Pipa - Knowledge

2594: 2546: 2678: 2710: 2646: 706: 2530: 2574: 2138: 2732: 1398: 2626: 780: 2289: 2606: 1875: 988: 275: 2937:. Original text: 批把: 謹按：此近世樂家所作，不知誰也。以手批把，因以為名。長三尺五寸，法天地人與五行，四弦象四時。 Translation: Pipa, made by recent musicians, but maker unknown. Played "pi" and "pa" with the hand, it was thus named. Length of three feet five inches represents the Heaven, Earth, and Man, and the five elements, and the four strings represent the four seasons. (Note that this length of three feet five inches is equivalent to today's length of approximately two feet and seven inches or 0.8 meter.) 2662: 976: 1508: 2045: 1542: 4108:. Listening to what he played, within one scale there were seven notes. He was thus questioned about it, and he replied: "In the Western Region, my father was praised for his knowledge of music. As transmitted and practised through generations, there were seven kinds of mode." Taking his seven modes, and on investigating and comparing them with the seven notes, they fitted together and tallied well. 1933: 2698: 1318: 536: 45: 2205:(1937–2020), also born in Shanghai, was a student of Lin Shicheng and in 1961 graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. Liu also studied with other musicians and has developed a style that combines elements from several different schools. Ye Xuran (叶绪然), a student of Lin Shicheng and Wei Zhongle, was the Pipa Professor at the first Musical Conservatory of China, the 2510: 5601: 2746: 1507: 2807:(琵琶賦). Original text: 琵琶，傅玄《琵琶賦》曰：漢遣烏孫公主嫁昆彌，念其行路思慕，故使工人裁箏、築，為馬上之樂。欲從方俗語，故名曰琵琶，取其易傳於外國也。 Translation: Pipa – Fu Xuan's "Ode to Pipa" says: "The Han Emperor sent the Wusun princess to marry Kunmi, and being mindful of her thoughts and longings on her journey, instructed craftsmen to modify the Chinese zither 2237:

before immigrating to Canada. She now performs with Red Chamber and the Vancouver Chinese Music Ensemble. Gao Hong graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music and was the first to do a joint tour with Lin Shicheng in North America. They recorded the critically acclaimed CD "Eagle Seizing Swan" together.

3099:. The others are all shaped full on top and pointed at the bottom, neck bent, rather large, and suspected to be of Han dynasty origin. Being composite of two different constructions, it's called "Qinhan", as it is thought to use both Qin and Han methods. (Note that the description of the pear-shaped 2379:

was revived since then and the current versions are based on Chinese pipa, including one with five-strings. The 5 String Pipa is tuned like a Standard Pipa with the addition of an Extra Bass String tuned to an E2 (Same as the Guitar) which broadens the range (Tuning is E2, A2, D3, E3, A3). Jiaju Shen

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Lin Shicheng (林石城; 1922–2006), born in Shanghai, began learning music under his father and was taught by Shen Haochu (沈浩初; 1899–1953), a leading player in the Pudong school style of pipa playing. He also qualified as a doctor of Chinese medicine. In 1956, after working for some years in Shanghai, Lin

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which provides only a skeletal melody and approximate rhythms sometimes with the occasional playing instructions given (such as tremolo or string-bending), and how this basic framework can become fully fleshed out during a performance may only be learnt by the students from the master. The same piece

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listening to Du Bin. Original text: 故公詩雲：座中醉客誰最賢？杜彬琵琶皮作弦。自從彬死世莫傳。 Translation: So Master (Ouyang Xiu) in his poem says: "Who amongst the drunken guests in their seats was the most worthy? It's Du Bin who played the pipa with animal hide for strings. Ever since Du Bin's death such skill is lost to

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researched the old Tang dynasty five-stringed pipa in the early 2000s and developed a modern version of it for contemporary use. It is very much the same as the modern pipa in construction save for being a bit wider to allow for the extra string and the reintroduction of the soundholes at the front.

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Texts from Tang dynasty mentioned many renowned pipa players such as He Huaizhi (賀懷智), Lei Haiqing (雷海清), Li Guaner (李管兒), and Pei Xingnu (裴興奴). Duan Anjie described the duel between the famous pipa player Kang Kunlun and the monk Duan Shanben (段善本) who was disguised as a girl, and told the story of

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These schools of the solo tradition emerged by students learning to play the pipa from their master, and each school has its own style, performance aesthetics, notation system, and may differ in their playing techniques. Different schools have different repertoire in their music collection, and even

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although there are various other ways of tuning. Since the revolutions in Chinese instrument-making during the 20th century, the softer twisted silk strings of earlier times have been exchanged for nylon-wound steel strings, which are far too strong for human fingernails, so false nails are now

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The name "pipa" is made up of two Chinese syllables, "pí" (琵) and "pá" (琶). These, according to the Han dynasty text by Liu Xi, refer to the way the instrument is played – "pí" is to strike outward with the right hand, and "pá" is to pluck inward towards the palm of the hand. The strings were played

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In 2014, an industrial designer residing in the United States Xi Zheng (郑玺) designed and crafted an electric pipa – "E-pa" in New York. In 2015, pipa player Jiaju Shen (沈嘉琚) released a mini album composed and produced by Li Zong (宗立), with E-pa music that has a strong Chinese flavor within a modern

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and works extensively with Chinese, cross-cultural, new music, and jazz groups. Shanghai-born Liu Guilian graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music and became the director of the Shanghai Pipa Society, and a member of the Chinese Musicians Association and Chinese National Orchestral Society,

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During the Song dynasty, players mentioned in literary texts include Du Bin (杜彬). From the Ming dynasty, famous pipa players include Zhong Xiuzhi (鍾秀之), Zhang Xiong (張雄, known for his playing of "Eagle Seizing Swan"), the blind Li Jinlou (李近樓), and Tang Yingzeng (湯應曾) who was known to have played a

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for example may be used to produce a glissando or portamento. Note however that the frets on all Chinese lutes are high so that the fingers and strings never touch the fingerboard in between the frets, this is different from many Western fretted instruments and allows for dramatic vibrato and other

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Shiming by Liu Xi (劉熙)]. Original text: 枇杷，本出於胡中，馬上所鼓也。推手前曰枇，引手卻曰杷。象其鼓時，因以為名也。 Translation: Pipa, originated from amongst the Hu people, who played the instrument on horseback. Striking outward with the hand is called "pi", plucking inward is called "pa", sounds like when it is played, hence the

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onwards, and pipas from this time to the Tang dynasty were given various names, such as Hu pipa (胡琵琶), bent-neck pipa (曲項琵琶, quxiang pipa), some of these terms however may refer to the same pipa. Apart from the four-stringed pipa, other pear-shaped instruments introduced include the five-stringed,

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The pipa is held in a vertical or near-vertical position during performance, although in the early periods the instrument was held in the horizontal position or near-horizontal with the neck pointing slightly downwards, or upside down. Starting about the 10th century, players began to hold the

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In more recent times, many pipa players, especially the younger ones, no longer identify themselves with any specific school. Modern notation systems, new compositions as well as recordings are now widely available and it is no longer crucial for a pipa players to learn from the master of any

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or Wang school (汪派) – named after Wang Yuting (汪昱庭) who created this style of playing. It may be considered a synthesis of the other four schools especially the Pudong and Pinghu schools. Wang did not publish his notation book in his lifetime, although handwritten copies were passed on to his

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Yang Zhi (楊志) who learned how to play the pipa secretly by listening to his aunt playing at night. Celebrated performers of the Tang dynasty included three generations of the Cao family—Cao Bao (曹保), Cao Shancai (曹善才) and Cao Gang (曹剛), whose performances were noted in literary works.

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text. Other collections from the Qing dynasty were compiled by Li Fangyuan (李芳園) and Ju Shilin (鞠士林), each representing different schools, and many of the pieces currently popular were described in these Qing collections. Further important collections were published in the 20th century.

