111:(DAF) in reducing stuttering has been noted since the 1950s. A DAF user hears his or her voice in headphones, delayed a fraction of a second. Typical delays are in the 50 millisecond to 200 millisecond range. In stutterers, DAF may produce slow, prolonged but fluent speech. In the 1960s to 1980s, DAF was mainly used to train prolongation and fluency. As the stutterer masters fluent speech skills at a slow speaking rate, the delay is reduced in stages, gradually increasing speaking rate, until the person can speak fluently at a normal speaking rate. It was not until the 1990s that research began to focus on DAF in isolation. Recent studies have moved from longer delays to shorter delays in the 50 millisecond to 75 millisecond range, and have found that speakers can maintain fast rates and achieve increased fluency at these delays. Delayed auditory feedback presented binaurally (i.e. in both ears) is more effective than that presented in monaurally, or in one ear only.
141:
stutterers using the SpeechEasy show greater reductions in reading than for monologue and conversation. Using AAF was effective in reducing stuttering in scripted telephone calls and giving presentations according to two studies. Another study examining the effects of the SpeechEasy in more naturalistic situations (conversation and asking questions of strangers outside the clinic) found that the SpeechEasy failed to show a significant effect following six months of use, though individual subjects varied in their response. A further study examining the use of the device during phone and face to face conversation also found wide variations in stuttering reduction, with just under half exhibiting stable improvement over the course of the four months of the study.
145:
reports suggest that over time users receive continued but lessened effects from their device. While one group study has reported continued overall reductions in stuttering after a year of daily use of the SpeechEasy on reading and a monologue task, others have found that some participants showed adaptation effects, gaining less benefit from the device after exposure for several months, including stuttering more with the device than without it. Some studies of various altered auditory feedback devices have noted carryover fluency, i.e. a reduction in stuttering after the stutterer removes an electronic fluency device, while others have not.
167:
caused by the changes in speech production, including slower speech rates, higher pitches and increased loudness, rather than the AAF per se. However, subsequent studies have noted that increased fluency occurred in some stutterers at normal and fast rates using DAF. Some suggest that stuttering is caused by defective auditory processing, and that AAF helps to correct the misperceived rhythmic structure of speech. It has been shown that some stutterers have noted that have atypical auditory anatomy and that DAF improved fluency in these stutterers but not in those with typical anatomy. However,
120:
pitch shift required to maximally reduce stuttering. In studies that gave longer exposure to FAF and used more meaningful daily life tasks such as generating a monologue, only some participants experienced a reduction in stuttering. Initial claims that AAF was more powerful than FAF in reducing stuttering have not been supported by subsequent research. FAF is, like DAF, more effective when presented binaurally. In the last years a number of smart phone apps have been developed that implement DAF/FAF as software and are much cheaper than the special hardware devices.
149:
being particularly useful on the telephone. They reported that the device was difficult to use in noisy situations as the device amplifies all voices and sounds, and some acclimatization to the use of the device over time. Qualitative reports of satisfaction may be disassociated from more objective measures of fluency: some stutterers who gain little or no benefit from a device based on objective measures rate the device highly, while others who were obtaining benefit on measures of fluency reported negatives opinions about the device.
75:
quality, breathing patterns, and voicing strategies. These programs are designed to train features related to prolonged speech, a treatment technique which is frequently used in stuttering therapy. No peer-reviewed studies have been published showing the effectiveness of commercial systems in a clinical context. A study of electromyographic (EMG) feedback in children and adolescents found it to be as effective as other treatments (home-based and clinic-based smooth speech training) in the short and longterm.
46:
129:
in stuttering with an electronic fluency device can occur without a reduced speech rate, and that speech naturalness is often enhanced with AAF. However, the effects of altered feedback are highly individualistic, with some obtaining considerable increases in fluency, while others receive little or no benefit.
