Electrification - Knowledge (XXG)

1344: 1264:, operating at relatively low speeds. The introduction of the steam turbine fundamentally changed the economics of central station operations. Steam turbines could be made in larger ratings than reciprocating engines, and generally had higher efficiency. The speed of steam turbines did not fluctuate cyclically during each revolution. This made parallel operation of AC generators feasible, and improved the stability of rotary converters for production of direct current for traction and industrial uses. Steam turbines ran at higher speed than reciprocating engines, not being limited by the allowable speed of a piston in a cylinder. This made them more compatible with AC generators with only two or four poles; no gearbox or belted speed increaser was needed between the engine and the generator. It was costly and ultimately impossible to provide a belt-drive between a low-speed engine and a high-speed generator in the very large ratings required for central station service. 1291: 472: 315: 1237:, who had become interested in the power transformer developed by Gaulard and Gibbs, began to develop his AC lighting system, using a transmission system with a 20:1 step up voltage with step-down. In 1890 Westinghouse and Stanley built a system to transmit power several miles to a mine in Colorado. A decision was taken to use AC for power transmission from the Niagara Power Project to Buffalo, New York. Proposals submitted by vendors in 1890 included DC and compressed air systems. A combination DC and compressed air system remained under consideration until late in the schedule. Despite the protestations of the Niagara commissioner 740: 869: 535: 246:

development of electric grids: in India, Rao showed that linguistics-based regional politics—not techno-geographical considerations—led to the creation of two separate grids; in colonial Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), Chikowero showed that electrification was racially based and served the white settler community while excluding Africans; and in Mandate Palestine, Shamir claimed that British electric concessions to a Zionist-owned company deepened the economic disparities between Arabs and Jews.

5112: 880:, Surrey, UK, in autumn 1881. The system was proposed after the town failed to reach an agreement on the rate charged by the gas company, so the town council decided to use electricity. The system lit up arc lamps on the main streets and incandescent lamps on a few side streets with hydroelectric power. By 1882 between 8 and 10 households were connected, with a total of 57 lights. The system was not a commercial success, and the town reverted to gas. 4877: 1428: 255: 630: 6387: 443: 1230:. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000 V) AC current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. On its completion in 1891 it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. This basic system remains in use today around the world. 1538: 6399: 1206:

the circuit inside the motor to create a rotating magnetic field. Multi-speed AC motors that have separately wired poles have long been available, the most common being two speed. Speed of these motors is changed by switching sets of poles on or off, which was done with a special motor starter for larger motors, or a simple multiple speed switch for fractional horsepower motors.

186: 1241:(Lord Kelvin) the decision was taken to build an AC system, which had been proposed by both Westinghouse and General Electric. In October 1893 Westinghouse was awarded the contract to provide the first three 5,000 hp, 250 rpm, 25 Hz, two phase generators. The hydro power plant went online in 1895, and it was the largest one until that date. 516:, matching the times when variable energy production is highest. With storage, energy produced in excess can be released when needed. Building additional capacity for wind and solar generation can help to ensure that enough electricity is produced even during poor weather; during optimal weather energy generation may have to be 1375:

that Parliament began to take this idea seriously, appointing him head of a Parliamentary Committee to address the problem. In 1916 Merz pointed out that the UK could use its small size to its advantage, by creating a dense distribution grid to feed its industries efficiently. His findings led to the

455:. As a result, in the long term it is a relatively resilient means of energy transmission. In the short term, because electricity must be supplied at the same moment it is consumed, it is somewhat unstable, compared to fuels that can be delivered and stored on-site. However, that can be mitigated by 351:

and reversible, air-source heat pumps are nearly identical, which in part explains why heat pump sales have surpassed gas furnace sales in the U.S. for the first time during a period of high inflation. With higher rates of inflation or lower PV capital costs, PV becomes a hedge against rising prices

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Most studies of electrification and electric grids focused on industrial core countries in Europe and the United States. Elsewhere, wired electricity was often carried on and through the circuits of colonial rule. Some historians and sociologists considered the interplay of colonial politics and the

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Central station electric power generating provided power more efficiently and at lower cost than small generators. The capital and operating cost per unit of power were also cheaper with central stations. The cost of electricity fell dramatically in the first decades of the twentieth century due to

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By the 1890s, single and poly-phase AC was undergoing rapid introduction. In the U.S. by 1902, 61% of generating capacity was AC, increasing to 95% in 1917. Despite the superiority of alternating current for most applications, a few existing DC systems continued to operate for several decades after

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The ratio of the average load to the peak load of a central station is called the load factor. For electric companies to increase profitability and lower rates, it was necessary to increase the load factor. The way this was eventually accomplished was through motor load. Motors are used more during

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One of the biggest problems facing the early power companies was the hourly variable demand. When lighting was practically the only use of electricity, demand was high during the first hours before the workday and the evening hours when demand peaked. As a consequence, most early electric companies

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were constructed for non-intermittent energy sources such as coal-fired power plants. As larger amounts of solar and wind energy are integrated into the grid, changes have to be made to the energy system to ensure that the supply of electricity is matched to demand. In 2019, these sources generated

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heating in rural areas and natural gas heating in cities. A 2023 study investigated: (1) a residential natural gas-based heating system and grid electricity, (2) a residential natural gas-based heating system with PV to serve the electric load, (3) a residential HP system with grid electricity, and

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and the Japanese invasion in the early 20th century delayed electrification for decades. It was only after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 that the country was positioned to pursue widespread electrification. During the Mao years, while electricity became commonplace in

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introduced the first three-phase induction motor in 1890, a much more capable design that became the prototype used in Europe and the U.S. By 1895 GE and Westinghouse both had AC motors on the market. With single phase current either a capacitor or coil (creating inductance) can be used on part of

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or combined heat and power (CHP). Most self-generated power became uneconomical as power prices fell. As late as the early 20th century, isolated power systems greatly outnumbered central stations. Cogeneration is still commonly practiced in many industries that use large amounts of both steam and

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developed a telegraph. In 1840 Wheatstone was using a magneto that he developed to power the telegraph. Wheatstone and Cooke made an important improvement in electrical generation by using a battery-powered electromagnet in place of a permanent magnet, which they patented in 1845. The self-excited

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Some cities in the United States have started prohibiting gas hookups for new houses, with state laws passed and under consideration to either require electrification or prohibit local requirements. The UK government is experimenting with electrification for home heating to meet its climate goals.

