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use a continuous range of voltage or current for signal processing, as opposed to the discrete levels used in digital circuits. Analog circuits were common throughout an electronic device in the early years in devices such as radio receivers and transmitters. Analog electronic computers were valuable
359:
As the complexity of circuits grew, problems arose. One problem was the size of the circuit. A complex circuit like a computer was dependent on speed. If the components were large, the wires interconnecting them must be long. The electric signals took time to go through the circuit, thus slowing the
902:
Electronic noise is defined as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit. Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise may be electromagnetically or thermally generated,
599:
with two voltage levels labelled "0" and "1" to indicated logical status. Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while logic "1" is referred to as "High". However, some systems use the reverse definition ("0" is "High") or are current based. Quite often the logic designer
744:
Due to the complex nature of electronics theory, laboratory experimentation is an important part of the development of electronic devices. These experiments are used to test or verify the engineer's design and detect errors. Historically, electronics labs have consisted of electronics devices and
566:
Sometimes it may be difficult to classify some circuits that have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the voltage comparator which receives a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor
372:
solved this problem by making all the components and the chip out of the same block (monolith) of semiconductor material. The circuits could be made smaller, and the manufacturing process could be automated. This led to the idea of integrating all components on a single-crystal
554:
As semiconductor technology developed, many of the functions of analog circuits were taken over by digital circuits, and modern circuits that are entirely analog are less common; their functions being replaced by hybrid approach which, for instance, uses analog circuits at the
2193:
1911:
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and
945:, also known as Paxoline/Paxolin (trade marks) and FR2) – characterised by its brown colour. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to go to European markets.
532:
Electronic circuit functions can be divided into two function groups: analog and digital. A particular device may consist of circuitry that has either or a mix of the two types. Analog circuits are becoming less common, as many of their functions are being digitized.
130:
industry is one of the largest and most profitable sectors in the global economy, with annual revenues exceeding $ 481 billion in 2018. The electronics industry also encompasses other sectors that rely on electronic devices and systems, such as
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2110:
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Analog circuits are still widely used for signal amplification, such as in the entertainment industry, and conditioning signals from analog sensors, such as in industrial measurement and control.
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2008:
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was invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960. It was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses. Its advantages include
1078:
Over three decades, the United States' global share of semiconductor manufacturing capacity fell, from 37% in 1990, to 12% in 2022. America's pre-eminent semiconductor manufacturer,
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and are the basis of all digital computers and microprocessor devices. They range from simple logic gates to large integrated circuits, employing millions of such gates.
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who could produce high-quality goods at lower prices. By the 1980s, however, U.S. manufacturers became the world leaders in semiconductor development and assembly.
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may reverse these definitions from one circuit to the next as they see fit to facilitate their design. The definition of the levels as "0" or "1" is arbitrary.
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606:(with three states) logic has been studied, and some prototype computers made, but have not gained any significant practical acceptance. Universally,
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Important semiconductor industry facilities (which often are subsidiaries of a leading producer based elsewhere) also exist in Europe (notably the
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2000:
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1016:
685:
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MOSFETs having been manufactured between 1960 and 2018. In the 1960s, U.S. manufacturers were unable to compete with
Japanese companies such as
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2601:
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wafer, which led to small-scale integration (SSI) in the early 1960s, and then medium-scale integration (MSI) in the late 1960s, followed by
1977:
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mass-production there in the 1970s), as plentiful, cheap labor, and increasing technological sophistication, became widely available there.
1071:
However, during the 1990s and subsequently, the industry shifted overwhelmingly to East Asia (a process begun with the initial movement of
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356:, becoming the most widely used electronic device in the world. The MOSFET is the basic element in most modern electronic equipment.
122:, entertainment, education, health care, industry, and security. The main driving force behind the advancement of electronics is the
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1718:
144:
2620:
500:(PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function. Components may be packaged singly, or in more complex groups as
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ordered all future IBM products to use transistors in their design. From that time on transistors were almost exclusively used for
1865:
The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.
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3205:
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737:. Electronic systems design is therefore the process of defining and developing complex electronic devices to satisfy specified
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2216:
703:
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1819:
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Electronic systems design deals with the multi-disciplinary design issues of complex electronic devices and systems, such as
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Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years. For instance, early electronics often used
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5939:
2423:"13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History"
791:
770:
4730:
126:, which in response to global demand continually produces ever-more sophisticated electronic devices and circuits. The
5733:
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3118:
189:, inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age. Practical applications started with the invention of the
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generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability.
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were becoming widespread and electronic amplifiers were being used in such diverse applications as long-distance
243:, long-distance telephony and much more. The early growth of electronics was rapid, and by the 1920s, commercial
282:
devices have all but completely taken over. Vacuum tubes are still used in some specialist applications such as
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were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards made of materials such as
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Vol. 4, AC Motors, Transformers, Test
Instruments & Measuring Devices, Electrical Distribution Systems
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Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: Early devices and the rise of radio communications".
