Electorate of Saxony - Knowledge (XXG)

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The bequests established independent duchies that created a collateral line of the family. The duchies of Saxe-Zeitz, Saxe-Merseburg and Saxe-Weissenfels that were created reverted to Electoral Saxony in 1718, 1738 and 1746 respectively. In John George's time, the partitions weakened the electoral state economically, financially and politically, even though from a cultural point of view, new centers with palace buildings, cultural institutions and scientific facilities were established outside Dresden and Leipzig. The collateral lines striving for independence also limited the trend towards absolutist government that was growing in Electoral Saxony.

1170: 1432:(r. 1680–1691) that the war damage and dire social welfare situation were overcome. Resettlement of village farms and urban households proved to be the most difficult problem. The first sign of recovery was an increase in tax revenues. Mining, metallurgy, crafts, trade and transportation recovered slowly but steadily. The Saxon estates of the realm had regained influence during the war due to the territorial princes' great need for money. In the second half of the 17th century the electors had to convene the state parliament far more frequently than before, and in 1661 the estates were able to assert their right to self-assembly. 1770: 3126: 3154: 1421:

Karlheinz Blaschke, Saxony's population was reduced by about half as a result of the war. Other authors point out that such a large decrease may have been true in individual regions, but that it cannot be applied to the entire population. The losses were mitigated to a large extent by religious refugees, about 150,000 of whom came to Saxony from Bohemia and Silesia. After the complete devastation of Magdeburg, its importance as a metropolis in the east of the Holy Roman Empire passed to Leipzig and Dresden, as well as to the rising Brandenburg city of Berlin.

965:. After five years of fighting, the situation remained unchanged, although large areas of the country had been devastated. The war was ended with the Peace of Pforta on 27 January 1451. The treaty confirmed the Altenburg partition, temporarily dividing the Wettin domain into an eastern and a western part. The western part of Saxony, which had been ruled by a collateral line of the Wettins since 1382, reverted to the main Wettin line after the death in 1482 of its last representative, Duke William III of Saxony. The unity of the country was then restored. 1758: 520: 475: 1357: 461: 3046: 3112: 2999: 2964: 1487: 1075: 1554:

Augustus also introduced a transparent accounting system to verify expenditures and a chamber of accounts that effectively organized the tax system. As a result of it and of the military retrenchment, the national debt was limited and manageable in spite of the high expenditures. A true absolutism did not develop in the Electorate. The inherent contradictions between the elector's claim to absolute power, the nobility's will to assert itself, and the aspirations of the burghers proved to be insurmountable.

100: 503: 86: 3247: 1786: 3014: 537: 79: 806:(r. 1298–1356) ruled as dukes of Saxony for almost 150 years. They secured the continuity of the dynasty with their sons and asserted themselves as heirs to the Saxon electoral privilege. The electors were mainly concerned with external conflicts with other territorial rulers and pushed forward the territorial development of the still sparsely populated area. In 1290 the duchy was extended to include the Burgraviate of Magdeburg and the Countship of 3060: 869:, King of Germany and Bohemia, awarded the political inheritance of Albert III as an imperial fiefdom to the Wettin margraves of Meissen and granted them the Electorate of Saxony along with its electoral privilege. The Margravate of Meissen was absorbed into the Electorate of Saxony, and Saxe-Wittenberg was incorporated into the Wettin dominion as an electoral district. It was able to maintain a quasi-dominant position in the Wettin state until 1548. 1542: 564: 3140: 3025: 1801: 3084: 447: 433: 115: 989: 2950: 2936: 3098: 897:. The Wettins rose to become the leading power in central Germany. Politically, they proved to be committed administrators of the Empire and built up a compact territory, especially through purchases in the 15th century. From the area around Wittenberg the name "Saxony" gradually spread to encompass all the Wettin territories on the upper Elbe. 135: 1655:(a part of the Seven Years' War), Saxony's position as a European power came to an end. Augustus III and Heinrich von Brühl both died in 1763, and the Saxon-Polish dynastic alliance effectively ended with the Russian-Prussian alliance of 1764. The House of Wettin's official renunciation of the Polish kingship followed in 1765. Elector 1502:(r. 1694–1733), better known as Augustus II the Strong. Festivities, baroque splendor, art and patronage, as well as lavish grandeur and ostentation characterized both his reign and the period. Augustan Dresden continued to develop into the "Florence on the Elbe". The period saw the building of the 1408:

with the emperor and in an appendix to the treaty the next year gained possession of Lusatia. Saxony's territory increased by about 13,000 square kilometers and almost reached its final borders. The devastation caused by the Thirty Years' War nevertheless continued, as battles against the Swedes went

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became an important economic center of the Holy Roman Empire after the emperor granted it the right to hold fairs three times a year. At the imperial fairs the electors were able to convert their silver into cash, and with their filled coffers they started an active building program. Due to Leipzig's

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Since the ruler's place of residence and his visibility to the people gained in importance in the early phase of the Renaissance, the Wettins created a new seat in the Dresden valley of the Elbe towards the end of the 15th century. Dresden became the permanent residence of the elector, his councilors

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The impact of the Seven Years' War on Saxony was devastating. As a central theater of battles and troop movements, it suffered significant destruction and many civilian casualties. An estimated 90,000 Saxons died as a result of the fighting. To avoid forced recruitment, many Saxons left the country.

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John George I took advantage of the peace to put his territories in order. A clause in his will overrode the decree issued by Albert in 1499 which was intended to prevent a division in the inheritance. Small parts of Electoral Saxony were bequeathed to his three sons Augustus, Christian and Maurice.