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alone will not be sufficient for the electrification of industrial heat. This because in several processes higher temperatures are required which cannot be achieved with these types of equipment. For example, for the production of ethylene via steam cracking temperatures as high as 900 °C are

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To be efficient steam engines needed to be several hundred horsepower. Steam engines and boilers also required operators and maintenance. For these reasons the smallest commercial steam engines were about 2 horsepower. This was above the need for many small shops. Also, a small steam engine and

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improved on the DC motor in 1884 by solving the problem of maintaining a constant speed with varying load and reducing sparking from the brushes. Sprague sold his motor through Edison Co. It is easy to vary speed with DC motors, which made them suited for a number of applications such as electric

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Before widespread power distribution from central stations, many factories, large hotels, apartment and office buildings had their own power generation. Often this was economically attractive because the exhaust steam could be used for building and industrial process heat, which today is known as

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Electric lighting is highly desirable. The light is much brighter than oil or gas lamps, and there is no soot. Although early electricity was very expensive compared to today, it was far cheaper and more convenient than oil or gas lighting. Electric lighting was so much safer than oil or gas that

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may be an option for larger vehicles which have not yet been widely electrified, such as long distance lorries. While electric vehicle technology is relatively mature in road transport, electric shipping and aviation are still early in their development, hence sustainable liquid fuels may have a

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One of the inventions most important to a class of highly skilled workers (engineers) would be a small motive power - ranging perhaps from the force of from half a man to that of two horses, which might commence as well as cease its action at a moment's notice, require no expense of time for its

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Steam turbines also had capital cost and operating advantages over reciprocating engines. The condensate from steam engines was contaminated with oil and could not be reused, while condensate from a turbine is clean and typically reused. Steam turbines were a fraction of the size and weight of

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Carbon arc lamps were started by making contact between two carbon electrodes, which were then separated to within a narrow gap. Because the carbon burned away, the gap had to be constantly readjusted. Several mechanisms were developed to regulate the arc. A common approach was to feed a carbon

356:, which demonstrates the additional value PV and HP technologies offer prosumers over comparably secure investment vehicles while making substantive reductions in carbon emissions." This approach can be improved by integrating a thermal battery into the heat pump+solar energy heating system. 1511:

Deng Xiaoping, who became China's paramount leader in 1978, initiated a rural electrification drive as part of a broader modernization effort. By the late 1990s, electricity had become ubiquitious in regional areas. The very last remote villages in China were connected to the grid in 2015.

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in New York, which began operating in September 1882. The station had six 200 horsepower Edison dynamos, each powered by a separate steam engine. It was located in a business and commercial district and supplied 110 volt direct current to 85 customers with 400 lamps. By 1884 Pearl Street was

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There are various ways to make the electricity system more flexible. In many places, wind and solar production are complementary on a daily and a season scale: There is more wind during the night and in winter, when solar energy production is low. Linking distant geographical regions through

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in 1879 in the US. Edison’s lamp was more successful than Swan’s because Edison used a thinner filament, giving it higher resistance and thus conducting much less current. Edison began commercial production of carbon filament bulbs in 1880. Swan's light began commercial production in 1881.

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in 1885. The idea was that two out-of-phase, but synchronized, currents might be used to produce two magnetic fields that could be combined to produce a rotating field without any need for switching or for moving parts. Other inventors were the American engineers Charles S. Bradley and

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In the U.S. from 1870 to 1880 each man-hour was provided with .55 hp. In 1950 each man-hour was provided with 5 hp, or a 2.8% annual increase, declining to 1.5% from 1930 to 1950. The period of electrification of factories and households from 1900 to 1940, was one of high

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The improvements in electrical generation technology in the 19th century increased its efficiency and reliability greatly. The first magnetos only converted a few percent of mechanical energy to electricity. By the end of the 19th century the highest efficiencies were over 90%.

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With the realization of long distance power transmission it was possible to interconnect different central stations to balance loads and improve load factors. Interconnection became increasingly desirable as electrification grew rapidly in the early years of the 20th century.

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and the improved load factor after the introduction of AC motors. As electricity prices fell, usage increased dramatically and central stations were scaled up to enormous sizes, creating significant economies of scale. For the historical cost see Ayres-Warr (2002) Fig. 7.

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comparably rated reciprocating steam engine. Steam turbines can operate for years with almost no wear. Reciprocating steam engines required high maintenance. Steam turbines can be manufactured with capacities far larger than any steam engines ever made, giving important

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is that the higher the temperature of the steam entering an engine, the higher the efficiency. The introduction of steam turbines motivated a series of improvements in temperatures and pressures. The resulting increased conversion efficiency lowered electricity prices.

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Jerez, Sonia; Tobin, Isabelle; Turco, Marco; María López-Romero, Jose; Montávez, Juan Pedro; Jiménez-Guerrero, Pedro; Vautard, Robert (2018). "Resilience of the combined wind-plus-solar power production in Europe to climate change: a focus on the supply intermittence".

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Many power requirements were less than that of a horse. Shop machines, such as woodworking lathes, were often powered with a one- or two-man crank. Household sewing machines were powered with a foot treadle; however, factory sewing machines were steam-powered from a

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went into this business in 1882 when he set up a shop in London designing various electrical devices. Ferranti believed in the success of alternating current power distribution early on, and was one of the few experts in this system in the UK. With the help of

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in 1901, and by 1912 had developed into the largest integrated power system in Europe. In 1905 he tried to influence Parliament to unify the variety of voltages and frequencies in the country's electricity supply industry, but it was not until

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The electrification of households in Europe and North America began in the early 20th century in major cities and in areas served by electric railways and increased rapidly until about 1930 when 70% of households were electrified in the U.S.

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Electricity is a "sticky" form of energy, in that it tends to stay in the continent or island where it is produced. It is also multi-sourced; if one source suffers a shortage, electricity can be produced from other sources, including

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Within weeks, a parliamentary committee recommended passage of the landmark 1882 Electric Lighting Act, which allowed the licensing of persons, companies or local authorities to supply electricity for any public or private purposes.

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in London and was a great novelty at the time. These arc lamps and designs similar to it, powered by large magnetos, were first installed on English lighthouses in the mid 1850s, but the technology suffered power limitations.

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and encourages the adoption of heat pumps by also locking in both electricity and heating cost growth. The study concludes: "The real internal rate of return for such prosumer technologies is 20x greater than a long-term

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The efficiency of steam prime movers in converting the heat energy of fuel into mechanical work was a critical factor in the economic operation of steam central generating stations. Early projects used reciprocating

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not only reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, it also flattens the electric demand curve by eliminating the extreme summer peak electric supply requirements. However, heat pumps and

2803: 1086:. The three poles are each connected to a separate wire. Each wire carries current 120 degrees apart in phase. Arrows show the resulting magnetic force vectors. Three phase current is used in commerce and industry. 212:

Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation was more efficient than small steam engines and because line shafts and belts had high friction losses.

3635: 121:) are used. It may also apply to changing industrial processes such as smelting, melting, separating or refining from coal or coke heating, or to chemical processes to some type of electric process such as 2215: 715:

improved the generator to allow better air cooling and made other mechanical improvements. Compound winding, which gave more stable voltage with load, improved the operating characteristics of generators.

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Vast gains in electrification were seen in the 1970s and 1980s—from 49% of the world's population in 1970 to 76% in 1990. By the early 2010s, 81–83% of the world's population had access to electricity.

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While electrification of cities and homes has existed since the late 19th century, about 840 million people (mostly in Africa) had no access to grid electricity in 2017, down from 1.2 billion in 2010.

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soon became the most favored option. The main advantages of AC were that it could be transformed to high voltage to reduce transmission losses and that AC motors could easily run at constant speeds.

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daytime and many run continuously. Electric street railways were ideal for load balancing. Many electric railways generated their own power and also sold power and operated distribution systems.

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electrode by gravity and maintain the gap with a pair of electromagnets, one of which retracted the upper carbon after the arc was started and the second controlled a brake on the gravity feed.

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Electric motors were more efficient than human or animal power. The conversion efficiency for animal feed to work is between 4 and 5% compared to over 30% for electricity generated using coal.

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Ceramic and Induction heating for cooktops as well as industrial applications (for instance steam crackers) are examples of technologies that can be used to transition away from natural gas.

