288:. Although color is involved in spectroscopy, it is not equated with the color of elements or objects that involve the absorption and reflection of certain electromagnetic waves to give objects a sense of color to our eyes. Rather spectroscopy involves the splitting of light by a prism, diffraction grating, or similar instrument, to give off a particular discrete line pattern called a "spectrum" unique to each different type of element. Most elements are first put into a gaseous phase to allow the spectra to be examined although today other methods can be used on different phases. Each element that is diffracted by a prism-like instrument displays either an absorption spectrum or an emission spectrum depending upon whether the element is being cooled or heated.
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1422:, Isaac Newton described an experiment in which he permitted sunlight to pass through a small hole and then through a prism. Newton found that sunlight, which looks white to us, is actually made up of a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow." Newton applied the word "spectrum" to describe the rainbow of colors that combine to form white light and that are revealed when the white light is passed through a prism.
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understanding the atomic properties of all matter. As such spectroscopy opened up many new sub-fields of science yet undiscovered. The idea that each atomic element has its unique spectral signature enabled spectroscopy to be used in a broad number of fields each with a specific goal achieved by different spectroscopic procedures. The
292:
spectroscopy, information can be gathered about biological tissue by absorption and light scattering techniques. Light scattering spectroscopy is a type of reflectance spectroscopy that determines tissue structures by examining elastic scattering. In such a case, it is the tissue that acts as a diffraction or dispersion mechanism.
806:
blackbody radiation is due to the thermal motions of atoms and molecules within a material. Acoustic and mechanical responses are due to collective motions as well. Pure crystals, though, can have distinct spectral transitions, and the crystal arrangement also has an effect on the observed molecular spectra. The regular
778:, and electronic states. Rotations are collective motions of the atomic nuclei and typically lead to spectra in the microwave and millimetre-wave spectral regions. Rotational spectroscopy and microwave spectroscopy are synonymous. Vibrations are relative motions of the atomic nuclei and are studied by both infrared and
291:
Until recently all spectroscopy involved the study of line spectra and most spectroscopy still does. Vibrational spectroscopy is the branch of spectroscopy that studies the spectra. However, the latest developments in spectroscopy can sometimes dispense with the dispersion technique. In biochemical
1434:
made experimental advances with dispersive spectrometers that enabled spectroscopy to become a more precise and quantitative scientific technique. Since then, spectroscopy has played and continues to play a significant role in chemistry, physics, and astronomy. Per
Fraknoi and Morrison, "Later, in
805:
The combination of atoms or molecules into crystals or other extended forms leads to the creation of additional energetic states. These states are numerous and therefore have a high density of states. This high density often makes the spectra weaker and less distinct, i.e., broader. For instance,
1491:
Spectra of atoms and molecules often consist of a series of spectral lines, each one representing a resonance between two different quantum states. The explanation of these series, and the spectral patterns associated with them, were one of the experimental enigmas that drove the development and
396:
The broadening of the field of spectroscopy is due to the fact that any part of the electromagnetic spectrum may be used to analyze a sample from the infrared to the ultraviolet telling scientists different properties about the very same sample. For instance in chemical analysis, the most common
388:
has a unique light spectrum described by the frequencies of light it emits or absorbs consistently appearing in the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum when that light is diffracted. This opened up an entire field of study with anything that contains atoms. Spectroscopy is the key to
1429:
built an improved spectrometer that included a lens to focus the Sun's spectrum on a screen. Upon use, Wollaston realized that the colors were not spread uniformly, but instead had missing patches of colors, which appeared as dark bands in the spectrum." During the early 1800s,
261:. Most spectroscopic analysis in the laboratory starts with a sample to be analyzed, then a light source is chosen from any desired range of the light spectrum, then the light goes through the sample to a dispersion array (diffraction grating instrument) and captured by a
446:
The types of spectroscopy are distinguished by the type of radiative energy involved in the interaction. In many applications, the spectrum is determined by measuring changes in the intensity or frequency of this energy. The types of radiative energy studied include:
539:
is a spontaneous emission spectrum determined by its temperature. This feature can be measured in the infrared by instruments such as the atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer. Emission can also be induced by other sources of energy such as
1849:
Lazić, Dejan. "Introduction to Raman
Microscopy/Spectroscopy". Application of Molecular Methods and Raman Microscopy/Spectroscopy in Agricultural Sciences and Food Technology, edited by Dejan Lazić et al., Ubiquity Press, 2019, pp. 143–50,
529:: Absorption occurs when energy from the radiative source is absorbed by the material. Absorption is often determined by measuring the fraction of energy transmitted through the material, with absorption decreasing the transmitted portion.
383:
The underlying premise of spectroscopy is that light is made of different wavelengths and that each wavelength corresponds to a different frequency. The importance of spectroscopy is centered around the fact that every element in the
765:
The combination of atoms into molecules leads to the creation of unique types of energetic states and therefore unique spectra of the transitions between these states. Molecular spectra can be obtained due to electron spin states
2290:
Backman, V.; Wallace, M. B.; Perelman, L. T.; Arendt, J. T.; Gurjar, R.; MĂĽller, M. G.; Zhang, Q.; Zonios, G.; Kline, E.; McGillican, T.; Shapshay, S.; Valdez, T.; Badizadegan, K.; Crawford, J. M.; Fitzmaurice, M. (July 2000).
437:
Spectroscopy is a sufficiently broad field that many sub-disciplines exist, each with numerous implementations of specific spectroscopic techniques. The various implementations and techniques can be classified in several ways.
1292:, spectroscopy can be used to identify certain states of nature. The uses of spectroscopy in so many different fields and for so many different applications has caused specialty scientific subfields. Such examples include:
608:
interaction that is sustained by the radiating field. The coherence can be disrupted by other interactions, such as particle collisions and energy transfer, and so often require high intensity radiation to be sustained.
1222:
measures thermal radiation emitted from materials and surfaces and is used to determine the type of bonds present in a sample as well as their lattice environment. The techniques are widely used by organic chemists,
2008:
Mariani, Z.; Strong, K.; Wolff, M.; Rowe, P.; Walden, V.; Fogal, P. F.; Duck, T.; Lesins, G.; Turner, D. S.; Cox, C.; Eloranta, E.; Drummond, J. R.; Roy, C.; Turner, D. D.; Hudak, D.; Lindenmaier, I. A. (2012).
701:
of outer shell electrons as they rise and fall from one electron orbit to another. Atoms also have distinct x-ray spectra that are attributable to the excitation of inner shell electrons to excited states.
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Atoms of different elements have distinct spectra and therefore atomic spectroscopy allows for the identification and quantitation of a sample's elemental composition. After inventing the spectroscope,
2923:
1867:
Perelman, L. T.; Backman, V.; Wallace, M.; Zonios, G.; Manoharan, R.; Nusrat, A.; Shields, S.; Seiler, M.; Lima, C.; Hamano, T.; Itzkan, I.; Van Dam, J.; Crawford, J. M.; Feld, M. S. (1998-01-19).
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was the first source of energy used for spectroscopic studies. Techniques that employ electromagnetic radiation are typically classified by the wavelength region of the spectrum and include
1435:
1815, German physicist Joseph
Fraunhofer also examined the solar spectrum, and found about 600 such dark lines (missing colors), are now known as Fraunhofer lines, or Absorption lines."
