1301:(BIM) is the logical development of CAD drawing, a relatively new technology but fast becoming mainstream. The design team collaborates to create a three-dimensional computer model, and all plans and other two-dimensional views are generated directly from the model, ensuring spatial consistency. The key innovation here is to share the model via the internet, so that all the design functions (site survey, architecture, structure and services) can be integrated into a single model, or as a series of models associated with each specialism that are shared throughout the design development process. Some form of management, not necessarily by the architect, needs to be in place to resolve conflicting priorities. The starting point of BIM is spatial design, but it also enables components to be quantified and scheduled directly from the information embedded in the model.. Building information modelling can be characterized into 3 different levels ranging from 0-3. These levels represent BIM maturity and distinguishes the amount of cooperation in projects. They gauge information being shared throughout the whole process.
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affect other measurements based on the set parameters. The parametric design uses scalability and adjustments which involve complex organic shapes. It allows for the creation of forms that would not be possible with regular 3d modeling or would take copious amounts of time. Models can decrease production time, therefore, allowing for the time allotted to other times of the design process. An argument with parametric design is the question of practicality. At times, it is unsure whether or not these styles properly comply with users wants and needs. Real-life examples of parametric designs would be The
Metropol Parasol in Seville or the Canton in Guangzhou China. These forms have a commonality with complex repetitive patterns which twist, bend and curve in dramatic ways. These lattices are unique and there is a complexity tied with how they look. This is coined as “parametricism” by Zaha Hadid which is a style based on digital animation techniques.
705:, also simply called a section, represents a vertical plane cut through the object, in the same way as a floor plan is a horizontal section viewed from the top. In the section view, everything cut by the section plane is shown as a bold line, often with a solid fill to show objects that are cut through, and anything seen beyond generally shown in a thinner line. Sections are used to describe the relationship between different levels of a building. In the Observatorium drawing illustrated here, the section shows the dome which can be seen from the outside, a second dome that can only be seen inside the building, and the way the space between the two accommodates a large astronomical telescope: relationships that would be difficult to understand from plans alone.
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critical thinking which has been used since the dawn of man is still being carried on. The idea of innovation, responsiveness and critical thinking will never be “phased out” and always relevant today. Although pure drafting, which involves manually drawing plans for construction, is not being used as often because of CAD, they are training architects to exercise human-centered designers and to dive deeper into culture to ultimately understand clientele. Human-centered design involves the human perspective in all steps of the design process. The unpredictability and complexity of humans is unmatched with any pre-programmed systems.
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for quick manipulation. It creates an individual, secluded experience. Architecture firms are using this as a tool to allow employees to learn and create a more engaging experience for both clients and employees. Benefits of VR for architecture include: low start-up costs, gaining a competitive edge, avoiding revision, and the duplication of real-world scenarios. By placing a client into a virtual world, the feedback is often more straightforward, as the client can walk through the environment, acvording to their needs and aesthetic choices.
607:, but showing the arrangement at a particular level of a building. Technically it is a horizontal section cut through a building (conventionally at four feet / one metre and twenty centimetres above floor level), showing walls, windows and door openings, and other features at that level. The plan view includes anything that could be seen below that level: the floor, stairs (but only up to the plan level), fittings, and sometimes furniture. Objects above the plan level (e.g. beams overhead) can be indicated as dashed lines.
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typically showing complex junctions (such as floor to wall junction, window openings, eaves and roof apex) that cannot be clearly shown on a drawing that includes the full height of the building. A full set of construction details needs to show plan details as well as vertical section details. One detail is seldom produced in isolation: a set of details shows the information needed to understand the construction in three dimensions. Typical scales for details are 1/10, 1/5 and full size.
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being used. Since the beginning of the epidemic, people are expected to be increasingly well versed with technology. Although coordination is often difficult, programs like BIM help improve workflow between both architects clients. However, relationships with clients are harder to facilitate because clients are not able to touch or feel the work. Adaptation is critical as more and more programs are being implemented among the studio to support staff.
1154:), who did not generate the design, but did make many of the less important decisions. This system has continued with CAD drafting: many design architects have little or no knowledge of CAD software programmes, relying upon others to take their designs beyond the sketch stage. Draftsmen often specialize in a type of structure, such as residential or commercial, or in a type of construction: timber frame, reinforced concrete, prefabrication, etc.