3416: 334:. Switching to these energy sources requires that end uses, such as transport and heating, be electrified for the world's energy systems to be sustainable. In the U.S. and Canada the use of 781:

and William Staite. The lamp used a magneto-electric generator and had a self-regulating mechanism to control the gap between the two carbon rods. Their light was used to light up the

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Energy storage helps overcome barriers for intermittent renewable energy, and is therefore an important aspect of a sustainable energy system. The most commonly used storage method is

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and recycling. Batteries typically store electricity for short periods; research is ongoing into technology with sufficient capacity to last through seasons. Pumped hydro storage and

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It is easier to sustainably produce electricity than it is to sustainably produce liquid fuels. Therefore, adoption of electric vehicles is a way to make transport more sustainable.

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Chikowero, Moses (2007) “Subalternating Currents: Electrification and Power Politics in Bulawayo, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1894–1939.” Journal of Southern African Studies 33(2), 287–306

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The power density of boilers was increased by using forced combustion air and by using compressed air to feed pulverized coal. Also, coal handling was mechanized and automated.

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design and urban planning will be needed to ensure cooling needs are met in a sustainable way. Similarly, many households in the developing and developed world suffer from

6301: 4941: 3278: 2799: 3980: 3643: 641:. When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact 602: 1810: 1438: 1098:

in 1880 published a paper that identified the rotating magnetic field principle and that of a two-phase AC system of currents to produce it. In 1886, English engineer

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in 1884, where it was adopted for an electric lighting system. Many of their designs were adapted to the particular laws governing electrical distribution in the UK.

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In the United States it became a national objective after the power crisis during the summer of 1918 in the midst of World War I to consolidate supply. In 1934 the

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in London in 1882. Equipped with 1000 incandescent lightbulbs that replaced the older gas lighting, the station lit up Holborn Circus including the offices of the

566:, a politically unstable region. More diverse geographical sourcing may ensure the stability of the supply-chain and their environmental impacts can be reduced by 6326: 2207: 1686: 5625: 930:. By 1890 there were 1000 central stations in operation. The 1902 census listed 3,620 central stations. By 1925 half of power was provided by central stations. 194:

boiler cost about $ 7,000 while an old blind horse that could develop 1/2 horsepower cost $ 20 or less. Machinery to use horses for power cost $ 300 or less.

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Rao, Y. Srinivasa (2010) “Electricity, Politics and Regional Economic Imbalance in Madras Presidency, 1900–1947.” Economic and Political Weekly 45(23), 59–66

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It was in the 1880s that the technology was commercially developed for large scale electricity generation and transmission. In 1882 the British inventor and

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R. E. B. Crompton developed a more sophisticated design in 1878 which gave a much brighter and steadier light than the Yablochkov candle. In 1878, he formed

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suggested a means of converting current from Pixii's magneto to DC using a rocking switch. Later segmented commutators were used to produce direct current.

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the load factor increased from 19.3% in 1884 to 29.4% in 1908. By 1929, the load factor around the world was greater than 50%, mainly due to motor load.

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Hunt, Julian D.; Byers, Edward; Wada, Yoshihide; Parkinson, Simon; Gernaat, David E. H. J.; Langan, Simon; van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Riahi, Keywan (2020).

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of importance along with gas, water, and telephone companies and thereby were given outlined restrictions and regulatory oversight of their operations.

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had numerous inventors; however, the most successful early bulbs were those that used a carbon filament sealed in a high vacuum. These were invented by

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Committee on Electricity in Economic Growth Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council (1986).

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By the mid-1880s, other electric companies were establishing central power stations and distributing electricity, including Crompton & Co. and the

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of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity Supply Bill of 1919. The bill was the first step towards an integrated electricity system in the UK.

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required. Hence, drastically new processes are required. Nevertheless, power-to-heat is expected to be the first step in the electrification of the

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motor aided by a commutator on June 28, 1879, to the Physical Society of London. Nearly identical to Baily’s apparatus, French electrical engineer

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Electrification and economic growth are highly correlated. In economics, the efficiency of electrical generation has been shown to correlate with

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cities, rural areas were largely neglected. At the time of Mao's death in 1976, 25% of Chinese households still lacked access to electricity.

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that generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity. The invention of Parsons's steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible.

5935: 4934: 4422: 3923: 1377: 911: 801:. Its advantage lay in the fact that it did not require the use of a mechanical regulator like its predecessors. It was first exhibited at the 4002: 1290: 1222:. He designed the building, the generating plant and the distribution system. It was built at the Stowage, a site to the west of the mouth of 6354: 4838: 4777: 4695: 3656:

The society's lecture theatre was the first public room to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Sir Joseph Swan on October 20, 1880.

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that electrification became widespread in rural regions, with the Soviet rural electrification drive largely completed by the early 1970s.

2416:"Electrification of residential heating, cooling and hot water: Load smoothing using onsite photovoltaics, heat pump and thermal batteries" 778: 471: 1201:. They were able to overcome the problem of starting up the AC motor by using a rotating magnetic field produced by a poly-phase current. 824:

and began to manufacture, sell and install the Crompton lamp. His concern was one of the first electrical engineering firms in the world.

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were widely introduced in English central stations by 1894; the first electric supply company in the world to generate electricity using

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with carbon electrodes. However, it was not used to any great extent until a practical means of generating electricity was developed.

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The first person to conceive of a rotating magnetic field was Walter Baily who gave a workable demonstration of his battery-operated

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In the Soviet Union, as in the United States, rural electrification progressed more slowly than in urban areas. It wasn't until the

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Mazer, A. (2007). Electric Power Planning for Regulated and Deregulated Markets. John, Wiley, and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. 313pgs.

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Peng, W & Pan, J, 2006, Rural Electrification in China: History and Institution, China and World Economy, Vol 14, No. 1, p 77

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magnetic field dynamo did away with the battery to power electromagnets. This type of dynamo was made by several people in 1866.

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improved the magneto by using a wire wound horseshoe, with the extra coils of conductor generating more current, but it was AC.

6258: 5940: 5869: 5808: 5601: 5493: 5237: 5161: 5134: 5014: 4984: 3964: 2775: 2291:"Economics of Grid-Tied Solar Photovoltaic Systems Coupled to Heat Pumps: The Case of Northern Climates of the U.S. and Canada" 774:(candelas) – and released a lot of heat, and they were a fire hazard, all of which made them inappropriate for lighting homes. 586: 547: 146: 4881: 4031: 6180: 6078: 5613: 4664: 4132: 1841: 1303: 991:

in 1832. The crucial advance that this represented over the motor demonstrated by Michael Faraday was the incorporation of a

2745: 2463:"Thermal storage integrated into air-source heat pumps to leverage building electrification: A systematic literature review" 1869: 79:

The electrification of particular sectors of the economy, particularly out of context, is called by modified terms such as

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The first U.S. turbines were two De Leval units at Edison Co. in New York in 1895. The first U.S. Parsons turbine was at

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as, for example, a wire moving through a magnetic field. Faraday built the first electromagnetic generator, called the

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and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source. In the context of

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ca. 1814 giving the cost of two old blind horses used to power a mill at $ 20 and $ 14. A good dray horse cost $ 165.

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leased space to small shops. These building supplied power to the tenants from a steam engine through line shafts.

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power, such as pulp and paper, chemicals and refining. The continued use of private electric generators is called

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Steam turbines could be built to operate on higher pressure and temperature steam. A fundamental principle of

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street railways, machine tools and certain other industrial applications where speed control was desirable.

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Agutu, Churchill; Egli, Florian; Williams, Nathaniel J.; Schmidt, Tobias S.; Steffen, Bjarne (2022-06-09).

