Electric bicycle - Knowledge (XXG)

1104: 1572: 2085: 1888: 1959: 1876: 1256: 1228: 5628: 1902: 1852: 1240: 2138: 2097: 2119: 4880: 2615: 1689:(Li-ion). Batteries vary according to the voltage, total charge capacity (amp hours), weight, the number of charging cycles before performance degrades, and ability to handle over-voltage charging conditions. The energy costs of operating e-bikes are small, but there can be considerable battery replacement costs. The lifespan of a battery pack varies depending on the type of usage. Shallow discharge/recharge cycles help extend the overall battery life. 5634: 4868: 1551: 1046:

compared to e-bikes and e-scooters. E-scooters, however, cannot be categorised as an active transport mode, as they require minimal physical effort and, therefore, offer no health benefits. Additionally, the substantial incidence of accidents and injuries involving e-scooters underscores the considerable safety concerns and perceived risks associated with their use in urban settings. E-bikes stand out as the only option that combines the benefits of

1918: 319: 1864: 1068: 1658: 6414: 910: 924: 84: 186: 1216: 43: 1929:

the selected path without becoming too fatigued or without having forced their knee joints too hard (people who need to use their knee joints without wearing them out unnecessarily may in some electric bikes adjust the level of motor assistance according to the terrain). A University of Tennessee study provides evidence that energy expenditure (EE) and oxygen consumption (VO

4834: 4856: 2234:

bicycle sales revenue in that year. By early 2010 one in every eight bicycles sold in the country is electric-powered despite the fact that on average an e-bike is three times more expensive than a regular bicycle. E-bike sales have now overtaken those of unpowered bikes, reaching 423,000 in 2019 and 547,000 in 2020.

1482:, i.e. Speedy-Pedelecs) in Germany. These have a motor more powerful than 250 W (0.34 hp) and less limited, or unlimited, pedal-assist, i.e. the motor does not stop assisting the rider once 25 km/h (16 mph) has been reached. S-Pedelec class e-bikes are therefore usually classified as 2001:

suggested that the greatest opportunities are in rural and sub-urban settings: city dwellers already have many low-carbon travel options, so the greatest impact would be on encouraging use outside urban areas. The study further suggested there may also be scope for e-bikes to help people who are most

1783:

An Electric Pusher Trailer is an e-bike design which incorporates a motor and battery into a trailer that pushes any bicycle. One such trailer is the two-wheeled Ridekick. Other, rarer designs include that of a 'chopper' styled e-bike, which are designed as more of a 'fun' or 'novelty' e-bike than as

1486:

or motorcycles rather than as bicycles and therefore may (depending on the jurisdiction) need to be registered and insured, the rider may need some sort of driver's license (either car or motorcycle) and motorcycle helmets may have to be worn. In the United States, many states have adopted S-Pedelecs

1045:

vehicles. When comparing bicycles, e-bikes, and e-scooters from active and inclusiveness perspectives, traditional bicycles, while promoting physical activity, are less accessible to certain demographics due to the need for greater physical exertion, which also limits the distances bicycles can cover

1928:

E-bikes can also provide a source of exercise for individuals who have trouble exercising for an extended time (due to injury or excessive weight, for example) as the bike can allow the rider to take short breaks from pedaling and also provide confidence to the rider that they'll be able to complete

1844:

Electric trikes have also been produced that conform to the e-bike legislation. These have the benefit of additional low speed stability and are often favored by people with disabilities. Cargo carrying tricycles are also gaining acceptance, with a small but growing number of couriers using them for

1465:

Pedelecs are much like conventional bicycles in use and function—the electric motor only provides assistance, for example, when the rider is climbing or struggling against a headwind. Pedelecs are therefore especially useful for people in hilly areas where riding a bike would prove too strenuous for

2166:

in city centers to avoid traffic disruption and accidents. By late 2009 motorcycles, were banned or restricted in over ninety major Chinese cities. Commuters began replacing traditional bicycles and motorcycles and e-bike became an alternative to commuting by car. Nevertheless, road safety concerns

2161:

China has experienced an explosive growth of sales of non-assisted e-bikes including scooter type, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to over 21 million in 2008, and reaching an estimated fleet of 120 million e-bikes in early 2010. This boom was triggered by Chinese local

1648:

The main advantage mid-drive motors have over hub motors is that power is applied through the chain (or belt) and thus it uses the existing rear gears (either external or internal). This allows for the motor to operate more efficiently at a wider range of vehicle speeds. Without using the bicycle's

1601:

Brushless hub motors are the most common in modern designs. The motor is built into the wheel hub itself, while the stator is fixed solidly to the axle, and the magnets are attached to and rotating with the wheel. The bicycle wheel hub is the motor. The power levels of motors used are influenced by

1562:

According to trade umbrella body CONEBI, electric bike sales in the EU were over 5 million in 2021, up from 2 million e-bikes in 2016, up from 700,000 in 2010 and 200,000 in 2007. In 2019, the EU implemented a 79.3% protective tariff on imported Chinese e-bikes to protect EU producers. In

1949:

Schleinitz et al. (2014) concluded that e-bike users in Germany were no more likely than conventional cyclists to be involved in "safety-critical situations". However, Dozza et al. (2015) concluded (from an analysis of Swedish cyclists) that e-bikers may be involved in more critical incidents but

1558:

E-bike usage worldwide has experienced rapid growth since 1998. China is the world's leading producer of e-bikes. According to the data of the China Bicycle Association, a government-chartered industry group, in 2004 China's manufacturers sold 7.5 million e-bikes nationwide, which was almost

3587:

It is illegal to use a powered transporter: on a public road without complying with a number of legal requirements, which potential users will find very difficult in spaces that are set aside for use by pedestrians, cyclists, and horse-riders; this includes on the pavement and in cycle lanes Any

2237:

A 2008 market survey showed that the average distance traveled in the Netherlands by commuters on a standard bicycle is 6.3 kilometres (3.9 mi) while with an e-bike this distance increases to 9.8 kilometres (6.1 mi). This survey also showed that e-bike ownership is particularly popular

2233:

The Netherlands has a fleet of 18 million bicycles for its population of 18 million (as of 2024). E-bikes have reached a market share of 10% by 2009, as e-bikes sales quadrupled from 40,000 units to 153,000 between 2006 and 2009, and the electric-powered models represented 25% of the total

2194:

In April 2019, China's regulatory policies changed, and new standards around electric bikes were introduced, governing a bicycle's weight, maximum speed and nominal voltage among other factors. Vehicles which apply the new standard, including international 25 km/h speed limit, are legally

2036:

e-bikes. China's e-bike manufacturers, such as Xinri, are now partnering with universities in a bid to improve their technology in line with international environmental standards, backed by the Chinese government who is keen to improve the export potential of the Chinese manufactured e-bikes.

1940:

than those using conventional bikes. By making the biking terrain less of an issue, people who would not otherwise consider biking can use the electric assistance when needed and otherwise pedal as they are able. E-bikes can be a useful part of cardiac rehabilitation programmes, since health

1050:

with inclusivity, as their electric-motor, pedal-assist feature helps riders cover greater distances. The motor helps users overcome obstacles such as steep inclines and the need for high physical effort, making e-bikes suitable for a wide variety of users. This feature also allows e-bikes to

2040:

Both land management regulators and mountain bike trail access advocates have argued for bans of electric bicycles on outdoor trails that are accessible to mountain bikes, citing potential safety hazards as well as the potential for electric bikes to damage trails. A study conducted by the

1200:

By 2007, e-bikes were thought to make up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on the streets of many major Chinese cities. A typical unit requires eight hours to charge the battery, which provides the range of 25 to 30 miles (40 to 48 km), at the speed of around 20 km/h

1027:. This exempts them from the more stringent laws regarding the certification and operation of more powerful two-wheelers which are often classed as electric motorcycles, such as licensing and mandatory safety equipment. E-bikes can also be defined separately and treated under distinct 1795:

allow the rider to carry large, heavy items which would be difficult to transport without electric power supplementing the human power input. These bikes can also allow for adults to continue biking into parenthood, enabling the transportation of children without using a car.

1636:

Because the power is applied through the chain and sprocket, power is typically limited to around 250–500 watts to protect against fast wear on the drivetrain. An electric mid-drive combined with an internal gear hub at the back hub may require care due to the lack of a

1735:

and catching fire. A rise in incidents where e-bike batteries were implicated in fires has been attributed to increases in popularity and lack of regulations. Lower-quality batteries are more likely to be manufactured with defects that can cause bulging or bursting.

3588:

person who uses a powered transporter on a public road or other prohibited space in breach of the law is committing a criminal offence and can be prosecuted. ... The term 'powered transporters' ... includes ... powered unicycles, and u-wheels.

1277:

E-bikes are classed according to the power that their electric motor can deliver and the control system, i.e., when and how the power from the motor is applied. Also the classification of e-bikes is complicated as much of the definition is due to the

1768:

bicycles which use a small battery disguised as a water bottle. Some are designed to take the appearance of low capacity motorcycles "moto-style", but smaller in size and consisting of an electric motor rather than a petrol engine. For example, the

1692:

Range is a key consideration with e-bikes, and is affected by factors such as motor efficiency, battery capacity, efficiency of the driving electronics, aerodynamics, hills and weight of the bike and rider. Some manufacturers, such as the Canadian

1728:. The bicycles were then charged from the mains, as is common today. While e-bike batteries were produced mainly by bigger companies in past, many small to medium companies have started using new methods for creating more durable batteries. 1115:

In the 1890s, electric bicycles were documented within various U.S. patents. For example, on 31 December 1895, Ogden Bolton Jr. was granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC)

2765:"US Patent for Sensor, drive force auxiliary device using the sensor, and torque sensor zero point adjusting mechanism of the drive force auxiliary device Patent (Patent # 6,163,148 issued December 19, 2000) - Justia Patents Search" 1499:

Some newer electric bikes include a pedal assist system (PAS) with or without throttle, allowing riders to pedal while using the electric motor to increase range. There are electric propulsion conversion kits for ordinary bicycles.

1103: 2084: 4629: 1355:: have pedal-assist only, motor power can be greater than 250 W (0.34 hp), can attain a higher speed (e.g., 45 km/h or 28 mph)) before motor stops assisting, sometimes legally classed as a moped or motorcycle. 1982:

must be accounted for. E-bikes emit similar pollutants per kilometer as buses, with emission rates several times lower than motorcycles and cars. E-bikes are generally seen as environmentally desirable in an urban environment.

1512:

basis only; the motor is engaged and operated manually using a throttle, with control usually on the handgrip as on a motorbike or scooter. These sorts of e-bikes often, but not always, have more powerful motors than pedelecs.

1571: 4030:

Brand, Christian; Götschi, Thomas; Dons, Evi; Gerike, Regine; Anaya-Boig, Esther; Avila-Palencia, Ione; de Nazelle, Audrey; Gascon, Mireia; Gaupp-Berghausen, Mailin; Iacorossi, Francesco; Kahlmeier, Sonja (1 March 2021).