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by hand is thus understood to be played without plectrum, but how are we sure that there were those who played by plucking in this early period? The use of this technique has fallen away in recent times, but it was started by Pei Luoer. (Note that Pei Luoer is also known as Pei Shenfu

1858:" and "Heroic Little Sisters of the Grassland" (草原英雄小姐妹). Non-traditional themes may be used in these new compositions and some may reflect the political landscape and demands at the time of composition, for example "Dance of the Yi People" which is based on traditional melodies of the 2506:, created his own electric pipa and recorded an experimental album that puts the electric pipa at the center of music. He was also the first musician to add a strap to the instrument, as he did for the zhongruan, allowing him to play the pipa and the zhongruan like a guitar. 2573: 2545: 4510:

HISTORICAL PERIOD(S) Five Dynasties to Yuan Dynasty, 10th to 13th century; MEDIUM Pigment on stucco; DIMENSIONS H x W: 38.2 x 36.2 cm (15 1/16 x 14 1/4 in); GEOGRAPHY China; CREDIT LINE Gift of Arthur M. Sackler; COLLECTION Arthur M. Sackler Gallery; ACCESSION NUMBER

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There are a number of different traditions with different styles of playing pipa in various regions of China, some of which then developed into schools. In the narrative traditions where the pipa is used as an accompaniment to narrative singing, there are the Suzhou

1609:(華氏譜). The collection was edited by Hua Qiuping (華秋萍, 1784–1859) and published in 1819 in three volumes. The first volume contains 13 pieces from the Northern school, the second and third volumes contain 54 pieces from the Southern school. Famous pieces such as " 2815:

to make an instrument tailored for playing on horseback. Therefore the common use of the old term pipa came about because it was transmitted to a foreign country." (Note that this passage contains a number of assertions whose veracity has been questioned by

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Most of the above are traditional compositions dating to the Qing dynasty or early 20th century, new pieces however are constantly being composed, and most of them follow a more Western structure. Examples of popular modern works composed after the 1950s are

2011:, and greater freedom in interpretation is possible in the free meter sections. Different schools however can have sections added or removed, and may differ in the number of sections with free meter. The music collections from the 19th century also used the 919:

In the subsequent periods, the number of frets gradually increased, from around 10 to 14 or 16 during the Qing dynasty, then to 19, 24, 29, and 30 in the 20th century. The 4 wedge-shaped frets on the neck became 6 during the 20th century. The 14- or 16-fret

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used, constructed of plastic or tortoise-shell, and affixed to the fingertips with the player's choice of elastic tape. However, false nails made of horn existed as early as the Ming period when finger-picking became the popular technique for playing pipa.

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though these schools share many of the same pieces in their repertoire, a same piece of music from the different schools may differ in their content. For example, a piece like "The Warlord Takes off His Armour" is made up of many sections, some of them

2475: 2529: 2177:. Players from the Wang and Pudong schools were the most active in performance and recording during the 20th century, less active was the Pinghu school whose players include Fan Boyan (樊伯炎). Other noted players of the early 20th century include 1338:. It has however been suggested that the long plectrum depicted in ancient paintings may have been used as a friction stick like a bow. The plectrum has now been largely replaced by the fingernails of the right hand. The most basic technique, 2677: 2501:

pickup on the face of the pipa and wedged under the bridge so he is able to plug into pedalboards, live computer performance rigs, and direct input (DI) to an audio interface for studio tracking. In 2014, French zhongruan player and composer

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Pipa is commonly associated with Princess Liu Xijun and Wang Zhaojun of the Han dynasty, although the form of pipa they played in that period is unlikely to be pear-shaped as they are now usually depicted. Other early known players of

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by Hua Qiuping, who studied with Wang Junxi (王君錫) of the Northern school and Chen Mufu (陳牧夫) of the Southern school, and may be considered a synthesis of these two schools of the Qing dynasty. As the first published collection, the

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Original text: 舊彈琵琶，皆用木撥彈之，大唐貞觀中始有手彈之法，今所謂搊琵琶者是也。《風俗通》所謂以手琵琶之，知乃非用撥之義，豈上代固有搊之者？手彈法，近代已廢，自裴洛兒始為之。 Translation: The olden ways of playing pipa all used a wooden plectrum for playing. During the reign of the Tang dynasty's

3001:. Du Zhi thought that towards the end of Qin dynasty, people who suffered as forced labourers on the Great Wall, played it using strings on a drum with handle. (Note that for the word xiantao, xian means string, tao means 2625: 1460:

In addition, there are a number of techniques that produce sound effects rather than musical notes, for example, striking the board of the pipa for a percussive sound, or strings-twisting while playing that produces a

1613:", "The Warlord Takes Off His Armour", and "Flute and Drum at Sunset" were first described in this collection. The earliest-known piece in the collection may be "Eagle Seizing a Crane" (海青挐鶴) which was mentioned in a 3068:

period, Kuailang from Sichuan found one in an ancient tomb. Ruan Xian of The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove from the Jin dynasty was pictured playing this same kind of instrument, it was therefore named after Ruan

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form with no information on tuning given, there are therefore uncertainties in the reconstruction of the music as well as deciphering other symbols in the score. Three Ming dynasty pieces were discovered in the

3020:. Original text: 琵琶，四弦，漢樂也。初，秦長城之役，有鞀而鼓之者。 Translation: Pipa, four strings, comes from Han dynasty music. In the beginning, forced labourers on the Qin dynasty's Great Wall played it using a drum with handle. 2380:

from The Either also plays an Electric 5 String Pipa/Guitar hybrid that has the Hardware from an Electric Guitar combined with the Pipa, built by an instrument maker named Tim Sway called "Electric Pipa 2.0".

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from the Jin dynasty who was described to have performed it with his leg raised. The introduction of pipa from Central Asia also brought with it virtuoso performers from that region, for example Sujiva (蘇祇婆,

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ensemble. In Nanguan music, the pipa is still held in the near-horizontal position or guitar-fashion in the ancient manner instead of the vertical position normally used for solo playing in the present day.

559:, including the long-necked spiked lute and the short-necked lute, as well as the differing accounts given in these ancient texts. Traditional Chinese narrative prefers the story of the Han Chinese Princess 4670: 3064:. Original text: 阮咸，亦秦琵琶也，而項長過於今制，列十有三柱。武太后時，蜀人蒯朗於古墓中得之，晉竹林七賢圖阮咸所彈與此類同，因謂之阮咸。 Translation: Ruan Xian, also called Qin pipa, although its neck was longer than today's instrument. It has 13 frets. During 1929:, 浙江派) schools—and from these emerged the five main schools associated with the solo tradition. Each school is associated with one or more collections of pipa music and named after its place of origin: 4081:

said: "Gentlemen, do not disparage Renzu, he played the pipa under the north window with his leg raised, and thus evoked thoughts of an immortal in heaven." (Note that Renzu (仁祖) refers to Xie Shang.)

2159:("national music"), which is a combination of traditional regional music and Western musical practices. Sun performed in the United States, Asia, and Europe, and in 1956 became deputy director of the 1669:

pieces are large and usually contain multiple sections. The traditional pieces however often have a standard metrical length of 68 measures or beat, and these may be joined to form the larger pieces

954:/nanyin. The horizontal playing position became the vertical (or near-vertical) position by the Qing dynasty, although in some regional genres such as nanguan the pipa is still held guitar fashion. 2645: 1564:

Pipa has been played solo, or as part of a large ensemble or small group since the early times. Few pieces for pipa survived from the early periods, some, however, are preserved in Japan as part of

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During the Qing dynasty, apart from those of the various schools previously mentioned, there was Chen Zijing (陳子敬), a student of Ju Shilin and known as a noted player during the late Qing dynasty.

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is usually played, i.e. the fingers and thumb flick outward, unlike the guitar where the fingers and thumb normally pluck inward towards the palm of the hand. Plucking in the opposite direction to

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performance to be a normal aspect of life in these periods at home (where the characters in the novels may be proficient in the instrument) as well as outside on the street or in pleasure houses.

1605:—the Northern and Southern schools, and music scores for these two traditions were collected and published in the first mass-produced edition of solo pieces for pipa, now commonly known as the 4224:

Original text: – 貞元中有王芬、曹保，保其子善才其孫曹綱皆襲所藝。次有裴興奴，與綱同時。曹綱善運撥，若風雨，而不事扣弦，興奴長於攏撚，不撥稍軟。時人謂：「曹綱有右手，興奴有左手。」 Note that Shancai was used as a word to mean virtuoso or maestro during the Tang dynasty.

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The pipa is one of the most popular Chinese instruments and has been played for almost two thousand years in China. Several related instruments are derived from the pipa, including the

2709: 1862:, may be seen as part of the drive for national unity, while "Heroic Little Sisters of the Grassland" extols the virtue of those who served as model of exemplary behaviour in the 4663: 1100:, where it is often praised for its expressiveness, refinement and delicacy of tone, with poems dedicated to well-known players describing their performances. A famous poem by 1645:

style are generally more rhythmic and faster, and often depict scenes of battles and are played in a vigorous fashion employing a variety of techniques and sound effects. The

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instrument "more upright", as the fingernail style became more important. Through time, the neck was raised and by the Qing dynasty the instrument was mostly played upright.

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as being "full on top and pointed at the bottom", an orientation that is inverted compared to modern instrument, and refers to the way pipa was often held in ancient times).

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was used for a time afterwards in the imperial court due to Sujiva's influence until it was later abandoned). These players had considerable influence on the development of

2661: 2605: 791:, and was a principal musical instrument in the imperial court. It may be played as a solo instrument or as part of the imperial orchestra for use in productions such as 2153:

players were Sun Yude (孙裕德; 1904–1981) and Li Tingsong (李廷松; 1906–1976). Both were pupils of Wang Yuting (1872–1951), and both were active in establishing and promoting

728:, the "oval" or oval-shaped pipa traveled through Central Asia and was introduced to China, where it became known as the "pipa." Pear-shaped lutes have been depicted in 1641:

style is more lyrical and slower in tempo, with softer dynamic and subtler colour, and such pieces typically describe love, sorrow, and scenes of nature. Pieces in the

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During the 1950s, the use of metal strings in place of the traditional silk ones also resulted in a change in the sound of the pipa which became brighter and stronger.