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consists of various sectors. The central driving force behind the entire electronics industry is the
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Electronic devices have hugely influenced the development of many aspects of modern society, such as
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is mostly achieved by passive conduction/convection. Means to achieve greater dissipation include
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equipment located in a physical space, although in more recent years the trend has been towards
729:. The subject covers a broad spectrum, from the design and development of an electronic system (
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2501:"Congress Is Giving Billions To The U.S. Semiconductor Industry. Will It Ease Chip Shortages?"
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Digital circuits are electric circuits based on discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits use
493:
446:
396:
291:
956:. Axial-lead devices are at upper left, while blue radial-lead capacitors are at upper right.
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either active or passive. Components are connected together, usually by being soldered to a
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224:
96:
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electronic components on a printed circuit board, with a large integrated circuit at the top
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Vol. 3, Basic AC Theory, Basic AC Reactive
Components, Basic AC Power, Basic AC Generators
2624:
2545:
2507:
2221:. Vol. 2: Seminumerical Algorithms (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 190–192.
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Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications
1268:
30:
This article is about the technical field. For personal/home-use electronic devices, see
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The next big technological step took several decades to appear, when the first working
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is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of
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circuits without any vacuum tubes and is believed to be the first all-transistorized
210:
202:
127:
108:
5996:
2325:"Annual Semiconductor Sales Increase 21.6 Percent, Top $ 400 Billion for First Time"
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in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltages, such as
44:
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for solving problems with continuous variables until digital processing advanced.
270:
at Bell Labs in 1947. However, vacuum tubes played a leading role in the field of
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to be manufactured for the commercial market. The 608 contained more than 3,000
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of a device receiving an analog signal, and then use digital processing using
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Advanced
Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century
1337:
1295:"This Month in Physics History - October 1897: The Discovery of the Electron"
1093:
had become the world's leading source of advanced semiconductors—followed by
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Power
Electronics and Variable Frequency Drives: Technology and Applications
1963:
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881:
857:
790:(i.e. semiconductor devices, such as transistors), and integrated circuits.
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318:
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252:
182:
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2141:
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design programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are NI Multisim,
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cannot be removed as they are due to limitations in physical properties.
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509:
228:
166:
64:
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381:. In 2008, billion-transistor processors became commercially available.
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Nanowire
Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension
1814:
1559:
1065:
941:, or the cheaper (and less hard-wearing) Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper (
374:
302:
72:
60:
1653:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321.
1598:
1583:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"
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with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits.
333:
were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on a
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568:
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198:
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158:
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2527:
2525:
2523:
2103:"Intel to deliver first computer chip with two billion transistors"
2001:"Dr. Dawon Kahng, 61, Inventor in Field of Solid-State Electronics"
960:
Electrical components are generally mounted in the following ways:
337:
basis, which limited them to a number of specialised applications.
5393:
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5291:
5130:
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5032:
4757:
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2736:
2706:
2618:
Navy 1998 Navy
Electricity and Electronics Training Series (NEETS)
1243:"électronique | Dictionnaire de l'Académie française | 9e édition"
1110:
1102:
947:
827:
807:
483:
244:
240:
232:
190:
152:
88:
43:
952:
Through-hole devices mounted on the circuit board of a mid-1980s
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4224:
4132:
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3982:
3898:
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3792:
3110:
516:, whilst active components are such as semiconductor devices;
306:
135:, which generated over $ 29 trillion in online sales in 2017.
2629:
DOE 1998 Electrical
Science, Fundamentals Handbook, 4 vols.
1463:
Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991).
2654:
2454:
1676:"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen"
567:
amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled
626:
in the electronic logic gates to generate binary states.
99:
and to convert it from one form to another, such as from
1778:"Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race – CHM Revolution"
63:
to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate
2538:"Strengthening a Transnational Semiconductor Industry"
2393:"Global e-Commerce sales surged to $ 29 trillion"
5937:
278:
receivers until the middle of the 1980s. Since then,
845:
Thermal management of electronic devices and systems
733:) to assuring its proper function, service life and
5833:
5765:
5683:
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2306:
IEEE Dictionary of
Electrical and Electronics Terms
1734:Motoyoshi, M. (2009). "Through-Silicon Via (TSV)".
1542:Huff, Howard; Riordan, Michael (1 September 2007).
2638:Vol. 2, DC Circuits, Batteries, Generators, Motors
2397:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
1464:
1431:
775:Today's electronics engineers have the ability to
161:radio receivers, constructed by De Forest in 1914
2455:"Consumer electronics industry in the year 1960s"
1544:"Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword)"
1360:"1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor"
1051:metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
149:Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
2633:Vol. 1, Basic Electrical Theory, Basic DC Theory
2247:. Springer International Publishing. p. 1.
1959:RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies
524:, which control current flow at electron level.
492:An electronic component is any component in an
2550:Center for Strategic and International Studies
2030:Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Greer, James C. (2016).
907:of the circuit. Other types of noise, such as
782:using premanufactured building blocks such as
3616:
3126:
2670:
967:(sometimes referred to as 'Pin-Through-Hole')
173:, along with the subsequent invention of the
8:
348:, affordability, low power consumption, and
27:Branch of physics and electrical engineering
1494:
1492:
1037:as of 2018. The largest industry sector is
822:(Protel), LabCentre Electronics (Proteus),
571:, having essentially two levels of output.