1901: 1227: 1933:) for e-bikes are 24% lower than that for conventional bicycles, and 64% lower than for walking. Further, the study notes that the difference between e-bikes and bicycles are most pronounced on the uphill segments. 1941:

professionals will often recommend a stationary bike be used in the early stages of these. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes can reduce deaths in people with coronary heart disease by around 27%.

4285: 2167:

continue as around 2,500 e-bike related deaths were registered in 2007. By late 2009, ten cities had also banned or imposed restrictions on e-bikes on the same grounds as motorcycles. Among these cities were

1701:, the motor acts as a generator to slow the bike down prior to the brake pads engaging. This is useful for extending the range and the life of brake pads and wheel rims. There are also experiments using 1875: 3321: 3290: 1466:

many to consider taking up cycling as a daily means of transport. They are also useful for riders who more generally need some assistance, e.g. for people with heart, leg muscle or knee joint issues.

1925:

E-bike use was shown to increase the amount of physical activity. E-bike users in seven European cities had 10% higher weekly energy expenditure than other cyclists because they cycled longer trips.

3620:"Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities" 1802:

Various designs (including those mentioned above) are designed to fit inside most area laws, and the ones that contain pedals can be used on roads in the United Kingdom, among other countries.

1936:

There are individuals who claim to have lost considerable amounts of weight by using an electric bike. A recent prospective cohort study however found that people using e-bikes have a higher

1851: 1799:

There are many e-bikes design variations available, some with batteries attached to the frame, some housed within the tube. Some use fat tires for improved stability and off-road capability.

1645:

or a fully automatic internal gear hub may reduce the shocks due to the viscosity of oils used for liquid coupling instead of the mechanical couplings of the conventional internal gear hubs.

1559:

twice the year 2003 sales; domestic sales reached 10 million in 2005, and 16 to 18 million in 2006. In 2016, approximately 210 million electric bikes were used daily in China.

4262: 4633: 1372:

frequently have more powerful motors than pedelecs. The more powerful of these are legally classed as mopeds or motorcycles, but may not meet the legal requirements for registration as

1458:. The EN15194 standard is valid across the whole of the EU and has been adopted by some non-EU European nations including the UK, and also some non-European jurisdictions (such as the 2262:

electric bicycles market was valued at US$ 1.14 million in 2021, and is expected to reach US$ 2.31 million by 2027, projecting a CAGR of 12.69% during this forecast period.

1423:

e-bike with a relatively low-powered electric motor and a decent but not excessive top speed. Pedelecs are legally classed as bicycles rather than low-powered motorcycles or mopeds.

2895: 2005:

The environmental effects involved in recharging the batteries can of course be reduced. The small size of the battery pack on an e-bike, relative to the larger pack used in an

2013:

or other renewable energy resources. Sanyo capitalized on this benefit when it set up "solar parking lots", in which e-bike riders can charge their vehicles while parked under

1282:

of what constitutes a bicycle and what constitutes a moped or motorcycle. As such, the classification of these e-bikes varies greatly across countries and local jurisdictions.

5186: 3527: 992:

used to assist propulsion. Many kinds of e-bikes are available worldwide, but they generally fall into two broad categories: bikes that assist the rider's pedal-power (i.e.

7376: 6374: 2929: 1197:

founded EV Global Motors in 1997, a company that produced an electric bicycle model named E-bike SX, and it was one of the early efforts to popularize e-bikes in the US.

3925: 2318: 1887: 1773:

e-bike incorporates a 200 W motor found on standard e-bikes, but also includes plastic cladding, front and rear lights, and a speedometer. It is styled as a modern

1487:

into the Class 3 category, limited to not more than 750 W (1.01 hp) of power and 28 mph (45 km/h) speed. In Europe they are likely to be classed as

6450: 4912: 4722: 4293: 3692: 2195:

considered as bicycles and do not require registration. E-bikes out of this standard are considered as motorcycles and are subject to helmet and license regulation.

6252: 1255: 2198:

China is the world's leading manufacturer of e-bikes, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009. Some of the biggest manufacturers of E-bikes in the world are

1563:

2022, electric bikes continued to grow market share in the EU, rising to 57% of bike sales in the Netherlands, 49% in Austria, 48% in Germany and 47% in Belgium.

1450:

of not more than 250 W (0.34 hp) (n.b. the motor can produce more power for short periods, such as when the rider is struggling to get up a steep hill).

1554:

Another reason ebikes are popular is the low cost to charge, such as this e-bike which costs 10 cents to charge and able to provide 30 miles of range at 20 MPH.

1613:

Another type of electric assist motor is the mid-drive system, where the electric motor is not built into the wheel but is usually mounted beside or under the

3340: 3325: 5117: 3298: 2042: 955: 1012:

and typically are motor-powered up to 25 to 32 km/h (16 to 20 mph). High-powered varieties can often travel more than 45 km/h (28 mph).

7419: 5559: 5339: 4407: 1610:

the motor sits in the rear hub. Hub motors were common in 19th century electric bicycle designs but fell out of favor until their resurgence in the 2000s.

2096: 2045:, however, found that the physical impacts of low-powered pedal-assist electric mountain bikes (eMTB) may be similar to traditional mountain bikes (MTB). 1780:

Converting a non-electric bicycle to its electric equivalent can be complicated but numerous 'replace a wheel' solutions are now available on the market.

2118: 1239: 1190:) was granted in 1997 to a team led by Yutaka Takada, for a "Sensor, drive force auxiliary device ... and torque sensor zero point adjusting mechanism". 1156:) depicted an electric bicycle with a rear-wheel friction, "roller-wheel"-style drive. In 1969, Schnepf's invention was expanded by G. A. Wood Jr. ( 1731:

Lithium ion batteries used in e-bikes and related vehicles such as electric scooters have been under scrutiny since 2019 due to their susceptibility to

1617:

shell. The propulsion is provided at the pedals rather than at the wheel, being eventually applied to the wheel via the bicycle's standard drive train.

4656: 2225:

The market was valued at USD 13.98 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 34.61 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 9.48% from 2024 to 2033.

1345:: have pedal-assist only, motor assists only up to a decent but not excessive speed (usually 25 km/h or 16 mph), motor power up to 250 3570: 6394: 2862: 2779: 2238:

among people aged 65 and over, but limited among commuters. The e-bike is used in particular for recreational bicycle trips, shopping and errands.

2020:

The environmental credentials of e-bikes, and electric / human powered hybrids generally, have led some municipal authorities to use them, such as

1301:, the electric motor is regulated by pedalling. The pedal-assist augments the efforts of the rider when they are pedalling. These e-bikes – called 7817: 1649:

gears, equivalent hub motors tend to be less effective propelling the ebike slowly up steep hills and also propelling the ebike fast on the flat.

1169:

Hub motors fell out of favor until the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s when they made a resurgence on inexpensive electric bicycles.

2804: 4838: 450: 4316: 4778: 2348: 4461: 8059: 6443: 5003: 4905: 3556: 2222:. China exported 370,000 e-bikes in 2009. In 2019, about 223,000 China companies were in businesses related to the electric-bike industry. 1285:

Despite these legal complications, the classification of e-bikes is mainly decided by whether the e-bike's motor assists the rider using a

3416:"Electric bicycles and cargo bikes—Tools for parents to keep on biking in auto-centric communities? Findings from a US metropolitan area" 3125: 4525: 5859: 2907: 1642: 3724: 3600: 1305:– have a sensor to detect the pedalling speed, the pedalling force, or both. Brake activation is sensed to disable the motor as well. 777: 7845: 6379: 5976: 5890: 5688: 5612: 5146: 3820: 1958: 1051:

traverse distances that would typically necessitate the use of private cars or multi-modal travel, such as both a bicycle and local

597: 287: 269: 167: 101: 70: 56: 31: 4237: 3535: 2137: 1682: 1176:

e-bike. The bicycle included NiCd batteries that were built into a frame member and included an 850 g permanent-magnet motor.

207: 200: 4603: 5844: 5784: 3043: 2271: 1594:

motor units are both used. An electric power-assist system may be added to almost any pedal cycle using chain drive, belt drive,

948: 385: 2720: 1907:

Some vehicles might not technically be an electric bicycle, but might be grouped in that category by transportation authorities.

1830:, including buses. They are not legal for use on the public highway (including footways and cycle paths) in the United Kingdom. 1818:

do not conform to e-bike legislation in most countries and therefore cannot be used on the road, but may be legal to use on the

318: 7412: 6436: 6399: 6384: 5956: 5951: 5552: 4898: 2933: 1962:

Delivery by e-bike can be more efficient in dense urban environments where parking is not always available for larger vehicles.

1710: 641: 250: 148: 2250:

as food-delivery vehicles. The North American Electric Bike Market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.13% from 2021 to 2028.

7215: 6607: 5075: 4707: 2066: 1986:

A 2018 study in England found that e-bikes, if used to replace car travel, have the capability to "cut car carbon dioxide (CO

1233:

A bike equipped with an after market electric hub motor conversion kit, with the battery pack placed on the rear carrier rack

222: 120: 105: 3496: 3237: 5465: 4730: 4033:"The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities" 1845:

package deliveries in city centres. Latest designs of these trikes resemble a cross-between a pedal cycle and a small van.

5176: 4547: 3699: 470: 4846: 4804: 4695:

E-bikes zoom down streets, zigzag around cars and zip across sidewalks, changing the way some residents view the streets.

5261: 2580:

Hosseini, Keyvan; Pramod Choudhari, Tushar; Stefaniec, Agnieszka; O’Mahony, Margaret; Caulfield, Brian (1 August 2024).

1163: 229: 127: 1950:

with "lower severity". Additionally, e-bikers were less likely to have dangerous interactions with motorized vehicles.

1625:

in the bottom bracket, is a necessary part in mid-drive systems to allow the electric motor to work inside its optimal

8049: 5479: 4988: 4496: 4344: 3075: 2298: 1713:

to supplement or replace batteries for cars and some SUVS. E-bikes developed in Switzerland in the late 1980s for the

1587: 1261: 941: 3753: 3218: 2397:

Hung, Nguyen Ba; Lim, Ocktaeck (2020). "A review of history, development, design and research of electric bicycles".

1921:

Electric bicycle usage can have several health benefits and rider safety can be improved through the use of a helmet.

1678: 5472: 3471: 3076:"European Commission imposes up to 79.3% combined anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties on e-bike imports from China" 2582:"E-bike to the future: Scalability, emission-saving, and eco-efficiency assessment of shared electric mobility hubs" 8039: 8029: 7405: 6467: 6142: 5545: 5228: 3344: 1823: 1534:

Some power-on-demand only e-bikes are very different from, and cannot be classified as, bicycles. For example, the

811: 4090:

Fishman, Elliot; Cherry, Christopher (30 July 2015). "E-bikes in the Mainstream: Reviewing a Decade of Research".