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671:. This is the most common view used to describe the external appearance of a building. Each elevation is labelled in relation to the compass direction it faces, e.g. looking toward the north you would be seeing the southern elevation of the building. Buildings are rarely a simple rectangular shape in plan, so a typical elevation may show all the parts of the building that are seen from a particular direction.
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space allocated for different activities, how people enter and move around the building, daylight and artificial lighting, acoustics, traffic noise, legal matters and building codes, and many other issues. While both aspects are partly a matter of customary practice, every site is different. Many architects actively seek innovation, thereby increasing the number of problems to be resolved.
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because complex elements can be copied, duplicated and stored for re-use. Errors can be deleted, and the speed of drafting allows many permutations to be tried before the design is finalized. On the other hand, CAD drawing encourages a proliferation of detail and increased expectations of accuracy, aspects which reduce the efficiency originally expected from the move to computerization.
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equivalent of 1 to 100, walls are typically shown as simple outlines corresponding to the overall thickness. At a larger scale, half an inch to one foot (1:24) or the nearest common metric equivalent 1 to 20, the layers of different materials that make up the wall construction are shown. Construction details are drawn to a larger scale, in some cases full size (1 to 1 scale).
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Modern working drawings are much more detailed and it is standard practice to isolate select areas of the project on separate sheets. Notes included on drawings are brief, referring to standardized specification documents for more information. Understanding the layout and construction of a modern building involves studying an often-sizeable set of drawings and documents.
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introduces confusing coincidences where opposite corners align. Unwanted effects can be avoided by rotating the plan while still projecting vertically. This is sometimes called a planometric or plan oblique view, and allows freedom to choose any suitable angle to present the most useful view of an object.
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is a short film showing how a proposed building will look: the moving image makes three-dimensional forms much easier to understand. An animation is generated from a series of hundreds or even thousands of still images, each made in the same way as an architectural visualization. A computer-generated
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system, according to local usage. Normally the largest paper size used in modern architectural practice is ISO A0 (841 mm Ă— 1,189 mm or 33.1 in Ă— 46.8 in) or in the USA Arch E (762 mm Ă— 1,067 mm or 30 in Ă— 42 in) or Large E size (915 mm
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Parametric design is an example of computer intelligence rising in the field of architecture. It is the creation of complex relationships between models. Measurements in parametric design connect by scripts. Users can adjust and adapt their models based on measurements. Changing one measurement will
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Historically, architects have made record drawings in order to understand and emulate the great architecture known to them. In the
Renaissance, architects from all over Europe studied and recorded the remains of the Roman and Greek civilizations, and used these influences to develop the architecture
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often refers to designs made on the back of an envelope or on a napkin. Initial thoughts are important, even if they have to be discarded along the way, because they provide the central idea around which the design can develop. Although a sketch is inaccurate, it is disposable and allows for freedom
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or bird's eye view, which is the view as seen (or imagined) from a high vantage point. In J M Gandy's perspective of the Bank of
England (see illustration at the beginning of this article), Gandy portrayed the building as a picturesque ruin in order to show the internal plan arrangement, a precursor
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is a technique in painting, for indicating distance by approximating the effect of the atmosphere on distant objects. In daylight, as an ordinary object gets further from the eye, its contrast with the background is reduced, its color saturation is reduced, and its color becomes more blue. Not to be
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There is some confusion over the distinction between the terms isometric and axonometric. "Axonometric is a word that has been used by architects for hundreds of years. Engineers use the word axonometric as a generic term to include isometric, diametric and trimetric drawings." This article uses the
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a building proposal prior to detailed design: drawing up a site plan is a tool for deciding both the site layout and the size and orientation of proposed new buildings. A site plan is used to verify that a proposal complies with local development codes, including restrictions on historical sites. In
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on an urban site, the site plan may need to show adjoining streets to demonstrate how the design fits into the urban fabric. Within the site boundary, the site plan gives an overview of the entire scope of work. It shows the buildings (if any) already existing and those that are proposed, usually as
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Due to COVID-19. architecture firms have increasingly shifted to a digital environment for collaboration. Video conferencing is proving to be a popular way of meeting with clients and simulating the studio environment. Collaboration and communication using programs like Zoom are common consistently
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Schools are producing well-versed architecture students who perform in computer assisted collaboration, construction automation and intelligent buildings which promise to have as much impact before the adaptation of technologies. It’s important to understand that architects are problem solvers and
1209:, a relatively sophisticated device similar to a dip-in pen, but with adjustable line width, capable of producing a very fine controlled line width. Ink pens had to be dipped into ink frequently. Draftsmen worked standing up, keeping the ink on a separate table to avoid spilling ink on the drawing.