4656: 2163:. As well as being one of the leading pipa players of his generation, Li held many academic positions and also carried out research on pipa scales and temperament. 454: 3162: 2228:

player internationally, received the first-ever master's degree in pipa and won China's first National Academic Competition for Chinese Instruments. She lives in

863:, although attempts have been made to revive this instrument in the early 21st century with a modernized five-string pipa modeled on the Tang dynasty instrument. 2959: 1370:(勾) respectively. When two strings are plucked at the same time with the index finger and thumb (i.e. the finger and thumb separate in one action), it is called 847:

were especially popular during the Tang dynasty, and these instruments were introduced into Japan during the Tang dynasty as well as into other regions such as

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citing Fu Xuan of Jin dynasty. Original text: 傅玄云：「體圓柄直，柱有十二。」 Translation: Fu Xuan said: "The body is round and the handle straight, and has twelve frets."

4096:. Original text: 先是周武帝時，有龜茲人曰蘇祗婆，從突厥皇后入國，善胡琵琶。聽其所奏，一均之中間有七聲。因而問之，答雲：『父在西域，稱為知音。代相傳習，調有七種。』以其七調，勘校七聲，冥若合符 Translation: In the beginning, during the reign of 3776: 2834: 1081:(漢宮秋), especially since the Song dynasty (although her story is often conflated with other women including Liu Xijun), as well as in music pieces such as 1394:(輪指) technique which involves all the fingers and thumb of the right hand. It is however possible to produce the tremolo with just one or more fingers. 1514: 4158:

there was Cao Poluomen, who was a trader in Kuchean pipa for whose craft he was famous. His grandchild Miaoda in particular was highly regarded by

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by Yang Yunfu (楊允孚) Original text: 為愛琵琶調有情，月髙未放酒杯停，新腔翻得凉州曲彈出天鵝避海青海。《海青挐天鵝》新聲也。 This piece is however listed as "Eagle Seizing a Swan" (海青挐天鵝) here.

4328: 4074: 3087:. Original text: 今《清樂》奏琵琶，俗謂之「秦漢子」，圓體修頸而小，疑是弦鞀之遺制。其他皆充上銳下，曲項，形制稍大，疑此是漢制。兼似兩制者，謂之「秦漢」，蓋謂通用秦、漢之法。 Translation: Today's "Qingyue" performance 4132: 3234: 5623: 2316:

began to create new works for the pipa (both solo and in combination with chamber ensembles and orchestra). Most prominent among these are

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in the late 4th to early 5th century. Pipa acquired a number of Chinese symbolisms during the Han dynasty - the instrument length of three

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of music can therefore differ significantly when performed by students of different schools, with striking differences in interpretation,

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Original text: 而尤得意於《楚漢》一曲，當其兩軍決戰時，聲動天地，瓦屋若飛墜。徐而察之，有金聲、鼓聲、劍弩聲、人馬辟易聲。俄而無聲。久之，有怨而難明者，為楚歌聲；淒而壯者，為項王悲歌慷慨之聲、別姬聲；陷大澤，有追騎聲；至烏江，有項王自刎聲、餘騎蹂踐爭項王聲。

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origin (the word being similar to the sounds the instrument makes), although modern scholarship suggests a possible derivation from the

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Original text: – 曲罷曾教善才伏，妝成每被秋娘妒。 Translation: Her art the admiration even of master Shancai, Her beauty the envy of all pretty girls.

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and was referred to as Han pipa. However, depictions of the pear-shaped pipas in China only appeared after the Han dynasty during the

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There are some confusions and disagreements about the origin of pipa. This may be due to the fact that the word pipa was used in

4040: 2098:. Pei Luoer was known for pioneering finger-playing techniques, while Sujiva was noted for the "Seven modes and seven tones", a 2668: 756: 695: 2209:. He premiered the oldest Dunhuang Pipa Manuscript (the first interpretation made by Ye Dong) in Shanghai in the early 1980s. 672:(弦鼗), made by stretching strings over a small drum with handle, was said to have been played by labourers who constructed the 5290: 4643: 4536: 4159: 4119: 3649: 3312: 2206: 2174: 374: 1699: 3030: 2213: 2198: 702:(秦漢子), perhaps similar to Qin pipa with a straight neck and a round body, but modern opinions differ on its precise form. 2280:). Some other notable pipa players in China include Yu Jia (俞嘉), Wu Yu Xia (吳玉霞), Fang Jinlong (方錦龍) and Zhao Cong (赵聪). 1568:(Tang music) tradition. In the early 20th century, twenty-five pieces were found amongst 10th-century manuscripts in the 3916:

Bulag, Uradyn E. (July 1999). "Models and Moralities: The Parable of the Two "Heroic Little Sisters of the Grassland"".

2313: 1267:(琵琶記, or "Story of the Pipa"), a tale about an abandoned wife who set out to find her husband, surviving by playing the 764:

pipa (龜茲琵琶)), a six-stringed version, as well as the two-stringed hulei (忽雷). From the 3rd century onwards, through the

3426:, there began the use of a finger-playing technique, which is what's called plucked pipa today. What's referred to in 824: 473:, which looks like a smaller version of the pipa. The pear-shaped instrument may have existed in China as early as the 5103: 4097: 2293: 749: 2697: 912:, increasing the number of frets to around 10 and therefore the range of the instrument. The short neck of the Tang 5628: 5578: 5098: 3308: 3294: 2160: 2994: 1397: 819:

and often appeared in mural and sculptural representations of musicians in Buddhist contexts. One of the Buddhist

737: 661: 618:", the two theories however are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Liu Xi also stated that the instrument called 5467: 1519: 1108:" (琵琶行), contains a description of a pipa performance during a chance encounter with a female pipa player on the 796: 458: 96: 3204:"Bracket with two musicians 100s, Pakistan, Gandhara, probably Butkara in Swat, Kushan Period (1st century-320)" 2842: 2137: 1589:) collection dating from 1528 which are very similar to those performed today, such as "The Moon on High" (月兒高, 1073:. Wang Zhaojun in particular is frequently referenced with pipa in later literary works and lyrics, for example 948:

became less common, although it is still used in some regional styles such as the pipa in the southern genre of

4005: 2997:. Original text: 樂錄雲，琵琶本出於弦鼗。而杜摯以為秦之末世，苦於長城之役。百姓弦鼗而鼓之 Translation: According to Yuelu, pipa originated from 2688: 940:

tone or "neutral tone". In the 1920s and 1930s, the number of frets was increased to 24, based on the 12 tone

2288: 1166:(琵琶歌). Another excerpt of figurative descriptions of a pipa music may be found in a eulogy for a pipa player, 900:

as the popular technique for playing pipa, although finger-playing techniques existed as early as Tang. Extra

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Lament for Shancai by Li Shen. The name Shancai is also used to mean virtuoso or maestro in the Tang dynasty.

3005:, one common form of this drum is a flat round drum with a handle, a form that has some resemblance to Ruan.) 2276:, Yang Wei (杨惟), Guan Yadong (管亚东), Jiang Ting (蔣婷), Tang Liangxing (湯良興), and Lui Pui-Yuen (呂培原, brother of 650:(a general term for non-Han people living to the north and west of ancient China). Another Han dynasty text, 5441: 4927: 4546:

Millward, James A. (June 2012). "Chordophone Culture in Two Early Modern Societies: "A Pipa-Vihuela" Duet".

3423: 2812: 2774: 1977:(李氏譜) first published in 1895; it was compiled by Li Fangyuan who came from a family of many generations of 1710: 1610: 1281: 3366:

James A. Millward (June 2012). "Chordophone Culture in Two Early Modern Societies: "A Pipa-Vihuela" Duet".

1718: 2535:

Sandstone carving, showing the typical way a pipa was held when played with plectrum in the early period.