3103: 1740:

who rely on using e-bikes to do their jobs may also be limited in their choice of vehicle and purchase a cheap or

236: 196: 134: 94: 7810: 7774: 6237: 5319: 4211: 3754:"Transport mode choice and body mass index: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from a European-wide study" 3182: 2363: 2048:

A recent study on the environment impact of e-bikes versus other forms of transportation found that e-bikes are:

1732: 1583: 1108: 914: 490: 5627: 4367: 7361: 7222: 7089: 6602: 6547: 6162: 5768: 5763: 5663: 5653: 5181: 5139: 4921: 4486:

Global status report on road safety 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

4436: 4286:"IMBA Preliminary Study Results Suggest That Electric Bikes Aren't Especially Damaging To Mountain Bike Trails" 3729: 2932:(in German). Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft (German Insurance Association). Archived from 2738: 2247: 1975: 1753: 863: 801: 475: 430: 420: 350: 4399: 1215: 1454:

An e-bike conforming to these conditions is considered to be a pedelec in the EU and is legally classed as a

218: 116: 7169: 6459: 5648: 5401: 5360: 5166: 5129: 3871: 3057: 2801: 1815: 928: 806: 796: 500: 435: 1863: 8044: 7803: 7784: 7703: 7627: 7386: 7324: 7210: 6839: 6829: 6307: 6287: 6029: 5971: 5804: 5753: 5526: 5365: 5203: 5042: 4983: 4752: 4578: 3030: 2520:

Fishman, Elliot; Cherry, Christopher (2016). "E-bikes in the Mainstream: Reviewing a Decade of Research".

2029: 1971: 1967: 1630: 892: 701: 686: 634: 495: 415: 3669: 2065:

There are strict shipping regulations for lithium-ion batteries, due to safety concerns. In this regard,

1674: 1150:

along the outside edge of the wheel, was patented by Mathew J. Steffens. An 1899 patent by John Schnepf (

6369: 6353: 6112: 5883: 5396: 5324: 5276: 5161: 5151: 2021: 1028: 736: 681: 671: 510: 425: 62: 4676: 2581: 8054: 8034: 7509: 7504: 7477: 7329: 6507: 6167: 5521: 5105: 4171: 4044: 3996: 3883: 3768: 3631: 3427: 2955: 2447: 2408: 2070: 1670: 1009: 1005: 870: 765: 609: 515: 375: 3155: 7855: 7688: 7683: 7637: 7564: 7514: 7457: 6724: 6664: 6572: 6537: 6522: 6491: 6272: 6179: 6049: 5961: 5918: 5910: 5607: 5370: 5070: 4327: 3693:"Comparing physical activity of pedal-assist electric bikes with walking and conventional bicycles" 2246:

In 2009 the U.S. had an estimated fleet of 200,000 e-bikes. In 2012 they were increasingly favored

2014: 1686: 1179: 691: 557: 540: 485: 340: 328: 3848: 3000: 1055:, establishing them as not only an active and inclusive mode but also a standalone travel option. 7370: 6649: 6597: 6557: 6333: 5923: 5694: 5037: 4701: 4682: 4541: 4107: 4012: 3984: 3899: 3802: 3453: 3061: 3005: 2481: 2338: 1881:

A modern electric cargo trike in use in London, with a payload of up to 250 kg (550 lb)

1764:

Not all e-bikes take the form of conventional push-bikes with an incorporated motor, such as the

1698: 1602:

available legal categories and are often, but not always limited to under 750 watts. With a

572: 400: 310: 1135:) that was propelled by a "double electric motor". The motor was designed within the hub of the 3926:"How Sustainable are the Batteries in E-bikes and Other MTB Gadgets? We Asked a Battery Expert" 2090:

Legislation has led to more e-bike usage in China, with e-bike rentals catering to that growth.

7930: 7870: 7428: 6765: 6760: 6639: 6582: 6317: 6084: 6019: 6014: 5668: 5633: 5582: 5443: 5309: 5156: 5080: 5012: 4937: 4189: 4072: 3794: 3445: 3264: 3207:

Technisches "Reglement der Tour de Sol 1989/1990", published by Tour de Sol, Bern, Switzerland

2969: 2603: 2434:

Stilo, Lorenzo; Segura-Velandia, Diana; Lugo, Heinz; Conway, Paul P.; West, Andrew A. (2021).

2358: 2323: 2293: 1979: 1893: 1785: 1725: 1459: 1246: 1038: 985: 646: 562: 243: 141: 3133: 2840: 1430:. EU directive (EN15194 standard) for motor vehicles considers a bicycle to be a pedelec if: 7890: 7769: 7663: 7612: 7579: 7482: 7194: 6993: 6875: 6417: 6389: 6282: 6267: 6222: 6102: 6044: 5876: 5732: 5727: 5684: 5568: 5334: 5314: 5281: 5134: 5057: 4872: 4179: 4138: 4099: 4062: 4052: 4004: 3963: 3891: 3784: 3776: 3649: 3639: 3435: 2593: 2560: 2529: 2500: 2490: 2455: 2416: 2343: 2275: 2274:. These donated bikes are used for snipers and anti-tank weapons. This echoes past usage of 1917: 1857:

Diagram illustrating a standard bicycle converted to an e-bike using a retail conversion kit

1827: 1721: 1662: 1626: 1438:, i.e. the motorised assistance that only engages when the rider is pedalling, cuts out once 1052: 748: 582: 567: 528: 480: 455: 395: 3392: 7632: 7617: 7569: 7334: 7070: 6998: 6942: 6932: 6781: 6699: 6674: 6624: 6592: 6562: 6527: 6497: 6232: 6217: 6199: 6194: 6157: 6079: 6074: 6034: 5946: 5699: 5511: 5501: 5391: 5027: 4867: 3968: 3951: 2619: 2614: 2288: 1937: 1805: 1618: 1595: 1126:). There were no gears and the motor could draw up to 100 amperes from a 10-volt battery. 1117: 1047: 505: 460: 390: 4175: 4048: 4000: 3887: 3772: 3635: 3431: 2823: 2618: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 2451: 2412: 1673:

in addition to electric motors and some form of control. Battery systems in use include

1657: 1550: 7860: 7751: 7734: 7602: 7544: 7291: 7279: 7262: 7250: 7114: 7075: 6952: 6912: 6739: 6669: 6654: 6619: 6577: 6532: 6482: 6312: 6302: 6247: 6152: 6117: 6054: 5986: 5658: 5617: 5421: 5411: 5329: 5193: 5124: 5062: 2399: 1614: 1427: 1140: 989: 875: 848: 821: 789: 772: 651: 440: 410: 3256: 1590:. Many configurations are available, varying in cost and complexity; direct-drive and 1067: 8023: 7992: 7826: 7724: 7592: 7267: 7255: 7045: 6947: 6679: 6629: 6587: 6542: 6262: 6242: 6184: 6132: 6064: 5592: 5516: 5448: 5426: 5286: 5198: 5095: 5047: 5017: 4978: 4860: 4111: 3457: 3291:"San Francisco Cracks Down on E-Scooter and E-Bike Fires with New Battery Fire Codes" 2827: 2808: 2333: 2129: 1749: 1745: 1706: 1389:

but can be broadly classified into pedelecs proper and the more powerful S-Pedelecs.

1183: 1173: 1042: 1001: 887: 853: 760: 743: 624: 614: 465: 30:"Electric bike" and "eBike" redirect here. For electrically powered motorcycles, see 4057: 4032: 4016: 3903: 3806: 7982: 7549: 7024: 6957: 6917: 6896: 6807: 6797: 6719: 6684: 6644: 6517: 6292: 6069: 5981: 5602: 5587: 5406: 5271: 5251: 5236: 5171: 5112: 5100: 4561: 2420: 2006: 1373: 826: 711: 380: 345: 4263:"Electric Bicycles; the Green Innovation gaining traction in world export markets" 4184: 4159: 4143: 4126: 4103: 3440: 3415: 2696: 2565: 2548: 2533: 2144: 1724:

but these were later fixed on roofs and connected so as to feed into the electric

1129:

Two years later, in 1897, Hosea W. Libbey of Boston invented an electric bicycle (

3780: 3569:

Department for Transport; Driver & Vehicle Standards Agency (December 2018).

3504: 2675: 2654: 2633: 7946: 7900: 7779: 7622: 7539: 7489: 7381: 7227: 7125: 7055: 6972: 6802: 6634: 6348: 6338: 6277: 6227: 6127: 6122: 6024: 5256: 4970: 4947: 4884: 3366: 2199: 2106: 2010: 1741: 1718: 1714: 1194: 923: 831: 706: 656: 619: 602: 587: 405: 185: 83: 3644: 3619: 2460: 2435: 8008: 7997: 7977: 7961: 7880: 7678: 7668: 7642: 7587: 7559: 7554: 7494: 7467: 7462: 7164: 7050: 7029: 7019: 6937: 6922: 6880: 6844: 6834: 6824: 6714: 6709: 6614: 6512: 6343: 6297: 6174: 6147: 6059: 6039: 4008: 3895: 2598: 2308: 2163: 1839: 1792: 1737: 1158: 1147: 1024: 841: 666: 661: 629: 592: 577: 360: 4193: 4160:"Estimating individual physical capability (IPC) to make journeys by bicycle" 4076: 3449: 3268: 2607: 1641:

mechanism to soften the shock to the gears at the moment of re-engagement. A

1152: 1131: 1122: 17: 7936: 7875: 7719: 7597: 7499: 7447: 7314: 7060: 6967: 6962: 6865: 6728: 6257: 6189: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5722: 5436: 5431: 5416: 5241: 5213: 5208: 4998: 4993: 4929: 4890: 2764: 2188: 2184: 2168: 2125: 1994: 1702: 1622: 1474:

More powerful pedelecs which are not legally classed as bicycles are dubbed

696: 676: 445: 355: 4500: 4067: 3798: 3789: 3654: 2811:, by Tim Johnson. Originally published 23 May 2007 by McClatchy Newspapers. 2436:"Electric bicycles, next generation low carbon transport systems: A survey" 2384: 1970:, as they emit no combustion by-products, but the environmental effects of 6428: 4833: 2549:"The rise of the e-bike: Towards an extension of the practice of cycling?" 1752:, have passed laws requiring that all electric mobility devices sold have 1139:

axle. (This model was later re-invented and imitated in the late 1990s by

8002: 7987: 7956: 7951: 7895: 7885: 7741: 7693: 7341: 7309: 7065: 6819: 6812: 6694: 6689: 6659: 6502: 5996: 5991: 5506: 5301: 5291: 4400:"Launching strategy for electric vehicles: Lessons from China and Taiwan" 3825: 2903: 2303: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2176: 2172: 1990:) emissions in England by up to 50% (about 30 million tonnes per year)". 1819: 1765: 1579: 1313: 1136: 836: 721: 716: 370: 365: 335: 3168: 7941: 7926: 7910: 7849: 7746: 7729: 7698: 7673: 7647: 7607: 7534: 7530: 7366: 7286: 7274: 6870: 6860: 6753: 6704: 6567: 6552: 6487: 6137: 5941: 5899: 5748: 5375: 5355: 5225: 5090: 4960: 3094: 2877: 2495: 2476: 2313: 2211: 2203: 2102: 1998: 1539: 1455: 1404: 1398: 1302: 1034: 993: 858: 816: 552: 535: 3872:"E-bike safety: Individual-level factors and incident characteristics" 3186: 2505: 1316:, usually handlebar-mounted just like on most motorcycles or scooters. 1186:

were developed during the late 1990s. For example, a Japanese patent (

7905: 7174: 7147: 7141: 7119: 7014: 5758: 5496: 5246: 2180: 2148: 2110: 1638: 1488: 547: 7397: 5537: 3983:

Cherry, Christopher R.; Weinert, Jonathan X.; Xinmiao, Yang (2009).