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The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist

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A large fraction of the world population cannot afford sufficient cooling for their homes. In addition to

353: 49: 3832: 2208:"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $ 1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report" 1218:. In 1887 the London Electric Supply Corporation hired Ferranti for the design of their power station at 814: 6308: 6253: 6210: 6093: 6068: 6033: 5709: 5264: 5231: 5100: 4910: 2800:"Dozens Of US Cities Are Banning Natural Gas Hookups In New Buildings — #CancelGas #ElectrifyEverything" 2666:"A global perspective on domestic energy deprivation: Overcoming the energy poverty–fuel poverty binary" 2030:

Shamir, Ronen (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press

1562: 1504: 1215: 1113: 992: 939: 852:, Gateshead, was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed. The Lit & Phil Library in 347:(4) a residential HP+PV system. It found that under typical inflation conditions, the lifecycle cost of 91: 41: 1749:

Unskilled labor made approximately $ 1.25 per 10- to 12-hour day. Hunter and Bryant cite a letter from

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The more significant Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, led to the setting up of the National Grid. The

3301:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage" 3123: 3027:"A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage" 2462: 2415: 6273: 6243: 6195: 6190: 6113: 6018: 5914: 5737: 5596: 5581: 5556: 5541: 5498: 5402: 5332: 5322: 5259: 5195: 5009: 4979: 3450: 3438: 3353: 3225: 2909: 2677: 2628: 2529: 2474: 2345: 2245: 2178: 1881: 1643: 1450: 953: 903: 612: 411: 202:. Dogs were sometimes used on machines such as a treadmill, which could be adapted to churn butter. 122: 45: 4415: 3907: 6205: 6088: 6083: 5828: 5747: 5566: 5546: 5536: 5387: 5382: 5337: 5296: 5226: 5111: 4006: 1367: 1268: 1234: 1110: 1054: 1030: 892: 888: 853: 670: 658: 589:

requires large capacity; it has been implemented in some high-latitude regions for household heat.

555: 456: 2929:"Comparison of solar and wind power generation impact on net load across a utility balancing area" 2574: 2516:

Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Farfan, Javier; Sadovskaia, Kristina; Aghahosseini, Arman; et al. (2019).

495:

sources that supply electricity intermittently depending on the weather and the time of day. Most

6150: 6145: 5780: 5742: 5699: 5618: 5205: 5187: 5176: 5140: 5095: 5065: 4855: 4331: 3602: 3251: 3151: 2962: 2498: 2443: 2371: 2271: 2100: 1833: 1667: 1400: 1315: 1069: 700: 624: 309: 126: 102: 57: 4720:

A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power

1736: 1359: 19:

This article is about the process of changing something to use electricity. For other uses, see

2232:

Padovani, Filippo; Sommerfeldt, Nelson; Longobardi, Francesca; Pearce, Joshua M. (2021-11-01).

995:. This allowed Sturgeon's motor to be the first capable of providing continuous rotary motion. 508:

allows for further cancelling out of variability. Energy demand can be shifted in time through

6359: 6342: 6313: 6108: 5992: 5798: 5551: 5488: 5252: 5129: 4834: 4798: 4773: 4749: 4725: 4691: 4687: 4644: 4196: 4128: 4122: 4075: 4069: 3970: 3913: 3875: 3466: 3389: 3371: 3342:"Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage" 3322: 3243: 3143: 3048: 2954: 2944: 2695: 2646: 2555: 2490: 2435: 2363: 2312: 2263: 2153: 2072:"Closing Sub-Saharan Africa's Electricity Access Gap: Why Cities Must Be Part of the Solution" 1993: 1956: 1659: 1599: 1075: 821: 790: 743:

Yablochkov's demonstration of his brilliant arc lights at the 1878 Paris Exposition along the

712: 653:

discovered the operating principle of electromagnetic generators. The principle, later called

437: 421: 416: 259: 69: 2461:

Ermel, Conrado; Bianchi, Marcus V. A.; Cardoso, Ana Paula; Schneider, Paulo S. (2022-10-01).

145:

Electrification was called "the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th Century" by the

6283: 6155: 6130: 6023: 5849: 5823: 5775: 5770: 5752: 5689: 5640: 5561: 5531: 5526: 5483: 5347: 5301: 5268: 5242: 5216: 5166: 5150: 5004: 4999: 4969: 4739: 4679: 4338: 4201: 3806: 3458: 3379: 3361: 3312: 3233: 3135: 3038: 2936: 2685: 2636: 2545: 2537: 2482: 2427: 2353: 2302: 2253: 2145: 1889: 1825: 1651: 1388: 1185: 1136: 1091: 1065: 998: 988: 794: 782: 534: 480: 476: 452: 384: 371: 365: 327: 110: 73: 27: 4288: 3950: 6118: 6028: 6013: 5879: 5844: 5653: 5367: 5342: 5210: 4657: 4304:"A marriage took place last week that wedded two technologies possibly 120 years too late" 4303: 1493: 1338: 1280: 1189: 1044: 966: 884: 756: 734: 711:, was made by Z.T. Gramme, who sold many of these machines in the 1870s. British engineer 685: 650: 551: 496: 484: 225: 173: 80: 4901: 2824: 2617:"Improving the SDG energy poverty targets: Residential cooling needs in the Global South" 2486: 1060:

Alternating current technology was rooted in Faraday's 1830–31 discovery that a changing

4895: 4767: 4364: 3596: 3454: 3357: 3229: 2913: 2681: 2632: 2533: 2478: 2349: 2249: 1929: 1885: 1647: 6043: 5960: 5894: 5889: 5608: 5586: 5521: 5470: 5444: 5291: 5273: 5044: 5024: 4989: 4889: 4118: 3384: 3341: 2550: 2518:"Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps" 2517: 1729: 1522: 1322: 1223: 1167: 1163: 1132: 1061: 1050: 1018: 978: 945:

did not provide daytime service, with two-thirds providing no daytime service in 1897.

798: 708: 629: 608: 529: 65: 4876: 2040: 1893: 645:, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle. 254: 6440: 6348: 6073: 6058: 6053: 6038: 5859: 5813: 5571: 5029: 4994: 4718: 4680: 4447: 4227: 3674: 3495: 3255: 3155: 2502: 2447: 2375: 2275: 1837: 1671: 1631: 1543: 1254: 1099: 1095: 857: 841: 662: 407: 395:

and cannot heat their houses enough. Existing heating practices are often polluting.

388: 339: 331: 130: 2966: 6321: 5719: 5478: 5392: 5311: 4027: 2358: 2334: 1595:

A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements That Transformed Our Lives

1355: 1261: 1194: 1010: 961: 760: 752: 666: 582: 571: 442: 392: 239: 134: 3944: 3818: 2641: 2616: 2258: 2233: 258:

World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to

4792: 4743: 3462: 550:, which requires locations with large differences in height and access to water. 5904: 5899: 5864: 5727: 5327: 4682:

Transforming the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences

2615:

Mastrucci, Alessio; Byers, Edward; Pachauri, Shonali; Rao, Narasimha D. (2019).

1551: 1500: 1489:, established in 1935 brought electrification to the underserviced rural areas. 1372: 1174: 1159: 1155: 1128: 1036: 837: 771: 598: 567: 348: 158:

some companies were able to pay for the electricity with the insurance savings.

37: 3810: 3366: 3317: 3300: 3238: 3213: 3043: 3026: 2690: 2665: 2541: 2414:

Li, Yuanyuan; Rosengarten, Gary; Stanley, Cameron; Mojiri, Ahmad (2022-12-10).