84:
permitted increasingly portable devices such as
Derazne Correctophone, the Edinburgh Masker, the Vocaltech Clinical Vocal Feedback Device, the Fluency Master and the SpeechEasy. Current devices may be similar in size and appearance to a hearing aid, including in-the-ear and completely-in-the-canal models.
171:
studies on choral reading in stutterers suggest that AAF also made changes in motor and speech production areas of the brain, as well as the auditory processing areas. Choral reading reduced the overactivity in motor areas that is found with stuttered reading, and largely reversed the left-hemisphere
128:
Studies have shown that altered auditory feedback (including delayed auditory feedback, frequency altered feedback) as provided by devices such as the Casa Futura School DAF machine or SpeechEasy can immediately reduce stuttering by 40–80% in reading tasks. Laboratory studies suggest that reductions
166:
The precise reasons for the fluency-inducing effects of AAF in stutterers are unknown. Early investigators suggested that those who stutter had an abnormal speech–auditory feedback loop that was corrected or bypassed while speaking under DAF. Later researchers proposed increased fluency was actually
144:
While there is evidence of the immediate, short-term effectiveness of AAF devices in reducing stuttering, the longterm effects of altered feedback are unclear. There is some limited experimental data that in some speakers the effect of AAF may fade after a few minutes of exposure, and some anecdotal
157:
There is little experimental evaluation of the therapeutic effect of AAF on children who stutter: one study noted that effects of FAF were less in children than adults. Given the lack of evidence of its effectiveness, as well as concerns about the impact of altered feedback on developing speech and
148:
The effective of electronic fluency devices as measured by qualitative measures and ratings by stutterers have also been made. Studies show that some stutterers report improved fluency and confidence about speaking, and less severe stuttering and some carryover effects; the device is perceived as
98:
has been well documented to reduce stuttering. Clinic-based and portable devices, such as the
Edinburgh Masker (since discontinued) have been developed to deliver masking, and found that masking was effective in reducing stuttering, though many found that reduction in stuttering faded with time.
119:
Pitch-shifting frequency-altered auditory feedback (FAF) changes the pitch at which the user hears his or her voice. Varying pitch from quarter, half or full octave shift typically results in 55–74% decreases stuttering in short reading tasks. Individuals differ as to direction and extent of the
140:
There are few published studies on the effect of the AAF in the daily activities of life; studies have mainly examined the effect of AAF on short oral reading tasks, with some studying the giving of a monologue that is usually short in duration. Several studies have produced group results that
83:
Altered auditory feedback (AAF) such as singing, choral speaking, masking, delayed or frequency altered feedback have long been known to reduce stuttering. Early altered auditory feedback devices were large and thus confined to the laboratory or therapy room, but advances in electronics have
74:
Computerized feedback devices (such as CAFET or Dr. Fluency) use computer technology to increase control over breathing and phonation. A microphone gathers information about the stutterer’s speech and feedback is delivered on a computer screen. Measurements include intensity (loudness), voice
137:; in particular that AAF effects continue over the long term and in everyday speaking situations. The high-profile promotion in the media of devices such as the "SpeechEasy" has been criticized as inappropriate given the lack of scientific evidence for their effectiveness.
172:
based auditory-system and speech production system underactivation. Noting that the effects of altered feedback vary from person to person and can wear off over time, distraction has also been proposed as a possible cause of stuttering reduction with AAF.
488:
Stuart A, Kalinowski J, Rastatter M, Saltuklaroglu T, Dayalu V (2004). "Investigations of the impact of altered auditory feedback in-the-ear devices on the speech of people who stutter: initial fitting and 4-month follow-up".
132:
A 2006 review of stuttering treatments noted that three treatment studies of the SpeechEasy device did not meet the criteria for experimental quality. In addition, studies have been critiqued for failing to demonstrate
1125:
Bothe AK, Davidow JH, Bramlett RE, Ingham RJ (2006). "Stuttering
Treatment Research 1970–2005: I. Systematic Review Incorporating Trial Quality Assessment of Behavioral, Cognitive, and Related Approaches".