227:flow by influencing the flow of individual
5762:
5751:
5496:
5485:
3651:
3640:
3623:
3609:
3601:
3133:
3119:
3111:
2677:
2663:
2655:
1877:Grant, Duncan Andrew; Gowar, John (1989).
1680:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
1084:Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
1047:most widely manufactured electronic device
219:(thermionic valves) were the first active
2277:"PCB design made easy for every engineer"
2245:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
2173:Brown, Stephen; Vranesic, Zvonko (2008).
1618:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories
1614:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device"
5944:
2077:"The History of the Integrated Circuit"
1430:Bashe, Charles J.; et al. (1986).
1233:
1033:sector, which has annual sales of over
1017:List of best-selling electronic devices
903:which can be decreased by lowering the
686:Application-specific integrated circuit
329:and peripheral devices. However, early
274:and high power transmission as well as
1880:Power MOSFETS: theory and applications
1822:from the original on 24 September 2019
1587:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
1372:from the original on 30 September 2021
1305:from the original on 19 September 2018
1120:), Southeast Asia, South America, and
1937:from the original on 13 December 2013
1855:from the original on 20 December 2019
1711:Springer Science & Business Media
1674:Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960).
1548:The Electrochemical Society Interface
1411:from the original on 31 December 2013
7:
2552:(CSIS), retrieved September 12, 2022
2465:from the original on 27 January 2021
2403:from the original on 21 October 2019
2337:from the original on 30 January 2021
1810:"Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive"
1707:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1651:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1523:from the original on 5 November 2020
1086:(TSMC) in manufacturing technology.
1082:, fell far behind its subcontractor
864:for air cooling, and other forms of
504:. Passive electronic components are
2596:. Master Publishing, Incorporated.
2196:from the original on 4 October 2022
2113:from the original on 12 August 2022
747:electronics lab simulation software
362:invention of the integrated circuit
95:to control and amplify the flow of
2330:Semiconductor Industry Association
2287:from the original on 19 April 2023
2054:from the original on 17 March 2020
1956:Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018).
1790:from the original on 10 March 2020
1196:Electronics engineering technology
255:and the music recording industry.
25:
5722:Social construction of technology
2435:from the original on 28 July 2019
2011:from the original on 26 July 2020
1980:from the original on 31 July 2020
1901:from the original on 30 July 2020
1581:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957).
145:History of electronic engineering
6055:
6043:
6031:
6019:
6007:
5995:
5983:
5971:
5959:
5947:
5918:
5906:
5895:
5894:
3244:Failure of electronic components
2357:"Semiconductors – the Next Wave"
2079:. Nobelprize.org. Archived from
1134:
818:(PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic),
5907:
5710:Timeline of historic inventions
2243:J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017).
2218:The Art of Computer Programming
1999:Daniels, Lee A. (28 May 1992).
1467:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems
704:Field-programmable analog array
71:. Electronics is a subfield of
2593:Getting Started in Electronics
2578:. Cambridge University Press.
1925:"Who Invented the Transistor?"
1499:Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016).
1053:(MOSFET), with an estimated 13
290:, specialist audio equipment,
69:electrically charged particles
1:
2176:Fundamentals of Digital Logic
1151:Index of electronics articles
698:Field-programmable gate array
488:Various electronic components
3239:List of emerging electronics
2517:retrieved September 12, 2022
2510:transcript, August 3, 2022,
2366:. April 2019. Archived from
1692:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5
1247:www.dictionnaire-academie.fr
792:Electronic design automation
771:Electronic design automation
5734:Technology acceptance model
2840:Internal combustion engines
2817:External combustion engines
2132:Bose, Bimal K, ed. (1996).
1269:"Definition of ELECTRONICS"
666:Highly integrated devices:
6096:
2038:Cambridge University Press
1748:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462
1626:10.1142/9789814503464_0076
1010:
1004:
918:
895:
842:
794:software programs include
768:
581:
540:
477:
165:The identification of the
142:
29:
5889:
5868:Technological convergence
5761:
5750:
5727:Technological determinism
5668:Technological singularity
5495:
5484:
3650:
3639:
2694:Classical simple machines
2590:Mims, Forrest M. (2003).
2544:13 September 2022 at the
2253:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0
2107:The Sydney Morning Herald
1394:History of Electron Tubes
1299:American Physical Society
1176:Biodegradable electronics
612:Digital signal processors
5863:Research and development
5693:Diffusion of innovations
5658:Technological utopianism
5551:Environmental technology
2136:. Wiley Online Library.
1397:. IOS Press. p. 5.
1338:10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822
692:Digital signal processor
352:. It revolutionized the
284:high power RF amplifiers
260:point-contact transistor
5586:Government by algorithm
5568:Sustainable engineering
5533:Precautionary principle
5327:Artificial intelligence
3482:Electromagnetic warfare
3079:Check weighing machines
2623:2 November 2004 at the
2497:Harvard Business School
2428:Computer History Museum
1930:Computer History Museum
1783:Computer History Museum
1736:Proceedings of the IEEE
1365:Computer History Museum
1273:www.merriam-webster.com
1191:Electronics engineering
1041:, which generated over
872:. These techniques use
731:new product development
595:Digital circuits use a
563:techniques thereafter.
