events the nobility was able to confirm their majority choice for 4955:

On the Novgorod and Pskov communities' practice of inviting princes from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, see Anna Khoroshkevich, 'Istoricheskie sud'by belorusskikh i ukrainskikh zemel' v XIV – nachale XVI v.,' in Vladimir Pashuto, Boris Floria, and Khoroshkevich,

3510:; consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions or influence, creating strong incentive for the Crown Prince to assert his power. Since 2007, the process of establishing the consensus of the House has been institutionalized in the form of the 1932:, the kingship was partially elected and partially hereditary. During the height of the kingdom in the mid-12th century there was a royal family and a relatively clear line of succession. Nevertheless, the king was elected, or at least recognized, by the 1856:'s subsequent deposition in 1868 a new parliament was constituted through direct male suffrage. It was then decided that a democratically elected monarch was needed in Spain. The debates regarding Isabella's succession took place until October 1869, when 1667:

The Frankish kingdom was at least partly elective. Merovingian kings were elected, while Carolingian kings were elected at times. In the 10th century Western Frankish royal elections switched between different lineages before settling on the Capetians.

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to oversee the election for a new king. Once the Roman kings were overthrown, there remained an absolute prohibition for royal establishment in the Roman constitution, a prohibition which formally remained in place during imperial times, both classical

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from almost endless pools of contending cousins who are eligible for the elections because they all claim descent from founding monarchs or other royals. Each title is therefore held for life by one of these dynastic cousins in turn, often through

3462:, the Samoan parliament. Articles 18 and 45 of the Constitution provide, respectively, that any Member of Parliament may be elected head of state, and that any Samoan citizen may be elected to Parliament, although 47 out of the 49 seats in the 2243:

of more than 2000 Venetian aristocrats and employed an elaborate system designed to prevent one family or alliance from dominating the process. It used smaller nominating groups that were reduced in number by the drawing of lots and required a

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was originally hereditary, it too became elective in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Candidates had to be of royal blood, but the kingship was elected by a council of noblemen, rather than automatically passing to the eldest son. In 1905

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is appointed for life by a council of 13 elders. The latest election was in 2013 after the death of the previous cacique at around 100 years old. The current cacique is Costa Rican-born Pedro Palacios, son of the previous cacique Pedro

2786:. While sometimes a monarch may be forced to abdicate in favour of his or her heir, on other occasions the royal family as a whole has been rejected, the throne going to an elected candidate. Examples of extraordinary election are: 1362:, guaranteeing that the title and office stayed within the royal family and specifying, more or less precisely, the order of succession. Today, almost all monarchies are hereditary monarchies in which the monarchs come from one 2216: 2140:

in 1389, but many of her successors had the united kingdoms split up as Sweden elected a different king than Denmark and Norway upon succession. The election was usually contested through a Danish invasion of Sweden until

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The tradition of electing the country's ruler, which occurred when there was no clear heir to the throne, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as

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succession, but whenever there was doubt on succession, the elective principle would resume. The Cortes affirmed the crown as elective when it elevated King John in 1385. In Portugal, on 6 April 1385 in the aftermath of

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and in the aftermath abolished the Bohemian Elective Monarchy and made exclusive Habsburg rule the de jure as well as de facto situation. The attempt to make Frederick V King of Bohemia is regarded as a catalyst for the

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in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance. The manner of election, the nature of candidate qualifications, and the electors vary from case to case. Historically, it was common for elective

2040:). Although the elective principle was already established in Polish political culture in the late Middle Ages, the rules changed significantly in the 1570s, and the principles developed in that period lasted until the 2311:

was a purer example of an elective monarchy, where blood claims had even less influence. Nobles elected a king's successor, and it was common for the successor to be of a different family than his predecessor.

2505:'s kings were elected by the aristocracy whose powers were on par with the king. In the kingdom of Goguryeo, the ruler was originally chosen from among the heads of the five tribes, most often the Sono tribe. 1676:

kings; the kings however took the habit of, during their reign, having their son elected as co-king and successor during their reigns. The election soon became a mere formality and vanished after the reign of

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was finally chosen. Nevertheless, his reign lasted until 11 October 1873, when he abdicated citing his inability to solve the problems Spain was going through, after which the parliament proclaimed a

1544:, the next in line to the throne, was a young child at the time, so Parliament bypassed him in favour of Henry, who had led a revolt against Richard. Parliament also confirmed depositions during the 1491:

period further stripped the republican veneer from the constitution, Emperors succeeded by a mixture of proclamation by the Legions or Senate as much as by blood (though sons did succeed fathers).

2946:, a chief of their former Varangian foes, to re-establish order: his descendants ruled in Kiev, Muscovy and Russia until 1917. The legend of an invitation echoes the habit of later invitations to 5120: 1782:

and who expected this situation to go on indefinitely. In 1618 the Bohemians chose to exercise in practice their legal right to choose a King at their discretion, despite having already elected

3522:, that a member of the house who was not a son of Abdulaziz attained the position (all prior Crown Princes had been chosen from among Abdulaziz's sons). Upon Prince Muhammad's removal, Prince 1358:

Many kingdoms were officially elective historically, though the candidates were typically only from the family of the deceased monarch. Eventually, however, most elected monarchies introduced

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From 1075 the people of Novgorod 'invited' the prince to take the throne and it is clear that the princes were now there only so long as they satisfied the Novgorodians and obeyed their laws.

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being held to choose from among them. This differs from a formally elective monarchy in that it is an extraordinary measure, and with the new monarch the succession again becomes hereditary.

3332:. Elections are held every 5 years. The position of the ruler of each emirate of the United Arab Emirates is determined by consensus of the respective ruling royal family of that emirate. 535: 6833: 2722:, Supreme Chieftain of the Mapuches, possibly in the belief that their cause might be better served with a European acting on their behalf. He later proclaimed himself as the King of 3394:" (She-Elephant / Queen Mother). The son of this "Great Wife" will automatically become the next king. The eldest son is never appointed successor, as he has other ceremonial roles. 1616:

In Ireland, from the beginning of recorded history until the mid-16th/early 17th century, succession was determined by an elective system based on patrilineal relationship known as

1350:) by repeated election of the previous rulers' children, or for hereditary monarchies to acquire elective or semi-elective succession laws, particularly following dynastic crises. 3360:. The title of Count was merged with the French crown in 1609, meaning that all French kings from then on became Co-Prince. France relinquished control upon the formation of the 4475: 1962: 4787: 4513: 3488:, only reverting to the normal rule of electing the head of state for five years upon Malietoa's death in 2007. In addition, the Samoan head of state is referred to as " 3702: 3053:

1870: In the wake of political turmoil in Spain, the Spanish Cortes re-established the Spanish monarchy under a new royal house, electing the Italian Prince Amedeo of

1718:, beginning with its predecessor Eastern Francia, is perhaps the best-known example of an elective monarchy. However, from 1440 to 1740, a Habsburg was always elected 5070: 4330: 5042: 4568: 1811: 2825:. Later, Patriarch Filaret, a skilled politician in his own right, became effectively a co-ruler and sometimes a regent for his weak and not very healthy son. 5881: 5709: 5624: 5363: 2657:

was elected by the legislature in 1874, after Lunalilo's death. However, when Kalākaua died in 1891, the crown demised to the collateral line of his sister,

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consisting of senior officials present at the death of a king, would elect a successor. As a result of enormous support from senior and influential noble,

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Originally, kings were supposed to be elected from among the descendants of a previous king, which was connected to descent from gods. There could also be

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was also the system of royal succession until King Malcolm II in the early 11th century introduced direct inheritance. The Isle of Man also used tanistry.