1312:
Stuart A, Kalinowski J, Saltuklaroglu T, Guntupalli VK (2006). "Investigations of the impact of altered auditory feedback in-the-ear devices on the speech of people who stutter: one-year follow-up".
1400:
Kalinowski J, Guntupalli VK, Stuart A, Saltuklaroglu T (2004). "Self-reported efficacy of an ear-level prosthetic device that delivers altered auditory feedback for the management of stuttering".
963:
Ingham RJ, Moglia RA, Frank P, Ingham JC, Cordes AK (1997). "Experimental investigation of the effects of frequency-altered auditory feedback on the speech of adults who stutter".
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Interest in masking reduced during the 1980s as a result of studies finding delayed auditory feedback and frequency altered feedback were more effective in reducing stuttering.
1209:"Help for stutterers? Devices such as the SpeechEasy are growing popular due to exposure on shows like "Oprah," but experts say they may not be the miracle cures people expect"
1365:
Radford NT, Tanguma J, Gonzalez M, Nericcio MA, Newman DG (2005). "A case study of mediated learning, delayed auditory feedback, and motor repatterning to reduce stuttering".
62:
Computerized feedback devices provide feedback on the physiological control of respiration and phonation, including loudness, vocal intensity and breathing patterns.
531:
Kalinowski J, Armson J, Roland-Mieszkowski M, Stuart A, Gracco VL (1993). "Effects of alterations in auditory feedback and speech rate on stuttering frequency".
923:
Hargrave S, Kalinowski J, Stuart A, Armson J, Jones K (1994). "Effect of frequency-altered feedback on stuttering frequency at normal and fast speech rates".
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Zimmerman S, Kalinowski J, Stuart A, Rastatter M (1997). "Effect of altered auditory feedback on people who stutter during scripted telephone conversations".
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1786:
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Dewar, A & Dewar, AD (1979). "The long-term use of an automatically triggered auditory feedback-masking device in the treatment of stammering".
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888:
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1595:
Foundas AL, Bollich AM, Feldman J, et al. (2004). "Aberrant auditory processing and atypical planum temporale in developmental stuttering".
1870:
702:
Bothe AK, Finn P, Bramlett RE (2007). "Pseudoscience and the SpeechEasy: Reply to
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210:
191:
444:"Effects of the SpeechEasy on objective and perceived aspects of stuttering: a 6-month, phase I clinical trial in naturalistic environments"
1801:
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Stager SV, Denman DW, Ludlow CL (1997). "Modifications in aerodynamic variables by persons who stutter under fluency-evoking conditions".
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1913:
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Craig A, Hancock K, Chang E, et al. (August 1996). "A controlled clinical trial for stuttering in persons aged 9 to 14 years".
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Howell, P; Sackin, S; Williams, R (1999). "Differential effects of frequency-shifted feedback between child and adult stutterers".
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Armson J, Stuart A (1998). "Effect of extended exposure to frequency-altered feedback on stuttering during reading and monologue".
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Van Borsel J, Reunes G, Van den Bergh N (2003). "Delayed auditory feedback in the treatment of stuttering: clients as consumers".
853:
Armson J, Foote S, Witt C, Kalinowski J, Stuart A (1997). "Effect of frequency altered feedback and audience size on stuttering".
1998:
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807:
Stuart A, Kalinowski J, Rastatter M (1997). "Effect of monaural and binaural altered auditory feedback on stuttering frequency".
1638:
Wu JC, Maguire G, Riley G, et al. (1995). "A positron emission tomography deoxyglucose study of developmental stuttering".
1946:
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Armson J, Kiefte M, Mason J, De Croos D (2006). "The effect of SpeechEasy on stuttering frequency in laboratory conditions".
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Finn P, Bothe AK, Bramlett RE (2005). "Science and pseudoscience in communication disorders: criteria and applications".