327:computer logic circuits
171:Sir Joseph John Thomson
139:History and development
34:. For the journal, see
5651:Technology forecasting
5618:Strategy of Technology
5509:Appropriate technology
4390:Agricultural machinery
3452:Automotive electronics
3401:Robotic vacuum cleaner
3361:Information technology
3166:Electronic engineering
2575:The Art of Electronics
2215:Knuth, Donald (1980).
1849:University of Michigan
1156:Outline of electronics
1031:semiconductor industry
1021:Semiconductor industry
957:
489:
474:Devices and components
452:Printed circuit boards
268:Walter Houser Brattain
162:
124:semiconductor industry
77:electrical engineering
53:
5623:Technology assessment
5608:Persuasive technology
5591:Intellectual property
5579:Policy & politics
4195:Interchangeable parts
3386:Portable media player
3259:Molecular electronics
3254:Low-power electronics
3064:Seed-counting machine
2142:10.1002/9780470547113
1841:Chan, Yi-Jen (1992).
1507:John Wiley & Sons
1471:. MIT Press. p.
1434:IBM's Early Computers
1391:SĹŤgo Okamura (1994).
1326:IEEE Ind. Electron. M
1241:française, Académie.
1181:Broadcast engineering
1011:Further information:
951:
931:Cordwood construction
927:point to point wiring
905:operating temperature
800:printed circuit board
765:Computer-aided design
614:are constructed with
498:printed circuit board
487:
457:Semiconductor devices
417:Electronic components
221:electronic components
156:
47:
5873:Technology lifecycle
5663:Technocracy movement
5421:Programming language
5094:Particle accelerator
4968:Laboratory glassware
3634:and related concepts
3580:Terahertz technology
3561:Open-source hardware
3517:Consumer electronics
3487:Electronics industry
3249:Flexible electronics
3156:Analogue electronics
2863:Nutating disc engine
2853:Reciprocating engine
1818:. 12 December 2018.
1186:Computer engineering
1027:electronics industry
1013:Consumer electronics
1007:Electronics industry
921:Electronic packaging
480:Electronic component
354:electronics industry
331:junction transistors
323:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
157:One of the earliest
32:consumer electronics
18:Electronic equipment
5698:Technology transfer
5389:Client–server model
4840:CRISPR gene editing
4835:Genetic engineering
4422:Internal combustion
3556:Nuclear electronics
3381:Networking hardware
3284:Quantum electronics
3269:Organic electronics
3191:Printed electronics
3161:Digital electronics
2534:Lewis, James Andrew
2506:3 July 2023 at the
2333:. 5 February 2018.
2109:. 5 February 2008.
1933:. 4 December 2013.
814:PCB and Schematic,
584:Digital electronics
502:integrated circuits
427:Integrated circuits
412:Digital electronics
301:In April 1955, the
101:alternating current
93:integrated circuits
6026:History of science
5563:Sustainable design
5297:Integrated circuit
5121:Telecommunications
5077:Optical instrument
4173:Injection moulding
3860:Musical instrument
3645:Major technologies
3534:Marine electronics
3507:Integrated circuit
3426:Video game console
3224:2020s in computing
3206:Thermal management
2886:Peaucellier-Lipkin
2373:on 11 October 2019
2005:The New York Times
1705:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1649:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1612:KAHNG, D. (1961).
1560:10.1149/2.F02073IF
1211:Marine electronics
1142:Electronics portal
1043:$ 29 trillion
1035:$ 481 billion
958:
839:Thermal management
834:Negative qualities
543:Analog electronics
490:
467:Telecommunications
392:Analog electronics
249:telecommunications
187:electrical signals
163:
120:telecommunications
54:
6050:Telecommunication
5935:
5934:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5858:Mature technology
5746:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5446:Graphics software
4825:Blood transfusion
4486:Epicyclic gearing
4318:Archimedes' screw
3598:
3597:
3575:Radio electronics
3201:Schematic capture
3186:Power electronics
3108:
3107:
3084:Riveting machines
2782:Archimedes' screw
2603:978-0-945053-28-6
2399:. 29 March 2019.
2283:. 19 April 2023.
1660:978-3-540-34258-8
1635:978-981-02-0209-5
1599:10.1149/1.2428650
1201:Fuzzy electronics
1166:Audio engineering
1080:Intel Corporation
915:Packaging methods
830:and many others.
796:schematic capture
528:Types of circuits
494:electronic system
447:Power electronics
397:Audio electronics
296:microwave devices
292:guitar amplifiers
288:cathode-ray tubes
247:broadcasting and
223:which controlled
16:(Redirected from
6087:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6036:
6035:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6000:
5999:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5976:
5975:
5964:
5963:
5952:
5951:
5943:
5922:
5910:
5909:
5898:
5897:
5763:
5756:Related concepts
5752:
5556:Clean technology
5497:
5486:
5451:Operating system
5057:Magnetic storage
5020:Electromagnetism
4650:Air conditioning
4599:Geothermal power
4345:Block and tackle
4291:Four-bar linkage
4178:Lost-wax casting
4055:Horseback riding
3652:
3641:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3570:Radio navigation
3467:Data acquisition
3176:Microelectronics
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
2787:Eductor-jet pump
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2607:
2553:
2531:
2518:
2490:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2431:. 2 April 2018.