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It was the Albertine territories that for the most part made up what is now Saxony. Once again it became the second most important German state in the Holy Roman Empire after the Habsburg states, with the ability to play a decisive role in imperial politics. The state along the middle course of the

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permanently granted the electoral privilege to Rudolf I as Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and decreed the indivisibility of the territory. The dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg rose to a place among the highest-ranking princes of the Empire. In addition to being one of the seven German electorates, Saxe-Wittenberg

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For about 200 years until the end of the 17th century, the Electorate was the second most important territory in the Holy Roman Empire and a key protector of its Protestant principalities. At the time of its greatest extent in 1807 (one year after it was elevated to the status of a kingdom), Saxony

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that allowed rulers within the Empire to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism, Saxony was firmly on the Habsburg side. Augustus, who had replaced Maurice as elector after he was killed in battle in 1553, saw himself as the leader of the Lutheran imperial states in whose interest the status quo

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From the end of the 12th to the middle of the 13th century, a narrow circle of imperial electors emerged that succeeded in excluding others from their number. The electoral college consisted initially of two ecclesiastical and two secular princes, one of whom was the duke of Saxony. The circle was

1709:, which brought the state treasury seven million guilders for further state investment. From 1791 on, Elector Frederick Augustus III entered into shifting coalitions which continued beyond Saxony's elevation to a kingdom in 1806. In 1805 the Electorate of Saxony covered 39,425 square kilometers. 1416:

that ended the Thirty Years' War, Swedish troops were slow in leaving Electoral Saxony. Only after payment of a stipulated tribute of 276,600 imperial thalers on 30 June 1650 did the last of the Swedes leave Leipzig. Life increasingly returned to normal after the hired mercenaries were also

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and Bohemia, although he was unable to do anything about it. In 1631 he finally felt compelled to enter the war against the emperor on the side of Protestant Sweden. The decisive factor for the radical change in policy was the military situation – Swedish troops were already on Saxon soil at the

1046:. It was staffed by nobles and burghers and was the first independent public authority in Electoral Saxony that was detached from the prince and court. An effective local and central administration secured the rule of the electors. Internal order was restored after the unrest and insecurity that 1553:

Augustus reduced the influence of the nobility by establishing a centralized body for executive powers with the help of a privy cabinet created in 1706. It had specialized departments and gradually became the supreme central authority over the competing privy council of the territorial princes.

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Most of the decrease in Saxony's population due to the war came about indirectly through epidemics and economic factors related to the stagnation of trade, but troop movements and wartime occupations also caused considerable loss in both urban and village populations. According to the historian

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The Electorate stood on the verge of national bankruptcy after the Hubertusburg Peace. The national debt had reached 49 million thalers, about ten times the year's state revenue. Thomas von Fritsch and the restoration commission of which he was president placed the systematic reduction of the

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became the first Saxon duke. He did not succeed in establishing territorial rule over the full area of the old Duchy of Saxony that had been awarded to him, with the result that the new Ascanian Duchy of Saxony was formed only by his title and the imperial fiefs of Lauenburg and Wittenberg.

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The luxurious life at court eventually exceeded the economic capacity of the state and was ultimately financed at the expense of military strength. The financial problems led to the abandonment of important positions in central Germany. Electoral Saxony's overextension favored the rise of

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entrusted Augustus with the execution of the imperial sentences, and his successful military actions against both Grumbach and John Frederick in 1567 consolidated Electoral Saxony's position in the Empire. The Albertine electoral privilege was never again challenged by the Ernestines.

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fought against his ideas and rejected open action against the emperor. It was only after George's death that the Reformation was introduced in the Albertine part of the country. For their part, the Ernestines became involved in the Reformation throughout the Empire, forming with the

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Like other similarly-sized states of the time, Electoral Saxony pursued a foreign policy goal of advancing its own rise in a system of states dominated by rivalries. It remained at the side of the Austrian imperial house until the end of the 17th century. After the death of Emperor

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was rooted in the aspirations for independence among German territorial princes. Saxony's rulers, like the other powerful imperial princes of the time, wanted to escape the central grip of the Holy Roman emperor and enhance their own dynastic rank in the European state system.

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Metasch, Frank (2013). "Moderne Formen staatlicher Geldschöpfung – Die erfolgreiche Einführung von Papiergeld in Sachsen 1772" [Modern Forms of State Money Creation – The Successful Introduction of Paper Money in Saxony in 1772]. In Dresdner Geschichtsverein (ed.).

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Plumpe, Werner (2014). "Ein historisches Lehrstück von Staatsverschuldung und Finanzpolitik – Das kursächsische Rétablissement von 1763" [A Historical Lesson of Public Debt and Fiscal Policy – The Electoral Saxon Rétablissement of 1763]. In Depenheuer, Otto (ed.).

846:(r. 1419–1422), Elector and Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, died without descendants who were entitled to inherit. The German king, on the basis of the provisions of the Golden Bull, confiscated the duchy as a vacant imperial fiefdom. Both the Lauenburg Ascanians under Duke 1352:

for the emperor. In September 1620 Saxon troops marched into the two Lusatian territories and occupied them without major resistance. Because the emperor could not as agreed reimburse John George for the war costs, he had to give him the two Lusatias as a pledge in 1623.

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and the Ore Mountains. The pressure on the peasantry was less in Saxony than in the southwestern areas of the Empire because of Saxony's strong sovereign position and administration which imposed barriers to arbitrary actions by the estate-owning nobility. In 1565, the

655:, the electoral district and electorship passed to the Albertine line. They remained electors until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, after which they gained the Saxon kingship through an alliance with Napoleon. The Electorate of Saxony then became the 2360:

Weise, Michael (2020). "Mobilität, Geschwindigkeit und Gewalt – die kroatischen Reiter in Brandenburg und Sachsen" [Mobility, Speed and Violence – the Croatian Horsemen in Brandenburg and Saxony]. In Asche, Matthias; Kollenberg, Marco; Zeiger, Antje (eds.).