3257:"How New York Plans to Regulate E-Bikes in the Wake of Deadly Fires" 2742: 4412: 3952:"Development of electric bicycle and its impact on the environment" 3044:"European electric bike sales pass 5 million, all bikes 22 million" 2780:"INVESTING IT; A Bet on Electric Bikes, or at Least on Lee Iacocca" 2061:

Of about equal impact to the environment as a conventional bicycle.

7864: 7472: 7109: 7104: 4528:. Asia Times. 7 May 2010. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010 2930:"Was Sie über den Versicherungsschutz von pedelecs wissen sollten" 2353: 2328: 2259: 1957: 1916: 1774: 1694: 1656: 1570: 1549: 1483: 1336: 1102: 1020: 997: 782: 4779:"Ukraine Is Using Quiet Electric Bikes to Haul Anti-Tank Weapons" 4753:"India E-bike Market Size, Share (2022 - 27) | Industry Analysis" 1744:

e-bike that is more prone to damage. Some jurisdictions, such as

7795: 6977: 6927: 1591: 1527:

ride by electric motor alone by operating the throttle manually.

1346: 880: 7799: 7401: 6432: 5872: 5541: 4894: 4317:"Life Cycle Assessment of Transportation Options for Commuters" 2475:

Salmeron-Manzano, Esther; Manzano-Agugliaro, Francisco (2018).

7442: 7319: 6107: 5266: 4723:"North America E-Bike Market 2021-2028 - Research and Markets" 3985:"Comparative environmental impacts of electric bikes in China" 1062: 179: 77: 36: 4497:"China Remains World's Leading Electric Bicycle Manufacturer" 3219:"What's driving the battery fires with e-bikes and scooters?" 2721:"Introduction to electric bikes: Everything you need to know" 1697:

or American Vintage Electric Bikes, have the option of using

3601:"Electric Delivery Trikes – will they catch on in Britain?" 1426:

The most influential definition of pedelecs comes from the

1146:

By 1898, a rear-wheel drive electric bicycle, which used a

5868: 4805:"Are Military E-Bikes the Next Big Thing in Land Warfare?" 4238:"Sanyo's Solar Bike Sheds—Green Power, Healthy and Clever" 4127:"E-bikes and their capability to reduce car CO2 emissions" 4158:

Philips, Ian; Watling, David; Timms, Paul (28 May 2018).

3989:

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

3169:"The Fastest Electric Bike | Vintage Electric Bikes" 2586:

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

3956:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

3821:"Pedego Electric Bike Makes Exercise Look and Feel Easy" 3238:"Everything you need to know about e-bike battery fires" 3095:"E-bike sales thrives, amidst market slowdown in Europe" 1822:. They are the cheapest electric cycles and used by the 4630:"Electric bicycles – market research and investigation" 4125:

Philips, Ian; Anable, Jillian; Chatterton, Tim (2022).

2802:"Cheap and green, electric bikes are the rage in China" 2202:

and Geoby. Production is concentrated in five regions,

1508:

Some e-bikes have an electric motor that operates on a

1079: 4462:"E-Bikes Rule China's Urban Streets: Hyperdrive Daily" 3624:

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives

2440:

Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives

1491:

requiring a registration plate and a licensed driver.

1041:, alongside e-cargo bikes, are commonly classified as 4844: 4374:. Vol. 91, no. 6. American Chemical Society 3472:"Enter The Rapid Development Fat Tire E-bike In 2022" 2956:"Electric Bike Classes: Class 1 Vs 2 Vs 3 Comparison" 2878:"E-bikes: What is the law and is there an age limit?" 2387:. Association of Cycle Traders. Accessed May 1, 2022. 4562:"E-bike Market Size, Share, and Trends 2024 to 2034" 1575:

Electric bike with motor mounted in the front wheel.

1538:

is a term used by the Ministry of Transportation of

1524:

ride by pedal power alone, i.e. fully human-powered.

1320:

Therefore, very broadly, e-bikes can be classed as:

1000:-style functionality. Both retain the ability to be 7970: 7919: 7833: 7762: 7712: 7656: 7578: 7523: 7435: 7354: 7302: 7243: 7236: 7203: 7187: 7157: 7134: 7097: 7088: 7038: 7007: 6986: 6905: 6889: 6853: 6790: 6774: 6738: 6475: 6466: 6362: 6326: 6208: 6093: 6005: 5934: 5797: 5777: 5741: 5715: 5708: 5677: 5641: 5575: 5489: 5457: 5384: 5348: 5300: 5224: 5056: 5026: 4969: 4946: 4928: 4164:

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation

3420:

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation

2009:, makes them very good candidates for charging via 108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6375:List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies 4675: 3367:"Tron-inspired electric bike wheel chucks the hub" 3093: 1709:. Some experiments have also been undertaken with 1385:E-bikes with pedal-assist only are usually called 4598: 4596: 3870:Haustein, Sonja; Møller, Mette (September 2016). 3025: 3023: 2477:"The Electric Bicycle: Worldwide Research Trends" 2319:List of electric bicycle brands and manufacturers 2278:in wartime, particularly by the Japanese forces. 1349:(0.34 hp), often legally classed as bicycles 1111:bicycle with an electrically powered motor, 1935. 1019:) are legally classified as bicycles rather than 4677:"Have E-Bikes Made New York City a 'Nightmare'?" 4573: 4571: 4437:"China's electric-bicycle boom – Pedals of fire" 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 3528:"EBCO introduces Solex electric bikes to the UK" 3158:"; Electric Bicycle Guide (retrieved 2014-03-09) 2824:"China's Cyclists Take Charge", By Peter Fairley 6253:Bicycle transportation planning and engineering 4604:"In Holland One out of Eight Bikes Is Electric" 4368:"Assessing The Safety Of Lithium-Ion Batteries" 4210:Phelps, Ian; Anable, Jillian; Chatterton, Tim. 4205: 4203: 2058:6 times more energy efficient than rail transit 1582:are commonly used in electric bicycles, either 1172:From 1992, Vector Services Limited offered the 3058:"Europe's E-Bike Imports Indicate Market Size" 2797: 2795: 2793: 2741:. Zike Bike Spares & Sales. Archived from 1777:"moped-style", and is often mistaken for one. 1542:for e-bikes which are not fitted with pedals. 7811: 7413: 6444: 5884: 5553: 4906: 4212:"e-bike carbon savings – how much and where?" 1015:Depending on local laws, many e-bikes (e.g., 996:) and bikes that add a throttle, integrating 949: 8: 3033:, Electricbikereport.com, September 19, 2016 2863:"Characteristics of Pedelecs and S-Pedelecs" 2043:International Mountain Bicycling Association 1606:the motor sits in the front hub, and with a 5340:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 4623: 4621: 4408:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 4393: 4391: 4389: 4347:. Portable Rechargeable Battery Association 2055:13 times more energy efficient than a sedan 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7818: 7804: 7796: 7420: 7406: 7398: 7377:Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums 7240: 7094: 6472: 6451: 6437: 6429: 5891: 5877: 5869: 5712: 5705: 5560: 5546: 5538: 4913: 4899: 4891: 4579:"Netherlands bicycle capital of the world" 3031:"The State of the Electric Bicycle Market" 2994: 2992: 2990: 2819: 2817: 2715: 2713: 2052:18 times more energy efficient than an SUV 1530:ride using both together at the same time. 1443:25 km/h (16 mph) is reached, and 1293:one. Definitions of these are as follows: 956: 942: 317: 301: 4290:Overvolted Electric Bike News and Reviews 4183: 4142: 4098:(1). Taylor & Francis Online: 72–91. 4066: 4056: 3967: 3849:"Exercise – Rehabilitation – NHS Choices" 3788: 3653: 3643: 3439: 2597: 2564: 2504: 2494: 2459: 288:Learn how and when to remove this message 270:Learn how and when to remove this message 168:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Bicycle with an integrated electric motor 6395:List of films about bicycles and cycling 4628:Hendriksen, Ingrid; et al. (2008). 4520: 4518: 3725:"Woman's Dramatic 280-pound Weight Loss" 3559:by Amanda Kooser, May 18, 2011, cnet.com 3395:. Electric Bike Report. 1 September 2010 1826:, for urban use and to be combined with 4851: 4499:. EV World. 28 May 2005. Archived from 4345:"Lithium Battery Transport Information" 2377: 2080: 1847: 1211: 309: 4699: 4539: 4284:Newland, Cameron (24 September 2015). 2124:Delivery e-bike with license plate in 451:List of low-energy building techniques 206:Please improve this article by adding 4456: 4454: 4324:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3950:Ramadhan, Ali; Dinata, Rizky (2021). 3341:"Electric bikes start to come of age" 3322:"Cytronex Trek FX: A bike with boost" 2349:Timeline of transportation technology 1166:connected through a series of gears. 7: 2999:J. David Goodman (31 January 2010). 2778:Tergesen, Anne (21 September 1997). 2028:electric power-assisted bicycles or 2002:affected by rising transport costs. 106:adding citations to reliable sources 4581:. Dutch Daily News. 26 January 2010 3343:. Future Publishing. Archived from 3320:Henshaw, Peter (5 September 2008). 1004:by the rider and are therefore not 4655:David Goodman, J. (2 March 2012). 4366:Jacoby, Mitch (11 February 2013). 3001:"An Electric Boost for Bicyclists" 1643:continuously variable transmission 982:electrically power assisted cycles 978:electrically assisted pedal cycles 25: 6380:List of BMX bicycle manufacturers 5977:History of cycling infrastructure 5613:Electric motorcycles and scooters 5147:Electric motorcycles and scooters 3876:Journal of Transport & Health 3339:Peace, Richard (26 August 2008). 3217:Sullivan, Becky (11 March 2023). 3106:from the original on 26 June 2023 2162:governments' efforts to restrict 1370:E-bikes with power-on-demand only 1331:(legally classed as bicycles) or 1279: 52:This article has multiple issues. 32:Electric motorcycles and scooters 6413: 6412: 5632: 5626: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4832: 4564:. Precedence Research. May 2024. 3255:Hu, Winnie (15 September 2023). 3236:Bellan, Rebecca (11 July 2023). 2970:"Moments: Did you already know?" 2613: 2270:Ukraine is using e-bikes in the 2136: 2117: 2095: 2083: 2067:lithium iron phosphate batteries 1900: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1495:Power-on-demand and pedal-assist 1254: 1238: 1226: 1214: 1066: 922: 909: 908: 386:Energy efficiency implementation 184: 82: 41: 6400:List of doping cases in cycling 6385:List of bicycle-sharing systems 5659:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 5194:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 4372:Chemical & Engineering News 4058:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224 3969:10.1088/1757-899X/1122/1/012054 3930:Singletracks Mountain Bike News 3924:Gerow, Brian (10 August 2020). 3672:. MensFitness.com. 19 July 2013 3670:"Why You Need an Electric Bike" 3526:Sutton, Mark (6 January 2012). 3414:Thomas, Alainna (1 July 2022). 3324:. The Telegraph. Archived from 1221:Electric bicycle by Antec, 1991 642:Ocean thermal energy conversion 93:needs additional citations for 60:or discuss these issues on the 5076:Battery electric multiple unit 4803:Mizokami, Kyle (19 May 2022). 4777:Gault, Matthew (24 May 2022). 4674:Stewart, Dodai (27 May 2024). 4632:. Fiets Beraad. Archived from 4315:Shreya, Dave (February 2010). 3691:Langford, Brian Casey (2017). 3503:. 20 July 2020. Archived from 3126:"Electric bike trip simulator" 2843:. Yanko Design. 29 August 2014 2421:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114323 1993:A 2020 study focussing on the 1448:maximum continuous rated power 1325:E-bikes with pedal-assist only 1312:, the motor is activated by a 1: 5177:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 4839:Electrically powered bicycles 4411:(77): 831–834. Archived from 4185:10.1080/15568318.2017.1368748 4144:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.11.019 4104:10.1080/01441647.2015.1069907 3476:Electric Bike Blog - Addmotor 3441:10.1080/15568318.2021.1914787 3289:Secon, Holly (9 March 2024). 2697:"Electric drive for bicycles" 2566:10.1080/17450101.2021.1897236 2534:10.1080/01441647.2015.1069907 1784:a purposeful mobility aid or 1717:solar vehicle race came with 471:Passive solar building design 208:secondary or tertiary sources 5466:Who Killed the Electric Car? 5262:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 4657:"Food deliverymen on wheels" 4606:. Bike Europe. 18 April 2010 4439:. The Economist. 13 May 2010 4236:Eaton, Kit (16 March 2010). 3781:10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.023 3497:"Electric Bike Sizing Guide" 2876:Seddon, Sean (9 June 2023). 1808:e-bikes are also available. 1361:E-bikes with power-on-demand 1164:fractional horsepower motors 1120:mounted in the rear wheel" ( 8060:Vehicles introduced in 1897 5480:Revenge of the Electric Car 5071:Battery-electric locomotive 4721:ltd, Research and Markets. 4526:"China switches to e-bikes" 4037:Global Environmental Change 3393:"Electric Cargo Bike Guide" 2299:Electric vehicle conversion 1262:Brushless DC electric motor 1162:). Wood's device used four 929:Renewable energy portal 647:Renewable energy transition 8076: 7971:Unmotorized without pedals 6094:Sports-related cycling and 5669:Fuel cell electric vehicle 4727:www.researchandmarkets.com 4706:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3645:10.1016/j.trip.2019.100017 2461:10.1016/j.trip.2021.100347 1837: 1396: 1335:(often legally classed as 1245:nCycle (2014) designed by 29: 7775:Personal public transport 6408: 6238:Bicycle poverty reduction 5906: 5857: 5624: 5473:What Is the Electric Car? 5320:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 4922:Alternative fuel vehicles 4546:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4009:10.1016/j.trd.2008.11.003 3896:10.1016/j.jth.2016.07.001 3851:. Nhs.uk. 25 January 2010 3761:Environment International 2896:"Power assisted bicycles" 2599:10.1016/j.trd.2024.104275 2364:Personal electric vehicle 1978:and of manufacturing and 491:Sustainable refurbishment 7689:Peer-to-peer ridesharing 7362:Animal-powered transport 6273:Bike Week (Bicycle Week) 5664:Battery electric vehicle 5654:Plug-in electric vehicle 5182:Plug-in electric vehicle 5162:Gyro flywheel locomotive 5140:Battery electric vehicle 1816:self-balancing unicycles 1446:when the motor produces 1264:(BLDC) bicycle hub motor 476:Sustainable architecture 431:Glass in green buildings 421:Environmental technology 351:Compact fluorescent lamp 7920:Unmotorized with pedals 7524:Non-motorized vehicular 7237:Non-vehicular transport 6460:Human-powered transport 5649:Hybrid electric vehicle 5402:Hybrid electric vehicle 5366:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 5361:Hybrid electric vehicle 5167:Hybrid electric vehicle 5130:Electric platform truck 2547:Rérat, Patrick (2021). 2109:bicycle hire scheme in 1968:zero-emissions vehicles 1756:safety certifications. 1520:e-bikes the rider can: 1193:American car executive 797:Human-powered transport 501:Tropical green building 436:Green building and wood 7785:Personal rapid transit 7628:Personal rapid transit 7387:Zero-emissions vehicle 6308:Protected intersection 6288:Cycling infrastructure 6030:Bicycle-sharing system 5972:History of the bicycle 5527:Zero-emissions vehicle 5043:Compressed-air vehicle 4984:Solar-powered aircraft 3571:"Powered transporters" 3156:Electric Bicycle Range 2030:Cloverdale, California 1972:electricity generation 1963: 1922: 1671:rechargeable batteries 1666: 1576: 1567:Motors and drivetrains 1555: 1112: 1010:rechargeable batteries 893:Personal rapid transit 635:Tidal stream generator 496:Thermal energy storage 416:Environmental planning 195:relies excessively on 6370:List of bicycle types 6354:Sustainable transport 6113:Cross-country cycling 6096:fast-paced recreation 5935:General and technical 5764:EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2) 5397:Flexible-fuel vehicle 5325:Hydrogen-powered ship 5277:Flexible-fuel vehicle 5152:Electric kick scooter 4398:Chi-Jen Yang (2010). 