5058:
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738:
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is a method to create a complete picture of the environment or various objects, each pixel containing a full visible, visible near infrared, near infrared, or infrared spectrum.
2698:
Grau-Luque, Enric; Guc, Maxim; Becerril-Romero, Ignacio; Izquierdo-Roca, VĂctor; PĂ©rez-RodrĂguez, Alejandro; Bolt, Pieter; Van den Bruele, Fieke; Ruhle, Ulfert (March 2022).
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of the hydrogen atom. In some cases spectral lines are well separated and distinguishable, but spectral lines can also overlap and appear to be a single transition if the
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have unique spectra. As a result, these spectra can be used to detect, identify and quantify information about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is also used in
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265:. For astronomical purposes, the telescope must be equipped with the light dispersion device. There are various versions of this basic setup that may be employed.
245:
equipment, and other techniques, in order to obtain information concerning the structure and properties of matter. Spectral measurement devices are referred to as
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Chou, Jason; Solli, Daniel R.; Jalali, Bahram (2008). "Real-time spectroscopy with subgigahertz resolution using amplified dispersive
Fourier transformation".
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2700:"Thickness evaluation of AlO x barrier layers for encapsulation of flexible PV modules in industrial environments by normal reflectance and machine learning"
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Molecular
Vibrational-rotational Spectra: Theory and Applications of High Resolution Infrared, Microwave, and Raman Spectroscopy of Polyatomic Molecules
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uses the changes in current due to inelastic electron-vibration interaction at specific energies that can also measure optically forbidden transitions.
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The types of spectroscopy also can be distinguished by the nature of the interaction between the energy and the material. These interactions include:
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Historically, spectroscopy originated as the study of the wavelength dependence of the absorption by gas phase matter of visible light dispersed by a
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1381:: spectroscopy allows to determine the sex of the egg while it is hatching. Developed by French and German companies, both countries decided to ban
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There are several applications of spectroscopy in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, and astronomy. Taking advantage of the properties of
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phenomena involve an exchange of energy between the radiation and the matter that shifts the wavelength of the scattered radiation. These include
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employs the scattering of high energy radiation, such as x-rays and electrons, to examine the arrangement of atoms in proteins and solid crystals.
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and more). An important use for spectroscopy is in biochemistry. Molecular samples may be analyzed for species identification and energy content.
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and other types of coherent emission sources, such as optical parametric oscillators, for selective excitation of atomic or molecular species.
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1450:. The coupling of the two states is strongest when the energy of the source matches the energy difference between the two states. The energy
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discovered new elements by observing their emission spectra. Atomic absorption lines are observed in the solar spectrum and referred to as
3304:
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1905:
Kumar, Manjit. Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the great debate about the nature of reality / Manjit Kumar.—1st
American ed., 2008. Chap.1.
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measures the physicochemical properties and characteristics of the electronic structure of multicomponent and complex molecular systems.
1869:"Observation of Periodic Fine Structure in Reflectance from Biological Tissue: A New Technique for Measuring Nuclear Size Distribution"
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operations enable a controllable ion to exchange information with a co-trapped ion that has a complex or unknown electronic structure.
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spectroscopy exploits Raman scattering and optical activity effects to reveal detailed information on chiral centers in molecules.
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technique, generally used in harsh environments, that directly calculates chemical information from a spectrum as analogue output.
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4394:
1476:, and so a spectrum of the system response vs. photon frequency will peak at the resonant frequency or energy. Particles such as
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2193:
Evans, C. L.; Xie, X. S. (2008). "Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman
Scattering Microscopy: Chemical Imaging for Biology and Medicine".
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involve visible and ultraviolet light. These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to
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and its corresponding resonant frequency. Resonances by the frequency were first characterized in mechanical systems such as
57:
2257:; J. G. Haub; Y. He; R. T. White (2016). "Spectroscopic Applications of Pulsed Tunable Optical Parametric Oscillators". In
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is a method used to study surfaces of materials on a micro-scale. It is often used in connection with electron microscopy.
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1488:, between their kinetic energy and their wavelength and frequency and therefore can also excite resonant interactions.
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or resonance spectroscopy are techniques where the radiative energy couples two quantum states of the material in a
182:, allowing the composition, physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at the atomic,
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Solli, D. R.; Chou, J.; Jalali, B. (2008). "Amplified wavelength–time transformation for real-time spectroscopy".
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involved spectroscopy because he was comparing the wavelength of light using a photometer to the temperature of a
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types of spectroscopy include atomic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy,
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spectra. Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for
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1079:. The current recommendation is to use the latter term. The term "mass spectroscopy" originated in the use of
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Murray, Kermit K.; Boyd, Robert K.; Eberlin, Marcos N.; Langley, G. John; Li, Liang; Naito, Yasuhide (2013).
1015:, and other particle properties. Baryon spectroscopy and meson spectroscopy are types of hadron spectroscopy.
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Spectroscopy, primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum, is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of
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315:, therefore providing the basis for discrete quantum jumps to match the discrete hydrogen spectrum. Also,
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Modern implementations of atomic spectroscopy for studying visible and ultraviolet transitions include
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measures quasiparticle propagation. It can track changes in metallic materials as they are irradiated.
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1689:"Einstein's Unfinished Symphony: The Story of a Gamble, Two Black Holes, and a New Age of Astronomy"
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spectroscopy, and spark or arc emission spectroscopy. Techniques for studying x-ray spectra include
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1004:
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maintains a public Atomic
Spectra Database that is continually updated with precise measurements.
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5123:
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2400:
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1111:
999:
980:
914:
779:
754:
750:
682:
Atomic spectra comparison table, from "Spektroskopische
Methoden der analytischen Chemie" (1922).
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559:
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In quantum mechanical systems, the analogous resonance is a coupling of two quantum mechanical
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of crystals also scatters x-rays, electrons or neutrons allowing for crystallographic studies.
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807:
405:. In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the theory behind it is that frequency is analogous to
356:
299:, because the first useful atomic models described the spectra of hydrogen, which include the
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2011:"Infrared measurements in the Arctic using two Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers"
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have spectrographs. The measured spectra are used to determine the chemical composition and
308:
202:
17:
2878:
2699:
2216:
885:
Other types of spectroscopy are distinguished by specific applications or implementations:
782:. Electronic excitations are studied using visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy as well as
6342:
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6016:
5855:
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628:
576:: Impedance is the ability of a medium to impede or slow the transmittance of energy. For
567:
513:
can be employed to impart radiating energy, similar to acoustic waves, to solid materials.
206:
93:
2422:
2389:
N. A. Sinitsyn; Y. V. Pershin (2016). "The theory of spin noise spectroscopy: a review".
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2414:
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1965:
1884:
1204:
Spin noise spectroscopy traces spontaneous fluctuations of electronic and nuclear spins.
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Spectroscopy - An interdisciplinary integral description of spectroscopy from UV to NMR
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1093:
1056:(LSS) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to evaluate morphological changes in
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742:
667:
624:
566:
spectroscopy determine how incident radiation is reflected or scattered by a material.
498:
385:
348:
194:
137:
2545:"Media advisory: Press Conference to Announce Major Result from Brazilian Astronomers"
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535:: Emission indicates that radiative energy is released by the material. A material's
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214:
160:
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1840:". The British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 7, no. 1, , 1974, pp. 42–60.