1035:, traffic increased on the major trade routes that met in the city, and Leipzig became an important trading center for the whole of Europe. The customs revenues along the route in turn benefited the electoral treasury. In 1480 the printer Konrad Kachelofen from 1621:. The occupation cost Saxony 35 million Reichsthaler. Augustus regained possession of the Polish crown after the Swedes withdrew from Poland in 1709, but he was unable to assert his claim to Swedish Livonia and fell to the rank of a junior partner of Russia. 1094:

and held the prestigious electoral district in the north. His territory consisted of 14 exclaves in addition to the main complex. The Ernestines retained the title of elector, which could be transferred to all male members of the family. Albert resided in

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had caused in Germany. Blood feuds were eliminated, the roads were secured from robbery, and an efficient legal system was established. Saxony became culturally, economically, and governmentally advanced compared to the other German states of the time.

1293:(r. 1586–1591). In time it prevailed over the orthodox Lutheran party, and the new church order was enforced nationwide. With Christian's death in 1591, the situation changed abruptly. Under a guardianship government established for the underaged 829:

In terms of size, Saxe-Wittenberg remained a rather insignificant territory in the Empire with an area of only about 4,500 to 5,000 square kilometers. There were no large urban centers, but the duchy's strategic location along the middle of the

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and the duke of Saxony. Tying electoral rights to individual territories took place in the early 13th century and solidified from then on. In the case of the Electorate of Saxony, the specific territory tied to was the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg.

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Elector Maurice succeeded in clearing the way for the recognition of the new faith in the Empire. Under his rule, the Electorate of Saxony more than any other power in the Empire protected the Protestant faith. After the conclusion of the 1555

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that stimulated a sustained economic boom. The mining dividends enabled the Saxon princes to pursue a broad domestic and foreign policy agenda. They purchased lands within the Wettin dominion and expanded their territory to the north and east.

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as Duke of Saxony and was dominant in the east. He had the strategically better territory because it consisted of only two main areas and four exclaves. The two largest Saxon cities, Leipzig and Dresden, were located in his dominions.

933:) in Saxony. The estates were given the right to meet without being summoned by the ruler when there were reforms in taxation. As a result, state parliaments were held more and more frequently, and the Wettin "state of the estates" ( 1732:, and was obliged to provide troop contingents for the French wars. Elector Frederick Augustus III of Saxony received the title of king, was from that point allowed to call himself King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, and ruled the 1392:

lost its earlier importance. Other urban centers, notably Dresden/Meissen, were spared. Many smaller towns and villages fell victim to massive looting, especially after General Wallenstein gave free hand to his field marshal

1008:. Together the brothers had the Albrechtsburg Castle built in Meissen on the French model. In their policy, they pursued additional accommodation with Bohemia and provided active military assistance to the Empire against the 1769: 1086:

of 11 November 1485. It was not originally intended to be permanent, but in the end it significantly weakened the powerful position of the Electorate of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire and led to open confrontation.

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since 1089 and of Meissen since 1125, gained a strategically important area to the north of their territories with Saxe-Wittenberg. It gave them a transportation connection to important northern German cities such as

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and remained under occupation and a part of the theater of war until 1763. Augustus III was briefly taken prisoner before being allowed to leave for Poland. He ruled exclusively from Warsaw throughout the war.

1197:(r. 1547–1553) was enfeoffed with the electoral privilege in 1547 and with the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg in 1548, but contrary to the emperor's promises, he did not receive all of the Ernestine territories. 2864: 2662:

Beiträge auf dem von der Professur Regionalgeschichte Sachsens der Technischen Universität Chemnitz veranstalteten wissenschaftlichen Kolloquium am 25. Februar 2000. Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz

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Schirmer, Uwe (2007). "Die Ernestinischen Kurfürsten bis zum Verlust der Kurwürde: 1485–1547" [The Ernestine Electors until the loss of electoral privilege: 1485–1547]. In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).

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The elector's increased expenses for equipping and maintaining an army and for his own court could no longer be met as before. The solution was to levy new types of taxes, which required the consent of the

1297:(r. 1591–1611), Calvinist movements in Saxony were opposed with violence. Calvinist supporters were removed from all offices, and the houses of wealthy Calvinists were stormed and set on fire. 1004:. Initially the two ruled in harmony, favored by the onset of a long economic upswing and increasing urban development. Agreement on political actions and decisions was ensured by a joint court in 794:

in 1269, a final division of the duchies under the two rulers became final and was formalized in 1296. Saxe-Wittenberg succeeded in claiming the electoral dignity permanently and for itself alone.

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Statistischer Umriß der sämtlichen Europäischen Staaten in Hinsicht ihrer Größe, Bevölkerung, Kulturverhältnisse, Handlung, Finanz- und Militärverfassung und ihrer außereuropäischen Besitzungen

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and a stronger integration into the middle Elbe country which was densely populated and important economically. Access to the Elbe made it possible for them to participate in trade with the

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Bünz, Enno (2007). "Die Kurfürsten von Sachsen bis zur Leipziger Teilung 1423–1485" [The Electors of Saxony until the Partition of Leipzig 1423–1485]. In Kroll, Frank-Lothar (ed.).

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Thieme, André (2010). "1423 – Die Übertragung der sächsischen Kurwürde an die Wettiner" [1423 – The Transfer of the Saxon Electorate to the Wettins]. In Eigenwill, Reinhardt (ed.).