1950: 1655: 318:

Electrified transport and renewable energy are key parts of investment for the

6063: 6048: 5874: 5854: 4625:"Three lessons from China's effort to bring electricity to 1.4 billion people" 4505:

The Greatest Century That Ever Was: 25 Miraculous Trends of the last 100 Years

3139: 2940: 2431: 2149: 1829: 1533: 1307: 1177:) system for the distribution of electrical power, for which he was granted a 1102:

built an AC motor by expanding upon the induction-repulsion principle and his

1014: 1006: 513: 199: 167: 61: 3470: 3375: 3326: 3247: 3147: 3052: 2699: 2650: 2494: 2439: 2367: 2316: 2267: 2157: 1663: 777:

In the 1850s, many of these problems were solved by the arc lamp invented by

475:

Energy from sunlight, wind or other renewable energy sources is converted to

181:

management and be of modest cost both in original cost and in daily expense.

6332: 6278: 5732: 5397: 5120: 4124:

Evolving Technology and Market Structure: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics

1687:"Procurement launched for largest rail electrification project in the world" 1593: 1537: 1170: 1103: 877: 770:

Arc lamps of the time had very intense light output – in the range of 4,000

574:

with capacity for multi-month usage has been implemented in some locations.

406:). The IEA estimates that heat pumps currently provide only 5% of space and 399: 335: 118: 4919: 3393: 2559: 2220:

Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.

185: 4381: 876:

The first central station providing public power is believed to be one at

6125: 4504: 2714: 1632:"Accounting for finance in electrification models for sub-Saharan Africa" 1219: 1083: 982: 849: 806: 681:. Faraday's first electromagnetic generator produced a small DC voltage. 4228:"The History of Electrification: List of important early power stations" 3124:"A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments" 1214:

The first AC power station was built by the English electrical engineer

860:

was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity.

633:

Faraday disk, the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet

6098: 5221: 3909:

Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla : biography of a genius

2307: 2290: 1117: 927: 923: 343: 3871:

Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 1

2958: 2928: 2776:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries" 883:

The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at

5762: 2390:"Chart: Americans bought more heat pumps than gas furnaces last year" 1272: 1178: 678: 674: 559: 326:

Clean energy is mostly generated in the form of electricity, such as

2131:"From ac¸aı´ to access: distributed electrification in rural Brazil" 902:

The first large scale central power station in America was Edison's

661:

generated in an electrical conductor that is subjected to a varying

952:

The load factor adjusted upward by the turn of the 20th century—at

4821: 3754: 3752: 3750: 1485:

Rural areas were electrified first in Europe, and in the U.S. the

1396: 1342: 1289: 1267:

The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by British engineer

1144: 1139:

was demonstrated in London in 1881, and attracted the interest of

1074: 867: 738: 628: 533: 470: 441: 313: 253: 184: 5413: 1944: 1942: 1811:"From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification" 1392: 759:

in 1802 upon discovering that electricity could produce a light

5417: 4923: 4748:(paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244. 4383:

Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research

2575:"Hydrogen takes a back seat to electric for passenger vehicles" 2179:"Population growth erodes sustainable energy gains - UN report" 1391:

and established the first synchronised AC grid, running at 132

1124:

to pioneer AC power technology including an early transformer.

500:

8.5% of worldwide electricity, a share that has grown rapidly.

3186: 1421: 387:, which requires electrification and additional power demand, 4896:

20190809 The Truth of Lightning 01 (Japanese)2-An`s Safe Zone

3969:. Cambridge University Press. 13 February 2003. p. 258. 2992:"Introduction to System Integration of Renewables – Analysis" 4902:

20190809 The Truth of Lightning 02 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone

4890:

20190809 The Truth of Lightning 01 (English)2-An`s Safe Zone

4514:(Report). The Cato Institute. p. 20 Fig. 16. No. 364. 3574:

A Measure for Greatness: A Short Biography of Edward Weston

3106: 2602: 1955:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. pp. 16, 40. 856:, was the first public room lit by electric light, and the 4745:

Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine

410:

requirements globally, but could provide over 90%. Use of

398:

A key sustainable solution to heating is electrification (

4814:

Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology

3271:"Cobalt can be sourced responsibly, and it's time to act" 2933:

2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

2879:"Our Electric Future — The American, A Magazine of Ideas" 4816:. Cambridge, MA, USA and London, England: The MIT Press. 3946:

Polyphase electric currents and alternate-current motors

585:. High upfront costs form a barrier for implementation. 26:"Electrify" redirects here. For the song by Jakwob, see 6303:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3067:"Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data" 1870:"Exergy, Power and Work in the U. S. Economy 1900-1998" 1446: 3795:

Gee, William (2004). "Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)".

3214:"Sustainability perspectives on lithium-ion batteries" 2746:"5 Things You Should Know about Geothermal Heat Pumps" 1158:, Ferranti pioneered the first AC power generator and 4686:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4601:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave" 4576:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave" 4542:"Two Billion Light Up: The South Asian Electric Wave" 3182:"The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete" 2333:

Sommerfeldt, Nelson; Pearce, Joshua M. (2023-04-15).

424:

with an expected large-scale implementation by 2025.

3636:"Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil" 1990:

Productivity in the United States: Trends and Cycles

149:, and it continues in both rich and poor countries. 6292: 6229: 6001: 5928: 5837: 5789: 5761: 5718: 5672: 5639: 5512: 5469: 5283: 5186: 5119: 4957: 4503:Moore, Stephen; Simon, Julian (December 15, 1999). 3437:Alva, Guruprasad; Lin, Yaxue; Fang, Guiyin (2018). 1399:. This started operating as a national system, the 4717: 2750:Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 1992:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 97. 1863: 1861: 1728: 2138:International Journal of Energy Sector Management 747:triggered a steep sell off of gas utility stocks. 607:The earliest commercial uses of electricity were 603:Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering 48:, electrification refers to the build-out of the 1285:Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company 16:Process of changing something to use electricity 3439:"An overview of thermal energy storage systems" 2289:Pearce, Joshua M.; Sommerfeldt, Nelson (2021). 677:disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe 619:Development of magnetos, dynamos and generators 6327:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 3601:. R. R. Donnelley & sons company. p. 1916: 1914: 1347:Construction workers raising power lines, 1920 1120:collaborated with the distinguished physicist 5429: 4935: 4127:. University of Michigan Press. p. 138. 3269:Baumann-Pauly, Dorothée (16 September 2020). 1868:Ayres, R. U.; Ayres, L. W.; Warr, B. (2003). 1435:The examples and perspective in this section 1283:was Parsons's own electricity supply company 60:, electrification refers to the build-out of 8: 4794:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology 4351: 4267: 4255: 4182: 4158: 4105: 3805:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3782: 3770: 3758: 3741: 3729: 2664:Bouzarovski, Stefan; Petrova, Saska (2015). 1791: 1766: 809:was installed along the half mile length of 205:In the late 19th century specially designed 4860:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3218:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 1592:Constable, George; Somerville, Bob (2003). 1049:Although the first power stations supplied 907:supplying 508 customers with 10,164 lamps. 864:Central power stations and isolated systems 813:, Place du Theatre Francais and around the 76:and the switch of end-uses to electricity. 6398: 5436: 5422: 5414: 4942: 4928: 4920: 4716:Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). 3686:Burgess, Michael. "Richard D'Oyly Carte", 2881:. American.com. 2009-06-15. Archived from 1804: 1802: 1800: 1453:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 637:created a magnetic field through the disk 581:is typically not as convenient as burning 6338:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 4197:"June 3, 1889: Power Flows Long-distance" 3383: 3365: 3316: 3237: 3042: 2689: 2640: 2549: 2357: 2306: 2257: 2041:"Access to electricity (% of population)" 1469:Learn how and when to remove this message 558:, are also deployed widely. They contain 6366:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 5035:Environmentally healthy community design 3668:History in pictures - The Lit & Phil 3305:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3031:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1923:"Two Paradigms of Production and Growth" 1245:AC became the standard for new systems. 805:and was heavily promoted by Gramme. The 4850:from the original on 23 September 2020. 4724:. 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Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. 872:Electricity grid simple- North America 375:larger role to play in these sectors. 304:Electrification for sustainable energy 4827:Renewables 2020: Global Status Report 4521:from the original on October 12, 2012 3094: 2328: 2326: 7: 6309:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 4786:from the original on 22 August 2021. 4003:"Nikola Tesla The Electrical Genius" 3888:from the original on 25 January 2021 3713:"History of public supply in the UK" 3299:Herib, Blanco; André, Faaij (2018). 3025:Blanco, Herib; Faaij, André (2018). 2670:Energy Research & Social Science 2487:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118975 2218:from the original on June 28, 2024. 1005:Manufacturing was transitioned from 793:) was developed by Russian engineer 4068:Hughes, Thomas Parke (March 1993). 3983:from the original on 14 August 2021 3912:. 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Bloomberg NEF. 30 January 2024. 1408:Public Utility Holding Company Act 1362:consulting partnership, built the 220:Economic impact of electrification 14: 5885:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 5157:agricultural wastewater treatment 4428:from the original on 4 March 2009 2725:from the original on 3 March 2021 1559:- Plugs, voltages and frequencies 1410:recognized electric utilities as 485:higher-elevation water reservoirs 338:(HP) is economic if powered with 250:Current extent of electrification 6397: 6386: 6385: 6355:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 5110: 4875: 4414:Shaw, Alan (29 September 2005). 3107:International Energy Agency 2020 2744:Mueller, Mike (August 1, 2017). 2603:International Energy Agency 2020 1921:Robert U. Ayres; Benjamin Warr. 1536: 1426: 934:Load factor and isolated systems 916:Thomson-Houston Electric Company 506:long-distance transmission lines 467:Managing variable energy sources 21:Electrification (disambiguation) 5941:Corporate social responsibility 5870:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5809:Community-supported agriculture 5494:Human impact on the environment 5238:List of energy storage projects 5162:industrial wastewater treatment 5015:Environmental impact assessment 4985:Environmental impact assessment 4772:. International Energy Agency. 4454:from the original on 2016-04-12 4450:. North Northumberland Online. 4396:from the original on 2017-10-18 4238:from the original on 2018-08-25 4209:from the original on 2017-07-01 4141:from the original on 2018-05-05 4088:from the original on 2020-10-30 4034:from the original on 2013-10-17 4028:"AC Power History and Timeline" 3926:from the original on 2021-08-16 3839:from the original on 2013-05-16 3477:from the original on 2021-07-17 3419:from the original on 2021-01-18 3407:Balaraman, Kavya (2020-10-12). 3281:from the original on 2020-11-26 3194:from the original on 2021-01-11 3162:from the original on 2021-07-17 3077:from the original on 2019-07-19 3002:from the original on 2020-05-15 2973:from the original on 2020-02-22 2860:from the original on 2021-09-24 2831:from the original on 2021-08-18 2806:from the original on 2021-08-09 2585:from the original on 2020-09-20 2189:from the original on 2014-11-10 2111:from the original on 2013-05-31 2082:from the original on 2019-12-19 2070:Odarno, Lily (14 August 2019). 1969:from the original on 2014-06-07 1900:from the original on 2015-09-09 1612:from the original on 2012-04-04 587:Seasonal thermal energy storage 548:pumped-storage hydroelectricity 479:for storage in devices such as 147:National Academy of Engineering 6181:Socially responsible marketing 4599:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25). 4574:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25). 4540:Fresne, Patrick (2024-07-25). 4421:. 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(1972). 1449:, discuss the issue on the 1298:linked directly to a dynamo 1173:, invented the three-wire ( 1151:Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti 1041:Electric power transmission 912:Swan Electric Light Company 320:renewable energy transition 141:Benefits of electrification 56:systems. In the context of 54:electric power distribution 6473: 5626:Systemic change resistance 5378:High-performance buildings 3874:. Springer. 6 March 2009. 3367:10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y 3318:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062 3239:10.1007/s10098-020-01890-3 3044:10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062 2691:10.1016/j.erss.2015.06.007 2573:Miller, Joe (2020-09-09). 2542:10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1 1988:Kendrick, John W. 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(1990). 4380:Jerome, Harry (1934). 4308:wiki-north-east.co.uk/ 3949:. Spon. 1895. p. 3811:10.1093/ref:odnb/26748 2935:. pp. 1837–1842. 2105:worldenergyoutlook.org 1348: 1299: 1087: 1053:, the distribution of 873: 748: 646: 579:thermal energy storage 543: 488: 461:distributed generation 447: 354:certificate of deposit 323: 293: 232:technological progress 190: 183: 50:electricity generation 6254:Humanistic capitalism 6069:Environmental finance 5710:Sustainable packaging 5232:hydrogen technologies 5146:Solid waste treatment 4911:Rural electrification 4833:. REN21 Secretariat. 4797:. London: Routledge. 4740:Hills, Richard Leslie 4678:Smil, Vaclav (2006). 