1591:, replaced male-preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture and ended disqualification of a person who married a Roman Catholic from succession. 1532:

resulted in a monarchy with both hereditary and quasi-elective elements – at least as between various contenders with some dynastic claim for the throne.

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The Kingship of Aragon was initially elected by the "rich men" barons. Later this right was limited to the Cortes confirming the succession of the heir.

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by consensus of the Federal Supreme Council. Likewise, the Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE is a position held by the Al Maktoum sheikhs of

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was elected as the head of the state and Ra'is (President) of the union by the ruling monarchs of the other six Emirates, while Zayed himself voted for

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or Kiingitanga has continued to the present. The current Māori monarch (i.e. monarch of the Kiingitanga movement, not of all Māori) is Kuīni (Queen)

5778: 3871:(1934) Eoin MacNeill stated that, according to the annal evidence, tanistry originated only about a century after the Anglo-Norman invasion, p. 148. 2108:

was also officially elective, although the eldest son of the reigning monarch was usually elected. This continued until 1660, when a hereditary and

1905: 2862:, was chosen by independent regional warchiefs in the 8th century. This arrangement was common in many contemporary tribal societies in the region. 2235:, who normally ruled for life, though a few were forced from office. His powers were never those of an absolute monarch, but he was the Republic's 6096: 2315:

This form of elective monarchy existed in the kingdom from its inception around 1400 until its complete disintegration in the early 20th century.

1176: 2641:, and the draft constitution of 1893, all provided that, in the event of the extinction of the royal line, the Legislature would elect a "native 2279:

or by the Taïfa of the raïs (Assembly of the corsairs). The elected deys also bore the title of governor-sultan of Algiers or sultan of Algiers.

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if there is a more senior prince descended from the previous Sultan; this is possible should the senior prince relinquish his right to become

1459:, the first Emperor, who established the Principate. Whilst given many titles (including "Augustus", i.e. "majestic") he described himself as 6148: 6113: 5703: 4819: 4043: 3313: 2723: 769: 743: 5215: 5188: 4762: 2514: 5333: 1945: 1312: 6601: 328: 4383: 3386:

has a form of quasi-elective monarchy. No king can appoint his successor. Instead, the royal family decides which of his wives shall be "

1730:. The secular electoral seats were hereditary. However, spiritual electors (and other prince-(arch)bishops) were usually elected by the 1664:, which can be translated as king, who were elected for terms of one year or longer. Candidates were drawn from relatives of past kings. 5143: 4825: 4445: 3910: 3203: 3134: 2614:. While in principle the position is not hereditary, in practice every Māori monarch thus far has been a child of the previous monarch. 728: 6606: 3631: 2013: 4641: 4616: 4591: 4544: 4310: 4231: 4113: 4073: 4004: 3979: 3852: 3827: 3795: 3755: 3661: 2818: 2130: 1541: 451: 5234: 5871: 5272: 5036: 4937: 4898: 4861: 4713: 4507: 4467: 4421: 4343: 4191: 4166: 3725: 3686: 3111: 2916: 2192: 2061: 6416: 3472:, or chiefs (the other two are reserved for non-Samoans). However, most of the confusion stemmed from a special clause which named 1583:

in the late 17th and early 18th centuries which explicitly excluded Catholics (and thus the male descendants of James II) from the

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Accordingly, heredity never was, and could never be, formally established in law. And whilst the later, more overtly authoritarian

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On 2 March 1935, Prince Ananda Mahidol was elected by the National Assembly and the Thai government to succeed his uncle, King

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and powerful within restrictions and levels of oversight that varied in different periods. The election process began with the

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in 1370, Polish kings were initially elected by a small council; gradually, this privilege was granted to all members of the

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is selected from amongst the most senior male princes descending from the 18th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Ahmadin. The Sultan,

1790:– "The Winter King". However, the Habsburgs regarded this as an act of rebellion, re-imposed their rule over Bohemia in the 1563:, whose effect was to disinherit the Stuarts and replace them by the Hanoverians, whose dynastic claim was far more remote. 3549:(tribes). However, every Maori monarch to date has been succeeded by their child, making the position hereditary in effect. 6230: 5064: 4349: 3492:", and an unwritten constitutional convention dictates that the President be elected from among the four paramount chiefs. 2630: 2033: 1848:

During the 19th century, more precisely between 1870 and 1873, an attempt of such a system took place in Spain. After the

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At the start of the 20th century, the first monarchs of several newly independent nations were elected by parliaments:

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had died without a male heir in October 1383, and different factions made strenuous efforts to secure the throne for

1575:. (Mary was James' daughter, William was James' nephew, and William and Mary were succeeded by Mary's younger sister 5262: 6939: 6929: 6398: 6296: 3082:

1905: Norway, newly independent of Sweden, elected Prince Carl of Denmark as its first modern independent monarch:

2967: 2837: 2611: 2208: 2172: 2167:, since it was apparent that the Swedish branch of the House of Holstein-Gottorp would die with the childless King 2157: 1132: 955: 764: 644: 313: 6864: 1640:. There was no obligation to elect a Stadtholder at all, and the leaders of the Dutch Republican faction, such as 6686: 6551: 6486: 6476: 6461: 5796: 5743: 5653: 4657: 3477: 3115: 3022: 2924: 2454:(248 BC–224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, is considered to be the oldest elective monarchy in Asia. The 1972: 1957: 1401: 1137: 992: 738: 398: 343: 6306: 6286: 6251: 6204: 6158: 5510: 5326: 3043: 2469:, have been required to undergo a parliamentary vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the throne. 2462:, as a vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the imperial throne or to be removed from the power. 2113: 1897: 1685: 1641: 1305: 481: 431: 238: 4729: 2682:

were chosen by a council of elders, nobles, and priests. He would be selected from a pool of four candidates.