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2321:
2315:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1966:. p. 18-2.
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1238:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1056:
1044:
1036:
898:Electronic noise
866:computer cooling
854:Heat dissipation
681:Microcontrollers
661:Schmitt triggers
578:Digital circuits
432:Microelectronics
422:Embedded systems
346:high scalability
262:was invented by
97:electric current
21:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6008:
6006:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5877:
5829:
5767:Applied science
5757:
5738:
5679:
5646:Futures studies
5632:
5574:
5537:
5491:
5472:
5313:
5186:Electrical grid
5176:Circuit breaker
5152:
5014:
4898:
4862:Medical imaging
4845:Genetic testing
4806:
4673:
4556:
4444:Heavy equipment
4405:Washing machine
4376:
4301:Rack and pinion
4211:
4185:Mass production
4144:
4009:
3915:
3799:
3646:
3635:
3629:
3599:
3594:
3527:Small appliance
3522:Major appliance
3502:Home automation
3492:Embedded system
3447:Audio equipment
3435:
3431:Washing machine
3356:Home theater PC
3312:Central heating
3307:Air conditioner
3299:
3293:
3264:Nanoelectronics
3216:
3210:
3181:Optoelectronics
3171:Instrumentation
3144:
3139:
3109:
3104:
3100:Spring (device)
3088:
3069:Vending machine
3037:
3019:
2976:
2938:
2890:
2867:
2834:
2830:Stirling engine
2811:
2764:
2731:
2688:
2683:
2625:Wayback Machine
2614:
2604:
2589:
2562:
2560:Further reading
2557:
2556:
2546:Wayback Machine
2532:
2521:
2508:Wayback Machine
2491:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2182:. McGraw Hill.
2179:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2152:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2083:on 29 June 2018
2075:
2074:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2048:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1856:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1713:. p. 120.
1704:
1703:
1699:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1509:. p. 168.
1498:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1438:. MIT. p.
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1054:
1042:
1034:
1023:
1009:
1003:
923:
917:
900:
894:
847:
841:
836:
773:
767:
719:
676:Microprocessors
618:circuits using
590:Boolean algebra
586:
580:
548:Analog circuits
545:
539:
537:Analog circuits
530:
482:
476:
471:
442:Optoelectronics
437:Nanoelectronics
387:
335:mass-production
309:product to use
213:, practicable.
195:Ambrose Fleming
151:
141:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6093:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6072:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6052:
6040:
6028:
6016:
6004:
5992:
5980:
5968:
5956:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5916:
5904:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5769:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5642:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5613:Science policy
5610:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5547:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5514:Low technology
5505:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5466:Word processor
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5414:World Wide Web
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5309:Superconductor
5306:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5213:Electric light
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5109:Motion picture
5106:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Microwave oven
5059:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4988:Chromatography
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4800:Spinning wheel
4797:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4604:Heat exchanger
4601:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4587:Energy storage
4584:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Electric motor
4409:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4360:Potter's wheel
4357:
4352:
4347:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4217:Simple machine
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3904:Printing press
3901:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
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3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3754:
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3747:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3689:Sewing machine
3681:
3680:
3679:
3677:Working animal
3674:
3669:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:Communications
3582:
3577:
3572:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3512:Home appliance
3509:
3504:
3499:
3497:Home appliance
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Control system
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Microwave oven
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Bioelectronics
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2929:Wind generator
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:Pendulum clock
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2727:Wheel and axle
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Inclined plane
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2613:
2612:External links
2610:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2587:
2584:978-0521370950
2570:Hill, Winfield
2566:Horowitz, Paul
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2548:June 2, 2022,
2519:
2476:
2446:
2414:
2384:
2348:
2316:
2313:978-0471428060
2298:
2268:
2262:978-3319558394
2261:
2235:
2227:
2207:
2189:978-0077144227
2188:
2165:
2151:978-0470547113
2150:
2124:
2094:
2065:
2047:978-1107052406
2046:
2022:
1991:
1973:978-1420006728
1972:
1948:
1916:
1894:978-0471828679
1893:
1869:
1833:
1801:
1769:
1726:
1719:
1697:
1666:
1659:
1641:
1634:
1604:
1573:
1534:
1516:978-0470508923
1515:
1488:
1482:978-0262161237
1481:
1455:
1449:978-0262022255
1448:
1422:
1404:978-9051991451
1403:
1383:
1351:
1316:
1286:
1260:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1129:
1126:
1089:By that time,
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
983:
978:
973:
968:
919:Main article:
916:
913:
896:Main article:
893:
890:
843:Main article:
840:
837:
835:
832:
788:semiconductors
784:power supplies
769:Main article:
766:
763:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:System on chip
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
678:
673:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
582:Main article:
579:
576:
561:microprocessor
541:Main article:
538:
535:
529:
526:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
407:Circuit design
404:
402:Bioelectronics
399:
394:
388:
386:
383:
360:computer. The
305:was the first
140:
137:
105:direct current
81:active devices
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6092:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6053:
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6041:
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6029:
6027:
6017:
6015:
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6003:
5998:
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5991:
5981:
5979:
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5962:
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5927:
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5902:
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5846:
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5841:
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5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5749:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5673:Transhumanism
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5638:Progressivism
5635:
5629:
5628:Technorealism
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5543:Ecotechnology
5540:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5483:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5287:Semiconductor
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:Lightning rod
5270:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:Circuit board
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
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5211:
5207:
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5199:
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5179:
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5155:
5147:
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5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Optical fiber
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Electromagnet
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4961:Haber process
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:Birth control
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4812:Biotechnology
4809:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4783:Vulcanization
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:Nanomaterials
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:Chipped stone
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4668:
4667:Photovoltaics
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4645:Refrigeration
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Assembly line
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4150:Manufacturing
4147:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Space station
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Motor vehicle
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Fortification
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Domestication
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Clothes dryer
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Semiconductor
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:Miscellaneous
3040:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:Water turbine
2922:
2920:
2919:Steam turbine
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Rotary engine
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Hydraulic ram
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:. p. 2.