3346:Nature Communications 2522:Nature Communications 2101:"IEA - Energy Access" 1563:Renewable electricity 1346: 1296:Parsons steam turbine 1293: 1216:Sebastian de Ferranti 1184:The Italian inventor 1114:Sebastian de Ferranti 1078: 1009:and belt drive using 940:Continuous production 871: 742: 632: 556:lithium-ion batteries 537: 474: 445: 317: 308:Further information: 257: 242:and economic growth. 188: 178: 101:. In the context of 92:rural electrification 42:history of technology 6221:Urban infrastructure 5915:Water heat recycling 5738:Conservation biology 5582:Steady-state economy 5557:Micro-sustainability 5542:Ecological footprint 5499:Planetary boundaries 5403:Water heat recycling 5333:Efficient energy use 5323:Conservation biology 5260:Sustainable lighting 5196:Efficient energy use 5010:Environmental Design 4980:Environmental design 4791:McNeil, Ian (1990). 4232:edisontechcenter.org 2621:Energy and Buildings 2238:Energy and Buildings 1521:the introduction of 1447:improve this section 1437:may not represent a 904:Pearl Street Station 123:electric arc furnace 46:economic development 6322:Earth Summit (1992) 5976:Metrics and indices 5829:Sustainable fishery 5748:Holocene extinction 5567:Product stewardship 5537:Earth Overshoot Day 5388:Nature conservation 5383:Land rehabilitation 5338:Energy conservation 5227:carbon-neutral fuel 5135:dispersion modeling 4605:Gold and Revolution 4580:Gold and Revolution 4546:Gold and Revolution 4335:"The Steam Turbine" 4332:Parsons, Charles A. 4285:Birr Castle Demesne 4281:"The Steam Turbine" 4185:, pp. 285–286. 3785:, pp. 283–284. 3761:, pp. 276–279. 3646:on 15 February 2011 3624:, pp. 366–368. 3561:, pp. 360–365. 3455:2018Ene...144..341A 3358:2020NatCo..11..947H 3230:2020CTEP...22.1213B 2914:2018EGUGA..2015424J 2825:"Heat in Buildings" 2682:2015ERSS...10...31B 2633:2019EneBu.186..405M 2534:2019NatCo..10.1077B 2479:2022AppTE.21518975E 2350:2023ApEn..33620838S 2250:2021EneBu.25011284P 1886:2003Ene....28..219A 1648:2022NatEn...7..631A 1368:Newcastle upon Tyne 1360:Merz & McLellan 1269:Sir Charles Parsons 1235:George Westinghouse 1111:electrical engineer 1055:alternating current 1031:Alternating current 1025:Alternating current 889:General Post Office 671:homopolar generator 659:electromotive force 562:, which is largely 554:, and specifically 491:Solar and wind are 457:grid energy storage 446:Hybrid Power System 68:to accommodate the 6457:Energy development 5781:Sustainable energy 5743:Endangered species 5700:Sustainable design 5614:Consumer behaviour 5206:Energy development 5188:Sustainable energy 5177:water purification 5141:Industrial ecology 4913:with water power. 4477:The National Trust 2396:. 10 February 2023 2308:10.3390/en14040834 2047:. The World Bank. 1691:New Civil Engineer 1389:electricity supply 1349: 1316:economies of scale 1300: 1228:East India Company 1088: 893:City Temple church 874: 822:Crompton & Co. 749: 701:Charles Wheatstone 690:André-Marie Ampère 647: 625:Electric generator 544: 489: 481:electric batteries 448: 340:solar photovoltaic 324: 310:Sustainable energy 294: 191: 162:Pre-electric power 127:electric induction 103:sustainable energy 58:sustainable energy 6434: 6433: 6360:Earth Summit 2002 6343:Lisbon Principles 6315:Our Common Future 5993:Sustainable yield 5799:Civic agriculture 5552:Green consumption 5489:Global governance 5411: 5410: 5248:commercialization 4840:978-3-948393-00-7 4779:978-92-64-44923-7 4697:978-0-19-516875-4 4071:Networks of Power 3817:(Subscription or 2950:978-1-5090-2724-8 2780:www.aiche-cep.com 1999:978-0-8018-2289-6 1769:, pp. 29–30. 1479: 1478: 1471: 1378:Williamson Report 1226:once used by the 1210:AC power stations 1129:power transformer 848:Swan's house, in 832:Various forms of 811:Avenue de l'Opéra 791:Yablochkov candle 745:Avenue de l'Opéra 724:Electric lighting 657:, is based on an 453:renewable sources 438:Energy resilience 432:Energy resilience 422:chemical industry 417:resistive heating 372:Hydrogen vehicles 260:mains electricity 111:electric vehicles 70:energy transition 6464: 6401: 6400: 6389: 6388: 6333:Agenda 21 (1992) 6304: 6269:Natural resource 6156:Organic movement 6131:Impact investing 5850:Hydroelectricity 5824:Sustainable diet 5776:Renewable energy 5771:Carbon footprint 5753:Invasive species 5690:Natural building 5641:World population 5602:Marketing myopia 5562:Over-consumption 5532:Circular economy 5527:Anti-consumerism 5484:Environmentalism 5438: 5431: 5424: 5415: 5348:Energy recycling 5269:electric vehicle 5243:Renewable energy 5217:alternative fuel 5167:sewage treatment 5151:Waste management 5114: 5005:Energy recycling 5000:Electric vehicle 4970:Clean technology 4944: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4916: 4879: 4865: 4859: 4851: 4849: 4832: 4817: 4808: 4787: 4759: 4735: 4723: 4703: 4701: 4685: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4479:. Archived from 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4395: 4388: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4337:. Archived from 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4291:on May 13, 2010. 4287:. Archived from 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4059: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4005:. Archived from 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3715:. Archived from 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3642:. Archived from 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3387: 3369: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3320: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3275:SWI swissinfo.ch 3266: 3260: 3259: 3241: 3224:(6): 1213–1214. 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3022: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2802:. 9 March 2021. 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2644: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2361: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2310: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2261: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2160:. Archived from 2135: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1928:. Archived from 1927: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1840:. Archived from 1815: 1806: 1795: 1789: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1751:Benjamin Latrobe 1747: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1589: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1281:turbo generators 1277:Parsons turbines 1186:Galileo Ferraris 1137:John Dixon Gibbs 1066:electric current 999:Frank J. Sprague 989:William Sturgeon 815:Place de l'Opéra 799:Gramme generator 795:Pavel Yablochkov 783:National Gallery 695:Around 1838-40, 538:Construction of 497:electrical grids 477:potential energy 389:passive building 385:air conditioning 366:Electric vehicle 328:renewable energy 290: 284: 278: 272: 266: 105:, terms such as 74:renewable energy 28:Electrify (song) 6472: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6447:Electrification 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6377: 6302: 6294: 6293:Agreements and 6288: 6225: 6029:Climate finance 5997: 5924: 5880:Reclaimed water 5833: 5785: 5757: 5714: 5668: 5654:Family planning 5635: 5508: 5465: 5447: 5442: 5412: 5407: 5368:Green computing 5343:Energy recovery 5279: 5211:Energy recovery 5201:Electrification 5182: 5128:Air pollution ( 5115: 5106: 4953: 4948: 4914: 4883:electrification 4872: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4830: 4820: 4811: 4805: 4790: 4780: 4762: 4756: 4738: 4732: 4715: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4651: 4641: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4609: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512:Policy Analysis 4507: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4314: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4144: 4142: 4135: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4082: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4056:Hopkinson, John 4050: 4046: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3927: 3920: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3882: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3666: 3662: 3649: 3647: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3580: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3514: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3024: 3023: 3014: 3005: 3003: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2951: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2579:Financial Times 2572: 2571: 2567: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2052: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1963: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1903: 1901: 1867: 1866: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1798: 1790: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1748: 1744: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1542: 1535: 1532: 1518: 1475: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1444: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1341: 1339:Electrical grid 1335: 1333:Electrical grid 1257: 1251: 1239:William Thomson 1212: 1190:induction motor 1047: 1045:War of currents 1033: 1027: 1019:electric motors 985: 977:Main articles: 975: 967:microgeneration 942: 936: 891:and the