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since independence in 1962, it was commonly mistaken for an elective monarchy for most of its existence. The

6184: 5876: 5859: 5849: 5824: 5668: 5394: 3317: 3295:(Deputy Crown Prince) are selected by the Dewan Negara of Perak. A son of the reigning Sultan cannot become 3093: 3076: 3065: 2743: 2240: 2142: 1933: 1889: 1595: 854: 461: 129: 6904: 6819: 5950: 4022:

The state, a sequel to the 'Universal Church'; together with a suppl. 'Record of thoughts', and some essays

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and Afghanistan which is a common myth. They practiced a sort of jirga system with two types of councils –

1722:, the throne becoming unofficially hereditary. During that period, the emperor was elected from within the 6666: 6586: 6378: 6311: 6179: 6128: 6060: 5960: 5748: 5683: 5490: 5419: 3534: 3473: 3449: 3223: 3034: 3015: 2996: 2607: 2168: 2153: 2093: 1861: 1580: 1564: 1473: 1397: 1225: 972: 733: 540: 196: 6849: 6368: 4875:

However, the right that was especially valued by Pskov men was that to expel princes whom they disliked.

2044:. There have been thirteen royal elections in Poland–Lithuania from 1573 to 1764. Roșu (2017) marked the 1598:

of 1320 asserted the rights of the nobles to choose a king if required, which implied elective monarchy.

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The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300–1600: Commercial Networks and Urban Autonomy

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Modern Europe: From the Fall of Constantinople to the Establishment of the German Empire, A.D. 1453-1871

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Emperors and Usurpers in the Later Roman Empire Civil War, Panegyric, and the Construction of Legitimacy

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was an elective monarchy until 1687. This elective right carried on for another two more decades in the

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citizens. Military service often was linked with citizenship among the male members of the royal house.

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turned to a semi-elective monarchy system to settle the succession of the crown among disputed heirs:

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In 14th, 15th, late 17th and early 18th century England, the evolving relations between the Crown and

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broke with tradition by looking beyond Central Europe for a candidate and electing the French Prince

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as the most significant for several reasons. First, 'the citizens of the commonwealth were forced to

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was chosen as King of England by a council of nobles and royal advisors at the death of his brother,

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1810: Sweden elected the French Napoleonic Marshal Jean Bernadotte as Crown Prince: he became King

2960: 2892: 2626: 2196: 2176: 2146: 2105: 2053: 1913: 1827: 1823: 1747: 1678: 1572: 1556: 1533: 1504: 1338: 1298: 1230: 688: 675: 662: 388: 338: 186: 5184: 4035: 3498:'s throne, while hereditary, is not determined by a succession law but rather by consensus of the 2911:, were originally appointed in this manner. On 9 October 1918 the Parliament of newly independent 2489:. This was often convened in the capital. Other critical leadership positions were also assigned. 1742:

were elective monarchies too. The same holds true for prince-abbacies, whose princess-abbesses or

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of 1830, creating an elective monarchy. France briefly had again a kind of elective monarchy when

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Parker, Geoffrey (2004). "8: Princes, Bishops and Republics: Cities and City-States in Russia".

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and the demise of Monarchy in Germany itself, and Finland opted to become a Republic instead.

2829: 2790: 2695: 2204: 2109: 2029: 2025: 1873: 1857: 1731: 1723: 1715: 1709: 1545: 1255: 1240: 1159: 849: 720: 667: 649: 595: 575: 560: 550: 383: 368: 318: 298: 114: 109: 87: 82: 34: 5140: 4809: 4437: 2532:, who had died 16 July 1817. According to the traditions of royal succession, the viceroy or 6840: 6804: 6722: 6546: 6316: 6261: 6224: 6199: 6189: 6123: 6075: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5975: 5970: 5663: 5409: 3900:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

3615: 3603: 2802: 2658: 2618: 2537: 2308: 2236: 2089: 1885: 1796: 1739: 1549: 1481: 1440: 1427: 1411: 1267: 1166: 1115: 600: 515: 211: 181: 134: 2891:, rather than elevate a member of the local power establishment, in the hope that a stable 6717: 6466: 6436: 6431: 6291: 6281: 6246: 6236: 6219: 6055: 6010: 5925: 5643: 5618: 5465: 5246: 5147: 4224:

The Braganzas: The Rise and Fall of the Ruling Dynasties of Portugal and Brazil, 1640–1910

3284: 3255: 3089: 2806: 2798: 2562: 2466: 2451: 2381: 2180: 2160: 1995:) or officials, and was heavily influenced by local traditions and strength of the ruler. 1759: 1693: 1684:

After declaring the throne vacant, the French Chamber of Deputies voted 229–33 to declare

1669: 1637: 1514: 1288: 859: 787: 751: 683: 590: 585: 530: 403: 378: 323: 3429: 2661:. Prior to 1864, the Hawaiian King-in-Council appointed the heir to the Hawaiian throne. 2588: 2271:(from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century) was an elective monarchy, whose 3222:(Supreme Head of State) is elected to a five-year term. Nine hereditary rulers from the 3064:

1879: The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly elected the Russian-sponsored German Prince

2625:

example. From 1864 until the monarchy was overthrown in 1893, it was constitutionally a

2012:(Polish nobility). Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania during the times of the 6859: 6641: 6626: 6591: 6331: 6326: 6209: 6143: 6015: 5673: 5648: 5553: 5470: 5424: 5159: 5091: 4929:

The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

4923: 3187: 3054: 2989: 2529: 2328: 2232: 2086: 1968: 1727: 1673: 1629: 1468: 1097: 1019: 525: 283: 206: 161: 4688: 1283: 6923: 6506: 6271: 6266: 6045: 5688: 5546: 5505: 5485: 4847: 3906: 3901: 3627: 3499: 3357: 3264: 3211: 3207: 3130: 2735: 2502: 2478: 2455: 2377: 2376:

jirgas have been reportedly organized since at least the early 18th century when the

2292: 2245: 2097: 1881: 1763: 1734:

as religious leaders, but simultaneously ruled as monarch (prince) of a territory of

1645: 1423: 1215: 1110: 1090: 1080: 893: 418: 408: 348: 308: 303: 144: 2145:

after his reconquest of Sweden had many of those voting against him executed in the

1700:

was first elected President of France and then transformed himself into an Emperor.