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Formerly, working drawings would typically combine plans, sections, elevations and some details to provide a complete explanation of a building on one sheet. That was possible because little detail was included, the building techniques involved being common knowledge amongst building professionals.
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Despite fairly complex geometrical explanations, for the purposes of practical drafting the difference between isometric and axonometric is simple (see diagram above). In both, the plan is drawn on a skewed or rotated grid, and the verticals are projected vertically on the page. All lines are drawn
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Dimensions can be measured off drawings made on a stable medium such as vellum. All processes of reproduction introduce small errors, especially now that different copying methods mean that the same drawing may be re-copied, or copies made in several different ways. Consequently, dimensions need to
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Virtual reality in architectural projects helps designers understand spaces from a cognitive perspective. VR stands for virtual reality and explains an experience in a world that doesn't exist. Virtual reality creates an experience generated by a computer program. The use of motion tracking allows
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Component drawings enable self-contained elements e.g. windows and doorsets, to be fabricated in a workshop, and delivered to site complete and ready for installation. Larger components may include roof trusses, cladding panels, cupboards and kitchens. Complete rooms, especially hotel bedrooms and
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image is produced by superimposing a perspective image of a building on to a photographic background. Care is needed to record the position from which the photograph was taken, and to generate the perspective using the same viewpoint. This technique is popular in computer visualization, where the
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is similar, but only one axis is skewed, the others being horizontal and vertical. Originally used in cabinet making, the advantage is that a principal side (e.g. a cabinet front) is displayed without distortion, so only the less important sides are skewed. The lines leading away from the eye are
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uses a plan grid at 30 degrees from the horizontal in both directions, which distorts the plan shape. Isometric graph paper can be used to construct this kind of drawing. This view is useful to explain construction details (e.g. three dimensional joints in joinery). The isometric was the standard
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Level 3 involves working on a shared project model. The model exists in a central environment and can be modified by everyone. Conflicting information is reduced due to real time update on models. Later levels include sequencing components, cost estimation and accounting for upfront costs.
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There are two basic elements to a building design, the aesthetic and the practical. The aesthetic element includes the layout and visual appearance, the anticipated feel of the materials, and cultural references that will influence the way people perceive the building. Practical concerns include
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uses a 45-degree plan grid, which keeps the original orthogonal geometry of the plan. The great advantage of this view for architecture is that the draftsman can work directly from a plan, without having to reconstruct it on a skewed grid. In theory the plan should be set at 45 degrees, but this
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Diagrams are mainly used to resolve practical matters. In the early phases of the design architects use diagrams to develop, explore, and communicate ideas and solutions. They are essential tools for thinking, problem solving, and communication in the design disciplines. Diagrams can be used to
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CAD) is the use of computer software to create drawings. Today the vast majority of technical drawings of all kinds are made using CAD. Instead of drawing lines on paper, the computer records equivalent information electronically. There are many advantages to this system: repetition is reduced
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Detail drawings show a small part of the construction at a larger scale, to show how the component parts fit together. They are also used to show small surface details, for example decorative elements. Section drawings at large scale are a standard way of showing building construction details,
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In architecture, the finished work is expensive and time consuming, so it is important to resolve the design as fully as possible before construction work begins. Complex modern buildings involve a large team of different specialist disciplines, and communication at the early design stages is
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Architectural drawings are drawn to scale so that relative sizes are correctly represented. The scale is chosen both to ensure the whole building will fit on the chosen sheet size and to show the required amount of detail. On the scale of one-eighth of an inch to one foot (1:96) or the metric
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The size of drawings reflects the materials available and the size that is convenient to transport – rolled up or folded, laid out on a table, or pinned up on a wall. The drafting process may impose limitations on the size that is realistically workable. Sizes are determined by a consistent
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would be left to the carpenter, who would fully understand what was required, but unique decorative details of the façade would be drawn up in detail. In contrast, modern buildings need to be fully detailed because of the proliferation of different products, methods and possible solutions.