3223:National Public Radio 2077:Experience by country 2022:Little Rock, Arkansas 1961: 1954:Environmental effects 1920: 1660: 1574: 1553: 1159:U.S. patent 3,431,994 1106: 1029:electric bicycle laws 737:Sustainable transport 682:Floating wind turbine 511:Zero heating building 426:Fossil fuel phase-out 7510:Private railroad car 7505:Motorized wheelchair 7478:Scooter (motorcycle) 5522:Wind-powered vehicle 5106:Battery electric bus 4841:at Wikimedia Commons 4296:on 25 September 2015 2841:"The nCycle is Here" 2634:"Electrical bicycle" 2071:lithium cobalt oxide 1699:regenerative braking 1683:nickel–metal hydride 1518:power-on-demand only 1504:Power-on-demand only 1006:electric motorcycles 871:Personal transporter 766:Wind-powered vehicle 610:Marine current power 516:Zero-energy building 376:Efficient energy use 102:improve this article 7856:Electric skateboard 7684:Flexible carpooling 7638:Ridesharing company 7565:Horse-drawn vehicle 7515:Private spaceflight 7458:Electric skateboard 7436:Motorized vehicular 7325:Alpine touring skis 7135:Hand and foot power 6725:Cold-weather biking 6665:Small-wheel bicycle 6573:Glossary of cycling 6538:Cyclo-cross bicycle 6523:Cold-weather biking 6180:Road bicycle racing 6050:Cold-weather biking 6025:Bicycle rental/hire 5962:Bicycle performance 5608:Electric locomotive 5371:Natural gas vehicle 4757:Mordor Intelligence 4176:2018IJSTr..12..324P 4049:2021GEC....6702224B 4001:2009TRPD...14..281C 3888:2016JTHea...3..386H 3773:2018EnInt.119..109D 3636:2019TrRIP...100017C 3607:. 20 November 2013. 3432:2022IJSTr..16..637T 3130:Electric bike range 2452:2021TrRIP..1000347S 2413:2020ApEn..26014323H 2015:photovoltaic panels 1980:recycling batteries 1945:Road traffic safety 1824:last mile commuters 1687:lithium-ion polymer 1598:or friction drive. 1153:U.S. patent 627,066 1132:U.S. patent 596,272 1123:U.S. patent 552,271 988:with an integrated 558:Carbon-neutral fuel 486:Sustainable habitat 341:Building insulation 329:Energy conservation 305:Part of a series on 8050:Motorized bicycles 7330:Cross-country skis 6994:Litter/sedan chair 6558:Flat bar road bike 6334:Bicycle collecting 6209:Health, safety and 5695:Tesla Supercharger 5038:Compressed-air car 5004:List of prototypes 4683:The New York Times 4661:The New York Times 4636:on 5 December 2008 4265:. Articlesbase.com 3705:on 5 February 2018 3618:Castro, A (2019). 3538:on 22 January 2012 3328:on 6 October 2008. 3261:The New York Times 3082:. 18 January 2019. 3006:The New York Times 2784:The New York Times 2655:"Electric bicycle" 2496:10.3390/en11071894 2385:"Guide to e-bikes" 2339:Outline of cycling 2272:war against Russia 2143:Police e-bikes in 1976:power distribution 1964: 1923: 1667: 1577: 1556: 1419:ycle) refers to a 1113: 1078:. You can help by 573:Geothermal heating 401:Energy saving lamp 311:Sustainable energy 219:"Electric bicycle" 117:"Electric bicycle" 8040:Electric vehicles 8030:Electric bicycles 8017: 8016: 7871:Electric unicycle 7793: 7792: 7580:Vehicles for hire 7429:Private transport 7395: 7394: 7350: 7349: 7183: 7182: 7084: 7083: 6766:Motorized scooter 6761:Motorized bicycle 6640:Recumbent bicycle 6583:Motorized bicycle 6426: 6425: 6318:Vehicular cycling 6085:Vehicular cycling 6020:Bicycle messenger 6015:Bicycle commuting 5866: 5865: 5853: 5852: 5793: 5792: 5728:Type 2 (Mennekes) 5583:Electric aircraft 5569:Electric vehicles 5535: 5534: 5444:Electric aircraft 5310:Fuel cell vehicle 5157:Fuel cell vehicle 5081:Electric aircraft 5013:Electric aircraft 4938:Fuel cell vehicle 4837:Media related to 4809:Popular Mechanics 4418:on 31 March 2010. 4092:Transport Reviews 3733:. 3 December 2014 3557:Electric Unicycle 3347:on 4 October 2008 3102:. 28 April 2023. 2936:on 23 August 2012 2522:Transport Reviews 2324:Low-speed vehicle 2294:Electric unicycle 1894:Electric unicycle 1786:mode of transport 1760:Design variations 1722:charging stations 1460:state of Victoria 1381:Pedal-assist only 1247:Hussain Almossawi 1143:Lafree e-bikes.) 1096: 1095: 986:motorized bicycle 966: 965: 563:Geothermal energy 298: 297: 290: 280: 279: 272: 254: 178: 177: 170: 152: 75: 16:(Redirected from 8067: 7891:Mobility scooter 7846:Electric scooter 7841:Electric bicycle 7820: 7813: 7806: 7797: 7770:Public transport 7664:Shared transport 7613:Hackney carriage 7483:Mobility scooter 7453:Electric bicycle 7422: 7415: 7408: 7399: 7241: 7195:Amphibious cycle 7150:(sliding rigger) 7095: 6876:Invalid carriage 6791:Other foot power 6749:Electric bicycle 6473: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6430: 6416: 6415: 6390:List of cyclists 6283:Cycling advocacy 6268:Bike-to-Work Day 6223:Bicycle-friendly 6103:Artistic cycling 6045:Challenge riding 6006:Utility and slow 5967:Electric bicycle 5957:Bicycle geometry 5952:Bicycle dynamics 5893: 5886: 5879: 5870: 5713: 5706: 5685:Charging station 5636: 5630: 5598:Electric bicycle 5562: 5555: 5548: 5539: 5335:Hydrogen vehicle 5315:Hydrogen economy 5282:Methanol economy 5135:Electric vehicle 5086:Electric bicycle 5058:Electric battery 4956:Electric bicycle 4915: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4871: 4870: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4836: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4733:on 26 April 2022 4729:. Archived from 4718: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4433: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4395: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4333:on 15 July 2011. 4332: 4326:. Archived from 4321: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4292:. Archived from 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4187: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4131:Transport Policy 4122: 4116: 4115: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4060: 4027: 4021: 4020: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3792: 3767:(119): 109–116. 3758: 3752:Dons, E (2018). 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3698:. Archived from 3697: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3647: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3605:ITV Central News 3597: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3577:. United Kingdom 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3534:. Archived from 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3443: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3301:on 10 April 2024 3297:. Archived from 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3189:on 22 March 2010 3185:. Archived from 3183:"BionX FAQ Page" 3179: 3173: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3132:. Archived from 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3064:. 5 August 2013. 3054: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2996: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2910:on 28 March 2013 2906:. Archived from 2900:VicRoads website 2892: 2886: 2885: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2865:. November 2012. 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2837: 2831: 2821: 2812: 2799: 2788: 2787: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2745:on 24 April 2009 2739:"Electric Bikes" 2735: 2729: 2728: 2727:. 18 April 2017. 2717: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2601: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2498: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2359:Electric scooter 2344:Renewable energy 2276:bicycle infantry 2140: 2121: 2099: 2087: 1904: 1890: 1878: 1869:A folding e-bike 1866: 1854: 1828:public transport 1711:super capacitors 1675:sealed lead–acid 1663:charging station 1627:rotational speed 1480:Schnell-Pedelecs 1258: 1249:and Marin Myftiu 1242: 1230: 1218: 1161: 1155: 1134: 1125: 1091: 1088: 1070: 1063: 1053:public transport 1048:active transport 970:electric bicycle 958: 951: 944: 931: 927: 926: 917: 912: 911: 749:Electric vehicle 598:Run-of-the-river 583:Hydroelectricity 568:Geothermal power 529:Renewable energy 481:Sustainable city 456:Low-energy house 396:Energy recycling 321: 302: 293: 286: 275: 268: 264: 261: 255: 253: 212: 188: 180: 173: 166: 162: 159: 153: 151: 110: 86: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8013: 7966: 7915: 7829: 7824: 7794: 7789: 7758: 7708: 7704:Bicycle-sharing 7652: 7633:Pulled rickshaw 7618:Motorcycle taxi 7574: 7570:Hot air balloon 7519: 7431: 7426: 7396: 7391: 7346: 7298: 7232: 7199: 7179: 7153: 7130: 7080: 7071:Summer toboggan 7034: 7008:Weight shifting 7003: 6999:Scoop stretcher 6982: 6943:Pulled rickshaw 6933:Flatbed trolley 6901: 6885: 6849: 6786: 6782:Treadle bicycle 6770: 6734: 6700:Utility bicycle 6675:Touring bicycle 6625:Porteur bicycle 6593:Mountain biking 6563:Folding bicycle 6528:Cruiser bicycle 6498:Bicycle trailer 6462: 6457: 6427: 6422: 6404: 6358: 6322: 6233:Bicycle parking 6218:Active mobility 6210: 6204: 6200:Unicycle trials 6195:Unicycle hockey 6158:Mountain biking 6095: 6089: 6080:Utility cycling 6075:Utility bicycle 6035:Bicycle touring 6007: 6001: 5947:Bicycle culture 5930: 5902: 5897: 5867: 5862: 5849: 5789: 5773: 5737: 5704: 5700:Vehicle-to-grid 5673: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5571: 5566: 5536: 5531: 5512:Wave power ship 5502:Ram air turbine 5485: 5453: 5392:Bi-fuel vehicle 5380: 5344: 5296: 5220: 5060: 5052: 5029: 5028:Compressed-air 5022: 4965: 4942: 4924: 4919: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4538: 4531: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4503:on 14 June 2010 4495: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4423: 4415: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4029: 4028: 4024: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3829:. 11 April 2015 3819: 3818: 3814: 3756: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3580: 3578: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3029:Black, Forbes. 3028: 3021: 3011: 3009: 2998: 2997: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2974:stromerbike.com 2968: 2967: 2963: 2958:. 1 March 2024. 2954: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2822: 2815: 2800: 2791: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2284: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2231: 2159: 2152: 2141: 2132: 2122: 2113: 2100: 2091: 2088: 2079: 2069:are safer than 1989: 1956: 1947: 1932: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1896: 1891: 1882: 1879: 1870: 1867: 1858: 1855: 1842: 1836: 1811: 1762: 1655: 1619:Freewheel crank 1569: 1548: 1510:power-on-demand 1506: 1497: 1472: 1462:in Australia). 1401: 1395: 1383: 1310:power-on-demand 1291:power-on-demand 1289:system or by a 1275: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1250: 1243: 1234: 1231: 1222: 1219: 1207: 1201:(12 mph). 1157: 1151: 1130: 1121: 1101: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1076:needs expansion 1061: 1037:, e-bikes, and 962: 921: 920: 907: 900: 899: 739: 729: 728: 531: 521: 520: 506:Waste-to-energy 461:Microgeneration 391:Energy recovery 331: 294: 283: 282: 281: 276: 265: 259: 256: 213: 211: 205: 201:primary sources 189: 174: 163: 157: 154: 111: 109: 99: 87: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8073: 8071: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8022: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8005:(Roller buggy) 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7861:Electric trike 7858: 7853: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7752:Stair Climbing 7744: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7735:Stair Climbing 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7603:Cycle rickshaw 7600: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7355:Related topics 7352: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7292:Stair climbing 7284: 7283: 7282: 7280:Stair climbing 7272: 7271: 7270: 7263:Roller skating 7260: 7259: 7258: 7251:Inline skating 7247: 7245: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7145: 7144:(sliding seat) 7138: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115:Paddleboarding 7112: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7076:Gravity biking 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6953:Shopping caddy 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6913:Baby transport 6909: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6745: 6743: 6740:Electric motor 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6670:Tandem bicycle 6667: 6662: 6657: 6655:Safety bicycle 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6620:Penny-farthing 6617: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6585: 6580: 6578:Hybrid bicycle 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6533:Cycle rickshaw 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6433: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6313:Tegelijk groen 6310: 6305: 6303:Lane splitting 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6248:Bicycle safety 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6214: 6212: 6211:infrastructure 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6155: 6153:Gravel cycling 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6118:Cycle speedway 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6055:Indoor cycling 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5987:Tandem bicycle 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5733:Type 3 (Scame) 5730: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5618:Electric truck 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5424: 5422:Plug-in hybrid 5419: 5414: 5412:Hybrid vehicle 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330:Hydrogen train 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5127: 5125:Electric truck 5122: 5121: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5006: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4975: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4888: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4843: 4842: 4828: 4827:External links 4825: 4822: 4821: 4795: 4769: 4744: 4713: 4666: 4647: 4617: 4592: 4567: 4553: 4514: 4488: 4479: 4468:. 