6596: 6118: 6080: 5980: 5563: 3507: 3495: 3489: 3369: 3345: 3175: 2884: 2794: 2679: 2646: 2595: 2526: 2393: 2340: 2164: 2149:(1520), which ended much of the support for the Danish king on the Swedish throne. 1743: 1697: 1480:, the fourth Emperor, in particular stands out, being "elected" to office once the 1464: 1436: 1363: 1075: 950: 915: 699: 520: 393: 358: 216: 3468: 2525:

In 1824, Phutthaloetla Naphalai died suddenly without having named a successor to

2420:(summit) comprised elders and tribal chiefs. The king also joined sessions of the 1750:

of clerics and imperially appointed as princely rulers in a pertaining territory.

1009: 5031:. Washington DC: International Business Publications. 29 April 2014. p. 41. 4927: 4888: 4851: 4408:

The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church

6828: 6337: 6133: 6020: 5940: 5531: 5515: 4973: 3542: 3538: 3405: 3391: 3273: 3126: 3075:

1887: The Bulgarian Grand National Assembly elected the Austro-Hungarian Prince

2859: 2755: 2654: 2599: 2575: 2571: 2367: 2324: 2288: 2200: 1978: 1917: 1633: 1508: 1245: 1210: 982: 940: 886: 844: 814: 639: 373: 253: 154: 17: 4159:

The Calabrian Charlatan, 1598–1603 Messianic Nationalism in Early Modern Europe

2879:

is the prime example. Previously, following precedent set in newly independent

6383: 6321: 6240: 5480: 5445: 5001: 3619: 3433: 3387: 2920: 2783: 2501:

elected its first king by a conference of tribal and village elders in 57 BC.

2482: 2459: 2361: 2336: 1525:, was a child at that time. This affirmed the principle of elective monarchy. 1444: 1371: 1102: 1053: 977: 908: 471: 293: 221: 72: 4554: 2770:, established in 1804, was also elective according to its 1805 constitution. 6742: 6732: 6301: 5608: 5495: 3417: 3376:, the French co-prince of Andorra has been the (now democratically elected) 3325: 2841: 2344: 1518: 1235: 1220: 1171: 1122: 1031: 987: 967: 935: 879: 869: 824: 819: 441: 248: 231: 201: 6035: 1463:, or merely "first among senators". The illusion of being elected from the 1944:(first among equals), and in his absence his duties were performed by his 6879: 6762: 6752: 6571: 6070: 5342: 5278: 3957:

On the Increase of Royal Power in France Under Philip Augustus, 1179-1223

3579: 3515: 3383: 3365: 3236: 2955: 2947: 2939: 2900: 2822: 2715: 2675: 2650: 2642: 2552: 2547: 2518: 2486: 2126: 2016:(1569–1795) were elected by gatherings of crowds of nobles at a field in 2008: 1775: 1617: 1611: 1599: 1488: 1477: 1476:, in each case their position was proclaimed, not inherited as of right. 1456: 1343: 1334: 1330: 1205: 1149: 1014: 874: 634: 243: 176: 41: 3919:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 398. 3320:

with a term of five years. Since its formation, the position has been a

2984:

1832: European Great Power diplomats selected the German Prince Otto of

2813:

house with close ties to the former royal family, and Michael's father,

6772: 6727: 6702: 6256: 6040: 6025: 5965: 5583: 5536: 5475: 5399: 5353: 3456:

provides that the Head of State be elected for a five-year term by the

3425: 3397: 3341: 2995:

1863: The Greek National Assembly elected the Danish Prince William of

2912: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2533: 2074: 1738:(which usually comprised a part of their diocesan territory). Thus the 1367: 1262: 1154: 1063: 945: 903: 864: 333: 191: 171: 139: 67: 6854: 6767: 6030: 5930: 5573: 5429: 5117:"Brus malis se viste de fiesta tras elección de nuevo líder indígena" 4958:

Drevnerusskoe nasledia i istoricheskie sud'by vostochnogo slavianstva

4811:

Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib

3556: 3437: 3280:

culture. The system was partially the basis for the federal monarchy.

3269: 3246:

shall not be re-elected unless the rotation succession was complete.

3240:

rotated amongst the State rulers, originally based on seniority. The

2880: 2876: 2855: 2542: 2021: 1999: 1193: 226: 4584:

The North And South Korean Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis

3748:

Family Power: Kinship, War and Political Orders in Eurasia, 500–2018

2927:– but soon afterwards, this move was foiled by the German defeat in 2821:

under the monastic name of Filaret, in effect holding a position of

2295:, or emperor, had to be approved by the Great Assembly known as the 1912:. The Council elected instead the younger (and illegitimate) son of 5187:. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC. 20 October 2006. 3445: 3349: 3329: 3112:

Frederick Charles Louis Constantine, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse

3028: 2943: 2849: 2810: 2719: 2653:

won; he was subsequently elected king by the legislature in 1873.

2498: 2385: 2296: 2003: 1961: 1657: 1400:

were elected by the army, which was similar in composition to the

1198: 1188: 288: 149: 4106:

Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569-1587

3932:

The Philosopher and the Druids: A Journey Among the Ancient Celts

2750:

should be an elective monarch, ruling for "good behavior" (i.e.,

2578:, the previous king, had not named an heir before his abdication. 1443:. In practice, however, Imperial Rome was a monarchy. During the 1370:

being passed from one family member to another upon the death or

6737: 5578: 5568: 5558: 5541: 5028:

UAE: How to Invest, Start and Run Profitable Business in the UAE

4303:

Routledge Revivals: Medieval Scandinavia (1993): An Encyclopedia

3518:

in 1953. However, it was only in 2015, through the accession of

3458: 3413: 3183: 3105:

Prince Wilhelm of Urach, Count of Württemberg, 2nd Duke of Urach

2136:

The Scandinavian kingdoms were united under the Danish crown by

2017: 1987: 1455:

apparatus of republicanism. This was particularly the case for

1026: 5315: 3788:

The British System of Government and Its Historical Development

3122:, but never reigned and abdicated on December 14 the same year. 2291:

functioned as both a constitutional and elective monarchy. The

1548:, as well as Henry VIII's settlements of the crown. During the 5264:

Constitutions, Elections and Legislatures of Poland, 1493–1993

5218:. The Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 3559:) have traditional heads of the three regions who are elected. 3546: 3409: 2928: 2591: 2458:

has been required to undergo an assembly of the nobles called

2434:

was a sort of rural council. In India they are referred to as

2332: 5311: 3158:

Article 13 of the Cambodian Constitution stipulates that the

4260:

Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,

2895:

would eventually emerge from the process. The first king of

4893:. Globalities Series. London: Reaktion Books. p. 124. 3677:

Allen M. Ward, Fritz M. Heichelheim, Cedric A. Yeo (2016).

1632:

of the 17th and 18th centuries there was the office of the

3150:

Currently, the world's only true elective monarchies are:

2887:

often chose their own monarchs from among the established

4972:

The Secretariat of the Constitution Council (July 2015).