1855: 1773: 514: 151: 3163:"Cultural Selection: The Evolution in Forms of Lutes and other Stringed Instruments along the Silk Roads" 811:

s with beautiful inlaid patterns date from this period, with particularly fine examples preserved in the

2632: 2229: 1350:

with the thumb). The fingers normally strike the strings of pipa in the opposite direction to the way a

31: 2486:–style magnetic pickups to a regular acoustic pipa, allowing the instrument to be amplified through an 1874: 582:

being invented so she could play music on horseback to soothe her longings. Modern researchers such as

5583: 5487: 5060: 2487: 2433: 2397: 2325: 2309: 2273: 1910: 1576:, most of these pieces however may have originated from the Tang dynasty. The scores were written in 1428:

The left hand techniques are important for the expressiveness of pipa music. Techniques that produce

548: 4831: 4781: 2371: 2297: 2261: 1905:(北方曲藝) genres. Pipa is also an important component of regional chamber ensemble traditions such as 1863: 1449: 1410: 909: 908:) on the neck, but during the early Ming dynasty extra bamboo frets (品, pǐn) were affixed onto the 874: 820: 673: 2181:, a student of Shen Zhaozhou of the Chongming school and who increased the number of frets on the 5401: 5283: 5083: 5055: 4891: 4621: 4571: 4563: 4454: 3941: 3933: 3391: 3383: 2498: 2417: 2353: 2333: 2249: 1808: 1734: 410: 402: 191: 79: 70: 4479: 2552: 2321: 5604: 4436: 3959: 3267: 2960:"Avaye Shayda - Kishibe's diffusionism theory on the Iranian Barbat and Chino-Japanese Pi' Pa'" 2497:

A number of Western pipa players have experimented with amplified pipa. Brian Grimm placed the

5242: 5045: 4989: 4958: 4871: 4861: 4776: 4735: 4590: 4532: 4128: 3965: 3884: 3843: 3797: 3719: 3692: 3607: 3601: 3552: 3525: 3519: 3480: 3273: 3230: 3122: 2583:(feitian) playing pipa, using fingers with the pipa held in near upright position. Mural from 2008: 1221: 1085:(昭君怨, also the title of a poem), and in paintings where she is often depicted holding a pipa. 987: 941: 686: 358: 353: 345: 141: 65: 4414: 3876: 3789: 3713: 3686: 3546: 3114: 732:

sculptures from the 1st century AD. The pear-shaped pipa may have been introduced during the

5557: 5257: 5176: 5155: 4613: 4584: 4555: 4151: 4015: 3925: 3476: 3375: 3084: 3017: 2103: 2029: 2025: 2012: 1984: 1263: 611: 441: 308: 285: 4041:"Comparison of Three Chinese Traditional Pipa Music Schools with the Aid of Sound Analysis" 1271:. It is one of the most enduring works in Chinese theatre, and one that became a model for 975: 776:, the word pipa was used to refer exclusively to the four-stringed pear-shaped instrument. 274: 5552: 4745: 4648: 4391: 3653: 3468: 3447: 2483: 2044: 1445: 1257: 882: 583: 2375:

It has not caught on in China but in Korea (where she also did some of her research) the

2114:

players founded by Cao Poluomen (曹婆羅門) and who were active for many generations from the

331: 1541: 1293:

existed as early as the Jin dynasty, for example in the 4th century collection of tales

5542: 5192: 5124: 4309: 4204:

Note that some people claimed Pei Xingnu to be the female player described in the poem

2769: 2560: 2556: 2405: 2389: 2186: 2057: 2017: 1922: 1906: 1453: 1276: 1012: 587: 560: 518: 1921:

There were originally two major schools of pipa during the Qing dynasty—the Northern (

5617: 5341: 5276: 5217: 4575: 4154:) Original text: 後魏有曹婆羅門，受龜茲琵琶于商人，世傳其業。至孫妙達，尤為北齊高洋所重，常自擊胡鼓以和之。 Translation: During 4147: 4047: 3945: 3428: 3395: 3081: 3014: 2930: 2927: 2449: 2401: 2361: 2277: 2087: 2004: 1914: 1007:(then still played in Korea but with extra frets added not found in the Tang dynasty 1000: 950: 871: 729: 652: 615: 111: 4639: 4071: 812: 698:

and known for playing similar instrument. Yet another term used in ancient text was

521:. The Korean instrument is the only one of the three that is no longer widely used. 5497: 5197: 4973: 2800: 2751: 2737: 2684: 2652: 2636: 2536: 2474: 2463: 2459: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2305: 2241: 2115: 2099: 1614: 1594: 1524: 1331: 1301: 1272: 1248: 1046: 925: 893: 860: 788: 773: 720:

The pear-shaped pipa is likely to have been introduced to China from Central Asia,

714: 607: 556: 486: 315: 50: 4261: 4217: 3862: 3646: 3575: 1932: 4407:"La scène musicale alternative pékinoise vue par Jean Sébastien Héry (Djang San)" 3825: 3673: 3631: 250: 5202: 5088: 4846: 4771: 4291: 4093: 3002: 2616: 2584: 2564: 2441: 2425: 2329: 2317: 2178: 2164: 2049: 1569: 1557: 1317: 1225: 1097: 836: 804: 795:(大曲, grand suites), an elaborate music and dance performance. During this time, 765: 741: 733: 665: 636: 624: 598: 594: 575: 552: 535: 482: 474: 446: 44: 4077:

by Liu Yiqing. Original text: 桓大司馬曰：「諸君莫輕道，仁祖企腳北窗下彈琵琶，故自有天際真人想。」 Translation:

3034: 2173:. In the early 1950s, he founded the traditional instruments department at the 1037:

Early literary tradition in China, for example in a 3rd-century description by

4265: 4233: 3812:

Xiansuo Shisan Tao (弦索十三套, later incorporated into Complete String Music 弦索俻套)

3740:"Pipa - A Chinese lute or guitar, its brief history, photos and music samples" 2727: 2416:), sometimes multi-tracking it in their recordings. Australian dark rock band 2365: 2253: 2233: 2053: 1433: 1295: 1240: 1236: 1074: 1070: 710: 146: 116: 3493: 3411: 3141: 3054: 870:

fell from favour at the imperial court, perhaps a result of the influence of

17: 5145: 5140: 4826: 4791: 4700: 4155: 4090: 3964:. Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Routledge. 2008. pp. 1104–1105. 3657: 3095:, has a round body with a small neck, and is suspected to be descended from 3065: 2934: 2796: 2503: 2491: 2455: 2393: 2357: 2202: 2074: 1859: 1577: 1546: 1441: 1437: 1286: 1159: 1105: 725: 691: 681: 568: 507: 367: 211: 106: 5391: 2509: 1231:, a form of poetry meant to be sung and accompanied by instruments such as 226: 4559: 3988: 3379: 3203: 2304:

In the late 20th century, largely through the efforts of Wu Man (in USA),

1088:

There are many references to pipa in Tang literary works, for example, in

5472: 5426: 5376: 5119: 5021: 4249: 4180: 4078: 3688:

Chinese Theories of Theater and Performance from Confucius to the Present

3669: 3496: 3414: 3144: 3057: 2987: 2612: 2482:

The electric pipa was first developed in the late 20th century by adding

2445: 2269: 2257: 2217: 1994: 1926: 1883: 1573: 1554: 1327: 1252: 1101: 1066: 1062: 929: 897: 840: 832: 816: 721: 540: 465:", the instrument has a pear-shaped wooden body with a varying number of 388: 206: 136: 121: 101: 4567: 4505: 4345: 3387: 3334: 5562: 5547: 5537: 5512: 5507: 5492: 5411: 5406: 5366: 5252: 5247: 4968: 4922: 4896: 4886: 4740: 4715: 4710: 4167: 4100:, there was a Kuchean named Sujiva, who came into the country with the 4019: 3937: 2808: 2345: 2095: 1429: 1421: 1402: 1387: 1171: 1109: 1058: 1038: 944:

scale, with all the intervals being semitones. The traditional 16-fret

852: 602: 511: 469:

ranging from 12 to 31. Another Chinese four-string plucked lute is the

231: 186: 4625: 4329:"Lui Pui-yuen, master of Chinese music, returns to perform once again" 3739: 3548:

Southern Identity and Southern Estrangement in Medieval Chinese Poetry

2905: 1523:, a 12th century reproduction of a 10th century painting by 1207:

With turned wrist, he gathered the strings to pluck and strum faster.

1205:

On the plectrum, figure of a golden phoenix with flowers in its beak,

5532: 5502: 5451: 5436: 5396: 5356: 5222: 5160: 5093: 5050: 4906: 4901: 4851: 4841: 4836: 4821: 4801: 4750: 4730: 4720: 4101: 3500: 3418: 3148: 3061: 2910: 2716: 2580: 2413: 2388:

The pipa has also been used in rock music; the California-based band

2265: 2221: 2155: 2091: 1970: 1956: 1565: 1462: 1415: 1406: 1351: 1244: 551:

to describe a variety of plucked chordophones of the period from the

543:

showing a lute being played by a musician (right), 1st–2nd century AD

470: 221: 216: 196: 171: 156: 4455:"Experimental Electric Pipa - 试验电琵琶, by Zhang Si'an (Djang San 张思安)" 3929: 2631:

An early depiction of pipa player in a group of musicians. From the

2440:

with a variety of groups. The instrument is also played by musician

1665:

pieces are small pieces normally containing only one section, while

4617: 2963: 2909:

name. (Note that this ancient way of writing pipa (枇杷) also means "

755:

Depictions of the pear-shaped pipas appeared in abundance from the

593:

The earliest mention of pipa in Chinese texts appeared late in the

5482: 5477: 5446: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5371: 5361: 5325: 5212: 5207: 4994: 4963: 4866: 4856: 4816: 4806: 4766: 4705: 2508: 2473: 2458:, who integrated jazz and rock concepts to the instrument such as 2287: 2190: 2169: 2142: 2136: 2083: 2043: 2021: 1931: 1893: 1873: 1316: 1054: 1050: 881:

had foreign associations. However, it continued to be played as a

848: 800: 778: 761: 704: 571: 564: 534: 500: 493: 451: 201: 166: 161: 30:

This article is about the Chinese instrument. For other uses, see

2587:, estimated Five Dynasties to Yuan dynasty, 10th to 13th century. 2240:

Noted contemporary pipa players who work internationally include

2126:

piece that may be an early version of "Ambushed from Ten Sides".