1248:(r. 1553–1586), worked to fill in the gaps. On 13 July 1547 the estates of the realm from the old and new territories were convened in Leipzig for two weeks as state parliament. 670:

of 1756–1763. Its middle-class structures were restricted in their development by the nobility and the administration and tended to lag behind contemporary western nations such as the

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Statistical outline of all European states with regard to their size, population, cultural relations, trade, financial and military constitutions and their non-European possessions

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After the western part of Saxony reverted to the main Wettin line following the death Duke William III in 1482, Saxony became the second power in the Holy Roman Empire next to the

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As was common in other German houses, the Wettins regularly divided their possessions among sons and brothers, which often led to intra-family tensions. After the death in 1440 of

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King Augustus' increased importance in foreign affairs led to secret negotiations with Denmark and Russia that were directed against Sweden and that ultimately resulted in the

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Burkhart, Johannes (2013). "Der Hubertusburger Frieden – eine sächsische Niederlage?" [The Hubertusburg Peace – a Saxon Defeat?]. In Dresdner Geschichtsverein (ed.).

1579: 1724:. After their defeat, the Electorate was occupied and 10,000 Bavarian soldiers and a French city commander moved into Dresden. On 11 December 1806 Saxony concluded the 1601:

in 1697, becoming King Augustus II of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. The political calculation behind a dynastically based personal union with the elective kingdom of

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in Wittenberg in 1517, the electoral district and Ernestine possessions of Saxony became the focus of European attention since it was there that the first phase of the

1678:. Through comprehensive reforms, Saxony not only returned to a budget surplus in 1774 but also achieved at least twenty years of unprecedented economic growth. The 1409:

on for more than ten years. Electoral Saxony left the direct fighting provisionally with the armistice of 1645 and permanently through a 1646 treaty with Sweden.

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Saxony's relations with the emperor then began to deteriorate, in part because Saxony's neutrality was only minimally respected by the imperial troops led by

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in 1700 turned into a military fiasco. The Swedes occupied Electoral Saxony in 1706/07 and forced Augustus to temporarily renounce the Polish crown in the

1565:. Under Brühl the mismanagement of Saxony's finances increased and budgets became unorganized, resulting in payment defaults and the danger of insolvency. 1336:

and the Bohemian estates that were behind the defenestration. After the death of the emperor in March 1619, the Bohemian estates deposed the newly crowned

1598: 1428:(r. 1656–1680) succeeded his father, Electoral Saxony was still suffering from the economic consequences of the war. It was not until the reign of 1687: 285: 662:

The Electorate of Saxony had a diversified economy and a high level of prosperity, although it suffered major setbacks during and following both the

1558: 1324:, in which angry Protestants threw Catholic officials out of a window of Prague Castle, marked the end of a long period of religious peace. Elector 1141:

of Lutheran princes a counterweight to the imperial Catholic side and openly calling for it to be challenged. The religious differences led to the

1228:. The fragmentation of the Ernestine possessions into numerous small states began in 1572. Two main Ernestine lines emerged in 1640, the House of 151: 2549:

Stellner, František (2000). "Zu den Ergebnissen des siebenjährigen Kriegs in Europa" [On the Results of the Seven Years' War in Europe].

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and allowed the French to recruit on Saxon territory and to have its troops pass through it. In 1683 Elector John George III participated in the

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the following year; both were won by the Protestant side. Leipzig was besieged several times, and its population declined from 17,000 to 14,000.

1659:(r. 1763–1806) rejected a new offer of the royal crown in 1791. Saxony was no longer in a position to play a role among the great powers. 2705: 2690: 2652: 2448: 2374: 1499: 3509: 1000:(r. 1464–1486) succeeded him at the age of 23. It marked the beginning of an almost twenty-year period of joint rule with his brother 943: 889:

and Elbe was connected to the long-settled land in the west through its political upgrade, which occurred at almost the same time that the

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was founded as an alliance of the Protestant imperial estates, followed in 1609 by the union of the Catholic imperial estates into the

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went far beyond repairing war damage and became one of the most significant and successful reconstruction efforts in German history.

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On 27 April 1694 the prince who until then had scarcely made an appearance took over the affairs of state of Saxony as Elector

1446: 1425: 1368:, who on several occasions led marauding troops into Lusatia. John George also disliked the ruthlessly pursued recatholicization in 1261: 803: 246: 2299: 1401:

raided numerous villages, plundering them, maltreating and killing the inhabitants and leaving a swath of destruction in its wake.

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Elbe that Electoral Saxony formed was not, however, fully connected geographically. Elector Maurice and his successor, his brother

1169: 3191: 1337: 1325: 1273: 1013: 817:, the fundamental law of the Empire settling the method of electing the German king by seven prince-electors. Through it Emperor 99: 527: 510: 480: 1785: 1618: 1597:

in 1696, Augustus II the Strong converted to Catholicism and with Habsburg support, military pressure and bribes, won the free

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Tensions that had their origins in family relations increased between the two brothers Ernest and Albert and culminated in the

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as their king. John George then agreed with Ferdinand II that Saxony should reconquer the two Bohemian tributary lands of

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Of great importance for the development of the country was the agreement reached in 1459 between Elector Frederick II and

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with France, which brought it into French dependence. Electoral Saxony was granted some Prussian territories, joined the

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domains. The family network of the Wettins expanded to include members who were ecclesiastical dignitaries in Magdeburg,

3129: 1625: 1377: 1333: 1304:, which was supported by the emperor. Electoral Saxony tried to mediate between the parties in the Empire. In 1608 the 3184: 1720:

in 1806, the Electorate of Saxony was allied with Prussia. Saxon soldiers fought against the Napoleonic armies in the

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that started in the Electorate in the early 1500s. Especially in the 18th century, Saxon culture and arts flourished.

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Kleinstädte in Kursachsen. Wandlungen einer Städtelandschaft zwischen Dreißigjährigem Krieg und Industrialisierung.

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State Restructuring through Expropriation? Legitimation and Limits of State Access to the Assets of its Citizens

1561:(r. 1733–1763) had no political ambitions, he left the day-to-day political business to his prime minister 1078:

Saxony after the Partition of Leipzig. The Electorate is red, the Duchy yellow, and shared territory is striped.