4784:"Sheikh Mohammed recalls meeting which paved way for UAE" 3364:, briefly leaving Andorra under a clerical monarchy, but 2938:

862: According to tradition, various tribes of northern

2797:(national assembly) in 1613 after the extinction of the 2125:

was elected King of the newly independent Norway by the

4850:; Krom, Mikhail; Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna, eds. (2017). 4264:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p.62-63 3604:"The Constitutional Economics of Autocratic Succession" 2899:, as well as the now-deposed royal families of Greece, 4932:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 4338:. Johnny Hagberg and Skara stiftshistoriska sällskap. 4332:

The Holy See, the Order of Malta and International Law

1774:

assumed the Bohemian Crown, it was always held by the

1346:

to transform into hereditary ones (whether legally or

4856:. Routledge History Handbooks. Taylor & Francis. 4272: 4270: 3530:

to hold the position during the reign of his father.

3088:

1914: The European powers selected the German Prince

2565:

to become the regent until Chulalongkorn came of age.

3999:(2, revised ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 52. 2883:, new nations without a well-established hereditary 2836:

and became a federation. Upon its formation, Sheikh

2574:, as the eighth king of the Chakri dynasty, because 2429: 2422: 2414: 2406: 2398: 1521:, in 1199 because the heir by strict primogeniture, 6786: 6695: 6409: 6172: 6106: 5918: 5909: 5805: 5787: 5719: 5634: 5599: 5592: 5524: 5438: 5382: 3234:via a secret ballot. The position has to date been 2782:Alternatively, the monarch may be deposed, as in a 2343:of their polities by colleges of noblemen known as 2092:. Elective monarchy continued until 1544, when the 1991:, was usually limited to the most powerful nobles ( 1822:but had split from Hungary when the childless King 4405: 2347:. This practice has continued to the present day. 2207:since it was exiled to Rome from Malta during the 1672:was an elective monarchy at the time of the first 1552:, King Charles II strongly opposed any such idea. 4690:Lords of Life; a history of the Kings of Thailand 3813:Scotland: the making and unmaking of the nation, 2734:An attempt to create an elective monarchy in the 5160:"Official website of the head of state of Samoa" 3324:hereditary position to the Al Nahyan sheikhs of 3042:1866: Romania elected the German Prince Karl of 2698:was elected by a council of elders known as the 2327:rulers, such as the kings and chieftains of the 2060:and have it recognised, while avoiding war with 1430:. When a king died, the senate would appoint an 5002:"Khalifa bin Zayed re-elected President of UAE" 4133:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 16. 3268:of Negeri Sembilan is selected by a council of 2171:. Bernadotte eventually ascended the throne as 1467:continued. Over time the principle weakened as 5141:Constitution of the Independent State of Samoa 4890:Sovereign City: The City-state Through History 4066:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia 3750:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67. 3654:Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander 2649:, a non-binding referendum was held, in which 2032:). This unique Polish election was termed the 5327: 4438:"The Sovereign Council of the Order of Malta" 3845:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy 3480:, who were two of the four paramount chiefs ( 2275:was elected, depending on the period, by the 1306: 8: 5092:"Elección de un cacique en tiempos modernos" 3701:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2950:and others to rule in Pskov and in Novgorod. 2388:tribes, who are hypothesized to have spoken 2371: 1786:as king, and bestowed the Bohemian Crown on 1536:was chosen by Parliament in 1399 to replace 4537:Dynastic China : an elementary history 4108:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–31. 3974:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 151–152. 3046:as its Ruling Prince (he later became King 1937: 5915: 5596: 5334: 5320: 5312: 4706:The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Volume 9 4567:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3790:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 275–276. 3162:is chosen for a life term by the 9-member 3107:, who would have become King Mindaugas II. 2973:1831: Belgium selected a German Prince of 2046:1575/1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election 1484:had made it clear he was their candidate. 1313: 1299: 29: 4693:. Internet Archive. London: Alvin Redman. 3077:Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry 2828:In 1971 seven individual Emirates in the 1967:The Republic at the Zenith of Its Power. 1503:A system of elective monarchy existed in 4248:The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume XIX 4186:. Cornell University Press. p. 58. 3741: 3739: 3737: 3541:chooses a Maori monarch, elected by the 3103:voted to offer the throne to the German 2997:Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 2339:, were elected from amongst the various 2323:In the pre-colonial period, a number of 1906:Infante John, Duke of Valencia de Campos 4708:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4468:"To Save Afghanistan, Look to Its Past" 4301:Phillip Pulsiano; Kirsten Wolf (2017). 4152: 4150: 3959:. Gressner & Schramm. pp. 4–7. 3822:. Dundee University Press. p. 71. 3597: 3595: 3591: 3372:'s deposition and the formation of the 2919:, brother-in-law of the German Emperor 2392:, came down in intermittent waves from 40: 5369:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 5241:. Polish Academic Information Center, 5066:Countries and Territories of the World 4611:. AuthorHouse. pp. 204–205, 457. 4560: 4372:. Yale University Press. p. 221. 3811:Bob Harris; Alan R. MacDonald (2007). 3694: 2513:There were several occasions that the 744:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil 4808:Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011). 4664:. GlobalSecurity.org. August 18, 2013 4658:"Rattanakosin Period (1782 -present)" 4161:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 41. 3416:) are usually elected by councils of 3194:, generally from among their number. 2384:dynasties rose to power. The ancient 1571:were chosen by Parliament to replace 7: 5216:"Official Denmark – The Royal House" 5191:from the original on 5 November 2011 4288: 4276: 3681:. Taylor & Francis. p. 36. 3526:became the first Crown Prince since 2085:were elected by all free men at the 1726:by a small council of nobles called 4814:. Penguin Books India. p. 40. 4466:Jon Krakauer (September 11, 2009). 3348:. Andorra's two heads of state are 3204:Succession to the Malaysian thrones 3079:as Prince (later Tsar) of Bulgaria. 2742:argued in a long speech before the 2465:Other monarchs, such as the former 2199:or the Knights of Malta, remains a 676:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy 5364:List of current sovereign monarchs 4926:(2006). "4: The rise of Muscovy". 4496:Rawlinson, George (4 March 2018). 4404:Noonan Jr., James-Charles (1996). 4262:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego 3934:. Simon and Schuster. p. 95. 3786:Christopher Edward Taucar (2014). 3656:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 45. 