famous 885:Holborn Viaduct 866: 830: 757:carbon arc lamp 737: 735:Carbon arc lamp 731: 726: 713:R.E.B. Crompton 686:Hippolyte Pixii 651:Michael Faraday 627: 621: 605: 595: 532: 526: 512:and the use of 469: 440: 434: 404:electric heater 381: 368: 362: 312: 306: 292: 288: 286: 282: 280: 276: 274: 270: 268: 264: 252: 228: 222: 207:power buildings 174:Charles Babbage 170: 164: 155: 143: 34:Electrification 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6470: 6468: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6452:Electric power 6449: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6395: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6368:(Rio+20, 2012) 6363: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6319: 6311: 6306: 6298: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6114:Infrastructure 6111: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6044:Eco-capitalism 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5961:Sustainability 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5929:Accountability 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5587:Sustainability 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522:Anthropization 5518: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5445:Sustainability 5443: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5274:hybrid vehicle 5271: 5265:Transportation 5262: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5047: 5045:Sustainability 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Green building 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4990:Eco-innovation 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4907:Zambesi Rapids 4904: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4870:External links 4868: 4867: 4866: 4839: 4818: 4809: 4803: 4788: 4778: 4760: 4754: 4736: 4730: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4670: 4631:. 24 July 2017 4629:Dialogue Earth 4616: 4591: 4566: 4557: 4532: 4495: 4486: 4483:on 2011-06-29. 4464: 4439: 4406: 4372: 4356: 4354:, p. 336. 4344: 4341:on 2011-01-14. 4323: 4294: 4272: 4260: 4258:, p. 221. 4248: 4219: 4187: 4175: 4173:, p. 383. 4163: 4161:, p. 250. 4151: 4133: 4119:Arnold Heertje 4110: 4108:, p. 248. 4098: 4080: 4060: 4058:by T. H. Beare 4044: 4019: 3994: 3975: 3956: 3936: 3918: 3899: 3880: 3861: 3859:, p. 195. 3849: 3824: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3746: 3744:, p. 242. 3734: 3732:, p. 191. 3722: 3719:on 2010-12-01. 3704: 3702:, p. 369. 3692: 3679: 3673:2012-07-19 at 3660: 3626: 3614: 3587: 3563: 3551: 3549:, p. 360. 3539: 3537:, p. 359. 3527: 3512: 3487: 3429: 3399: 3332: 3291: 3261: 3204: 3180:Katz, Cheryl. 3172: 3111: 3109:, p. 109. 3099: 3097:, p. 177. 3087: 3058: 3012: 2983: 2949: 2919: 2895: 2870: 2841: 2816: 2791: 2767: 2736: 2705: 2656: 2607: 2605:, p. 139. 2595: 2565: 2508: 2453: 2406: 2381: 2338:Applied Energy 2322: 2281: 2224: 2199: 2170: 2167:on 2015-06-10. 2121: 2092: 2062: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1998: 1980: 1961: 1938: 1935:on 2013-05-02. 1910: 1880:(3): 219–273. 1857: 1796: 1771: 1759: 1742: 1719: 1702: 1677: 1642:(7): 631–641. 1622: 1604: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1531: 1528: 1523:steam turbines 1517: 1514: 1477: 1476: 1441:of the subject 1439:worldwide view 1434: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1337:Main article: 1334: 1331: 1323:thermodynamics 1253:Main article: 1250: 1249:Steam turbines 1247: 1224:Deptford Creek 1211: 1208: 1164:John Hopkinson 1133:Lucien Gaulard 1064:can induce an 1062:magnetic field 1051:direct current 1029:Main article: 1026: 1023: 979:Electric motor 974: 971: 935: 932: 922:in the US and 865: 862: 829: 826: 779:William Petrie 733:Main article: 730: 727: 725: 722: 709:Gramme machine 623:Main article: 620: 617: 609:electroplating 594: 591: 564:mined in Congo 530:Energy storage 528:Main article: 525: 524:Energy storage 522: 468: 465: 436:Main article: 433: 430: 380: 377: 364:Main article: 361: 358: 305: 302: 287: 281: 275: 269: 267: 80%–100% 263: 262:, as of 2017. 251: 248: 224:Main article: 221: 218: 166:Main article: 163: 160: 154: 151: 142: 139: 117:(referring to 109:(referring to 66:energy storage 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6469: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6349:Earth Charter 6347: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6239:Environmental 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:Refurbishment 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6161:Organizations 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6074:Green economy 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6059:Eco-socialism 6057: 6055: 6054:Eco-investing 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039:Disinvestment 6037: 6035: 6032: 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JHU Press. 4073: 4072: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4009:on 2015-09-09 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3982: 3978: 3976:9780521533126 3972: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3937: 3925: 3921: 3919:9780806519609 3915: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3900: 3887: 3883: 3881:9783540688310 3877: 3873: 3872: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3675:archive.today 3672: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3591: 3588: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3363: 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1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:Nature Energy 1633: 1626: 1623: 1611: 1607: 1605:0-309-08908-5 1601: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1544:Energy portal 1539: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1473: 1470: 1462: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1401:National Grid 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1340: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1262:steam engines 1256: 1255:Steam turbine 1248: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1233:In the U.S., 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131:developed by 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1100:Elihu Thomson 1097: 1096:Marcel Deprez 1093: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:steam engines 1008: 1003: 1000: 996: 994: 990: 984: 980: 972: 970: 968: 963: 957: 955: 950: 946: 941: 933: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 905: 900: 896: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 870: 863: 861: 859: 858:Savoy Theatre 855: 851: 846: 843: 842:Thomas Edison 839: 835: 827: 825: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 784: 780: 775: 773: 768: 764: 762: 758: 755:invented the 754: 746: 741: 736: 728: 723: 721: 717: 714: 710: 705: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 684:Around 1832, 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 663:magnetic flux 660: 656: 655:Faraday's law 652: 644: 640: 636: 631: 626: 618: 616: 614: 610: 604: 600: 592: 590: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 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Retrieved 1594: 1587: 1519: 1510: 1498: 1494:Brezhnev era 1491: 1484: 1480: 1465: 1456: 1436: 1412:public goods 1405: 1382: 1356:Charles Merz 1354: 1350: 1328: 1320: 1312: 1301: 1266: 1258: 1243: 1232: 1213: 1195:Nikola Tesla 1183: 1149: 1141:Westinghouse 1126: 1108: 1089: 1059: 1048: 1004: 997: 986: 962:cogeneration 958: 954:Pearl Street 951: 947: 943: 920:Westinghouse 909: 901: 897: 882: 875: 847: 831: 819: 788: 776: 769: 765: 753:Humphry Davy 750: 729:Arc lighting 718: 706: 694: 683: 669:, a type of 667:Faraday disk 648: 642: 638: 634: 606: 583:fossil fuels 577:As of 2018, 576: 572:power-to-gas 545: 502: 490: 449: 426: 397: 393:fuel poverty 382: 369: 325: 298: 295: 244: 240:productivity 236: 231: 229: 215: 211: 206: 204: 196: 192: 179: 171: 156: 144: 135:electrolysis 133:heating, or 114: 106: 96: 90: 86: 81: 78: 33: 32: 6295:conferences 6166:Procurement 6109:Development 6009:Advertising 5971:Measurement 5905:Tidal power 5900:Small hydro 5865:Micro hydro 5728:Biosecurity 5680:Appropriate 5609:Sustainable 5592:Advertising 5514:Consumption 5504:Development 5328:Ecoforestry 5086:procurement 5071:development 5056:agriculture 4915:(in French) 4312:The Journal 4171:McNeil 1990 3833:"DC Motors" 3700:McNeil 1990 3640:The Journal 3622:McNeil 1990 3559:McNeil 1990 3547:McNeil 1990 3535:McNeil 1990 3525:, p. . 3523:McNeil 1990 3449:: 341–378. 2627:: 405–415. 2528:(1): 1077. 1794:, p. . 1717:, p. . 1552:GOELRO plan 1501:Warlord Era 1403:, in 1938. 1373:World War I 1175:three-phase 1160:transformer 1156:Lord Kelvin 1122:Lord Kelvin 1080:Three-phase 1037:Transformer 1015:water power 914:in the UK, 838:Joseph Swan 772:candlepower 599:Electricity 568:downcycling 514:smart grids 349:natural gas 291: 0–20% 62:super grids 38:electricity 6441:Categories 6186:Sanitation 6141:Livelihood 6064:Ecovillage 6049:Eco-cities 5966:Accounting 5875:Pico hydro 5855:Hydropower 5673:Technology 5471:Principles 5297:insulation 5290:Building ( 5253:transition 5096:technology 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