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language systems, some authors have expressed the view that the use of an AAF with children would be unethical.
1743:
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Kalinowski J, Stuart A (1996). "Stuttering amelioration at various auditory feedback delays and speech rates".
729:
Kalinowski J, Stuart A (1996). "Stuttering amelioration at various auditory feedback delays and speech rates".
65:
Altered auditory feedback (AAF) devices alter the speech signal so that speakers hear their voices differently.
1243:
O'Donnell JJ, Armson J, Kiefte M (2008). "The effectiveness of SpeechEasy during situations of daily living".
261:
Lincoln M, Packman A, Onslow M (2006). "Altered auditory feedback and the treatment of stuttering: a review".
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Fox PT, Ingham RJ, Ingham JC, et al. (1996). "A PET study of the neural systems of stuttering".
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42:. Most electronic fluency devices change the sound of the user's voice in his or her ear.
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298:"Evaluation of a stuttering treatment based on reduction of short phonation intervals"
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Harrington J (1988). "Stuttering, delayed auditory feedback, and linguistic rhythm".
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38:) are electronic devices intended to improve the fluency of persons who
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Electronic fluency devices can be divided into two basic categories:
1334:
296:
Ingham RJ, Kilgo M, Ingham JC, Moglia R, Belknap H, Sanchez T (2001).
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184:
Stuttering and
Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment
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1041:
International
Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
491:
International
Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
16:
Devices intended to improve the fluency of persons who stutter
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Pollard R, Ellis JB, Finan D, Ramig PR (April 2009).
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611:British Journal of Disorders of Communication
413:Saltuklaroglu and Kalinowski (2006) p. 173-4
201:Tim Saltuklaroglu; Joseph Kalinowski (2006).
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809:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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678:Saltuklaroglu and Kalinowski (2006), p. 239
162:Causes of altered auditory feedback effects
1787:European League of Stuttering Associations
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186:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
1871:International Stuttering Awareness Day
1777:American Institute for Stuttering (US)
925:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
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205:. Plural Publishing. pp. 173–4.
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1817:National Stuttering Association (US)
1802:International Stuttering Association
1876:National Stuttering Awareness Week
1609:10.1212/01.wnl.0000142993.33158.2a
1414:10.1097/01.mrr.0000128063.76934.df
14:
1914:The Case of the Stuttering Bishop
79:Altered auditory feedback devices
32:altered auditory feedback devices
1652:10.1097/00001756-199502000-00024
1947:Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)
1498:(3): 187–200, quiz 200–1, III.
460:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0204)
1:
1807:Israel Stuttering Association
1797:Indian Stammering Association
1504:10.1016/S0094-730X(02)00128-6
1457:10.1016/S0094-730X(98)00021-7
1314:Disability and Rehabilitation
1283:"Those who stutter find hope"
1257:10.1016/j.jfludis.2008.02.001
1207:Hidalgo, Jason (2004-01-26).
1104:10.1016/j.jfludis.2006.04.004
275:10.1016/j.jfludis.2006.04.001
70:Computerized feedback devices
1445:Journal of Fluency Disorders
1281:Davis, Robert (2004-10-18).