5 April 2021 4450: 4421: 4385: 4358: 4336: 4307: 4276: 4254: 4228: 4199: 4170:(5): 324–340. 4150: 4117: 4082: 4022: 3995:(5): 281–290. 3975: 3942: 3916: 3882:(3): 386–394. 3862: 3840: 3812: 3744: 3716: 3683: 3661: 3610: 3592: 3561: 3549: 3518: 3507:on 2 June 2021 3488: 3463: 3426:(7): 637–646. 3406: 3384: 3371:www.gizmag.com 3358: 3331: 3312: 3281: 3247: 3228: 3209: 3200: 3174: 3160: 3147: 3136:on 27 May 2013 3117: 3085: 3067: 3049: 3046:. 7 July 2022. 3035: 3019: 2986: 2961: 2947: 2921: 2887: 2868: 2854: 2832: 2813: 2807:2013-01-12 at 2789: 2770: 2756: 2730: 2709: 2688: 2667: 2646: 2625: 2572: 2559:(3): 423–439. 2539: 2512: 2467: 2426: 2400:Applied Energy 2389: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2267: 2266:Use in warfare 2264: 2255: 2252: 2243: 2240: 2230: 2227: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2142: 2135: 2133: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2101: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 1987: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1930: 1914: 1913:Health effects 1911: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1849: 1835: 1832: 1761: 1758: 1679:nickel–cadmium 1654: 1651: 1615:bottom bracket 1568: 1565: 1547: 1544: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1471: 1468: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1397:Main article: 1394: 1391: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1367: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1318: 1317: 1306: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1184:power controls 1180:Torque sensors 1100: 1099:1890s to 1980s 1097: 1094: 1093: 1073: 1071: 1060: 1057: 1043:micro-mobility 1008:. E-bikes use 990:electric motor 964: 963: 961: 960: 953: 946: 938: 935: 934: 933: 932: 918: 902: 901: 898: 897: 896: 895: 885: 884: 883: 876:Rail transport 873: 868: 867: 866: 861: 856: 851: 849:Roller skating 846: 845: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 822:Cycle rickshaw 819: 809: 804: 794: 793: 792: 787: 786: 785: 778:Human-electric 773:Hybrid vehicle 770: 769: 768: 763: 758: 757: 756: 740: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 725: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 664: 659: 654: 652:Renewable heat 649: 644: 639: 638: 637: 632: 627: 617: 612: 607: 606: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 544: 543: 532: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 441:Green building 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 411:Energy storage 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 332: 327: 326: 323: 322: 314: 313: 307: 306: 296: 295: 278: 277: 192: 190: 183: 176: 175: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8072: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8045:Micromobility 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7993:Roller skates 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7827:Micromobility 7821: 7816: 7814: 7809: 7807: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7725:Inline skates 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713:Non vehicular 7711: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7593:Auto rickshaw 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Roller skates 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7335:Telemark skis 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7046:Gravity racer 7044: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:Shopping cart 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906:Pushed/pulled 6904: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775:Treadle power 6773: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Track bicycle 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6630:Prone bicycle 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588:Mountain bike 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6543:Downhill bike 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6419: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Bike registry 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243:Bicycle rodeo 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6185:Track cycling 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6133:Cyclosportive 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065:Randonneuring 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5861: 5856: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Electric boat 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Windmill ship 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458:Documentaries 5456: 5450: 5449:Electric boat 5447: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427:Solar vehicle 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385:Multiple-fuel 5383: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5287:Methanol fuel 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5199:Solar vehicle 5197: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:Electric boat 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5048:Tesla turbine 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5018:Electric boat 5016: 5014: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4979:Solar vehicle 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4770: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4648: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4277: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4068:10044/1/89043 4064: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3790:10044/1/61061 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3655:10044/1/77527 3651: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2828:IEEE Spectrum 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:archive.today 2806: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2725:Cyclist.co.uk 2722: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2334:Mountain bike 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2289:Active travel 2287: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2242:United States 2241: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2130:New York City 2127: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2024:, with their 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1750:San Francisco 1747: 1746:New York City 1743: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1503: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1236: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1110: 1107:A man with a 1105: 1098: 1090: 1081: 1077: 1074:This section 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 959: 954: 952: 947: 945: 940: 939: 937: 936: 930: 925: 919: 916: 906: 905: 904: 903: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888:Rapid transit 886: 882: 879: 878: 877: 874: 872: 869: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 854:Skateboarding 852: 850: 847: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 795: 791: 788: 784: 781: 780: 779: 776: 775: 774: 771: 767: 764: 762: 761:Solar vehicle 759: 755: 752: 751: 750: 747: 746: 745: 744:Green vehicle 742: 741: 738: 733: 732: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 625:Tidal barrage 623: 622: 621: 618: 616: 615:Marine energy 613: 611: 608: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 542: 539: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 525: 524: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 466:Passive house 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 330: 325: 324: 320: 316: 315: 312: 308: 304: 303: 300: 292: 289: 274: 271: 263: 260:December 2023 252: 249: 245: 242: 238: 235: 231: 228: 224: 221: – 220: 216: 215:Find sources: 209: 203: 202: 198: 193:This article 191: 187: 182: 181: 172: 169: 161: 158:December 2023 150: 147: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: – 118: 114: 113:Find sources: 107: 103: 97: 96: 91:This article 89: 85: 80: 79: 74: 72: 65: 64: 59: 58: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 18:Electric bike 7983:Kick scooter 7840: 7763:Alternatives 7452: 7303:Snow and ice 7122:(fixed seat) 7025:Caster board 6958:Stairclimber 6918:Baggage cart 6897:Rowing cycle 6808:Kick scooter 6798:Balance bike 6748: 6720:Wheelie bike 6685:Trailer bike 6645:Road bicycle 6518:City bicycle 6293:Hand signals 6070:Road cycling 5982:Balance bike 5966: 5749:AA (CHAdeMO) 5603:Electric bus 5597: 5588:Electric car 5478: 5471: 5464: 5407:Hybrid train 5272:Ethanol fuel 5252:Butanol fuel 5237:Alcohol fuel 5172:Hybrid train 5113:Electric car 5101:Electric bus 5085: 4955: 4812:. Retrieved 4808: 4798: 4786:. Retrieved 4782: 4772: 4760:. Retrieved 4756: 4747: 4735:. Retrieved 4731:the original 4726: 4716: 4694: 4687:. Retrieved 4681: 4669: 4660: 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4634:the original 4608:. Retrieved 4583:. Retrieved 4556: 4530:. Retrieved 4505:. Retrieved 4501:the original 4491: 4482: 4470:. Retrieved 4465: 4441:. Retrieved 4413:the original 4406: 4376:. Retrieved 4371: 4361: 4349:. Retrieved 4339: 4328:the original 4323: 4310: 4300:25 September 4298:. Retrieved 4294:the original 4289: 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4257: 4245:. Retrieved 4242:Fast Company 4241: 4231: 4219:. Retrieved 4215: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4040: 4036: 4025: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3933:. Retrieved 3929: 3919: 3907:. Retrieved 3879: 3875: 3865: 3853:. Retrieved 3843: 3831:. Retrieved 3824: 3815: 3764: 3760: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3728: 3719: 3707:. Retrieved 3700:the original 3686: 3674:. Retrieved 3664: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3579:. Retrieved 3574: 3564: 3552: 3540:. Retrieved 3536:the original 3531: 3521: 3509:. Retrieved 3505:the original 3500: 3491: 3479:. Retrieved 3475: 3466: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3387: 3375:. Retrieved 3373:. 2 May 2016 3370: 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3345:the original 3334: 3326:the original 3315: 3303:. Retrieved 3299:the original 3294: 3284: 3272:. Retrieved 3260: 3250: 3241: 3231: 3222: 3212: 3203: 3191:. Retrieved 3187:the original 3177: 3163: 3150: 3138:. Retrieved 3134:the original 3129: 3120: 3108:. Retrieved 3099: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3052: 3038: 3010:. Retrieved 3004: 2977:. Retrieved 2973: 2964: 2950: 2938:. Retrieved 2934:the original 2924: 2912:. Retrieved 2908:the original 2899: 2890: 2881: 2871: 2857: 2845:. Retrieved 2835: 2783: 2773: 2759: 2747:. Retrieved 2743:the original 2733: 2724: 2700:. Retrieved 2691: 2679:. Retrieved 2670: 2658:. Retrieved 2649: 2637:. Retrieved 2628: 2612: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2528:(1): 72–91. 