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3526:
3148:
2438:
2332:
2258:
1952:
1509:
1407:
988:
is an efficient method for processing spectra data obtained using interferometers.
865:
649:
that enables precision spectroscopy of ions with internal structures that preclude
563:
549:
545:
425:
269:
254:
242:
1272:
2348:"Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 2013)"
2159:
2124:
2086:
2051:
1934:
1748:
1736:
1661:
944:
measures concentration and analyzes parameters of electrically active defects in
6659:
6569:
6534:
6501:
6427:
6402:
6242:
6147:
6117:
6001:
5916:
5906:
5636:
5564:
4680:
4541:
4524:
4504:
4311:
4268:
3466:
3041:
1371:
Finding the physical properties of a distant star or nearby exoplanet using the
1121:
504:
486:
372:
364:
210:
35:
1892:
1210:
measures the decay rates of excited states using various spectroscopic methods.
6574:
6516:
6479:
6454:
6352:
6162:
6025:
4529:
4092:
3107:
3015:
2179:
1987:
1718:
1497:
1285:
1224:
1140:(PAC) uses radioactive nuclei as probe to study electric and magnetic fields (
1057:
923:
is a recent technique that has high sensitivity and powerful applications for
897:
818:
Nuclei also have distinct energy states that are widely separated and lead to
723:
352:
324:
316:
300:
262:
2723:
2475:
2375:
2366:
2316:
2106:
1851:
6506:
6371:
6207:
6011:
5891:
5745:
5720:
4645:
4487:
4467:
4450:
4154:
3456:
3321:
3076:
2266:
2254:
1768:
1097:
854:
819:
646:
410:
406:
340:
171:
167:
2430:
2324:
2292:
2224:
2144:
2035:
2010:
1700:
959:
measures the real and imaginary components of the complex refractive index.
726:
observed in the hydrogen spectrum, which further led to the development of
2750:
2161:
Molecular
Vibrations: The Theory of Infrared and Raman Vibrational Spectra
2071:
1319:
Estimating weathered wood exposure times using near infrared spectroscopy.
6474:
6386:
6187:
6050:
6035:
6006:
5875:
5650:
5474:
5418:
5412:
5381:
5326:
5294:
4176:
1550:
1477:
1350:
1342:
1096:
in different atomic environments by analyzing the resonant absorption of
1080:
850:
636:
430:
368:
312:
234:
183:
3289:
2913:
272:
splitting light with a prism; a key moment in the development of modern
6639:
6469:
6422:
6381:
6337:
6279:
6274:
6237:
6227:
6222:
6177:
6172:
6112:
6045:
5936:
5931:
5881:
5760:
5750:
5503:
4196:
2933:
2776:
1481:
1359:
Monitoring dissolved oxygen content in freshwater and marine ecosystems
1090:
1037:
is similar to Raman spectroscopy, but uses neutrons instead of photons.
414:
276:. Therefore, it was originally the study of visible light that we call
179:
2522:
1837:
992:
is a common implementation of infrared spectroscopy. NMR also employs
789:
Studies in molecular spectroscopy led to the development of the first
6690:
6511:
6493:
5956:
5926:
5428:
2908:
2882:
2715:
2308:
1447:
1065:
577:
273:
221:
have been associated with a spectral signature in the context of the
6804:
2829:
2598:
Lines of Light: The Sources of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800 – 1930
2405:
1154:
measures the sound waves produced upon the absorption of radiation.
5725:
5655:
4403:
2505:
1346:
1271:
893:
794:
790:
677:
424:
336:
277:
156:
131:
2623:"Using NIR Spectroscopy to Predict Weathered Wood Exposure Times"
1326:
by absorption spectroscopy both in visible and infrared spectrum.
4171:
2158:
Wilson, Edgar B.; Decius, John C.; Cross, Paul C. (1980-03-01).
1838:
Sir John Herschel and the Development of Spectroscopy in Britain
1443:
1299:
Studying spectral emission lines of the sun and distant galaxies
222:
5259:
4713:
4709:
4376:
4272:
3293:
2937:
217:
can also be considered forms of radiative energy, and recently
4181:
1120:
spectroscopy measures internal dynamics in proteins and other
938:
encompasses several types of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.
833:
617:
is also possible in the infrared and visible spectral regions.
29:
1660:
Crouch, Stanley R.; Skoog, Douglas A.; Holler, F. J. (2007).
429:
A huge diffraction grating at the heart of the ultra-precise
155:. In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of
722:
was an early success of quantum mechanics and explained the
718:
after their discoverer. A comprehensive explanation of the
4372:
1966:
The Different Types of Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis
1655:
1653:
1651:
1339:
Electronic structure research with various spectroscopes.
1130:
is a chemical spectroscopy method mediated by NMR of the
1007:
studies the energy/mass spectrum of hadrons according to
295:
Spectroscopic studies were central to the development of
241:
as a function of its wavelength or frequency measured by
1418:, "In 1672, in the first paper that he submitted to the
1362:
Altering the structure of drugs to improve effectiveness
1075:
Mass spectroscopy is a historical term used to refer to
861:
739:
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
233:
Spectroscopy is a branch of science concerned with the
6860:
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
2630:
WTCE 2006 – 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering
1798:. King's College London. 18 April 2011. Archived from
1496:
in particular was first successfully explained by the
6757:
2129:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
793:
and contributed to the subsequent development of the
413:, which have a frequency of motion noted famously by
2704:
Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications
2657:
Sher, D. (1968). "The Relativistic Doppler Effect".
27:
Study involving matter and electromagnetic radiation
6525:
6445:
6370:
6261:
6196:
6136:
6064:
5970:
5864:
5734:
5520:
5302:
5293:
5195:
5132:
5091:
5084:
5046:
5018:
4960:
4910:
4810:
4747:
4603:
4550:
4438:
4113:
3874:
3790:
3711:
3661:
3537:
3480:
3356:
3182:
3141:
3085:
3034:
2971:
2659:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
1977:
Isaac Asimov, Understanding Physics, Vol. 1, p.108.
1165:
measures heat evolved upon absorption of radiation.
223:
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
151:is the field of study that measures and interprets
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1504:is high enough. Named series of lines include the
2123:Papoušek, Dušan; Aliev, Mamed Ragimovich (1982).
489:, can also be a source of radiative energy. Both
311:, all of which can produce the spectral lines of
2767:John M. Chalmers; Peter Griffiths, eds. (2006).
1922:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. August 2013.
1446:, via an oscillatory source of energy such as a
1410:'s optics experiments (1666–1672). According to
623:are methods that use the properties of specific
1862:
1860:
1356:Determining the metabolic structure of a muscle
1329:Measurement of toxic compounds in blood samples
1043:, also called laser-induced plasma spectrometry
666:Spectroscopic studies are designed so that the
639:in liquids or frozen liquids and bio-molecules.
197:. Current applications of spectroscopy include
2919:MIT Spectroscopy Lab's History of Spectroscopy
1276:UVES is a high-resolution spectrograph on the
391:National Institute of Standards and Technology
163:to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.
5271:
4725:
4388:
4284:
3305:
2949:
2794:Jerry Workman; Art Springsteen, eds. (1998).
2737:
2735:
2733:
1968:". AZoOptics. Retrieved on November 10, 2021.
611:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
8:
4797:Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules
2685:"Germany and France Will Stop Chick Culling"
2600:. Gordon and Breach Publishers. p. 57.
1296:Determining the atomic structure of a sample
931:Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
552:or electromagnetic radiation in the case of
1796:"1861: James Clerk Maxwell's greatest year"
1385:, mostly done through a macerator, in 2022.
689:was the first application of spectroscopy.
580:applications, this is characterized by the
5299:
5278:
5264:
5256:
5088:
4792:Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy
4732:
4718:
4710:
4395:
4381:
4373:
4291:
4277:
4269:
3312:
3298:
3290:
2956:
2942:
2934:
1852:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvmd85qp.12
1425:Fraknoi and Morrison state that "In 1802,
1171:can use ultrafast laser pulses to measure
5165:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
4845:Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization
2504:
2404:
2365:
2034:
1029:Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
892:is based on sound waves primarily in the
670:interacts with specific types of matter.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4933:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
2898:) is being considered for deletion. See
2872:) is being considered for deletion. See
1454:of a photon is related to its frequency
6764:
4656:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
2621:Wang, Xiping; Wacker, James P. (2006).
2575:(2nd ed.). IET. pp. 207–208.
2293:"Detection of preinvasive cancer cells"
2085:Bunker, Philip R.; Jensen, Per (1998).
1630:Duckett, Simon; Gilbert, Bruce (2000).
1622:
1406:The history of spectroscopy began with
990:Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
921:Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy
824:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
613:is a widely used resonance method, and
497:are commonly used. For a particle, its
3208:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2824:. ETH Zurich: vdf Hochschulverlag AG.
2217:10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112754
1819:
1817:
1750:The Oxford American College Dictionary
1332:Non-destructive elemental analysis by
1322:Measurement of different compounds in
1241:Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
1134:(EFG) in the absence of magnetic field
969:Electron phenomenological spectroscopy
2996:High-performance liquid chromatograph
2572:Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS: 1802–1875
2196:Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry
1933:Nonell, Santi; Viappiani, Cristiano.
1783:Isaac Newton and the problem of color
1492:acceptance of quantum mechanics. The
1368:Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals
653:, state manipulation, and detection.
7:
5238:
4227:
3248:
2769:Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy
1484:have a comparable relationship, the
1041:Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
965:in transmission electron microscopy.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4251:
3272:
2088:Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy
1916:"Spectra and What They Can Tell Us"
1663:Principles of instrumental analysis
6650:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2914:NIST Atomic Spectroscopy Databases
2015:Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
1666:. Australia: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
1089:probes the properties of specific
25:
6550:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
5287:Molecules detected in outer space
5150:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
4902:Saturated absorption spectroscopy
2929:Spectroscopy: Reading the Rainbow
2902:to help reach a consensus. ›
2876:to help reach a consensus. ›
963:Electron energy loss spectroscopy
942:Deep-level transient spectroscopy
507:involves radiated pressure waves.
367:, density of elements in a star,
6827:
6815:
6803:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6740:
6728:
6716:
6705:
6704:
5511:
5502:
5493:
5237:
5226:
5225:
5155:Dual-polarization interferometry
4694:
4693:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4215:
4214:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3236:
3235:
1964:Saul, Louise. (April 6, 2020). "
1687:Bartusiak, Marcia (2017-06-27),
1262:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
1246:Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
957:Dual-polarization interferometry
838:
280:that later under the studies of
34:
6675:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
5170:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
5145:Circular dichroism spectroscopy
5140:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
1939:Photobiological Sciences Online
1634:. Oxford Science Publications.
1561:Least-squares spectral analysis
1195:Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
975:Electron paramagnetic resonance
890:Acoustic resonance spectroscopy
801:Crystals and extended materials
768:electron paramagnetic resonance
645:is a general technique used in
45:needs additional citations for
5099:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
4787:Vibrational circular dichroism
4565:Amplified spontaneous emission
2981:Atomic absorption spectrometer
2423:10.1088/0034-4885/79/10/106501
2392:Reports on Progress in Physics
2091:. Ottawa: NRC Research Press.
1693:Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony
1251:Vibrational circular dichroism
1235:Transient grating spectroscopy
1108:Multivariate optical computing
986:Fourier-transform spectroscopy
853:format but may read better as
691:Atomic absorption spectroscopy
136:An example of spectroscopy: a
1:
6600:Extraterrestrial liquid water
4897:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
4802:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
3579:Interface and colloid science
3333:Glossary of chemical formulae
1611:Virtually imaged phased array
1498:Rutherford–Bohr quantum model
1220:Thermal infrared spectroscopy
1175:in the femtosecond timescale.
1138:Perturbed angular correlation
1054:Light scattering spectroscopy
910:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
144:it into its component colors.
5031:Inelastic neutron scattering
2265:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton:
1753:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 2002.
1365:Characterization of proteins
1128:Nuclear quadrupole resonance
1035:Inelastic neutron scattering
695:atomic emission spectroscopy
615:ultrafast laser spectroscopy
485:Particles, because of their
18:Electromagnetic spectroscopy
5831:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
5092:Data collection, processing
4968:Photoelectron/photoemission
4621:Chirped pulse amplification
3856:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3343:List of inorganic compounds
2986:Flame emission spectrometer
2244:, 3rd Ed. (Springer, 2003).
1785:", Steven A. Edwards, AAAS.
1632:Foundations of Spectroscopy
1591:Spectral power distribution
1373:Relativistic Doppler effect
904:Auger electron spectroscopy
743:glow discharge spectroscopy
735:flame emission spectroscopy
511:Dynamic mechanical analysis
284:came to include the entire
6891:
5177:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
5119:Time-resolved spectroscopy
4425:List of laser applications
3782:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3753:Enantioselective synthesis
3733:Physical organic chemistry
3686:Organolanthanide chemistry
2905:Amateur spectroscopy links
2800:. Boston: Academic Press.
2596:Brand, John C. D. (1995).
2353:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2263:Tunable Laser Applications
2053:Molecular Rotation Spectra
1893:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.627
1442:of one system, such as an
1399:
1390:Industrial process control
1208:Time-resolved spectroscopy
1158:Photoemission spectroscopy
1152:Photoacoustic spectroscopy
643:Quantum logic spectroscopy
501:determines its wavelength.
403:nuclear magnetic resonance
327:. Spectroscopy is used in
186:and macro scale, and over
6699:
6590:Earliest known life forms
6585:Diffuse interstellar band
6056:Protonated cyanoacetylene
5826:Protonated carbon dioxide
5786:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
5491:
5221:
5203:Astronomical spectroscopy
5182:Photothermal spectroscopy
4689:
4410:
4362:List of organic compounds
4307:
4210:
3371:Electroanalytical methods
3328:
3231:
3062:Ion mobility spectrometry
3052:Electroanalytical methods
2815:Peter M. Skrabal (2012).
1695:, Yale University Press,
1536:Astronomical spectroscopy
1163:Photothermal spectroscopy
927:spectroscopy and imaging.