3344:can be considered a semi-elective 2819:Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia 27:Monarchy ruled by an elected ruler 25: 3602:Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2000). 3033:Offering of the Mexican crown to 2981:, the first King of the Belgians. 2917:Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse 2744:Constitutional Convention of 1787 2193:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 2187:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1936:. Here the king was considered a 1540:. Richard was childless, and the 5882:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5185:"The Allegiance Institution Law" 5045:from the original on 15 May 2022 4535:Tan, Koon San (15 August 2014). 4516:from the original on 15 May 2022 3893: 3869:Early Irish laws and institution 3847:. Scarecrow Press. p. 471. 3262:an elective monarchy, where the 2633:. However, the Constitutions of 2231:was ruled from 697 to 1797 by a 2156:elected the French Marshall and 2104:as the heirs to the throne. The 1910:Infante Denis, Lord of Cifuentes 1896:, Ferdinand's only daughter and 1589:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 1282: 645:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire 48: 5359:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 5239:Poland – The Historical Setting 5235:"The Noble Republic, 1572–1795" 5166:from the original on 2012-02-20 5123:from the original on 2016-03-05 5098:from the original on 2019-03-28 5073:from the original on 2022-05-15 5008:from the original on 2019-12-05 4946:from the original on 2021-05-12 4828:from the original on 2 May 2016 4790:from the original on 2022-05-15 4765:from the original on 2020-04-09 4740:from the original on 2015-09-15 4478:from the original on 2021-05-08 4448:from the original on 2018-10-20 4386:from the original on 2022-05-15 4211:(2 ed.). Bell. p. 63. 4046:from the original on 2016-12-08 3997:Historical Dictionary of France 3634:from the original on 2021-02-25 2133:resolved in favor of monarchy. 775:Spanish transition to democracy 452:Les Six livres de la République 4226:. Reaktion Books. p. 14. 4182:Joseph F. O'Callaghan (1983). 3775:. CUP Archive. pp. 79–80. 3720:. OUP Oxford. pp. 13–14. 3404:(or "royal fathers", e.g. the 3135:Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg 3129:, there was an attempt by the 2748:President of the United States 2606:as their monarch in 1858. The 2540:. If there were none, then an 2497:The ancient Korean kingdom of 2175:and founded the still current 2028:(usually in the person of the 2014:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2002:, after the death of the last 1952:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1904:, or for either of her uncles 1426:the kings were elected by the 492:Democracy: The God That Failed 1: 4036:"The Emperor: Qualifications" 3814: 3771:Figgis, John Neville (1914). 3276:clan due to the influence of 2714:claimed to be elected by the 2631:male-preference primogeniture 2555:was elected as the successor. 2299:, despite hereditary claims. 1788:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 770:Birth of the Italian Republic 5374:List of monarchy referendums 5294:"Norway's elective monarchy" 4960:(Moscow, 1982), pp. 140–141. 4704:Hamilton, Alexander (1962). 4687:Chakrabongse, Chula (1967). 4675:chose Nang Klao's successor. 4068:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 73–74. 3883:(1608), Davis 28 180 E.R 516 3652:Richard, Gabriel A. (2010). 3250:Additionally, the Malaysian 3230:who will determine the next 3125:1918: During the end of the 3008:Conservative Party of Mexico 2215:. The Order is ruled by the 1820:Lands of the Hungarian Crown 1812:Principality of Transylvania 1792:Battle of the White Mountain 1474:descended from Julius Caesar 4634:Korea - A Religious History 4184:A History of Medieval Spain 4020:John Burley Waring (1874). 3679:History of the Roman People 3402:Nigerian traditional rulers 3164:Royal Council of the Throne 3146:Current elective monarchies 2858:, the first emperor of the 2846:Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum 2430: 2423: 2415: 2407: 2399: 2372: 1818:continued to belong to the 1768:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1410:, the assembly of all free 729:Austro-Hungarian Compromise 655:Birth of the Dutch Republic 6956: 4730:"Haiti: 1805 Constitution" 4607:Hugh Dyson Walker (2012). 4499:A Short History of Parthia 4305:. Routledge. p. 621. 4207:Thomas Henry Dyer (1877). 3955:Walker, Williston (1888). 3368:reclaimed the seat. Since 3201: 3099:1918: The German-occupied 2968:Charles XIV John of Sweden 2838:Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 2359: 2260: 2209:French occupation of Malta 2173:Charles XIV John of Sweden 1955: 1758:Since medieval times, the 1707: 1609: 1418:Ancient Rome and Byzantium 1333:ruled by a monarch who is 765:Siamese revolution of 1932 5349: 4636:. Routledge. p. 17. 4632:James H. Grayson (2013). 4586:. Routledge. p. 82. 4129:Keefe, Eugene K. (1976). 4064:Mahoney, William (2011). 3970:John S.C. Abbott (2019). 3773:The Divine Right of Kings 3354:Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell 3023:Franz Joseph I of Austria 3010:offered the crown of the 2712:Orélie-Antoine de Tounens 2062:Maximilian II of Habsburg 1958:Royal elections in Poland 1559:, Parliament enacted the 739:5 October 1910 Revolution 635:Birth of the Roman Empire 5511:Self-proclaimed monarchy 4609:East Asia: A New History 4093:. Low. 1852. p. 23. 3930:Freeman, Philip (2006). 3716:Adrastos Omissi (2018). 3044:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 2889:royal families of Europe 2651:William Charles Lunalilo 2195:, formerly known as the 1898:Queen consort of Castile 1778:branch who later became 1686:Louis-Philippe of France 482:Considerations on France 5779:Vatican City (Holy See) 5261:Jędruch, Jacek (1998). 4582:Sung Chul Yang (2019). 4131:Area Handbook for Spain 3916:Encyclopædia Britannica 3620:10.1023/A:1005078532251 3545:of various New Zealand 3318:Federal Supreme Council 3094:Principality of Albania 3066:Alexander of Battenberg 2724:Araucanía and Patagonia 2217:Prince and Grand Master 2143:Christian II of Denmark 1596:Declaration of Arbroath 1472:five Emperors were all 1098:Emperor system of Japan 6061:Islands of Refreshment 5491:Legitimacy (political) 4104:Roșu, Felicia (2017). 3746:Halden, Peter (2020). 3478:Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole 3474:Malietoa Tanumafili II 3450:parliamentary republic 3400:has a system in which 3038: 3035:Maximilian of Habsburg 2774:Extraordinary election 2621:could be considered a 2094:Riksdag of the Estates 2020:, today a district in 1981: 1938: 1874:Council of the Kingdom 973:Enlightened absolutism 5872:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5461:Criticism of monarchy 5451:Abolition of monarchy 5243:University at Buffalo 5146:July 8, 2007, at the 4662:Thailand Introduction 4366:Sire, H.J.A. (1994). 4222:Malyn Newitt (2019). 4040:The Holy Roman Empire 3995:Gino Raymond (2008). 3843:James Panton (2011). 3570:Elective dictatorship 3454:Constitution of Samoa 3374:French Third Republic 3265:Yang di-Pertuan Besar 3243:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 3219:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 3032: 3018:, younger brother of 3012:Second Mexican Empire 2907:(unsuccessfully) and 2604:Pōtatau Te Wherowhero 2360:Further information: 2213:First French Republic 2152:In 1810, the Swedish 2138:Margaret I of Denmark 1965: 1880:, then Master of the 1708:Further information: 1660:were each ruled by a 1579:.) Parliament passed 1469:republican government 1360:hereditary succession 78:Divine right of kings 5704:United Arab Emirates 4369:The Knights of Malta 4250:. 