637:"Stuttering: A Brief Review"
503:10.1080/13682820310001616976
169:positron emission tomography
1968:Su.. Su... Sudhi Vathmeekam
1367:Perceptual and Motor Skills
1186:10.1044/1058-0360(2005/018)
1140:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/031)
1053:10.1080/1368282021000042902
716:10.1044/1058-0360(2007/010)
314:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/096)
2015:
1822:Stuttering Foundation (US)
545:10.1177/002383099303600101
115:Frequency-altered feedback
20:Electronic fluency devices
1977:
1850:Electronic fluency device
1845:Delayed Auditory Feedback
1812:Michael Palin Centre (UK)
1539:10.3109/13682829609033157
1326:10.1080/09638280500386635
1003:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
965:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
890:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
867:10.3109/13682829709017901
771:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
743:10.3109/13682829609033157
623:10.3109/13682827909011361
576:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
448:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
372:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
302:J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res
109:delayed auditory feedback
103:Delayed auditory feedback
49:Electronic fluency device
1299:Ward (2006), p. 296, 298
36:altered feedback devices
1999:Anti-stuttering devices
1379:10.2466/PMS.101.5.63-71
1174:Am J Speech Lang Pathol
902:10.1044/jslhr.4206.1347
783:10.1044/jslhr.4005.1130
384:10.1044/jslhr.4106.1242
1015:10.1044/jslhr.4103.479
977:10.1044/jslhr.4002.361
937:10.1044/jshr.3706.1313
588:10.1044/jslhr.4004.832
50:
349:10.1044/jshr.3904.808
48:
1574:10.1044/jshr.3101.36
1213:Reno Gazette-Journal
182:Ward, David (2006).
1900:A Fish Called Wanda
1687:1996Natur.382..158F
1527:Eur J Disord Commun
1073:Ward (2006), p. 299
821:1997ASAJ..101.3806S
533:Language and Speech
230:Ward (2006) p. 300
135:ecological validity
1980:List of stutterers
1907:Attention bandits!
660:Ward (2006) p. 298
404:Ward (2006) p. 293
51:
1986:
1985:
1928:The King's Speech
1881:The Monster Study
1723:Ward, 2006, p. 57
1562:J Speech Hear Res
1477:Ward, 2006, p. 50
1402:Int J Rehabil Res
337:J Speech Hear Res
212:978-1-59756-011-5
193:978-1-84169-334-7
153:Use with children
24:assistive devices
2006:
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28:electronic aids
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1910:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1665:
1630:
1587:
1552:
1517:
1479:
1470:
1451:(2): 127–136.
1435:
1392:
1357:
1320:(12): 757–65.
1301:
1292:
1270:
1224:
1199:
1161:
1134:(4): 321–341.
1117:
1075:
1066:
1028:
990:
950:
915:
896:(6): 1347–54.
880:
842:
796:
756:
721:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
628:
617:(3): 219–229.
601:
566:
516:
473:
415:
406:
397:
378:(6): 1242–52.
362:
327:
308:(6): 1229–44.
288:
232:
219:
218:
217:
211:
198:
192:
177:
174:
163:
160:
154:
151:
125:
122:
116:
113:
107:The effect of
104:
101:
89:
86:
80:
77:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
55:
52:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2011:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:My Generation
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1769:Organizations
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:(9): 1640–6.
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:(3): 259–69.
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:(2): 167–70.
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:(2): 99–119.
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:(3): 172–86.
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:(2): 137–52.
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:(2): 119–29.
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:(3): 479–90.
1008:
1004:
997:
995:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:(2): 361–72.
970:
966:
959:
957:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:(6): 1313–9.
930:
926:
919:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
861:(3): 359–66.
860:
856:
849:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:(6): 3806–9.
814:
810:
803:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:(5): 1130–4.
776:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:(3): 259–69.
736:
732:
725:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
696:
694:
690:
684:
681:
675:
672:
666:
663:
657:
654:
643:on 2008-07-06
642:
638:
632:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:(4): 832–47.
581:
577:
570:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
527:
525:
523:
521:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:(1): 93–113.
496:
492:
484:
482:
480:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:(2): 516–33.
453:
449:
445:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
416:
410:
407:
401:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
366:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:(4): 808–26.
342:
338:
331:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
292:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
257:
255:
253:
251:
249:
247:
245:
243:
241:
239:
237:
233:
227:
225:
221:
214:
208:
204:
199:
195:
189:
185:
180:
179:
175:
173:
170:
161:
159:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
130:
124:Effectiveness
123:
121:
114:
112:
110:
102:
100:
97:
94:
87:
85:
78:
76:
69:
64:
61:
60:
59:
53:
47:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1849:
1792:FRIENDS (US)
1719:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1646:(3): 501–5.