5351: 5346: 5320: 5299: 5150: 5016: 4881: 4876: 4811: 4796: 4786: 4586:

The way of the pipa: structure and imagery in Chinese lute music

4245: 3881:

The way of the pipa: structure and imagery in Chinese lute music

3840:

The way of the pipa: structure and imagery in Chinese lute music

3790:

A report on Chinese research into the Dunhuang music manuscripts

3452: 3119:

The way of the pipa: structure and imagery in Chinese lute music

2764: 2376: 1963:(鞠氏譜) which is based on an 18th-century handwritten manuscript, 1941: 1601:. During the Qing dynasty there originally two major schools of 1335: 901: 745: 660:

was a recent arrival, although later 3rd-century texts from the

503: 496: 466: 462: 176: 131: 126: 5272: 4652: 4604:

Picken, Laurence (March 1955). "The Origin of the Short Lute".

2599:

Modern pipa player, with the pipa held in near upright position

2245: 1936:

A page of music notation from the Li Collection by Li Fangyuan.

1621:

The pipa pieces in the common repertoire can be categorized as

5381: 4166:

drum in accompaniment. (Note that Poluomen (or Bolomen) means

2655:

fresco depicts a female pipa player among a group of musicians

924:

had frets arranged in approximately equivalent to the western

807:(which had a large Persian community). Some delicately carved 181: 3298:, by Edward H. Schafer; University of California Press, 1963. 1649:

style was associated more with the Northern school while the

748:

represents the three realms (heaven, earth, and man) and the

676:

during the late Qin dynasty. This may have given rise to the

1092:

Duan Anjie related many anecdotes associated with pipa. The

531:

History of lute-family instruments § Short-necked lutes

1729:

Flute and Drum at Sunset / Flowery Moonlit River in Spring

1209:

The flowers fluttered, and from Heaven the phoenix trilled,

3186: 3184: 1991:(瀛洲古調) compiled by Shen Zhaozhou (沈肇州, 1859–1930) in 1916. 1149:

Like pearls, big and small, falling on a platter of jade.

783:

Lute detail from a Tang dynasty painting on silk, 897 A.D.

3961:

The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2

3718:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 447. 3295:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics

3269:

The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 2

2835:"The pipa: How a barbarian lute became a national symbol" 827:, is often depicted with a pipa. Additionally, masses of 407: 393: 379: 3545:

Ping Wang; Nicholas Morrow Williams, eds. (5 May 2015).

2167:(卫仲乐; 1908－1997) played many instruments, including the 2110:

playing in China. Of particular fame were the family of

5268: 4359:"Incubus - Mike Einziger Guitar Gear Rig and Equipment" 835:

semi-deities are depicted in the wall paintings of the

803:

performers and teachers were in demand in the capital,

4007:

Pipa pai : concept, history and analysis of style

2312:(in Europe) and other performers, Chinese and Western 1382:(掃), and strumming in the reverse direction is called 1211:

Lingering, filling the palace hall, spring snow flew.

1045:, associates the Han pipa with the northern frontier, 4208:, there is however no definitive proof of that claim. 3877:"Chapter 3 – Musical structure in the Hua Collection" 2611:

A pipa player playing with the pipa behind his back.

2454:. Western performers of pipa include French musician 752:, while the four strings represent the four seasons. 646:) in the earliest texts, originated from amongst the 350: 336: 320: 3169:. UNESCO Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads - Bahram Bayat 2424:

in their song "Blood" as played by singer/guitarist

1413:, showing male court musicians playing the pipa and 5571: 5525: 5460: 5334: 5313: 5306: 5235: 5185: 5169: 5133: 5112: 5076: 5069: 5034: 5003: 4982: 4951: 4940: 4915: 4759: 4693: 4686: 4437:"BC GRIMM Experimental Acoustic-Electric Music EPK" 4384:"[search page, albums featuring Yang Jing]" 889:underwent a number of changes over the centuries. 885:that also gained the interest of the literati. The 787:The pipa reached a height of popularity during the 664:suggest that pipa existed in China as early as the 401: 387: 373: 366: 344: 330: 314: 307: 302: 284: 263: 242: 78: 57: 4118:Laurence E. R. Picken and Noel J. Nickson (2000). 3272:. Routledge. 23 October 2008. pp. 1104–1105. 1452:found in violin or guitar are also found in pipa. 760:straight-necked, wuxian pipa (五弦琵琶, also known as 489:refers exclusively to the pear-shaped instrument. 2880:Shigeo Kishibe (1940). "The Origin of the Pipa". 2216:in Beijing include Liu Guilian (刘桂莲, born 1961), 1953:had considerable influence on later pipa players. 1147:Clattering and murmuring, meshing jumbled sounds, 904:were added; the early instrument had 4 frets (相, 680:, an instrument with a straight neck and a round 597:around the 2nd century AD. According to Liu Xi's 590:, and John Myers suggested a non-Chinese origin. 4531:(2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries. 4252:Original text: 大弦嘈囋小弦清，噴雪含風意思生。一聽曹剛彈薄媚，人生不合出京城。 2212:Other prominent students of Lin Shicheng at the 1342:(彈挑), involves just the index finger and thumb ( 1299:. Novels of the Ming and Qing dynasties such as 999:Illustrations from the 15th century Korean work 3883:. Kent State University Press. pp. 39–40. 2149:In the 20th century, two of the most prominent 2036:particular school to know how to play a score. 481:was once used to refer to a variety of plucked 3551:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 84–86. 2923: 2921: 2919: 1527:. One lady is seen entertaining guests with a 1334:, a technique still used now for the Japanese 1321:Decorated back of a pipa from the Ming dynasty 5284: 4664: 4264:by Chen Shidao (陳師道), relating a story about 3570: 3568: 3518:Stephen H. West; Wilt L. Idema, eds. (2010). 1289:, a pipa spirit, but ghost stories involving 1143:Thick strings clatter like splattering rain, 772:became increasingly popular in China. By the 724:, and/or India. As people traveled along the 290: 8: 4527:Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John, eds. (2001). 3691:. University of Michigan Press. p. 41. 2882:Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 1661:categories refer to the size of the piece – 1279:. The Ming collection of supernatural tales 37: 4529:New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 4127:. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. 3524:. Hackett Publishing Company. p. 158. 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3229:. Yale University Press. pp. 342–348. 3121:. Kent State University Press. p. 10. 3077: 3075: 2296:Folklorical Orchestra during a tour in the 5310: 5291: 5277: 5269: 5073: 4948: 4690: 4671: 4657: 4649: 4642:on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 3999: 3997: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3115:"Chapter 1: A General history of the Pipa" 2404:. The Shanghai progressive/folk-rock band 1676:Famous solo pieces now performed include: 1531:and another lady is seen holding onto one. 1275:drama as it was the favorite opera of the 1145:Fine strings murmur like whispered words, 1023:) with a longer neck and more frets. Tang 932:, starting at the nut, the intervals were 299: 273: 3642: 3640: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 1027:was played with a plectrum, but the Ming 2983: 2981: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2792: 2790: 1678: 1653:style was more the Southern school. The 1540: 1396: 1386:(拂). A distinctive sound of pipa is the 815:in Japan. It had close association with 4680:Traditional Chinese musical instruments 4075:A New Account of the Tales of the World 3777:"Pipa (琶) late 16th–early 17th century" 3513: 3511: 3509: 3481:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.45149 2786: 2715:A group of Qing dynasty musicians from 2525: 2400:," as played by the group's guitarist, 1409:province, dated 571 CE during the 1401:A mural from the tomb of Xu Xianxiu in 934:T-S-S-S-T-S-S-S-T-T-3/4-3/4-T-T-3/4-3/4 92: 4004:Lin, Esther E.-Shiun (20 April 1996). 3820: 3818: 3407: 3405: 3190: 2993:by Duan Anjie (段安節)] citing Du Zhi of 2855: 2803:quoting earlier work by Fu Xuan (傅玄), 2392:featured one, borrowed from guitarist 1158:The encounter also inspired a poem by 409: 357: 352: 260: 36: 3986:Nanbei Pai Shisan Tao Daqu Pipa Xinpu 3903: 3763: 3521:Monks, Bandits, Lovers, and Immortals 3249: 2946: 2867: 2408:, which was formed in 2001, also use 1220:During the Song dynasty, many of the 656:, also indicates that, at that time, 477:, and although historically the term 7: 5600: 4104:empress and excelled in playing the 2703:A Chinese woman playing a pipa, 1870 2551:Painted panel of the sarcophagus of 2444:in "I See Who You Are", a song from 2224:. Wu Man is probably the best known 1878:Scene from a Ming dynasty painting, 1597:, scores for pipa were collected in 709:Musicians in a scene from paradise, 4480:"Black Silk - Single by Jiaju Shen" 4405:Pauline Bandelier (June 19, 2015). 3984:The Li Collection was published as 3826:Nanbei Erpai Miben Pipapu Zhenzhuan 2833:Millward, James A. (10 June 2011). 2760:List of Chinese musical instruments 2284:Use in contemporary classical music 1973:school (平湖派) – associated with the 1959:school (浦東派) – associated with the 1944:school (無錫派) – associated with the 1726:Xīyáng Xīao Gǔ/Chūnjiāng Huā Yuèyè 1346:is striking with the index finger, 859:however had fallen from use by the 668:(221–206 BC). An instrument called 4162:dynasty, who would often play the 2667:Group of female musician from the 1374:(分), the reverse motion is called 768:and Tang dynasty, the pear-shaped 25: 3503:. A longer quote of Fu Xuan here. 2691:, showing a man playing the pipa 1819:The Warlord Takes Off His Armour 1468:The strings are usually tuned to 5599: 4327:Chou, Oliver (6 December 2014). 3467:Lui, Tsun-Yuen; Wu, Ben (2001). 2933:(Common Meanings in Customs) by 2744: 2730: 2708: 2696: 2676: 2660: 2644: 2624: 2604: 2592: 2572: 2544: 2528: 2090:dynasty, Kang Kunlun (康崑崙) from 1506: 986: 974: 461:. Sometimes called the "Chinese 248: 43: 4589:. Kent State University Press. 4314:National Endowment for the Arts 4220:A Music Conservatory Miscellany 3842:. Kent State University Press. 3685:Faye Chunfang Fei, ed. (2002). 3335:"Cheng Yu : 5-string pipa" 2906:Chinese Text Project – 《釋名·釋樂器》 2669:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 1987:school (崇明派) – associated with 1096:is mentioned frequently in the 1090:A Music Conservatory Miscellany 757:Southern and Northern dynasties 696:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 459:plucked category of instruments 408: 394: 380: 4644:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 4160:Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi 3313:Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism 2563:figures playing pipa. 592 AD, 2207:Shanghai Conservatory of Music 2175:Shanghai Conservatory of Music 1745:White Snow in Spring Sunlight 1049:and other princesses who were 642: 630: 622:, though written differently ( 351: 337: 321: 291: 1: 4346:Cheng Yu : 5 string pipa 3779:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3672:The "Pipa Song" by Bai Juyi, 3206:. The Cleveland Museum of Art 2214:Central Conservatory of Music 2199:Central Conservatory of Music 2189:tuning, and the blind player 1833:High Mountains Flowing Water 1803:Zhaojun Outside the Frontier 1378:(摭). A rapid strum is called 843:. The four and five-stringed 3824:This was first published as 916:also became more elongated. 690:, an instrument named after 606:, the word pipa may have an 279:"Pipa" in Chinese characters 5624:Chinese musical instruments 4098:Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou 2197:accepted a position at the 2094:, and Pei Luoer (裴洛兒) from 1789:Big Waves Crashing on Sand 1599:Thirteen Pieces for Strings 1079:Autumn in the Palace of Han 5645: 4606:The Galpin Society Journal 3606:. 秀威出版. pp. 120–134. 3429:Common Meanings in Customs 3227:Six Dynasties Civilization 2161:Shanghai Chinese Orchestra 2028:, playing techniques, and 528: 29: 5597: 4506:"Celestial Pipa Musician" 4121:Music from the Tang court 2518:Western pop music mould. 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1520:Night Revels of Han Xizai 1121: 1119: 936:. Some frets produced a 866:During the Song dynasty, 635: 623: 445: 422: 298: 272: 268: 247: 85: 42: 4548:Journal of World History 4333:South China Morning Post 3368:Journal of World History 2689:Hengshan County, Shaanxi 2102:theory from India. (The 1989:Old Melodies of Yingzhou 1457:pitch changing effects. 1419:, and a woman playing a 1031:was played with fingers. 1019:(reflecting Ming-style 4348:(retrieved 13 July 2016 3225:Albert E. Dien (2007). 2775:Wang Wei (Tang dynasty) 2141:Wu Man playing pipa at 1711:Ambushed from Ten Sides 1633:(大, large or suite) or 1611:Ambushed from Ten Sides 1313:Playing and performance 1061:peoples in what is now 1053:to nomad rulers of the 4508:. Smithsonian Museum. 3863:Luanjing Zayong 《灤京雜詠》 3161:Silk Roads Programme. 3091:, commonly called the 2514: 2479: 2396:, in their 2001 song " 2314:contemporary composers 2301: 2292:Pipa players from the 2146: 2082:) from the Kingdom of 2060: 1937: 1887: 1880:Tao Gu Presents a Poem 1856:Dance of the Yi People 1774:Dance of the Yi People 1561: 1425: 1322: 784: 717: 544: 539:Relief sculpture from 485:, its usage since the 4560:10.1353/jwh.2012.0034 4459:Djangsan.bandcamp.com 4148:《舊唐書·音樂二》 Jiu Tangshu 3380:10.1353/jwh.2012.0034 3082:《舊唐書·音樂二》 Jiu Tangshu 3015:《舊唐書·音樂二》 Jiu Tangshu 2633:Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5 2555:, depicts one of the 2539:dynasty (386–534 AD). 2512: 2477: 2291: 2140: 2047: 1967:(閑敘幽音), by Ju Shilin. 1935: 1925:, 直隸派) and Southern ( 1901:(四川清音), and Northern 1877: 1583:High River Flows East 1544: 1400: 1320: 1003:showing a Tang-style 968:Evolution of the pipa 961:In Chinese literature 782: 708: 538: 529:Further information: 49:A pipa from the late 32:Pipa (disambiguation) 4583:Myers, John (1992). 