1890. p. 544. 3555:(territories of the 3308:United Arab Emirates 3291:(Crown Prince), and 3192:College of Cardinals 3114:, was elected to be 3101:Kingdom of Lithuania 3092:as the ruler of the 3084:Haakon VII of Norway 2961:Henry, Duke of Anjou 2834:United Arab Emirates 2817:, was at the time a 2612:Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō 2158:Prince of Pontecorvo 2042:Partitions of Poland 1930:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1924:Kingdom of Jerusalem 716:Unification of Italy 705:Second French Empire 6900:Trinidad and Tobago 6787:Commonwealth realms 6672:United Baltic Duchy 5815:Antigua and Barbuda 5807:Commonwealth realms 5501:Order of succession 5300:. November 16, 1905 4734:faculty.webster.edu 4502:. Perennial Press. 3535:Māori King Movement 3524:Muhammad bin Salman 3486:presidents for life 3378:President of France 3178:and the associated 3139:United Baltic Duchy 3137:as the Duke of the 2893:hereditary monarchy 2832:united to form the 2801:and the end of the 2706:Chile and Argentina 2659:Queen Liliʻuokalani 2627:hereditary monarchy 2608:Māori King movement 2197:Knights Hospitaller 2177:House of Bernadotte 2147:Stockholm Bloodbath 1888:. His half-brother 1850:Glorious Revolution 1839:Visigothic Hispania 1770:. Since 1526, when 1762:was elected by the 1585:order of succession 1557:Glorious Revolution 1534:Henry IV of England 1505:Anglo-Saxon England 1378:Historical examples 1366:with the office of 1339:hereditary monarchy 1337:, in contrast to a 1289:Politics portal 689:First French Empire 663:Glorious Revolution 5298:The New York Times 4412:. Viking. p. 4327:Theutenberg, Bo J. 3575:President for life 3520:Muhammad bin Nayef 3512:Allegiance Council 3502:as to who will be 3316:is elected by the 3180:Vatican City State 3120:Finnish Parliament 3048:Carol I of Romania 3039: 2963:as King of Poland. 2934:Examples include: 2740:Alexander Hamilton 2485:was chosen by the 2390:Proto-Indo-Iranian 2269:Regency of Algiers 2263:Regency of Algiers 2257:Regency of Algiers 2229:Republic of Venice 2118:monarchy of Norway 2112:was instituted by 2054:first elected king 1982: 1940:primus inter pares 1916:, thus avoiding a 1780:Holy Roman Emperor 1746:were elected by a 1736:imperial immediacy 1732:cathedral chapters 1690:King of the French 1523:Arthur of Brittany 1451:position with the 1374:of the incumbent. 1128:List of monarchies 929:Related ideologies 796:Nepalese Civil War 783:Iranian Revolution 757:Russian Revolution 752:Chinese Revolution 734:German unification 6940:Political systems 6930:Elective monarchy 6917: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6602:Piedmont-Sardinia 6354:Sip Song Chau Tai 6164:Thirteen Colonies 5905: 5904: 5119:. Actualidad CR. 4821:978-0-14-341678-4 4157:E. Olsen (2002). 3553:Wallis and Futuna 3466:are reserved for 3228:Council of Rulers 3059:Amadeo I of Spain 2975:Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 2953:1573: The Polish 2830:Arabian Peninsula 2791:Michael of Russia 2766:The crown of the 2696:Kingdom of Nicoya 2647:King Kamehameha V 2205:international law 2201:sovereign subject 2110:absolute monarchy 2030:primate of Poland 1894:Princess Beatrice 1740:prince-bishoprics 1724:House of Habsburg 1716:Holy Roman Empire 1710:Imperial election 1704:Holy Roman Empire 1594:In Scotland, the 1561:Act of Succession 1546:Wars of the Roses 1327:elective monarchy 1323: 1322: 721:Meiji Restoration 668:French Revolution 650:Tsarist autocracy 611:Popescu-Tăriceanu 110:Abdication system 88:Royal prerogative 83:Mandate of Heaven 16:(Redirected from 6947: 6841:Irish Free State 6607:Poland–Lithuania 5916: 5867:Papua New Guinea 5597: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5277:. Archived from 5257: 5255: 5254: 5245:. Archived from 5230: 5228: 5227: 5214:Worsøe, Hans H. 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5156: 5150: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5094:. Diario Extra. 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5004:. 11 June 2019. 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4951: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4558: 4539:. Kuala Lumpur. 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4411: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4348:. 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The resulting 2803:Time of Troubles 2718:to be the Great 2710:French explorer 2619:Hawaiian Kingdom 2538:heir presumptive 2433: 2426: 2418: 2410: 2402: 2375: 2309:Kingdom of Kongo 2277:Divan of Algiers 2237:highest official 2081:Originally, the 1943: 1928:In the Crusader 1920:Castilian king. 1886:King of Portugal 1870:1383–1385 Crisis 1828:Battle of Mohács 1797:Thirty Years War 1550:Exclusion Crisis 1482:Praetorian Guard 1461:princeps senatus 1428:Roman assemblies 1315: 1308: 1301: 1287: 1286: 1167:Philosopher king 497: 487: 477: 467: 457: 447: 437: 399:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 135:Crowned republic 120:Chinese Legalist 59:Central concepts 52: 30: 21: 18:Elected monarchy 6955: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6909: 6834:princely states 6782: 6718:Kingdom of Fiji 6691: 6437:Austria-Hungary 6405: 6168: 6102: 5901: 5887:Solomon Islands 5801: 5783: 5715: 5630: 5588: 5520: 5466:Democratization 5434: 5378: 5345: 5340: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5284: 5282: 5275: 5260: 5252: 5250: 5233: 5225: 5223: 5213: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5148:Wayback Machine 5139: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5069:. p. 456. 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5039: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4949: 4947: 4940: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4822: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4559: 4547: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4510: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4479: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4387: 4380: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4346: 4335: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4259: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3909:, ed. 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1760:King of Bohemia 1756: 1728:prince-electors 1712: 1706: 1694:July Revolution 1670:Medieval France 1654: 1638:House of Orange 1626: 1614: 1608: 1515:John of England 1501: 1422:In the ancient 1420: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1356: 1319: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1038: 930: 922: 921: 920: 839: 831: 830: 829: 809: 801: 800: 792: 788:Modern Cambodia 761: 725: 709: 693: 684:Trienio Liberal 672: 630: 622: 621: 620: 510: 502: 501: 500: 495: 485: 475: 465: 455: 445: 435: 273: 265: 264: 263: 239:Self-proclaimed 104: 96: 95: 92: 60: 35:Politics series 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6953: 6951: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6838: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 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EJJ Books. 