1643:
1639:
1633:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1568:(1): 36–47.
1565:
1561:
1555:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1495:
1491:
1473:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1373:(1): 63–71.
1370:
1366:
1360:
1317:
1313:
1295:
1286:
1248:
1244:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:
1202:
1177:
1173:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1095:
1091:
1069:
1044:
1040:
1006:
1002:
968:
964:
928:
924:
918:
893:
889:
883:
858:
854:
812:
808:
774:
770:
734:
730:
724:
707:
703:
683:
674:
665:
656:
645:. Retrieved
641:the original
631:
614:
610:
604:
579:
575:
569:
536:
532:
494:
490:
451:
447:
409:
400:
375:
371:
365:
340:
336:
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305:
301:
291:
269:(2): 71–89.
266:
262:
202:
183:
165:
156:
147:
143:
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131:
127:
118:
106:
91:
82:
73:
57:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
18:
1782:Stamma (UK)
1762:/stammering
1640:NeuroReport
687:Ward, p. 49
669:Ward, p. 48
539:(1): 1–16.
93:White noise
1921:K-K-K-Katy
1832:Management
1760:Stuttering
1335:10342/1095
1218:2007-12-02
647:2009-07-18
203:Stuttering
176:References
1961:Stutterer
1941:Porky Pig
1597:Neurology
1287:USA Today
710:: 77–83.
1993:Category
1840:Overview
1625:10622180
1617:15534249
1512:12371347
1465:18259595
1430:25350429
1422:15167118
1387:16350610
1352:19872380
1344:16754573
1265:18617051
1194:16229669
1156:24775349
1148:17102144
1112:16753207
1061:12745932
910:10599617
561:16949019
511:14660188
468:18695013
322:11776361
283:16750562
1711:4314976
1703:8700204
1683:Bibcode
1660:7766852
1582:3352254
1547:8944848
1023:9638914
985:9130204
945:7877290
875:9474287
837:9193064
817:Bibcode
791:9328884
751:8944848
596:9263947
553:8345771
392:9859881
357:8844560
96:masking
88:Masking
40:stutter
1709:
1701:
1675:Nature
1658:
1623:
1615:
1580:
1545:
1510:
1463:
1428:
1420:
1385:
1350:
1342:
1263:
1192:
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1021:
983:
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908:
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835:
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559:
551:
509:
466:
390:
355:
320:
281:
209:
190:
1859:Other
1707:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1426:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1152:S2CID
557:S2CID
54:Types
1699:PMID
1656:PMID
1613:PMID
1578:PMID
1543:PMID
1508:PMID
1461:PMID
1418:PMID
1383:PMID
1340:PMID
1261:PMID
1190:PMID
1144:PMID
1108:PMID
1057:PMID
1019:PMID
981:PMID
941:PMID
906:PMID
871:PMID
833:PMID
787:PMID
747:PMID
592:PMID
549:PMID
507:PMID
464:PMID
388:PMID
353:PMID
318:PMID
279:PMID
207:ISBN
188:ISBN
34:and
1691:doi
1679:382
1648:doi
1605:doi
1570:doi
1535:doi
1500:doi
1453:doi
1410:doi
1375:doi
1371:101
1330:hdl
1322:doi
1253:doi
1182:doi
1136:doi
1100:doi
1049:doi
1011:doi
973:doi
933:doi
898:doi
863:doi
825:doi
813:101
779:doi
739:doi
712:doi
619:doi
584:doi
541:doi
499:doi
456:doi
380:doi
345:doi
310:doi
271:doi
1995::
1705:.
1697:.
1689:.
1677:.
1654:.
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1611:.
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1346:.
1338:.
1328:.
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1227:^
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1164:^
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312::
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196:.
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