2525: 2521: 2515: 2486: 2480: 2470: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2380: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2197: 2193: 2160: 2064: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2032:police with 2025: 2019: 2007:electric car 2004: 1992: 1985: 1966:E-bikes are 1965: 1948: 1935: 1927: 1924: 1843: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1790: 1782: 1779: 1770: 1763: 1730: 1691: 1669:E-bikes use 1668: 1647: 1635: 1621:, that is a 1612: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1578: 1561: 1557: 1535: 1533: 1517: 1515: 1509: 1507: 1498: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1464: 1453: 1447: 1436:pedal-assist 1435: 1425: 1421:pedal-assist 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1386: 1384: 1376:motorcycles. 1374:street-legal 1369: 1365:pedal-assist 1364: 1360: 1352: 1342: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1309: 1299:pedal-assist 1298: 1290: 1287:pedal-assist 1286: 1284: 1276: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1148:driving belt 1145: 1128: 1114: 1084: 1080:adding to it 1075: 1033: 1016: 1014: 981: 977: 973: 969: 967: 827:Kick scooter 812:Land vehicle 753: 381:Energy audit 346:Cogeneration 299: 284: 266: 257: 247: 240: 233: 226: 214: 194: 164: 155: 145: 138: 131: 124: 112: 100:Please help 95:verification 92: 68: 61: 55: 54:Please help 51: 8055:Road cycles 8035:Cycle types 7947:Quadracycle 7901:Quadricycle 7780:Modal share 7623:Paratransit 7540:Pack animal 7490:Private jet 7382:Human power 7228:Ornithopter 7056:Street luge 6973:Wheelbarrow 6803:Dandy horse 6635:Quadracycle 6608:Singletrack 6476:Pedal power 6349:Quadracycle 6339:Cycling kit 6278:Cyclability 6228:Bicycle law 6128:Cyclo-cross 6123:Cycle sport 5257:Biogasoline 4971:Solar power 4948:Human power 4814:14 December 4788:14 December 4610:26 November 4378:14 December 4351:14 December 3935:30 December 3833:15 December 3737:15 December 3676:15 December 3581:14 November 3351:12 November 3100:Bike Europe 3062:Bike Europe 2979:25 February 2830:, June 2005 2489:(7): 1894. 2248:in New York 2229:Netherlands 2164:motorcycles 2107:Call a Bike 2073:batteries. 2011:solar power 1793:cargo bikes 1742:second-hand 1738:Gig workers 1733:overheating 1715:Tour de Sol 1705:. e.g. the 1604:front-drive 1478:(short for 1195:Lee Iacocca 1025:motorcycles 832:Quadracycle 687:Forecasting 620:Tidal power 603:Small hydro 588:Micro hydro 541:Sustainable 406:Energy Star 8024:Categories 8009:Wheelchair 7998:Skateboard 7978:Bath chair 7962:Velomobile 7881:Hoverboard 7720:Ice skates 7679:Car jockey 7674:Carpooling 7669:Carsharing 7643:Share taxi 7588:Car rental 7560:Wheelchair 7555:Skateboard 7495:Motor ship 7468:Motorcycle 7463:Hovercraft 7315:Ice skates 7244:Foot power 7223:Helicopter 7188:Amphibious 7165:Hydrocycle 7158:Foot power 7098:Hand power 7051:Billy cart 7030:Snakeboard 7020:Pogo stick 6938:Hand truck 6923:Bath chair 6890:Row action 6881:Wheelchair 6854:Hand power 6845:Skateboard 6835:Freeskates 6825:Brakeboard 6715:Velomobile 6710:Velocipede 6615:Party bike 6513:Cargo bike 6508:Boneshaker 6344:Pentacycle 6298:Idaho stop 6175:Pump track 6148:Goldsprint 6060:Rail trail 6040:Cargo bike 6008:recreation 5805:GB/T 20234 5709:Connectors 4043:: 102224. 3962:: 012054. 3630:: 100017. 3542:10 January 3242:TechCrunch 2592:: 104275. 2553:Mobilities 2506:10835/7361 2446:: 100347. 2407:: 114323. 2372:References 2309:E-tricycle 1997:region of 1840:e-tricycle 1838:See also: 1703:fuel cells 1685:(NiMH) or 1608:rear-drive 1596:hub motors 1546:Popularity 1476:S-Pedelecs 1470:S-Pedelecs 1403:The term " 1353:S-Pedelecs 1333:S-Pedelecs 1087:March 2023 1039:e-scooters 864:Watercraft 842:Velomobile 802:Helicopter 630:Tidal farm 593:Pico hydro 578:Hydropower 361:Eco-cities 230:newspapers 197:references 128:newspapers 57:improve it 7937:Handcycle 7931:recumbent 7876:Golf cart 7834:Motorized 7598:Boda-boda 7500:Submarine 7448:Motorboat 7342:Snowshoes 7170:Hydrofoil 7061:Snowboard 6968:Toy wagon 6963:Stretcher 6866:Handcycle 6840:Longboard 6830:Freeboard 6729:ice cycle 6258:Bike rage 6190:Triathlon 6138:Fatbiking 5915:Outlines 5845:SAE J3400 5840:SAE J3105 5835:SAE J3068 5830:SAE J1772 5825:ISO 15118 5820:IEC 63110 5815:IEC 62196 5810:IEC 61851 5798:Standards 5754:BB (GB/T) 5437:Solar bus 5432:Solar car 5417:Multifuel 5242:Biodiesel 5214:Solar bus 5209:Solar car 4999:Solar car 4994:Solar bus 4930:Fuel cell 4873:Transport 4702:cite news 4542:cite news 4466:Bloomberg 4269:6 October 4194:1556-8318 4137:: 11–23. 4112:155112620 4077:0959-3780 3909:6 October 3855:6 October 3501:Electride 3458:235549536 3450:1556-8318 3399:6 October 3269:0362-4331 2914:25 August 2847:30 August 2749:31 August 2676:"schnepf" 2620:CC BY 4.0 2608:1361-9209 2189:Dongguang 2185:Changzhou 2169:Guangzhou 2145:São Paulo 2126:Manhattan 2105:from the 2026:Wavecrest 1995:Yorkshire 1834:Tricycles 1814:Electric 1791:Electric 1681:(NiCad), 1665:, Germany 1653:Batteries 1623:freewheel 1588:brushless 1580:DC motors 1327:: either 1118:hub motor 807:Hydrofoil 672:Community 446:Heat pump 356:Eco hotel 63:talk page 8003:Stroller 7988:Kicksled 7957:Unicycle 7952:Tricycle 7896:Onewheel 7886:Microcar 7742:Swimming 7694:Slugging 7310:Crampons 7211:Aircraft 7066:Toboggan 6820:Kicksled 6813:Kickbike 6695:Unicycle 6690:Tricycle 6660:Sociable 6650:Roadster 6603:Downhill 6503:BMX bike 6418:Category 6163:Downhill 6143:Freeride 5997:Unicycle 5992:Tricycle 5919:Bicycles 5911:Glossary 5678:Charging 5507:Vactrain 5490:See also 5302:Hydrogen 5292:Wood gas 5204:aircraft 4737:17 March 4472:17 March 4247:19 March 4017:54579197 3904:54224506 3826:Newsweek 3807:49607716 3799:29957352 3730:ABC News 3532:Bike Biz 3481:17 March 3305:19 April 3274:19 April 3193:19 March 3104:Archived 2940:21 March 2904:VicRoads 2882:BBC News 2805:Archived 2622:license. 2482:Energies 2304:Eurobike 2282:See also 2220:Shanghai 2216:Shandong 2208:Zhejiang 2177:Changsha 2173:Shenzhen 2103:Pedelecs 1820:sidewalk 1766:Cytronex 1407:" (from 1393:Pedelecs 1387:pedelecs 1343:Pedelecs 1329:pedelecs 1314:throttle 1303:pedelecs 1280:legality 1137:crankset 1035:Bicycles 1017:pedelecs 994:pedelecs 915:Category 837:Tricycle 722:Windpump 717:Windbelt 692:Industry 371:Ecolabel 366:Ecohouse 336:Arcology 7942:Hobcart 7927:Bicycle 7911:Velocar 7850:Autoped 7747:Walking 7730:Running 7699:Vanpool 7648:Taxicab 7608:Gondola 7550:Scooter 7535:Cycling 7531:Bicycle 7371:outline 7367:Cycling 7287:Walking 7275:Running 7039:Gravity 6987:Carried 6871:Hobcart 6861:Handcar 6754:Pedelec 6705:Velocar 6568:Go-kart 6553:Fatbike 6492:outline 6488:Bicycle 5942:Bicycle 5924:Cycling 5900:Cycling 5689:network 5576:Vehicle 5376:Propane 5356:Autogas 5226:Biofuel 5091:Pedelec 4961:Pedelec 4847:Portals 4762:29 June 4172:Bibcode 4045:Bibcode 3997:Bibcode 3884:Bibcode 3769:Bibcode 3632:Bibcode 3428:Bibcode 3110:26 June 2702:9 April 2681:9 April 2660:9 April 2639:9 April 2448:Bibcode 2409:Bibcode 2314:Fatbike 2212:Jiangsu 2204:Tianjin 1999:England 1806:Folding 1677:(SLA), 1661:E-bike 1629:range ( 1584:brushed 1540:Ontario 1456:bicycle 1405:pedelec 1399:Pedelec 1273:Classes 1205:Gallery 1188:6163148 1109:Gazelle 1059:History 1002:pedaled 859:Walking 817:Bicycle 790:Plug-in 754:Bicycle 712:Turbine 702:Outline 553:Biomass 536:Biofuel 244:scholar 142:scholar 7906:Segway 7657:Shared 7268:skates 7256:skates 7175:Pedalo 7148:Rowing 7142:Rowing 7120:Rowing 7015:Trikke 6742:assist 6548:Enduro 6168:Trials 5759:ChaoJi 5723:Type 1 5497:Maglev 5349:Others 5247:Biogas 5030:engine 4861:Sports 4689:28 May 4640:31 May 4585:31 May 4532:1 June 4507:1 June 4443:31 May 4221:14 May 4192: 4110: 4075: 4015: 3902: 3805: 3797: 3575:GOV.UK 3511:2 June 3456: 3448: 3377:2 June 3267: 3140:25 May 3012:31 May 2606: 2218:, and 2187:, and 2181:Foshan 2149:Brazil 2111:Berlin 1771:Sakura 1639:clutch 1592:geared 1489:mopeds 1484:mopeds 1415:ctric 1337:mopeds 1021:mopeds 974:e-bike 913: 707:Rights 548:Biogas 246: 239: 232: 225: 217: 144: 137: 130: 123: 115: 7865:Twike 7473:Moped 7110:Kayak 7105:Canoe 7090:Water 6363:Lists 6327:Other 5778:AC/DC 5063:motor 4989:boats 4416:(PDF) 4403:(PDF) 4331:(PDF) 4320:(PDF) 4216:CREDS 4108:S2CID 4013:S2CID 3900:S2CID 3803:S2CID 3757:(PDF) 3709:5 May 3703:(PDF) 3696:(PDF) 3454:S2CID 3295:SFist 2366:(PEV) 2354:Twike 2329:Moped 2260:India 2254:India 2157:China 1775:moped 1726:mains 1719:solar 1695:BionX 1631:r/min 1536:Noped 1516:With 1308:With 1297:With 1141:Giant 998:moped 984:is a 980:, or 783:Twike 657:Solar 251:JSTOR 237:books 149:JSTOR 135:books 7216:list 7126:Punt 6978:Sled 6928:Cart 6598:27.5 6483:29er 6468:Land 5860:WEVA 5785:NACS 5642:Type 5187:List 5118:List 5061:and 4885:Cars 4816:2022 4790:2022 4783:Vice 4764:2022 4739:2022 4708:link 4691:2024 4642:2010 4612:2016 4587:2010 4548:link 4534:2010 4509:2010 4474:2022 4445:2010 4380:2022 4353:2022 4302:2015 4271:2010 4249:2010 4223:2024 4190:ISSN 4073:ISSN 3960:1122 3937:2020 3911:2020 3857:2010 3835:2015 3795:PMID 3739:2015 3711:2018 3678:2015 3583:2022 3544:2012 3513:2021 3483:2022 3446:ISSN 3401:2010 3379:2016 3353:2010 3307:2024 3276:2024 3265:ISSN 3195:2010 3142:2013 3112:2023 3080:CNBC 3014:2010 2981:2024 2942:2013 2916:2013 2849:2020 2751:2009 2704:2020 2683:2020 2662:2020 2641:2020 2604:ISSN 1974:and 1748:and 1434:The 1363:and 1182:and 1174:Zike 881:Tram 697:Lens 677:Farm 667:Wind 662:Wave 223:news 121:news 7443:Car 7320:Ski 7204:Air 6108:BMX 5769:MCS 5267:E85 5229:ICE 4180:doi 4139:doi 4135:116 4100:doi 4063:hdl 4053:doi 4005:doi 3964:doi 3892:doi 3785:hdl 3777:doi 3765:119 3650:hdl 3640:doi 3436:doi 2594:doi 2590:133 2561:doi 2530:doi 2501:hdl 2491:doi 2456:doi 2417:doi 2405:260 2258:In 2200:BYD 2034:Zap 1938:BMI 1707:PHB 1633:). 1586:or 1413:ele 1411:al 1409:ped 1082:. 1023:or 968:An 199:to 104:by 8026:: 5742:DC 5716:AC 4807:. 4781:. 4755:. 4725:. 4704:}} 4700:{{ 4693:. 4680:. 4659:. 4620:^ 4595:^ 4570:^ 4544:}} 4540:{{ 4517:^ 4464:. 4453:^ 4424:^ 4405:. 4388:^ 4370:. 4322:. 4288:. 4240:. 4214:. 4202:^ 4188:. 4178:. 4168:12 4166:. 4162:. 4133:. 4129:. 4106:. 4096:36 4094:. 4071:. 4061:. 4051:. 4041:67 4039:. 4035:. 4011:. 4003:. 3993:14 3991:. 3987:. 3958:. 3954:. 3928:. 3898:. 3890:. 3878:. 3874:. 3823:. 3801:. 3793:. 3783:. 3775:. 3763:. 3759:. 3727:. 3648:. 3638:. 3626:. 3622:. 3603:. 3585:. 3573:. 3530:. 3499:. 3474:. 3452:. 3444:. 3434:. 3424:16 3422:. 3418:. 3369:. 3293:. 3263:. 3259:. 3240:. 3221:. 3128:. 3098:. 3078:. 3060:. 3022:^ 3003:. 2989:^ 2972:. 2902:. 2898:. 2880:. 2826:. 2816:^ 2792:^ 2782:. 2723:. 2712:^ 2602:. 2588:. 2584:. 2557:16 2555:. 2551:. 2526:36 2524:. 2499:. 2487:11 2485:. 2479:. 2454:. 2444:10 2442:. 2438:. 2415:. 2403:. 2214:, 2210:, 2206:, 2191:. 2183:, 2179:, 2175:, 2171:, 2147:, 2128:, 2017:. 1788:. 1754:UL 1428:EU 1339:) 1031:. 976:, 972:, 210:. 66:. 7933:) 7929:( 7867:) 7863:( 7852:) 7848:( 7819:e 7812:t 7805:v 7533:/ 7421:e 7414:t 7407:v 7373:) 7369:( 6731:) 6727:( 6494:) 6490:( 6452:e 6445:t 6438:v 5892:e 5885:t 5878:v 5691:) 5687:( 5561:e 5554:t 5547:v 4914:e 4907:t 4900:v 4849:: 4818:. 4792:. 4766:. 4741:. 4710:) 4663:. 4644:. 4614:. 4589:. 4550:) 4536:. 4511:. 4476:. 4447:. 4382:. 4355:. 4304:. 4273:. 4251:. 4225:. 4196:. 4182:: 4174:: 4147:. 4141:: 4114:. 4102:: 4079:. 4065:: 4055:: 4047:: 4019:. 4007:: 3999:: 3972:. 3966:: 3939:. 3913:. 3894:: 3886:: 3880:3 3859:. 3837:. 3809:. 3787:: 3779:: 3771:: 3741:. 3713:. 3680:. 3658:. 3652:: 3642:: 3634:: 3628:1 3546:. 3515:. 3485:. 3460:. 3438:: 3430:: 3403:. 3381:. 3355:. 3309:. 3278:. 3244:. 3225:. 3197:. 3171:. 3154:" 3144:. 3114:. 3016:. 2983:. 2944:. 2918:. 2884:. 2851:. 2786:. 2767:. 2753:. 2706:. 2685:. 2664:. 2643:. 2610:. 2596:: 2569:. 2563:: 2536:. 2532:: 2509:. 2503:: 2493:: 2464:. 2458:: 2450:: 2423:. 2419:: 2411:: 2151:. 1988:2 1931:2 1417:c 1347:W 1089:) 1085:( 957:e 950:t 943:v 291:) 285:( 273:) 267:( 262:) 258:( 248:· 241:· 234:· 227:· 204:. 171:) 165:( 160:) 156:( 146:· 139:· 132:· 125:· 98:. 73:) 69:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index