784:fluorescence spectroscopy
518:Nature of the interaction
452:Electromagnetic radiation
421:Classification of methods
239:electromagnetic radiation
6635:Iron–sulfur world theory
6630:Photodissociation region
6333:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
4126:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4042:Supramolecular chemistry
3681:Organometallic chemistry
2924:Timeline of Spectroscopy
2900:templates for discussion
2874:templates for discussion
2476:10.1038/nphoton.2007.253
2367:10.1351/PAC-REC-06-04-06
1502:density of energy states
1494:hydrogen spectral series
1046:Laser spectroscopy uses
936:Correlation spectroscopy
747:microwave induced plasma
442:Type of radiative energy
351:on Earth. Most research
286:electromagnetic spectrum
268:Spectroscopy began with
140:analyses white light by
6855:Observational astronomy
6710:Category:Astrochemistry
6300:, fullerene, buckyball)
5987:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
5962:Silicon-carbide cluster
5952:Protonated formaldehyde
5187:Pump–probe spectroscopy
5076:Ferromagnetic resonance
4868:Laser-induced breakdown
4064:Combinatorial chemistry
3975:Food physical chemistry
3938:Environmental chemistry
3822:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3748:Retrosynthetic analysis
3569:Chemical thermodynamics
3552:Spectroelectrochemistry
3495:Computational chemistry
3222:Analytical Biochemistry
3011:Melting point apparatus
2492:Applied Physics Letters
2164:. Courier Corporation.
1953:Atomic Spectra Database
1873:Physical Review Letters
1566:List of spectroscopists
1546:Biomedical spectroscopy
1402:History of spectroscopy
1388:Process monitoring in
1169:Pump-probe spectroscopy
1132:electric field gradient
1083:screens to detect ions.
952:Dielectric spectroscopy
862:converting this section
728:quantum electrodynamics
527:Absorption spectroscopy
199:biomedical spectroscopy
153:electromagnetic spectra
6723:Outer space portal
6565:Circumstellar envelope
5530:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
5440:Phosphorus mononitride
5317:Aluminium monofluoride
5312:Aluminium monochloride
4883:Glow-discharge optical
4863:Raman optical activity
4777:Rotational–vibrational
4415:List of laser articles
4136:of element discoveries
3982:Agricultural chemistry
3970:Carbohydrate chemistry
3861:Bioinorganic chemistry
3726:Alkane stereochemistry
3671:Coordination chemistry
3500:Mathematical chemistry
3366:Instrumental chemistry
3201:Analytica Chimica Acta
2036:10.5194/amt-5-329-2012
1701:10.12987/9780300228120
1606:Telluric contamination
1601:Spectroscopic notation
1427:William Hyde Wollaston
1281:
1190:Saturated spectroscopy
1179:Raman optical activity
1173:reaction intermediates
1142:hyperfine interactions
1087:Mössbauer spectroscopy
699:electronic transitions
683:
574:Impedance spectroscopy
434:
188:astronomical distances
145:
6870:Concepts in astronomy
6865:Scientific techniques
6620:Interplanetary medium
6595:Extraterrestrial life
6233:Octatetraynyl radical
5851:Tricarbon monosulfide
5398:Magnesium monohydride
5104:Hyperspectral imaging
4131:Timeline of chemistry
4028:Post-mortem chemistry
4013:Clandestine chemistry
3943:Atmospheric chemistry
3866:Biophysical chemistry
3698:Solid-state chemistry
3648:Equilibrium chemistry
3557:Photoelectrochemistry
3093:Coning and quartering
3001:Infrared spectrometer
2569:Brian Bowers (2001).
2050:Kroto, H. W. (1975).
1988:"A Taste of ESPRESSO"
1920:Imagine the Universe!
1825:What is Spectroscopy?
1576:Operando spectroscopy
1432:Joseph von Fraunhofer
1275:
1023:hyperspectral imaging
1019:Multispectral imaging
681:
533:Emission spectroscopy
505:Acoustic spectroscopy
428:
135:
6747:Chemistry portal
6735:Astronomy portal
6681:RNA world hypothesis
6665:PAH world hypothesis
6358:Heptatrienyl radical
6290:Buckminsterfullerene
6178:Methylcyanoacetylene
5686:Silicon carbonitride
5661:Methylidynephosphane
5627:Magnesium isocyanide
5535:Aluminium isocyanide
5337:Carbon monophosphide
4856:Coherent anti-Stokes
4811:UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"
4590:Population inversion
4121:History of chemistry
4076:Chemical engineering
3851:Bioorganic chemistry
3601:Structural chemistry
3338:List of biomolecules
3215:Analytical Chemistry
3057:Gravimetric analysis
3021:Optical spectrometer
2965:Analytical chemistry
2797:Applied Spectroscopy
2751:"OpenStax Astronomy"
2749:(October 13, 2016).
1935:"Basic Spectroscopy"
1586:Spectral line ratios
1531:Applied spectroscopy
1486:de Broglie relations
1278:Very Large Telescope
1229:planetary scientists
1148:) and bio-molecules.
621:Nuclear spectroscopy
588:Inelastic scattering
495:neutron spectroscopy
361:astronomical objects
333:analytical chemistry
305:Schrödinger equation
159:as generalized from
54:improve this article
6625:Interstellar medium
6605:Forbidden mechanism
6418:Hydrogen isocyanide
6108:Hexatriynyl radical
5691:c-Silicon dicarbide
5596:Hydrogen isocyanide
5460:Silicon monosulfide
5435:Phosphorus monoxide
5403:Methylidyne radical
5362:Fluoromethylidynium
5322:Aluminium(II) oxide
5160:Hadron spectroscopy
4950:Conversion electron
4911:X-ray and Gamma ray
4818:Ultraviolet–visible
4641:Laser beam profiler
4560:Active laser medium
4500:Free-electron laser
4420:List of laser types
4144:The central science
4098:Ceramic engineering
4023:Forensic toxicology
3996:Chemistry education
3894:Radiation chemistry
3876:Interdisciplinarity
3829:Medicinal chemistry
3767:Fullerene chemistry
3643:Microwave chemistry
3512:Molecular mechanics
3507:Molecular modelling
2771:. New York: Wiley.
2671:1968JRASC..62..105S
2515:2008ApPhL..92k1102C
2468:2008NaPho...2...48S
2415:2016RPPh...79j6501S
2269:. pp. 17–142.
2209:2008ARAC....1..883E
2027:2012AMT.....5..329M
1885:1998PhRvL..80..627P
1541:Atomic spectroscopy
1353:of a distant object
1005:Hadron spectroscopy
776:molecular vibration
772:molecular rotations
687:Atomic spectroscopy
582:index of refraction
472:ultraviolet-visible
357:physical properties
321:blackbody radiation
282:James Clerk Maxwell
219:gravitational waves
6645:Molecules in stars
6615:Intergalactic dust
6560:Circumstellar dust
6502:Naphthalene cation
6437:Trihydrogen cation
6413:Hydrogen deuteride
6338:Methyltriacetylene
6173:Hexapentaenylidene
5992:E-Cyanomethanimine
5912:Cyclopropenylidene
5846:Tricarbon monoxide
5836:Silicon tricarbide
5806:Methylene amidogen
5796:Isothiocyanic acid
5711:Thioxoethenylidene
5671:Trihydrogen cation
5485:Titanium(II) oxide
5445:Potassium chloride
5424:Sulfur mononitride
5367:Helium hydride ion
5342:Carbon monosulfide
5208:Force spectroscopy
5133:Measured phenomena
5124:Video spectroscopy
4828:Cold vapour atomic
4187:Chemical substance
4049:Chemical synthesis
4018:Forensic chemistry
3899:Actinide chemistry
3841:Clinical chemistry
3522:Molecular geometry
3517:Molecular dynamics
3472:Elemental analysis
3425:Separation process
3128:Separation process
3123:Sample preparation
2879:Spectroscopy links
2777:10.1002/0470027320
2242:Laser Spectroscopy
2112:Volumes Publishing
1571:Metamerism (color)
1518:fundamental series
1334:X-ray fluorescence
1290:astronomy emission
1282:
1257:Video spectroscopy
1185:Raman spectroscopy
1112:compressed sensing
1110:is an all optical
1060:in order to study
1000:Gamma spectroscopy
994:Fourier transforms
981:Force spectroscopy
915:Circular dichroism
864:, if appropriate.