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Staatssanierung durch Enteignung? Legitimation und Grenzen staatlichen Zugriffs auf das Vermögen seiner Bürger

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire volume 2: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806

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had reached a size of 34,994 square kilometers (about 13,500 square miles) and had a population of 2,010,000.

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The growing differences between reformed and orthodox Lutheranism strengthened the influence of the Catholic

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of his power, and his duchy was divided, with the western part placed under the Archbishop of Cologne as the

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Landesherr und Landstände in Kursachsen auf den Ständeversammlungen der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts.

1486: 1149: 460: 1240:, the House of Saxe-Gotha counted a great many collateral lines, most of which ruled over their own lands. 3387: 3281: 3101: 2828: 2823:

Prof. Koch's Remarks - Dresden: Treasures from the Saxon State Library | Exhibitions - Library of Congress

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Brühl und das Renversement des alliances: Die antipreussische Aussenpolitik des Dresdener Hofes 1744–1756

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Brühl and the Reversal of the Alliances: The anti-Prussian Foreign Policy of the Dresden Court 1744–1756

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Die Bildung des Freistaates Sachsen. Friedliche Revolution, Föderalisierung, deutsche Einheit 1989/90

1328:(r. 1611–1656) joined the emperor's side with the goal of preserving the status quo of the 1555 1265: 1237: 1083: 916: 739: 663: 597:

from 1356–1806. Its territory included the areas around the cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz.

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Der Dreißigjährige Krieg und das deutsche Volk. Untersuchungen zur Bevölkerungs- und Agrargeschichte

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The formation of the Free State of Saxony. Peaceful Revolution, Federalization, German Unity 1989/90

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reverted to the Electorate. Disagreements between the landgrave's nephews Elector Frederick II and

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King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, who as Frederick Augustus III was the last elector of Saxony.

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Saxony after the 1547 Capitulation of Wittenberg. Here red is the Electorate and yellow the Duchy.

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Zur Entstehung des landesherrlichen Kirchenregimentes in Kursachsen und Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel

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Counterfeiting led to economic losses under which the Leipzig Fair and Saxon's credit suffered.

1272:, John Frederick refused to act against him, and he too was put under ban a year later. Emperor 1264:

continued to claim the electoral privilege that had been revoked from his father. When his ally

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lines, with the electoral district going to the Ernestines. In 1547, when the Ernestine elector

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was forced to flee, and Elector Frederick Augustus II was elected as Polish King Augustus III.

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who chose the Holy Roman emperor. After the extinction of the male Saxe-Wittenberg line of the

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The Thirty Years' War and the German People. Studies on Population and Agricultural History

1019:

The period of the joint reign of Ernest and Albert saw extensive silver discoveries in the

954:

led to the Division of Altenburg of 1445, in which William III received the Thuringian and

3522: 3497: 3483: 3286: 2838: 1614: 1613:

of 1700–1721. Augustus' power politics failed due to early defeats; the Saxon invasion of

1550:

Brandenburg-Prussia to become the second major German and Protestant power in the Empire.

1519: 1511: 1125: 1039:

settled in Leipzig and with his letterpress began the Leipzig tradition of book printing.

858:(r. 1423–1428) laid claim to Saxe-Wittenberg and the associated electoral privilege. 779: 621: 580: 432: 59: 211:

Roman Catholic until 1525, then Lutheran until 1697, then again Roman Catholic since 1697

1236:. While the former had only a few collateral lines which were eventually united to form 754:, while the eastern part, which continued to bear the name Saxony, was enfeoffed to the 563: 3501: 3308: 3223: 2902: 1527: 1503: 1450: 1009: 1005: 973: 885:, which included several cities along the river. The former colonized land between the 823: 783: 747: 671: 613: 227: 164: 159: 45: 3564: 3458: 3367: 3340: 3291: 3255: 1394: 1349: 1345: 1129: 1109: 1020: 992:

The Albrechtsburg Castle, with the spires of the Meissen Cathedral visible behind it.

890: 861:

Frederick I's claim was based on his support of the Catholic forces in the religious

2061: 1775:

A coat of arms of the Elector of Saxony, over the entrance to the Electoral Hall in

3404: 2792:

Kursächsische Staatsfinanzen (1456–1656). Strukturen – Verfassung – Funktionseliten

1269: 1032: 996:

When Elector Frederick II died in Leipzig on 7 September 1464, his eldest son

862: 743: 735: 3449: 2822: 1672:

national debt at the center of a Saxon reconstruction program that was called the

1181:

in the Schmalkaldic War, the Albertine duke Maurice of Saxony, an ally of Emperor

2859: 17: 3377: 3362: 1229: 1124:(r. 1486–1525) protected Luther, most notably when he sheltered him at the 1059: 719: 675: 1494:

in Dresden. It was rebuilt 1994–2005 following its destruction in World War II.

114: 3372: 2339:] (in German) (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius. p. 17. 1806: 1473:

that ended the second Turkish siege of the city and ensured its independence.