4262:Houshan Shihua《後山詩話》 3576:"樂府雜錄 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆" 2966:on 12 September 2012 2488:instrument amplifier 2398:Aqueous Transmission 1911:Teochew string music 1682:Traditional Chinese 1517:Half-section of the 1450:artificial harmonics 855:. The five-stringed 27:Chinese plucked lute 5526:Related instruments 4181:"琵琶錄 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆" 4012:Open.library.ubc.ca 3875:John Myers (1992). 3838:John Myers (1992). 3113:John Myers (1992). 3031:"The music of pipa" 2671:period (907-960 AD) 2384:Use in other genres 2308:(in USA), composer 1685:Simplified Chinese 1411:Northern Qi dynasty 1285:tells the story of 1098:Tang dynasty poetry 896:, fingers replaced 821:Four Heavenly Kings 684:, and evolved into 674:Great Wall of China 603:Dictionary of Names 599:Eastern Han dynasty 450:) is a traditional 80:Related instruments 39: 4443:. 26 January 2017. 4079:Grand Marshal Huan 4020:10.14288/1.0087817 3652:2012-04-26 at the 3603:唐人音樂詩研究: 以箜篌琵琶笛笳為主 3600:劉月珠 (April 2007). 3473:Grove Music Online 3339:Ukchinesemusic.com 2515: 2480: 2334:Donald Reid Womack 2302: 2185:and changed to an 2147: 2061: 1938: 1888: 1629:(武, martial), and 1562: 1426: 1323: 1277:first Ming emperor 1168:Lament for Shancai 785: 718: 545: 455:musical instrument 71:String instruments 5629:Necked bowl lutes 5611: 5610: 5521: 5520: 5266: 5265: 5231: 5230: 5030: 5029: 4936: 4935: 4388:yangjingmusic.com 4310:"Liang-xing Tang" 4222:(Yuefu zalu 樂府雜錄) 4185:Zh.wikisource.org 4134:978-0-521-78084-1 3918:The China Journal 3906:, pp. 20–21. 3580:Zh.wikisource.org 3236:978-0-300-07404-8 3193:, pp. 32–42. 2949:, pp. 10–11. 2118:to Tang dynasty. 2056:pipa-player in a 1851: 1850: 1694: 1255:wrote a play for 1251:, the playwright 1216: 1215: 1154: 1153: 993:15th century pipa 981:Tang dynasty pipa 942:equal temperament 457:belonging to the 426: 425: 418: 417: 375:Yale Romanization 309:Standard Mandarin 259: 258: 253: 142:Chitarra Italiana 66:Necked bowl lutes 16:(Redirected from 5636: 5603: 5602: 5558:Guitarra morisca 5311: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5270: 5074: 4949: 4691: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4650: 4629: 4600: 4579: 4542: 4514: 4513: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4417:on June 24, 2018 4413:. Archived from 4402: 4396: 4395: 4394:on 14 July 2019. 4390:. Archived from 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4363:Uberproaudio.com 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4177: 4171: 4152:Old Book of Tang 4145: 4139: 4138: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4088: 4082: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4053:on 26 April 2012 4052: 4046:. Archived from 4045: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4001: 3992: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3682: 3676: 3674:translation here 3667: 3661: 3644: 3635: 3629: 3618: 3617: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3515: 3504: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3444: 3438: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3363: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3158: 3152: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3110: 3104: 3085:Old Book of Tang 3079: 3070: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3033:. Archived from 3027: 3021: 3018:Old Book of Tang 3012: 3006: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2962:. Archived from 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2925: 2914: 2903: 2890: 2889: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2845:on 13 June 2011. 2841:. Archived from 2830: 2817: 2794: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2712: 2700: 2680: 2664: 2648: 2635:, period of the 2628: 2608: 2596: 2576: 2548: 2532: 2478:An electric pipa 2298:Land of Valencia 2104:heptatonic scale 2073:include General 2013:gongche notation 1897:(蘇州彈詞), Sichuan 1864:People's commune 1830:Gāoshān Liúshuǐ 1800:Zhàojūn Chū Saì 1742:Yángchūn Baíxuě 1692: 1679: 1637:(小, small). The 1510: 1495: 1390:produced by the 1235:. They included 1224:and poets wrote 1179: 1178: 1117: 1116: 1083:Zhaojun's Lament 990: 978: 644: 639: 632: 627: 574:king during the 449: 414: 413: 412: 397: 396: 383: 382: 362: 361: 360: 355: 340: 339: 326: 325: 300: 294: 293: 277: 261: 255: 254: 47: 40: 21: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5593: 5567: 5553:Guitarra latina 5517: 5456: 5330: 5307:Types by region 5302: 5297: 5267: 5262: 5227: 5181: 5165: 5129: 5108: 5065: 5039: 5037: 5026: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4999: 4978: 4945: 4943: 4932: 4911: 4755: 4682: 4677: 4636: 4603: 4597: 4582: 4545: 4539: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4484:Music.apple.com 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4260: 4256: 4244: 4240: 4234:琵琶行 (Pipa xing) 4232: 4228: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4124: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4089: 4085: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3930:10.2307/2667639 3915: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3794:Musica Asiatica 3788: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3715:Chinese Theatre 3712:Jin Fu (2012). 3711: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3668: 3664: 3654:Wayback Machine 3645: 3638: 3630: 3621: 3614: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3517: 3516: 3507: 3492: 3488: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3424:Emperor Taizong 3410: 3403: 3365: 3364: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3266: 3265: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3080: 3073: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3013: 3009: 2991:Records of Pipa 2986: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2926: 2917: 2904: 2893: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2832: 2831: 2820: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2719: 2713: 2704: 2701: 2692: 2683:A mural from a 2681: 2672: 2665: 2656: 2649: 2640: 2629: 2620: 2609: 2600: 2597: 2588: 2577: 2568: 2549: 2540: 2533: 2524: 2484:electric guitar 2472: 2428:on their album 2386: 2286: 2135: 2066: 2042: 1872: 1816:Bàwáng Xiè Jiǎ 1786:Dàlàng Táo Shā 1707:Shí Mìan Maífú 1587:Gaohe Jiangdong 1539: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1516: 1511: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1315: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 996: 995: 994: 991: 983: 982: 979: 970: 969: 963: 883:folk instrument 584:Laurence Picken 533: 527: 356: 323: 280: 249: 238: 91: 90: 53: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5642: 5640: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5543:English guitar 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5193:Alligator drum 5189: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4635: 4634:External links 4632: 4631: 4630: 4618:10.2307/842155 4601: 4595: 4580: 4554:(2): 237–278. 4543: 4537: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4497: 4486:. 30 June 2015 4471: 4446: 4428: 4411:chine-info.com 4397: 4375: 4350: 4338: 4319: 4301: 4283: 4271: 4254: 4238: 4226: 4210: 4197: 4172: 4140: 4133: 4110: 4083: 4064: 4032: 3993: 3977: 3971:978-0415994040 3970: 3951: 3908: 3896: 3889: 3867: 3855: 3848: 3830: 3814: 3805: 3792:Chen Yingshi, 3782: 3768: 3756: 3744:Philmultic.com 3731: 3725:978-0521186667 3724: 3704: 3698:978-0472089239 3697: 3677: 3662: 3636: 3619: 3612: 3592: 3564: 3558:978-9888139262 3557: 3537: 3530: 3505: 3486: 3459: 3439: 3401: 3374:(2): 237–278. 3351: 3326: 3309:"Diamond Gate" 3300: 3285: 3279:978-0415994040 3278: 3254: 3242: 3235: 3217: 3195: 3180: 3153: 3134: 3127: 3105: 3071: 3047: 3022: 3007: 2977: 2951: 2939: 2915: 2891: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2818: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2770:Jiangnan sizhu 2767: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2741: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2687:tomb found in 2682: 2675: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2639:(384-441 A.D.) 2630: 2623: 2621: 2610: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2578: 2571: 2569: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2471: 2468: 2406:Cold Fairyland 2385: 2382: 2285: 2282: 2187:equal-tempered 2134: 2131: 2065: 2062: 2041: 2038: 2030:ornamentations 2007:and some with 2000: 1999: 1992: 1982: 1968: 1954: 1951:Hua Collection 1946:Hua Collection 1907:Jiangnan sizhu 1882:, c. 1515, by 1871: 1868: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1625:(文, civil) or 1607:Hua Collection 1593:). During the 1538: 1535: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1465:-like effect. 1454:String-bending 1326:using a large 1314: 1311: 1282:Fengshen Yanyi 1218: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1013:Joseon dynasty 998: 997: 992: 985: 984: 980: 973: 972: 971: 967: 966: 965: 964: 962: 959: 823:, the Eastern 813:Shosoin Museum 588:Shigeo Kishibe 526: 523: 519:Southeast Asia 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 405: 399: 398: 391: 385: 384: 377: 371: 370: 368:Yue: Cantonese 364: 363: 348: 342: 341: 334: 328: 327: 318: 312: 311: 305: 304: 303:Transcriptions 296: 295: 288: 282: 281: 278: 270: 269: 266: 265: 257: 256: 245: 244: 240: 239: 237: 236: 235: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 88: 87: 86: 83: 82: 76: 75: 74: 73: 68: 61: 59:Classification 55: 54: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5641: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5606: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5584:Manufacturers 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4939: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4687:Silk (string) 4685: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4596:9780873384551 4592: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4221: 4218:Duan Anjie – 4214: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4130: 4123: 4122: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924:(42): 21–41. 