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Historically, drawings were made in ink on paper or similar material, and any copies required had to be laboriously made by hand. The twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper so that mechanical copies could be run off efficiently. The development of the
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Assembly drawings show how the different parts are put together. For example, a wall detail will show the layers that make up the construction, how they are fixed to structural elements, how to finish the edges of openings, and how prefabricated components are to be
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Measured drawings of existing land, structures and buildings. Architects need an accurate set of survey drawings as a basis for their working drawings, to establish exact dimensions for the construction work. Surveys are usually measured and drawn up by specialist
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building is created using a CAD programs, and that is used to create more or less realistic views from a sequence of viewpoints. The simplest animations use a moving viewpoint, while more complex animations can include moving objects: people, vehicles, and so on.
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A comprehensive set of drawings used in a building construction project: these will include not only architect's drawings, but structural and other engineering drawings as well. Working drawings logically subdivide into location, assembly and component drawings.
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to emphasize different materials, but they are diagrams, not intended to appear realistic. Basic presentation drawings typically include people, vehicles and trees, taken from a library of such images, and are otherwise very similar in style to working drawings.
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Isometric and axonometric projections are a simple way of representing a three dimensional object, keeping the elements to scale and showing the relationship between several sides of the same object, so that the complexities of a shape can be clearly understood.
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essential to keep the design moving towards a coordinated outcome. Architects (and other designers) start investigating a new design with sketches and diagrams, to develop a rough design that provides an adequate response to the particular design problems.
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had a major impact on the methods used to design and create technical drawings, making manual drawing almost obsolete, and opening up new possibilities of form using organic shapes and complex geometry. Today the vast majority of drawings are created using
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Level 0 is individualized with no collaboration. Individuals are working on their own CAD files separately and working using their own standards. These are known to be more traditional ways which are being phased out therefore no longer being used today.
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diagram shows component parts dis-assembled in some way, so that each can be seen on its own. These views are common in technical manuals, but are also used in architecture, either in conceptual diagrams or to illustrate technical details. In a
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parts of the exterior are omitted to show the interior, or details of internal construction. Although common in technical illustration, including many building products and systems, the cutaway is in fact little-used in architectural drawing.
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Level 2 involves all team members using 3D models. Although they might not being using the same information, the built environment is shared through a similar file formats. This level also introduces construction sequencing and cost.
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is used to eliminate the third vanishing point, so that all the verticals are vertical on the photograph, as with the perspective convention. This can also be done by digital manipulation of a photograph taken with a standard lens.
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is a specific type of plan, showing the whole context of a building or group of buildings. A site plan shows property boundaries and means of access to the site, and nearby structures if they are relevant to the design. For a
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The oldest architectural elevation drawing was found in a piece of white terracotta crucibles unearthed in China, dated 7400 years ago. It shows 2 stilted watch towers (or light houses) with spiral staircase above water.
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Architectural drawings are produced for a specific purpose, and can be classified accordingly. Several elements are often included on the same sheet, for example a sheet showing a plan together with the principal façade.
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scales (feet and inches) are equally readable using an ordinary ruler. On a one-eighth inch to one-foot scale drawing, the one-eighth divisions on the ruler can be read off as feet. Architects normally use a
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drawn at a reduced scale to lessen the degree of distortion. The cabinet projection is seen in
Victorian engraved advertisements and architectural textbooks, but has virtually disappeared from general use.
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is complex and requires both training and experience before the operator becomes fully productive. Consequently, skilled CAD operators are often divorced from the design process. Simpler software such as
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Record drawings are also used in construction projects, where "as-built" conditions of the completed building are documented to take account of all the variations made during the course of construction.
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Reprographics or reprography covers a variety of technologies, media, and support services used to make multiple copies of original drawings. Prints of architectural drawings are still sometimes called
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this context the site plan forms part of a legal agreement, and there may be a requirement for it to be drawn up by a licensed professional: architect, engineer, landscape architect or land surveyor.