5266: 5265: 5259: 5249:on 2011-06-04 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5222:on 2009-02-27 5221: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5134: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5044: 5040: 5038:9781433084829 5034: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4945: 4941: 4939:9781139458924 4935: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900:9781861892195 4896: 4892: 4891: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4865: 4863:9781315278551 4859: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4804: 4801: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4715:0-231-08903-1 4711: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4528: 4515: 4511: 4509:9781531263249 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4489: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4423:0-670-86745-4 4419: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4400: 4397: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4345:91-974235-6-4 4341: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4294: 4291:, p. 12. 4290: 4285: 4282: 4279:, p. 10. 4278: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4193:9780801492648 4189: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4168:9780230597143 4164: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4045: 4042:. Heraldica. 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3902:public domain 3889: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3767: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3727:9780192558268 3723: 3719: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3690: 3688:9780205846795 3684: 3680: 3673: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3608:Public Choice 3605: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3500:House of Saud 3497: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358:Count of Foix 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3336:Similar forms 3335: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293:Raja Di-Hilir 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270:ruling chiefs 3267: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3213: 3212:Yamtuan Besar 3209: 3208:Adat Perpatih 3205: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3133:to recognize 3132: 3131:German Empire 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:United States 2730:United States 2729: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2655:King Kalākaua 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2553:Chetsadabodin 2550: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2509:Siam/Thailand 2508: 2506: 2504: 2503:Unified Silla 2500: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479:Mongol Empire 2473:Mongol Empire 2472: 2470: 2468: 2467:Shahs of Iran 2463: 2461: 2457: 2456:King of Kings 2453: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2411: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2331:and those of 2330: 2326: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2246:supermajority 2242: 2241:Great Council 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116:. Though the 2115: 2114:Frederick III 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052:depose their 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:wolna elekcja 2035: 2034:free election 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:Order of Aviz 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1744:prince-abbots 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658:Gallic tribes 1651: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:Earl of March 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Roman Kingdom 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392:The kings of 1387: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216:Regnal number 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143:Non-sovereign 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 962: 959: 957: 956:Authoritarian 954: 953: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 926: 925: 917: 914: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 899:Crown Council 897: 896: 895: 894:Privy council 892: 888: 885: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 846: 843: 842: 835: 834: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 805: 804: 797: 794: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 722: 719: 717: 714: 713: 711: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 695: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 679: 677: 674: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 626: 625: 617: 616:Zourabichvili 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 506: 505: 494: 493: 489: 484: 483: 479: 474: 473: 469: 464: 463: 459: 454: 453: 449: 444: 443: 439: 434: 433: 429: 428: 427: 426: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 329:Chateaubriand 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 280: 279: 269: 268: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 233: 230: 229: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 197:Non-sovereign 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 156: 153: 152: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 100: 99: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 63: 62: 56: 55: 51: 47: 46: 43: 39: 36: 32: 31: 19: 6890:South Africa 6885:Sierra Leone 6832: 6662:Two Sicilies 6597:Papal States 6397: 6336: 6229: 6095: 5855:Cook Islands 5708: 5694:Saudi Arabia 5623: 5404: 5302:. 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1431: 1421: 1405: 1391: 1364:royal family 1357: 1347: 1326: 1324: 1091:Illegitimate 1086:Family trees 951:Conservatism 916:Royal assent 700:Liberal Wars 490: 480: 470: 460: 450: 440: 430: 424: 423: 278:Philosophers 277: 276: 217:Principality 166: 33:Part of the 6829:British Raj 6801:(Sri Lanka) 6687:Württemberg 6399:South Yemen 6287:Maguindanao 6180:Afghanistan 5941:Barotseland 5877:Saint Lucia 5850:New Zealand 5759:Netherlands 5532:Chhatrapati 5516:Sovereignty 5456:Aristocracy 5049:26 November 4520:26 November 3539:New Zealand 3482:Tama-a-Aiga 3448:has been a 3392:Indlovukazi 3278:Minangkabau 3274:matrilineal 2860:Pala Empire 2809:was an old 2676:Tlatoanimeh 2600:New Zealand 2576:Prajadhipok 2572:Prajadhipok 2446:Persia/Iran 2368:Afghanistan 2356:Afghanistan 2319:West Africa 2289:Mali Empire 2283:Mali Empire 2123:Prince Carl 2102:Gustav Vasa 2068:Scandinavia 1979:Jan Matejko 1918:jure uxoris 1890:Ferdinand I 1854:Isabella II 1772:Ferdinand I 1692:during the 1652:Gaul/France 1634:Stadtholder 1565:William III 1509:Witenagemot 1246:Interregnum 1211:Regnal list 1116:presumptive 941:Bonapartism 887:Royal guard 850:Appointment 815:Aristocracy 640:Magna Carta 606:Zhirinovsky 509:Politicians 436:(1265-1266) 364:Kierkegaard 6924:Categories 6895:Tanganyika 6810:The Gambia 6738:Niuē-Fekai 6677:Yugoslavia 6577:Montenegro 6384:Upper Yafa 6379:Upper Asir 6016:Madagascar 5749:Luxembourg 5481:Government 5446:Abdication 5415:Hereditary 5343:Monarchies 5304:2008-01-03 5285:2008-01-02 5253:2008-01-02 5226:2008-01-02 5170:2012-02-19 5127:2019-03-28 5102:2019-03-28 5077:2020-11-26 5012:2019-12-05 4950:2017-07-18 4906:2017-07-18 4869:2017-07-18 4794:2019-12-13 4769:2019-12-13 4744:2016-09-11 4482:2014-10-29 4452:2018-02-23 4390:2020-09-23 4379:0300068859 4140:0160015677 4050:2008-02-20 3941:0743289064 3820:, Volume 2 3638:2021-02-21 3586:References 3434:Costa Rica 3418:kingmakers 3388:Great Wife 3202:See also: 3016:Maximilian 3006:1863: The 2921:Wilhelm II 2867:Invitation 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