3923: 3919: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3890:0-87338-455-5 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3849:0-87338-455-5 3845: 3841: 3834: 3831: 3828:(南北二派祕本琵琶譜真傳) 3827: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3802:0-521-39050-8 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3766:, p. 14. 3765: 3760: 3757: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656:Pipa Song by 3655: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3613:9789866909412 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3593: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3531:9781603844338 3527: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 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The artist 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402:Mike Einziger 2399: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362:Bun-Ching Lam 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2278:Lui Tsun-Yuen 2275: 2274:Yang Jing(楊靜） 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:musical modal 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:Northern Zhou 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2058:suit of armor 2055: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975:Li Collection 1972: 1969: 1966: 1965:Xianxu Youyin 1962: 1961:Ju Collection 1958: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1847:Moon on High 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693:(translation) 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545:10th century 1543: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1261:opera called 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1247:. During the 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1212: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1150: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1110:Yangtze River 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:Akhak Gwebeom 989: 977: 960: 958: 955: 953: 952: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 873: 872:neo-Confucian 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 781: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 753: 751: 750:five elements 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 716: 712: 707: 703: 701: 697: 694:, one of the 693: 689: 688: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654: 653:Fengsu Tongyi 649: 645: 638: 633: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549:ancient texts 542: 537: 532: 524: 522: 520: 516: 513: 509: 505: 502: 498: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 453: 448: 443: 439: 435: 431: 421: 411: 406: 404: 400: 392: 390: 386: 378: 376: 372: 369: 365: 359: 354: 349: 347: 343: 335: 333: 329: 319: 317: 313: 310: 306: 301: 297: 289: 287: 283: 276: 271: 267: 262: 246: 241: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 93: 84: 81: 77: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 62: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 33: 19: 18:Electric pipa 5572:Other topics 5498:Swedish lute 5386: 4725: 4609: 4605: 4585: 4551: 4547: 4528: 4521:Bibliography 4509: 4500: 4488:. Retrieved 4483: 4474: 4462:. Retrieved 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4415:the original 4410: 4400: 4392:the original 4387: 4378: 4366:. Retrieved 4362: 4353: 4341: 4332: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4274: 4257: 4248:Cao Gang by 4241: 4229: 4219: 4213: 4205: 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4184: 4175: 4163: 4143: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4086: 4067: 4055:. Retrieved 4048:the original 4035: 4023:. Retrieved 4011: 4006: 3989:南北派十三套大曲琵琶新譜 3985: 3980: 3960: 3954: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3899: 3880: 3870: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3808: 3793: 3785: 3771: 3759: 3747:. Retrieved 3743: 3734: 3714: 3707: 3687: 3680: 3665: 3602: 3595: 3583:. Retrieved 3579: 3547: 3540: 3520: 3489: 3472: 3462: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3427: 3371: 3367: 3342:. Retrieved 3338: 3329: 3317:. Retrieved 3303: 3293: 3288: 3268: 3252:, p. 8. 3245: 3226: 3220: 3208:. Retrieved 3198: 3171:. Retrieved 3166: 3156: 3137: 3118: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3050: 3039:. Retrieved 3035:the original 3025: 3010: 2998: 2990: 2968:. Retrieved 2964:the original 2954: 2942: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2870:, p. 5. 2863: 2851: 2843:the original 2838: 2804: 2801:Book of Song 2752:Music portal 2738:China portal 2685:Yuan dynasty 2653:Song dynasty 2637:Northern Wei 2537:Northern Wei 2516: 2496: 2481: 2464:walking bass 2460:power chords 2450: 2437: 2429: 2421: 2409: 2387: 2370: 2350:Bright Sheng 2342:Lou Harrison 2338:Philip Glass 2322:Thüring Bräm 2306:Min Xiao-Fen 2303: 2246:Yang Jin(杨瑾) 2242:Min Xiao-Fen 2239: 2225: 2211: 2201:in Beijing. 2195: 2182: 2168: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116:Northern Wei 2111: 2107: 2079: 2070: 2067: 2034: 2001: 1988: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1945: 1920: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1879: 1852: 1759:Dragon Boat 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1615:Yuan dynasty 1606: 1602: 1598: 1595:Qing dynasty 1590: 1586: 1582: 1563: 1550: 1528: 1525:Gu Hongzhong 1518: 1499: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1459: 1427: 1420: 1414: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1332:Tang dynasty 1324: 1306: 1302:Jin Ping Mei 1300: 1294: 1290: 1280: 1273:Ming dynasty 1268: 1262: 1256: 1249:Yuan dynasty 1232: 1226: 1219: 1204: 1167: 1164:Song of Pipa 1163: 1157: 1142: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1047:Wang Zhaojun 1042: 1036: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1004: 956: 949: 945: 937: 933: 921: 918: 913: 905: 894:Ming dynasty 891: 886: 878: 867: 865: 861:Song dynasty 856: 844: 828: 808: 792: 789:Tang dynasty 786: 774:Song dynasty 769: 754: 719: 715:Tang dynasty 699: 685: 677: 669: 657: 651: 641: 629: 619: 608:onomatopoeic 601: 592: 579: 557:Tang dynasty 546: 491: 487:Song dynasty 483:chordophones 478: 437: 433: 429: 427: 316:Hanyu Pinyin 243:Sound sample 51:Ming dynasty 4772:Daguangxian 4269:the world". 4170:or Indian.) 4094:Book of Sui 4072:劉義慶《世說新語》 3432:as playing 3191:Picken 1955 3003:pellet drum 2995:Jin dynasty 2856:Picken 1955 2805:Ode to Pipa 2617:Mogao Caves 2565:Sui dynasty 2499:contact mic 2442:Min Xiaofen 2426:Mark Kelson 2418:The Eternal 2412:(played by 2330:Terry Riley 2318:Minoru Miki 2193:from Wuxi. 2179:Liu Tianhua 2165:Wei Zhongle 2086:during the 2050:Sui dynasty 1844:Yuè'er Gāo 1723:夕阳箫鼓/春江花月夜 1570:Mogao caves 1558:Mogao Caves 1362:are called 1065:, northern 1043:Ode to Pipa 837:Mogao Caves 825:Dhṛtarāṣṭra 738:Jin dynasty 734:Han dynasty 666:Qin dynasty 662:Jin dynasty 595:Han dynasty 578:, with the 576:Han dynasty 475:Han dynasty 5618:Categories 5070:Percussion 5038:(woodwind) 4944:(woodwind) 4538:1561592390 4441:Grim Musik 4292:"Wei Yang" 4266:Ouyang Xiu 4014:(Thesis). 3904:Myers 1992 3764:Myers 1992 3250:Myers 1992 3066:Empress Wu 3041:2011-10-21 2947:Myers 1992 2888:: 269–304. 2868:Myers 1992 2816:scholars.) 2781:References 2366:Carl Stone 2254:Qiu Xia He 2234:California 2133:Modern era 2064:Historical 2054:terracotta 2052:(581–618) 2040:Performers 2009:free meter 1770:Yìzú Wúqǔ 1756:Lóngchuán 1591:Yue-er Gao 1537:Repertoire 1434:portamento 1296:Soushen Ji 1241:Wang Anshi 1237:Ouyang Xiu 1075:Ma Zhiyuan 1071:Kazakhstan 910:soundboard 711:Yulin Cave 512:Vietnamese 510:, and the 332:Wade–Giles 5579:Composers 5468:Angélique 5146:Fangxiang 5141:Bianzhong 5046:Hulusheng 4827:Jing erhu 4792:Diyingehu 4701:Duxianqin 4612:: 32–42. 4576:145544440 4511:S1987.265 4206:Pipa Xing 4156:Later Wei 3946:143684883 3658:Yuan Zhen 3396:145544440 3292:See also 3210:March 25, 2935:Ying Shao 2799:《宋書·樂志一》 2513:Djang San 2504:Djang San 2492:PA system 2456:Djang San 2448:'s album 2434:Yang Jing 2394:Steve Vai 2358:Zhou Long 2326:YANG Jing 2310:Yang Jing 2230:San Diego 2203:Liu Dehai 2075:Xie Shang 1998:students. 1985:Chongming 1860:Yi people 1578:tablature 1547:tablature 1446:harmonics 1442:pizzicato 1438:glissando 1287:Pipa Jing 1160:Yuan Zhen 1106:Pipa xing 1011:), and a 831:-playing 726:Silk Road 692:Ruan Xian 682:sound box 648:Hu people 569:barbarian 561:Liu Xijun 515:đàn tỳ bà 508:East Asia 381:pèih-pàah 338:pʻi²-pʻa² 212:Tambouras 152:Đàn tỳ bà 107:Balalaika 97:Angélique 5473:Archlute 5427:Shamisen 5377:Kutiyapi 5203:Bolanggu 5120:Bianqing 5022:Mangtong 4847:Matouqin 4640:The Pipa 4568:23320149 4490:20 April 4464:20 April 4368:20 April 4250:Liu Yuxi 4246:劉禹錫《曹剛》 4190:20 April 4057:20 April 4025:20 April 3991:in 1895. 3749:20 April 3650:Archived 3647:元稹《琵琶歌》 3632:李紳《悲善才》 3585:20 April 3497:Tongdian 3415:Tongdian 3388:23320149 3344:20 April 3145:Tongdian 3093:Qinhanzi 3058:Tongdian 2970:20 April 2797:Song Shu 2724:See also 2613:Dunhuang 2420:use the 2372:Cheng Yu 2270:Gao Hong 2262:Cheng Yu 2258:Liu Fang 2218:Gao Hong 2026:dynamics 2018:phrasing 1995:Shanghai 1981:players. 1927:Zhejiang 1884:Tang Yin 1691:English 1574:Dunhuang 1555:Dunhuang 1366:(抹) and 1328:plectrum 1253:Gao Ming 1222:literati 1102:Bai Juyi 1077:'s play 1067:Xinjiang 1063:Mongolia 930:semitone 898:plectrum 875:nativism 841:Dunhuang 833:Buddhist 817:Buddhism 805:Chang'an 722:Gandhara 700:Qinhanzi 678:Qin pipa 563:sent to 541:Gandhara 494:Japanese 389:Jyutping 207:Surbahar 137:Bouzouki 122:Baglamas 102:Archlute 5605:Commons 5589:Players 5548:Gittern 5538:Cittern 5513:Vihuela 5508:Theorbo 5493:Mandora 5488:Mandore 5412:Sanxian 5407:Sanshin 5367:Dramyin 5253:Lusheng 5248:Kouxian 4969:Paixiao 4923:Yangqin 4907:Zhuiqin 4897:Zhonghu 4887:Yazheng 4741:Sanxian 4716:Konghou 4711:Guzheng 4694:Plucked 4421:July 8, 4168:Brahmin 4106:hu pipa 3938:2667639 3796:, 1991 3494:杜佑《通典》 3448:"琵琶小知识" 3437:(裴神符)). 3412:杜佑《通典》 3142:杜佑《通典》 3097:Xiantao 3055:杜佑《通典》 2999:xiantao 2561:Sogdian 2557:Persian 2553:Yü Hung 2522:Gallery 2430:Kartika 2390:Incubus 2354:Chen Yi 2346:Tan Dun 2250:Zhou Yi 2005:metered 1915:Nanguan 1899:qingyin 1870:Schools 1688:Pinyin 1585:(高河江東, 1430:vibrato 1422:konghou 1403:Taiyuan 1388:tremolo 1340:tantiao 1330:in the 1305:showed 1264:Pipa ji 1199:裴回滿殿飛春雪 1196:花翻鳳嘯天上來 1193:轉腕攏弦促揮抹 1190:銜花金鳳當承撥 1172:Li Shen 1137:大珠小珠落玉盤 1134:嘈嘈切切錯雜彈 1131:小絃切切如私語 1128:大絃嘈嘈如急雨 1059:Xiongnu 1051:married 1039:Fu Xuan 951:nanguan 892:By the 853:Vietnam 797:Persian 762:Kuchean 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