1233: 988: 831: 731: 183: 2848:

Supplementary Appendix: Germany in the late 18th Century – Caroline Schelling

813:

The electoral privilege was not institutionally regulated until 1356 and the

734:

of the early Middle Ages corresponded roughly to the present German state of

674:. Important humanistic and educational impulses came from Saxony through the 2154:] (in German). Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 323–335. 1286: 1113: 1036: 955: 878: 330: 1624:

After Augustus' death in 1733, disputes over his successor resulted in the

2066:

Denkströme. Journal der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

3412: 3335: 3313: 3273: 2367:

Half of Europe in Brandenburg. The Thirty Years' War and its Consequences

1763:

Coat of Arms of Electoral Saxony. In: Theatrum Saxonicum (Volume 1). 1608

1717: 1706: 1389: 1385: 1332:. Initially he and the elector of Mainz tried to mediate between Emperor 1221: 1209: 1153: 1055: 787: 2443:] (in German). Münster / Hamburg / Berlin / London: LIT. p. 1. 2152:

Contributions to the Constitutional and Administrative History of Saxony

2773:

Treue Deserteure: Das kursächsische Militär und der Siebenjährige Krieg

2312:(in German). Potsdam: Brandenburgische Universitätsdruckerei. p. 5 1776: 1640: 1369: 1165:

Rise of the Albertines as the Protestant protecting power in the Empire

1096: 1027: 851: 723: 711: 446: 369: 188: 2125:] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 32. 2363:

Halb Europa in Brandenburg. Der Dreißigjährige Krieg und seine Folgen

1225: 1201: 1091: 807: 628:, specifically the territory of the former Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg. 2831: 1376:

The war affected Electoral Saxony especially badly in the west. The

1128:

for ten months in 1521/22 after Luther had refused to recant at the

923:(r. 1428–1464) organized in 1438 is considered to be the first 134: 2392:

Bevölkerungsgeschichte von Sachsen bis zur Industriellen Revolution

1360:

Elector John George I, who led Saxony during the Thirty Years' War.

1699:(1778/79), Saxony no longer participated in "haggling over land" ( 1686: 1578: 1540: 1355: 1217: 1200:

The Ernestine line lost half of its possessions and retained only

1168: 1073: 1063: 987: 886: 707: 703: 562: 2683:

Die Herrscher Sachsens. Markgrafen, Kurfürsten, Könige 1089–1918.

2146:

Blaschke, Karlheinz (2002). Schirmer, Uwe; Thieme, André (eds.).

2027:] (in German). Dresden/Leipzig: Edition Leipzig. p. 27. 1453:(regent) for more than a year until the election of the Habsburg 786:. Initially the brothers ruled together, but after Albert became 635:, the Wettin noble house was divided between the sons of Elector 3436: 3432: 2484:] (in German). Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang. p. 208. 2396:

History of the Population of Saxony to the Industrial Revolution

2090:

Die Herrscher Sachsens. Markgrafen, Kurfürsten, Könige 1089–1918

1980:

Die Herrscher Sachsens. Markgrafen, Kurfürsten, Könige 1089–1918

1257:

achieved between Protestants and Catholics was to be preserved.

1205: 1158: 3180: 2868: 2846:. trans. Doug Scott (2014). "Germany in the Late 18th Century" 1736:

until 1827, after the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806.

2183:] (in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 84. 2062:"Sächsische Landesherrschaft contra Wittenberger Reformation" 1904:] (in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 70. 1090:

Ernest had his main focus in the north with his residence at

2553:(in German). Prague: Institute of World History. p. 92. 2148:

Beiträge zur Verfassungs- und Verwaltungsgeschichte Sachsens

1705:) and merely ended a permanent dispute over the area around 906:

Formation of the territorial complex in the late Middle Ages

2064:[Saxon sovereignty versus Wittenberg Reformation]. 1586:, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, wearing the Polish 2261:

Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Return to Western Europe".

2094:

The Rulers of Saxony. Margraves, Electors, Kings 1089–1918

1984:

The Rulers of Saxony. Margraves, Electors, Kings 1089–1918

1875:] (in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. pp. 13–16. 702:

extended in the 13th century to seven: the archbishops of

1152:

of 1525 touched Saxon territories only marginally in the

778:(r. 1260–1298) divided his land into the Duchies of 1465:(1663–1664). In the same year it became a member of the 1066:, with additional claims to duchies on the lower Rhine. 958:

parts and Frederick the eastern part of the Electorate.

2585:] (in German). Dresden: Sandstein. pp. 74, 77. 2514:] (in German). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 14. 2369:] (in German). Berlin: Lukas Verlag. pp. 87f. 1042:

In 1483 Elector Ernest and Duke Albert established the

770:(r. 1212–1260). After his death in 1260, his sons 612:

an electorate, a territory whose ruler was one of the

2623:]. Vol. 2. Braunschweig: Vieweg. p. 22. 139:

The Holy Roman Empire at the 1648 Peace of Westphalia

1628:, which was won by Saxony. The legitimately elected 1412:

After the conclusion on 23 October 1648 of the

620:

in 1422, the duchy and the electorate passed to the

3431: 3403: 3272: 3254: 3222: 2796:

Quellen und Forschungen zur sächsischen Geschichte.

2719:

Band 16). Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen 1967.

2551:

Prague Papers on History of International Relations

1945:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 28. 551: 396: 383: 366: 353: 340: 323: 310: 296: 279: 266: 253: 240: 226: 218: 205:

Roman Catholic (until 1520s), Lutheran (from 1520s)