780:Raman spectroscopy
755:X-ray fluorescence
751:X-ray spectroscopy
684:
631:in matter, mainly
596:Compton scattering
560:Elastic scattering
537:blackbody spectrum
435:
399:Raman spectroscopy
319:'s explanation of
259:spectral analyzers
251:spectrophotometers
146:
6755:
6754:
6670:Pseudo-panspermia
6366:
6365:
6313:Cyanodecapentayne
6253:N-Methylformamide
6228:Methyldiacetylene
6153:Aminoacetonitrile
6123:Methyl isocyanate
6041:Methyl isocyanide
5922:Isocyanoacetylene
5902:Cyanoformaldehyde
5781:Hydrogen peroxide
5666:Potassium cyanide
5622:Magnesium cyanide
5575:Disilicon carbide
5570:Dicarbon monoxide
5377:Hydrogen fluoride
5372:Hydrogen chloride
5253:
5252:
5217:
5216:
5109:Spectrophotometry
5036:Neutron spin echo
5010:Beta spectroscopy
4923:Energy-dispersive
4707:
4706:
4661:Optical amplifier
4510:Solid-state laser
4370:
4369:
4342:Organic synthesis
4337:Organic reactions
4332:Organic compounds
4322:Functional groups
4301:organic chemistry
4266:
4265:
4202:Quantum mechanics
4167:Chemical compound
4150:Chemical reaction
4088:Materials science
4006:General chemistry
4001:Amateur chemistry
3929:Photogeochemistry
3914:Stellar chemistry
3884:Nuclear chemistry
3805:Molecular biology
3772:Polymer chemistry
3743:Organic synthesis
3738:Organic reactions
3703:Ceramic chemistry
3693:Cluster chemistry
3623:Chemical kinetics
3611:Molecular physics
3490:Quantum chemistry
3403:Mass spectrometry
3287:
3286:
3169:Standard addition
3164:Internal standard
3154:Calibration curve
3067:Mass spectrometry
3026:Spectrophotometer
3006:Mass spectrometer
2991:Gas chromatograph
2839:978-3-7281-3385-4
2807:978-0-08-052749-9
2786:978-0-471-98847-2
2582:978-0-85296-103-2
2523:10.1063/1.2896652
2276:978-1-4822-6106-6
1581:Scattering theory
1440:stationary states
1345:to determine the
1302:Space exploration
1200:Spectrophotometry
1118:Neutron spin echo
1077:mass spectrometry
1064:and detect early
883:
882:
808:lattice structure
720:hydrogen spectrum
297:quantum mechanics
176:materials science
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6882:
6875:Gustav Kirchhoff
6832:
6831:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6808:
6807:
6796:
6795:
6784:
6783:
6772:
6771:
6763:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6708:
6707:
6655:Organic compound
6555:Chemical formula
6460:Dihydroxyacetone
6408:Hydrogen cyanide
6093:Cyanodiacetylene
5947:Propadienylidene
5841:Thioformaldehyde
5716:Titanium dioxide
5681:Sodium hydroxide
5602:Hydrogen sulfide
5590:Hydrogen cyanide
5550:Carbonyl sulfide
5515:
5506:
5497:
5455:Silicon monoxide
5388:Hydroxyl radical
5300:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5257:
5241:
5240:
5229:
5228:
5089:
5000:phenomenological
4749:Vibrational (IR)
4734:
4727:
4720:
4711:
4697:
4696:
4671:Optical isolator
4636:Injection seeder
4616:Beam homogenizer
4595:Ultrashort pulse
4585:Lasing threshold
4397:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4317:Covalent bonding
4293:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4254:
4253:
4242:
4230:
4229:
4218:
4217:
4162:Chemical element
3817:Chemical biology
3676:Magnetochemistry
3653:Mechanochemistry
3606:Chemical physics
3547:Electrochemistry
3452:Characterization
3314:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3275:
3274:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3239:
3238:
3174:Isotope dilution
2958:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2851:
2823:
2811:
2790:
2755:
2754:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2716:10.1002/pip.3478
2695:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2632:. Archived from
2627:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2549:ESO Announcement
2541:
2535:
2534:
2508:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2455:Nature Photonics
2449:
2443:
2442:
2408:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2309:10.1038/35017638
2287:
2281:
2280:
2251:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1146:condensed matter
1102:Mössbauer effect
1058:epithelial cells
878:
875:
869:
860:You can help by
842:
841:
834:
716:Fraunhofer lines
712:Gustav Kirchhoff
662:Type of material
633:condensed matter
487:de Broglie waves
309:Matrix mechanics
201:in the areas of
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6890:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6826:
6816:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6758:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6739:
6729:
6727:
6717:
6715:
6695:
6521:
6497:
6488:
6441:
6431:
6374:
6362:
6343:Propionaldehyde
6318:Ethylene glycol
6307:
6299:
6295:
6266:
6264:
6257:
6213:Cyanohexatriyne
6199:
6192:
6139:
6132:
6067:
6060:
6020:
5973:
5966:
5937:Methoxy radical
5867:
5860:
5856:Thiocyanic acid
5737:
5730:
5640:
5580:Ethynyl radical
5516:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5489:
5480:Sulfur monoxide
5465:Sodium chloride
5450:Silicon carbide
5357:Diatomic carbon
5347:Carbon monoxide
5289:
5284:
5254:
5249:
5213:
5191:
5128:
5080:
5042:
5014:
4956:
4906:
4806:
4767:Resonance Raman
4743:
4738:
4708:
4703:
4685:
4599:
4580:Laser linewidth
4570:Continuous wave
4546:
4439:Types of lasers
4434:
4406:
4401:
4371:
4366:
4357:Stereochemistry
4303:
4297:
4267:
4262:
4206:
4109:
4103:Polymer science
4059:Click chemistry
4054:Green chemistry
3948:Ocean chemistry
3924:Biogeochemistry
3870:
3786:
3758:Total synthesis
3721:Stereochemistry
3707:
3657:
3574:Surface science
3564:Thermochemistry
3533:
3476:
3447:Crystallography
3352:
3324:
3318:
3288:
3283:
3227:
3178:
3137:
3081:
3030:
2973:Instrumentation
2967:
2962:
2903:
2877:
2858:
2840:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2741:
2740:
2731:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2687:. 22 July 2021.
2683:
2682:
2678:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2303:(6791): 35–36.