2039:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:. p. 1.
1886:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1854:
1851:. p. 1.
1850:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1720:9783540342588
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1275:. 21 May 2024
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:United States
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1045:in 2017. The
1040:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Chassis mount
974:
972:
971:Surface mount
969:
966:
963:
962:
961:
955:
954:home computer
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
922:
914:
912:
910:
906:
899:
891:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:water cooling
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
838:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:programs and
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
742:
741:of the user.
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:mobile phones
716:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
597:binary system
593:
591:
585:
577:
575:
572:
570:
564:
562:
558:
552:
549:
544:
536:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
486:
481:
473:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
384:
382:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:transistors.
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
211:radio antenna
208:
207:radio signals
204:
203:Lee De Forest
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
155:
150:
146:
138:
136:
134:
129:
128:semiconductor
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
107:(DC) or from
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
50:surface-mount
46:
40:
38:
33:
19:
6067:
5924:
5912:
5900:
5785:Construction
5780:Architecture
5601:Trade secret
5490:Perspectives
5409:Social media
5404:Peer-to-peer
5282:Oscilloscope
5239:
5223:Incandescent
5126:Mobile phone
5038:Optical disc
5005:Spectrometer
4993:Distillation
4768:Rammed earth
4655:Refrigerator
4633:Oil drilling
4481:Differential
4235:Ball bearing
4200:Machine tool
3995:Stonemasonry
3921:Construction
3838:Lock and key
3833:Cryptography
3728:Food storage
3440:Applications
3421:Water heater
3396:Refrigerator
3376:Mobile phone
3279:Piezotronics
3141:
3059:Agricultural
2981:
2914:Quasiturbine
2825:Steam engine
2760:Quartz clock
2745:Atomic clock
2592:
2573:
2511:
2467:. Retrieved
2459:NaTechnology
2458:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2328:
2319:
2305:
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2280:
2271:
2244:
2238:
2217:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2175:
2168:
2133:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2081:the original
2058:17 September
2056:. Retrieved
2032:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2004:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1958:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1910:
1903:. Retrieved
1879:
1872:
1864:
1857:. Retrieved
1843:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1742:(1): 43–48.
1739:
1735:
1729:
1706:
1700:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1617:
1607:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1501:
1466:
1458:
1433:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1393:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1363:
1354:
1332:(1): 41–43.
1329:
1325:
1319:
1309:19 September
1307:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1115:
1088:
1077:
1070:
1024:
965:Through-hole
959:
924:
901:
848:
774:
751:CircuitLogix
743:
739:requirements
720:
665:
656:Multiplexers
602:
594:
587:
573:
565:
556:
553:
546:
531:
491:
370:Robert Noyce
358:
350:high density
339:
300:
264:John Bardeen
257:
217:Vacuum tubes
215:
177:which could
164:
117:
56:
55:
36:
6080:Electronics
6062:Spaceflight
6014:Numismatics
5954:Electronics
5790:Engineering
5526:Neo-Luddism
5461:Web browser
5456:Spreadsheet
5377:Touchscreen
5352:Motherboard
5265:Vacuum tube
5240:Electronics
5218:Fluorescent
5206:Transformer
5158:Electricity
5099:Photography
4741:Ironworking
4662:Solar power
4533:Vacuum pump
4501:Whippletree
4158:3D printing
3971:Scaffolding
3816:Calculation
3662:Agriculture
3655:Necessities
3547:electronics
3351:Home cinema
3289:Spintronics
3229:Atomtronics
3142:Electronics
3074:Wind tunnel
2990:Vacuum tube
2982:Electronics
2904:Gas turbine
2848:Gas turbine
2807:Vacuum pump
2770:Compressors
2750:Chronometer
2493:Shih, Willy
1686:: 131–136.
1620:: 583–596.