195: 179: 144: 32: 2096:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 60. 1986:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 41. 1856:] (in German). Beucha: Sax-Verlag. p. 47. 939:) that lasted until the 19th century was formed. 802:The Wittenberg Ascanians Albert I, Albert II and 2758:Kursachsen und der böhmische Aufstand 1618–1622. 2298:Dannenberg, Lars-Arne; Donath, Matthias (2016). 2250:] (in German). Gütersloh: Mohn. p. 65. 1522:. New church buildings included the Protestant 624:. The electoral privilege was tied only to the 2832:Information in English language - Coat of Arms 2739:Die kursächsische Gerichtsverfassung 1423–1550 2482:August the Strong and the Electorate of Saxony 2398:] (in German). Weimar: Böhlau. p. 96. 1667:Rétablissement and transformation to a kingdom 3576:States and territories disestablished in 1806 3192: 2880: 2717:Studien zur Kirchengeschichte Niedersachsens. 8: 1752:Based on many original preserved depictions: 1700: 1679: 1673: 1380:took place near Leipzig in 1631, as did the 1145:of 1546/47, which was won by the Catholics. 934: 928: 588: 51: 2905:of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806 2743:Forschungen zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte. 2700:Lang, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Bern 2007, 872:The Wettins, who had been margraves of the 37: 3581:States and territories established in 1356 3199: 3185: 3177: 2919: 2887: 2873: 2865: 1289:into Electoral Saxony began under Elector 919:. The meeting of the estates that Elector 113: 29: 27:State of the Holy Roman Empire (1356–1806) 2745:Band 17). Böhlau, Köln/Weimar/Wien 1997, 2604:]. Dresden: Sandstein. pp. 4–13. 2263:The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People 3586:States of the Confederation of the Rhine 2726:Drei Kastanien Verlag, Wittenberg 1999, 2563: 1485: 1461:against Sweden (1655–1660) and then the 798:Saxe-Wittenberg becomes Electoral Saxony 2860:Map of the Electorate of Saxony in 1789 2306:Reformation between the Elbe and Elster 2006: 1965: 1825: 1753: 1745: 1924: 961:Disputes over the division led to the 2536: 2463: 2420: 2408: 2285: 2047: 395: 382: 365: 352: 339: 322: 309: 305: 278: 265: 252: 239: 235: 225: 7: 3217:(1512–1806) of the Holy Roman Empire 2779:Band 41). Oldenbourg, München 2008, 2524: 2301:Reformation zwischen Elbe und Elster 2248:Saxony in the Age of the Reformation 2244:Sachsen im Zeitalter der Reformation 2229: 2204:Kilcrease, Jack (11 December 2017). 2798:Band 28). Steiner, Stuttgart 2006, 1593:After the death of the Polish king 1575:Personal union of Poland and Saxony 1397:. From August to December 1632 the 1837:. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 188. 123: Electoral Saxony within the 25: 1635:In 1756, at the beginning of the 1185:, defeated the Ernestine elector 3245: 3208: 3152: 3138: 3124: 3110: 3096: 3082: 3058: 3044: 3023: 3012: 2997: 2986: 2962: 2948: 2934: 2907: 2896: 2478:August der Starke und Kursachsen 1799: 1784: 1768: 1756: 1014:War of the Burgundian Succession 838:Re-Enfeoffment of the Electorate 822:had possession of the office of 746:dynasty deprived the Saxon duke 535: 518: 501: 473: 459: 445: 431: 133: 98: 84: 77: 2670:Böhlau, Köln/Weimar/Wien 2001, 2206:"Luther's Time at the Wartburg" 984:Joint rule of Ernest and Albert 686:Establishment of the Electorate 2777:Militärgeschichtliche Studien. 2660:Landtage in Sachsen 1438–1831. 2598:Sachsen zwischen 1763 und 1813 2579:Sachsen zwischen 1763 und 1813 1850:Zäsuren sächsischer Geschichte 1697:War of the Bavarian Succession 946:, Landgrave of Thuringia, the 911:and administrative officials. 169:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1: 2816:Dresden: Crossroads of Europe 1404:In 1635 Saxony concluded the 1342:Frederick V of the Palatinate 1322:1618 Defenestration of Prague 1161:of Saxony were expelled. 2681:Frank-Lothar Kroll (Hrsg.): 2602:Saxony Between 1763 and 1813 2583:Saxony between 1763 and 1813 2390:Blaschke, Karlheinz (1967). 2242:Blaschke, Karlheinz (1970). 1626:War of the Polish Succession 1449:in 1657, John George II was 1189:(r. 1532–1547). In the 2760:Aschendorff, Münster 1997, 2265:. Hutchinson. p. 138. 1867:Springer, Matthias (2004). 1714:War of the Fourth Coalition 716:count palatine of the Rhine 385:• Personal union with 3607: 1939:Geschichte Sachsen-Anhalts 1730:Confederation of the Rhine 1572: 1569:Personal union with Poland 1457:. Saxony took part in the 1191:Capitulation of Wittenberg 972:, King of Bohemia, in the 834:gave the area promise. 826:of the Holy Roman Empire. 766:Bernhard was succeeded by 689: 593:), was a territory of the 567:1620 Taler - John George I 357:Capitulation of Wittenberg 3510:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian 3494: 3243: 3078:Added in the 19th century 3040:Added in the 17th century 2917: 2685:C.H. Beck, München 2007, 2117:Richter, Michael (2004). 1937:Tullner, Mathias (2008). 1854:Caesuras of Saxon History 1695:After taking part in the 1599:election for the kingship 1388:was severely damaged and 1132:, but the Albertine duke 1031:newly granted market and 948:Landgraviate of Thuringia 895:Electorate of Brandenburg 854:Wettins in the person of 410: 406: 398:• Raised to kingdom 306: 292: 236: 172:(1697–1706 and 1709–1763) 112: 73: 68: 1943:History of Saxony-Anhalt 1833:Whaley, Joachim (2012). 1779:(Saxony state, Germany). 