2289:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2236:
2232:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2099:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2064:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1844:
1836:Sutton, M. A. "
1835:
1831:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1802:on 22 June 2013
1794:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1729:
1711:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1596:Spectral theory
1556:Frances Lowater
1526:
1474:Planck constant
1469:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1404:
1398:
1306:Cure monitoring
1270:
1144:) in crystals (
879:
873:
870:
859:
843:
839:
832:
816:
803:
763:
676:
664:
629:local structure
568:Crystallography
520:
444:
423:
381:
363:(such as their
231:
207:medical imaging
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6888:
6886:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6824:
6812:
6800:
6788:
6776:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6737:
6725:
6713:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6580:Cosmochemistry
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6545:Astrochemistry
6542:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6398:Formyl radical
6395:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6328:Methyl acetate
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6218:Dimethyl ether
6215:
6210:
6204:
6202:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6183:Methyl formate
6180:
6175:
6170:
6168:Glycolaldehyde
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6103:Glycolonitrile
6100:
6098:Ethylene oxide
6095:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5997:Cyclopropenone
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5897:Cyanoacetylene
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5872:
5870:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5816:Methyl radical
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5791:Isocyanic acid
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5756:Isocyanic acid
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5701:Sulfur dioxide
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5676:Sodium cyanide
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5585:Formyl radical
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5545:Carbon dioxide
5542:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5393:Iron(II) oxide
5390:
5385:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5235:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:Angle-resolved
4980:
4975:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4676:Output coupler
4673:
4668:
4666:Optical cavity
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4626:Gain-switching
4623:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4575:Laser ablation
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4473:Carbon dioxide
4465:
4464:
4463:
4461:Liquid-crystal
4458:
4448:
4446:Chemical laser
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4430:Laser acronyms
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3987:Soil chemistry
3979:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3965:Food chemistry
3962:
3960:Carbochemistry
3957:
3955:Clay chemistry
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3916:
3910:Astrochemistry
3906:Cosmochemistry
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:Radiochemistry
3880:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3846:Neurochemistry
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:Petrochemistry
3774:
3769:
3764:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3638:Spin chemistry
3635:
3633:Photochemistry
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:Femtochemistry
3615:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3430:Chromatography
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3348:Periodic table
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Chromatography
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2887:
2885:
2861:
2857:
2856:External links
2854:
2853:
2852:
2838:
2830:10.3218/3385-4
2812:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2747:David Morrison
2743:Andrew Fraknoi
2729:
2710:(3): 229–239.
2690:
2676:
2649:
2613:
2607:978-2884491624
2606:
2588:
2581:
2561:
2536:
2499:(11): 111102.
2481:
2444:
2399:(10): 106501.
2381:
2338:
2282:
2275:
2246:
2230:
2185:
2170:
2150:
2135:
2115:
2097:
2077:
2062:
2042:
2021:(2): 329–344.
2000:
1979:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1925:
1907:
1898:
1879:(3): 627–630.
1856:
1842:
1829:
1813:
1787:
1774:
1759:
1740:
1709:
1679:
1672:
1647:
1641:978-0198503354
1640:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1416:David Morrison
1412:Andrew Fraknoi
1400:Main article:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1314:optical fibers
1303:
1300:
1297:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1084:
1073:
1062:mucosal tissue
1051:
1048:tunable lasers
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1016:
1002:
997:
983:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
949:
946:semiconducting
939:
933:
928:
918:
912:
907:
901:
881:
880:
846:
844:
837:
831:
828:
815:
812:
802:
799:
762:
759:
675:
672:
668:radiant energy
663:
660:
659:
658:
640:
618:
599:
585:
571:
557:
530:
519:
516:
515:
514:
508:
502:
499:kinetic energy
483:
443:
440:
422:
419:
386:periodic table
380:
377:
349:remote sensing
243:spectrographic
230:
227:
215:acoustic waves
128:
127:
69:"Spectroscopy"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6887:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6823:
6813:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6748:
6738:
6736:
6726:
6724:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6610:Homochirality
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6465:Methoxyethane
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:Butyronitrile
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6323:Ethyl formate
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6302:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:Propionitrile
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6128:Vinyl alcohol
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6086:Vinyl cyanide
6084:
6083:
6082:
6081:Acrylonitrile
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6046:Pentynylidyne
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Methylenimine
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5821:Propynylidyne
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:Methyl cation
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:Fulminic acid
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5646:Nitrous oxide
5644:
5642:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5540:Amino radical
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5505:
5496:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Sodium iodide
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Cyano radical
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:Carbon cation
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5246:
5245:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Near-infrared
4838:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Gaussian beam
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Beam expander
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4552:Laser physics
4549:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Chemical bond
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4081:Stoichiometry
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:Nanochemistry
4035:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Semisynthesis
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Sonochemistry
3594:
3592:
3591:Cryochemistry
3589:
3585:
3584:Micromeritics
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Wet chemistry
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
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3118:Pulverization
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2136:9780444997371
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1710:9780300228120
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1673:9780495012016
1669:
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1423:
1421:
1420:Royal Society
1417:
1413:
1409:
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1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:chick culling
1380:
1379:In-ovo sexing
1377:
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1370:
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1225:mineralogists
1221:
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916:
913:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
891:
888:
887:
886:
877:
868:is available.
867:
863:
857:
856:
852:
847:This section
845:
836:
835:
829:
827:
825:
821:
813:
811:
809:
800:
798:
796:
792:
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758:
756:
752:
748:
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736:
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729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Robert Bunsen
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
673:
671:
669:
661:
656:
655:Quantum logic
652:
651:laser cooling
648:
644:
641:
638:
634:
630:
627:to probe the
626:
622:
619:
616:
612:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
589:
586:
583:
579:
575:
572:
569:
565:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:electric arcs
547:
543:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
523:
517:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:spectroscopy.
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:near-infrared
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
449:
448:
441:
439:
433:spectrograph.
432:
427:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
392:
387:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
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342:
338:
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310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:spectrographs
252:
248:
247:spectrometers
244:
240:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:analysis and
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
161:visible light
158:
154:
150:
143:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6850:Spectroscopy
6703:
6686:Spectroscopy
6685:
6540:Astrobiology
6393:Formaldehyde
6285:Benzonitrile
6076:Acetaldehyde
6031:Methanethiol
5982:Acetonitrile
5887:Carbodiimide
5766:Formaldehyde
5761:Cyanoethynyl
5612:Iron cyanide
5607:Hydroperoxyl
5408:Nitric oxide
5242:
5230:
5210:(a misnomer)
5196:Applications
5114:Time-stretch
5005:paramagnetic
4823:Fluorescence
4741:Spectroscopy
4740:
4651:Mode locking
4604:Laser optics
4352:Spectroscopy
4351:
4347:Publications
4327:Nomenclature
4299:Concepts in
4255:
4243:
4231:
4219:
4069:Biosynthesis
3919:Geochemistry
3834:Pharmacology
3810:Cell biology
3800:Biochemistry
3628:Spectroscopy
3627:
3527:VSEPR theory
3376:Spectroscopy
3375:
3320:Branches of
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:publications
3149:Chemometrics
3133:Sub-sampling
3072:Spectroscopy
3071:
2893:
2867:
2817:
2796:
2768:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2679:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2641:. Retrieved
2634:the original
2629:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2571:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2548:
2539:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2462:(1): 48–51.