1249:(in French)
1161:Atomtronics
1118:Netherlands
1095:South Korea
886:heat energy
671:Memory chip
631:Logic gates
620:Transistors
518:transistors
280:solid-state
175:vacuum tube
169:in 1897 by
111:signals to
85:transistors
79:which uses
57:Electronics
37:Electronics
6002:Television
5978:Technology
5835:Innovation
5820:Navigation
5717:Philosophy
5384:Networking
5302:Transistor
5277:Multimeter
5146:Television
5082:Microscope
5050:Eyeglasses
4998:Filtration
4983:Separation
4956:Fertilizer
4884:Prosthesis
4877:Antibiotic
4872:Anesthesia
4867:Medication
4726:Metallurgy
4523:Jackhammer
4518:Compressor
4513:Pneumatics
4449:Hydraulics
4432:Waterwheel
4400:Dishwasher
4123:Watercraft
4116:Space suit
4101:Spacecraft
4067:Jet engine
3966:Foundation
3939:Irrigation
3909:Typewriter
3882:Video game
3865:Phonograph
3811:Accounting
3740:Sanitation
3632:Technology
3551:Multimedia
3541:technology
3416:Television
3346:Home robot
3336:Dishwasher
3298:Electronic
3033:Automobile
2995:Transistor
2909:Jet engine
2881:Pantograph
2469:2 February
2407:13 October
2377:11 October
2341:11 October
2228:0201038226
1912:computers.
1593:(9): 547.
1415:5 December
1228:References
1058:sextillion
1039:e-commerce
981:Rack mount
909:shot noise
878:conduction
874:convection
858:heat sinks
749:, such as
641:Flip-flops
522:thyristors
506:capacitors
366:Jack Kilby
315:calculator
311:transistor
276:television
237:television
143:See also:
133:e-commerce
67:and other
39:(magazine)
5990:Chemistry
5853:Invention
5848:High tech
5825:Surveying
5805:Logistics
5795:Forensics
5501:Criticism
5245:Capacitor
5196:Generator
5141:Telephone
5136:Telegraph
5087:Telescope
5010:Synthesis
4973:Pesticide
4944:Gunpowder
4939:Fireworks
4929:Explosive
4912:Detergent
4830:Dentistry
4773:Recycling
4609:Heat pump
4528:Rivet gun
4496:Gyroscope
4471:Mechanism
4395:Appliance
4382:Machinery
4323:Propeller
4163:Carpentry
4138:Submarine
4106:Satellite
4096:Scuba set
4015:Transport
3761:Equipment
3539:Microwave
3411:Telephone
3300:equipment
3274:Photonics
3010:Capacitor
2972:Propeller
2200:12 August
2160:107126716
2117:12 August
1984:10 August
1964:CRC Press
1905:10 August
1859:10 August
1756:0018-9219
1568:1064-8208
1554:(3): 29.
1527:22 August
1376:10 August
1216:Photonics
1107:Singapore
1073:microchip
935:wire wrap
882:radiation
727:computers
651:Registers
608:Computers
557:front end
514:resistors
510:inductors
385:Subfields
319:germanium
294:and some
272:microwave
253:telephony
229:electrons
115:signals.
65:electrons
6074:Category
5901:Category
5810:Medicine
5800:Forestry
5775:Agronomy
5436:Database
5431:Compiler
5426:Software
5399:Internet
5332:Hardware
5319:Computer
5260:Inductor
5255:Resistor
4934:Dynamite
4904:Chemical
4857:Hospital
4731:Aluminum
4692:Concrete
4679:Material
4638:Fracking
4575:Charcoal
4540:Robotics
4459:Manifold
4454:Cylinder
4437:Windmill
4350:Flywheel
4308:Pendulum
4259:Catapult
4084:Railroad
4050:Elevator
4038:Seaplane
4033:Airplane
4028:Aerostat
4023:Aircraft
3956:Building
3929:Aqueduct
3848:Banknote
3826:Calendar
3745:Plumbing
3684:Clothing
3672:Grafting
3589:Wireless
3545:Military
3477:e-health
3457:Avionics
3326:Notebook
3322:Computer
3215:Advanced
3149:Branches
3025:Vehicles
3015:Inductor
3005:Resistor
2944:Aerofoil
2934:Windmill
2873:Linkages
2686:Machines
2621:Archived
2572:(1980).