1639:, Saxony was invaded by 1588:Order of the White Eagle 1366:Albrecht von Wallenstein 901:Beginning of Wettin rule 692:List of rulers of Saxony 610:Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg 439:Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg 3545:Unencircled territories 2827:Chancellery of Saxony. 2711:Hans-Walter Krumwiede: 2331:Franz, Günther (1979). 1712:At the outbreak of the 1651:of 1763 that ended the 1482:Absolutism and splendor 392:1697–1706 & 1709–63 2829:Coat of arms of Saxony 2615:Hassel, Georg (1805). 2175:Gross, Reiner (2007). 2060:Jadatz, Heiko (2010). 2019:Gross, Reiner (2012). 1701: 1692: 1680: 1674: 1657:Frederick Augustus III 1649:Treaty of Hubertusburg 1590: 1584:Augustus II the Strong 1557:Because Augustus' son 1546: 1495: 1399:Croatian light cavalry 1361: 1281:Reformed Protestantism 1174: 1120:was anchored. Elector 1118:Protestant Reformation 1079: 993: 935: 929: 865:of 1419–1434. In 1423 589: 584: 568: 286:Frederick Augustus III 52: 38: 2658:Reiner Groß (Hrsg.): 1896:Groß, Reiner (2007). 1690: 1630:Stanisław Leszczyński 1619:Treaty of Altranstädt 1582: 1559:Frederick Augustus II 1545:The Dresden Cathedral 1544: 1489: 1378:Battle of Breitenfeld 1359: 1172: 1077: 991: 963:Saxon Fratricidal War 666:of 1618–1648 and the 585:Kurfürstentum Sachsen 566: 453:Margravate of Meissen 53:Kurfürstentum Sachsen 3571:Electorate of Saxony 2814:Hans-Albrecht Koch. 2810:Sources in English: 2771:Marcus von Salisch: 2433:Hanke, René (2006). 1792:Schwarzenberg Castle 1500:Frederick Augustus I 1285:The introduction of 1268:was placed under an 1266:Wilhelm von Grumbach 1238:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1084:Partition of Leipzig 917:estates of the realm 740:Frederick Barbarossa 651:was defeated in the 573:Electorate of Saxony 203:Dominant confession: 34:Electorate of Saxony 3521:Circles est. 1512: 3496:Circles est. 1500: 2820:Library of Congress 2636:Sources in German: 2476:Czok, Karl (1987). 2021:Geschichte Sachsens 1467:League of the Rhine 1459:Second Northern War 1414:Peace of Westphalia 1302:Counter-Reformation 1260:The Ernestine duke 1139:Schmalkaldic League 970:George of Poděbrady 752:Duchy of Westphalia 602:Golden Bull of 1356 325:• Merged with 301:Early modern Europe 160:Imperial Electorate 129:Peace of Westphalia 91:Top: Electoral flag 39:Saxonia Electoralis 3542: 3538: 3215:Upper Saxon Circle 2923: 2844:Caroline Schelling 2837:2021-03-08 at the 2647:, Stuttgart 2007, 2566:, pp. 86, 91. 2423:, pp. 108 f.. 2288:, p. 121–124. 1693: 1653:Third Silesian War 1611:Great Northern War 1591: 1563:Heinrich von Brühl 1547: 1496: 1463:Austro-Turkish War 1362: 1315: 1179:Battle of Mühlberg 1175: 1148:The events of the 1134:George the Bearded 1122:Frederick the Wise 1080: 1044:Leipzig High Court 994: 978:Kingdom of Bohemia 738:. In 1180 Emperor 718:, the margrave of 569: 467:Duchy of Thuringia 93:Bottom: State flag 3591:History of Saxony 3556: 3555: 3550:Ernestine duchies 3535:Electoral Rhenish 3464:Schönburg (Saale) 3418:Quedlinburg Abbey 3314:Hatzfeld-Gleichen 3174: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3008:(until 1777) 2706:978-3-631-54598-0 2691:978-3-406-54773-7 2653:978-3-17-018946-1 2645:Kohlhammer Verlag 2450:978-3-8258-9455-9 2376:978-3-86732-323-9 2025:History of Saxony 1734:Kingdom of Saxony 1595:John III Sobieski 1532:Dresden Cathedral 1530:and the Catholic 1516:Moritzburg Castle 1508:Taschenbergpalais 1330:Peace of Augsburg 1316:Thirty Years' War 1262:John Frederick II 1254:Peace of Augsburg 1232:and the House of 980:and Saxony. 893:were granted the 842:In November 1422 664:Thirty Years' War 657:Kingdom of Saxony 633:Treaty of Leipzig 595:Holy Roman Empire 561: 560: 547: 546: 543: 542: 497:Kingdom of Saxony 489: 488: 344:Treaty of Leipzig 281:• 1763–1806 268:• 1423–1428 255:• 1419–1422 156:Holy Roman Empire 125:Holy Roman Empire 18:Elector of Saxony 16:(Redirected from 3598: 3543: 3539: 3423:Walkenried Abbey 3249: 3213: 3212: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2920: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2866: 2722:Heinrich Kühne: 2625: 2624: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2210:Reformation 2017 2201: 2195: 2194: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1813: 1803: 1788: 1772: 1760: 1750: 1726:Treaty of Poznań 1704: 1683: 1677: 1637:Seven Years' War 1603:Poland-Lithuania 1536:Gaetano Chiaveri 1471:Battle of Vienna 1382:Battle of Lützen 1306:Protestant Union 1187:John Frederick I 1143:Schmalkaldic War 1070:Renewed division 938: 932: 925:state parliament 883:Hanseatic League 874:March of Lusatia 756:House of Ascania 668:Seven Years' War 653:Schmalkaldic War 649:John Frederick I 626:Electoral Circle 618:House of Ascania 592: 577:Electoral Saxony 575:, also known as 539: 538: 531: 528:Duchy of Saxony 522: 514: 511:Duchy of Saxony 505: 504: 493: 492: 484: 481:Duchy of Saxony 477: 463: 449: 435: 428: 427: 412: 411: 402:20 December 1806 387:Poland–Lithuania 368:• Acquired 137: 122: 117: 102: 88: 81: 63: 55: 49: 41: 30: 21: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3520: 3490: 3427: 3399: 3268: 3250: 3241: 3218: 3207: 3205: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3007: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2856: 2839:Wayback Machine 2666:Katrin Keller: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2411:, pp. 17f. 2407: 2403: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2296: 2292: 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