2459:
2453:
2447:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2357:
2351:
2341:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2262:
2259:F. J. Duarte
2249:
2241:
2238:W. Demtröder
2233:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2160:
2153:
2125:
2118:
2087:
2080:
2052:
2045:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1993:15 September
1991:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1876:
1872:
1845:
1832:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1790:
1777:
1749:
1743:
1737:Google Books
1730:, retrieved
1692:
1682:
1662:
1631:
1625:
1490:
1464:
1460:
1437:
1424:
1408:Isaac Newton
1405:
1324:food samples
1283:
1268:Applications
1253:spectroscopy
1216:spectroscopy
1214:Time-stretch
977:spectroscopy
924:
917:spectroscopy
884:
871:
866:Editing help
848:
817:
804:
788:
764:
732:
704:
685:
665:
554:fluorescence
521:
445:
436:
395:
382:
294:
290:
270:Isaac Newton
267:
232:
229:Introduction
211:Matter waves
192:
165:
149:Spectroscopy
148:
147:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6822:Spaceflight
6786:Mathematics
6660:Outer space
6570:Cosmic dust
6535:Abiogenesis
6447:Unconfirmed
6403:Heavy water
6243:Ethanethiol
6158:Cyanoallene
6148:Acetic acid
6118:Methylamine
6002:Diacetylene
5917:Formic acid
5907:Cyanomethyl
5565:Diazenylium
5555:CCP radical
5431:(molecular)
5415:(molecular)
5384:(molecular)
4782:Vibrational
4681:Q-switching
4542:X-ray laser
4535:Ti-sapphire
4505:Laser diode
4483:Helium–neon
4312:Aromaticity
4257:WikiProject
3482:Theoretical
3467:Calorimetry
3278:WikiProject
3142:Calibration
3103:Dissolution
3042:Calorimetry
2888:‹ The
2862:‹ The
2203:: 883–909.
1122:soft matter
1100:. See also
830:Other types
373:black holes
365:temperature
6844:Categories
6575:Cosmic ray
6517:Silylidyne
6480:Hemolithin
6455:Anthracene
6372:Deuterated
6353:Pyrimidine
6163:Ethanimine
6026:Ketenimine
5882:Butadiynyl
5706:Thioformyl
5560:Chloronium
4988:Two-photon
4890:absorption
4772:Rotational
4093:Metallurgy
3792:Biological
3358:Analytical
3183:Prominent
3108:Filtration
3035:Techniques
3016:Microscope
2761:References
2643:2009-06-22
2406:1603.06858
2180:1023249001
1732:2023-05-22
1719:1039140043
1310:composites
1286:absorbance
1098:gamma rays
948:materials.
898:ultrasonic
874:April 2016
724:Lamb shift
564:reflection
353:telescopes
325:Black Body
317:Max Planck
301:Bohr model
263:photodiode
142:dispersing
110:April 2016
80:newspapers
6507:Phosphine
6375:molecules
6308:fullerene
6208:Acetamide
6012:Formamide
5892:Cyanamide
5746:Acetylene
5721:Tricarbon
5632:Methylene
5617:Isoformyl
5522:Triatomic
5295:Molecules
5066:Terahertz
5047:Radiowave
4945:Mössbauer
4646:M squared
4468:Gas laser
4451:Dye laser
4155:Catalysis
3663:Inorganic
3457:Titration
3322:chemistry
3077:Titration
2848:244026324
2724:1062-7995
2554:21 August
2506:0803.1654
2376:0033-4545
2317:1476-4687
2267:CRC Press
2255:Brian Orr
2107:255512489
2056:. Wiley.
1727:246149887
1506:principal
1478:electrons
1288:and with
1070:precancer
820:gamma ray
761:Molecules
647:ion traps
637:molecules
460:terahertz
456:microwave
411:pendulums
407:resonance
345:astronomy
341:molecules
184:molecular
172:chemistry
168:astronomy
6494:Linear C
6475:Graphene
6387:Ammonium
6188:Acrolein
6051:Propynal
6036:Methanol
6007:Ethylene
5876:Ammonium
5651:Nitroxyl
5475:Sulfanyl
5419:Imidogen
5413:Nitrogen
5382:Hydrogen
5327:Argonium
5304:Diatomic
5232:Category
4961:Electron
4928:Emission
4878:emission
4835:Vibronic
4699:Category
4493:Nitrogen
4221:Category
4177:Molecule
4114:See also
3539:Physical
3242:Category
3098:Dilution
3086:Sampling
2890:template
2864:template
2822:(e-book)
2531:53056467
2431:27615689
2360:(7): 1.
2325:10894529
2225:20636101
1955:", NIST.
1823:PASCO, "
1806:28 March
1769:48965005
1551:Coronium
1524:See also
1482:neutrons
1351:velocity
1343:Redshift
1124:systems.
1091:isotopic
1081:phosphor
900:regions.
606:coherent
602:Coherent
491:electron
464:infrared
431:ESPRESSO
369:velocity
335:because
329:physical
313:hydrogen
225:(LIGO).
6834:Science
6798:Science
6774:Physics
6760:Portals
6640:Kerogen
6527:Related
6470:Glycine
6423:Propyne
6382:Ammonia
6280:Benzene
6275:Acetone
6267:or more
6238:Propene
6223:Ethanol
6113:Propyne
5932:Methane
5801:Ketenyl
5751:Ammonia
5244:Commons
5071:ESR/EPR
5019:Nucleon
4847:(REMPI)
4478:Excimer
4233:Commons
4197:Alchemy
3713:Organic
3254:Commons
3194:Analyst
3113:Masking
2892:below (
2866:below (
2667:Bibcode
2665:: 105.
2511:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2439:4393400
2411:Bibcode
2333:4383575
2261:(ed.).
2205:Bibcode
2145:7278301
2023:Bibcode
1881:Bibcode
1514:diffuse
1472:is the
1396:History
925:in vivo
894:audible
578:optical
415:Galileo
235:spectra
180:physics
94:scholar
6691:Tholin
6512:Pyrene
5957:Silane
5927:Ketene
5429:Oxygen
5085:Others
4873:Atomic
4520:Nd:YAG
4515:Er:YAG
4456:Bubble
4404:Lasers
4245:Portal
3391:UV-Vis
3266:Portal
2909:Curlie
2895:Curlie
2883:Curlie
2869:Curlie
2846:
2836:
2804:
2783:
2722:
2604:
2579:
2529:
2437:
2429:
2374:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2297:Nature
2273:
2223:
2178:
2168:
2143:
2133:
2105:
2095:
2072:793428
2070:
2060:
1767:
1757:
1725:
1717:
1707:
1670:
1638:
1468:where
1448:photon
1312:using
1227:, and
1094:nuclei
1066:cancer
1013:parity
849:is in
814:Nuclei
625:nuclei
546:sparks
542:flames
478:, and
379:Theory
307:, and
303:, the
274:optics
203:tissue
178:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6810:Stars
6677:(PAH)
6265:atoms
6200:atoms
6140:atoms
6138:Eight
6068:atoms
6066:Seven
5974:atoms
5868:atoms
5738:atoms
5726:Water
5656:Ozone
5598:(HNC)
5592:(HCN)
5026:Alpha
4995:Auger
4973:X-ray
4940:Gamma
4918:X-ray
4851:Raman
4762:Raman
4757:FT-IR
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