2542:Archived
2504:Archived
2463:Archived
2433:Archived
2401:Archived
2364:Deloitte
2335:Archived
2291:19 April
2285:Archived
2281:Autodesk
2194:Archived
2180:(e-book)
2111:Archived
2087:21 April
2052:Archived
2009:Archived
1978:Archived
1935:Archived
1899:Archived
1853:Archived
1820:Archived
1788:Archived
1764:29105721
1521:Archived
1409:Archived
1370:Archived
1346:23351454
1303:Archived
1221:Robotics
1171:Avionics
1128:See also
1001:Industry
868:such as
780:circuits
755:Multisim
735:disposal
646:Counters
622:such as
197:and the
167:electron
103:(AC) to
83:such as
6038:Science
5966:Physics
5940:Portals
5913:Outline
5705:History
5685:Studies
5521:Luddite
5372:Storage
5166:Circuit
4978:Pigment
4894:Vaccine
4889:Surgery
4790:Textile
4763:Plastic
4721:Masonry
4699:Ceramic
4616:Nuclear
4592:Battery
4427:Turbine
4276:Linkage
4269:Shadoof
4230:Bearing
4207:Welding
4168:Casting
4128:Sailing
4060:Stirrup
4045:Compass
3988:Caisson
3889:Writing
3733:Pottery
3716:Milling
3696:Cooking
3341:Freezer
3093:Springs
2896:Turbine
2439:28 July
2015:1 April
1941:20 July
1826:18 July
1815:EETimes
1794:22 July
1066:Hitachi
1049:is the
804:Cadence
624:MOSFETs
616:digital
604:Ternary
462:Sensors
375:silicon
303:IBM 608
225:current
209:from a
183:rectify
179:amplify
113:digital
73:physics
61:physics
48:Modern
5925:Portal
5843:Design
5815:Mining
5596:Patent
5367:Router
5201:Switch
5104:Camera
5067:Mirror
4778:Rubber
4736:Bronze
4687:Cement
4626:Weapon
4562:Energy
4491:Gimbal
4412:Engine
4365:Pulley
4330:Spring
4296:Piston
4286:Clutch
4072:Rocket
4005:Tunnel
3951:Bridge
3821:Abacus
3804:Social
3788:Weapon
3776:Plough
3771:Hammer
3750:Toilet
3711:Cheese
3472:e-book
3406:Tablet
3366:Cooker
3331:Camera
3217:topics
2962:Rudder
2802:Trompe
2737:Clocks
2712:Pulley
2600:
2582:
2513:Forbes
2311:
2259:
2225:
2186:
2158:
2148:
2044:
1970:
1891:
1762:
1754:
1717:
1657:
1632:
1566:
1513:
1479:
1446:
1401:
1344:
1279:26 May
1253:26 May
1206:Go-box
1122:Israel
1109:, and
1097:, the
1091:Taiwan
1055:
1019:, and
996:socket
880:, and
820:Altium
816:Mentor
777:design
759:PSpice
757:, and
717:Design
706:(FPAA)
700:(FPGA)
688:(ASIC)
636:Adders
569:switch
342:MOSFET
199:triode
185:small
159:Audion
109:analog
91:, and
89:diodes
5394:Email
5357:Mouse
5347:Modem
5292:Diode
5131:Radio
5116:Radar
5033:Laser
4758:Paper
4746:Steel
4716:Glass
4704:Brick
4621:Power
4476:Clock
4340:Wheel
4335:Valve
4313:Screw
4264:Crane
4254:Lever
4247:Chain
4089:Train
3976:Tower
3934:Canal
3843:Money
3781:Wedge
3766:Blade
3706:Bread
3585:Wired
3566:Radar
3391:Radio
3054:Robot
3049:Mecha
3000:Diode
2774:pumps
2722:Wedge
2717:Screw
2707:Lever
2371:(PDF)
2360:(PDF)
2156:S2CID
1885:Wiley
1760:S2CID
1342:S2CID
1111:China
1103:Japan
892:Noise
828:KiCad
812:EAGLE
808:ORCAD
712:(SOC)
694:(DSP)
245:radio
241:radar
233:radio
191:diode
5233:Neon
5191:Fuse
5045:Lens
4917:Soap
4795:Loom
4580:Oven
4570:Fire
4508:MEMS
4464:Pump
4372:Wing
4355:Gear
4242:Belt
4225:Axle
4133:Ship
4000:Road
3946:Arch
3894:Book
3877:Game
3853:Coin
3757:Tool
3721:Wine
3701:Beer
3587:and
3568:and
2967:Flap
2957:Wing
2952:Sail
2797:Pump
2772:and
2598:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2471:2021
2441:2019
2409:2019
2379:2019
2343:2019
2309:ISBN
2293:2023
2257:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2202:2022
2184:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2119:2022
2089:2012
2060:2019
2042:ISBN
2017:2017
1986:2019
1968:ISBN
1943:2019
1907:2019
1889:ISBN
1861:2019
1828:2019
1796:2019
1752:ISSN
1715:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1564:ISSN
1529:2019
1511:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1417:2012
1399:ISBN
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1311:2018
1281:2024
1255:2024
1064:and
1062:Sony
1025:The
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933:and
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860:and
850:Heat
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725:and
610:and
520:and
379:VLSI
368:and
340:The
266:and
181:and
147:and
75:and
5441:GUI
5362:RAM
5342:GPU
5337:CPU
5228:LED
4949:TNT
4924:Dye
4850:PCR
4550:Leg
4545:Arm
4281:Cam
3983:Dam
3899:Map
3872:Toy
3793:Gun
2499:):
2249:doi
2138:doi
1744:doi
1688:doi
1622:doi
1595:doi
1591:104
1556:doi
1440:386
1334:doi
994:PGA
990:BGA
986:LGA
939:FR4
884:of
810:),
364:by
307:IBM
201:by
193:by
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