1290:) is then used to apply color and texture to surfaces, and to represent shadows and reflections. The result can be accurately combined with photographic elements: people, cars, background landscape.
1286:(also called visualizations) are made by creating a three-dimensional model using CAD. The model can be viewed from any direction to find the most useful viewpoints. Different software (for example
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This section deals with the conventional views used to represent a building or structure. See the Types of architectural drawing section below for drawings classified according to their purpose.
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could also be drawn freehand but deals with symbols, to develop the logic of a design. Both can be worked up into a more presentable form and used to communicate the principles of a design.
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be written ("figured") on the drawing. The disclaimer "Do not scale off dimensions" is commonly inscribed on architects' drawings, to guard against errors arising in the copying process.
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and others for a number of purposes: to develop a design idea into a coherent proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to convince clients of the merits of a design, to assist a
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of thought, for trying different ideas quickly. Choice becomes sharply reduced once the design is committed to a scale drawing, and the sketch stage is almost always essential.
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Geometrically, an elevation is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building onto a vertical plane, the vertical plane normally being parallel to one side of the building.
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introduces additional realism by making the verticals recede to a third vanishing point, which is above or below depending upon whether the view is seen from above or below.
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In traditional construction, many details were so fully standardized, that few detail drawings were required to construct a building. For example, the construction of a
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resolve spatial relationships, but they can also represent forces and flows, e.g. the forces of sun and wind, or the flows of people and materials through a building.
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Level 1 is a mixture of 3D and 2D work. Project teams are required to manage and share data amongst the team. Aspects such as "naming conventions" should be adopted.
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The axonometric gained in popularity in the twentieth century, not just as a convenient diagram but as a formal presentation technique, adopted in particular by the
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with different scales marked on each edge. A third method, used by builders in estimating, is to measure directly off the drawing and multiply by the scale factor.
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Geometrically, a cross section is a horizontal orthographic projection of a building on to a vertical plane, with the vertical plane cutting through the building.
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Location drawings, also called general arrangement drawings, include floor plans, sections and elevations: they show where the construction elements are located.
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Until the latter part of the 20th century, all architectural drawings were manually produced, if not by the architects, then by trained (but less skilled)
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of the period. Records are made both individually, for local purposes, and on a large scale for publication. Historic surveys worth referring to include:
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reduces distortion by viewing objects at an angle, with all the horizontal lines receding to one of two vanishing points, both located on the horizon.
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to construct it based on design intent, as a record of the design and planned development, or to make a record of a building that already exists.
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https://sites.google.com/view/world-record-of-china/home/%E5%B0%96%E7%AB%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%AD%A6#h.g0kd7s9lqz94
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A new reprint of the combined three volumes that McKay published between 1938 and 1944. Heavily illustrated textbook of architectural detailing.
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may be employed to prepare specialist presentation images, usually perspectives or highly finished site plans, floor plans and elevations etc.
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and others, using not only straightforward views but worms-eye view, unusually and exaggerated rotations of the plan, and exploded elements.
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The normal convention in architectural perspective is to use two-point perspective, with all the verticals drawn as verticals on the page.
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A sectional elevation is a combination of a cross section, with elevations of other parts of the building seen beyond the section plane.
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in drawing is an approximate representation on a flat surface of an image as it is perceived by the eye. The key concepts here are:
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view until the mid twentieth century, remaining popular until the 1970s, especially for textbook diagrams and illustrations.
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to scale so that relationships between elements are accurate. In many cases a different scale is required for different
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dry transfer lettering and half-tone sheets were popular from the 1970s until computers made those processes obsolete.
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is a rapidly executed freehand drawing, a quick way to record and develop an idea, not intended as a finished work. A
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is the art of adding surface textures and shadows to show the visual qualities of a building more realistically. An
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David Byrnes, AutoCAD 2008 For
Dummies. Publisher: John Wiley & Sons; illustrated edition (4 May 2007).
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The Great
Perspectivists, by Gavin Stamp. RIBA Drawings Series, published by Trefoil Books London 1982.
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where objects facing the viewer are orthogonal, and receding lines converge to a single vanishing point.
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Horizontal and vertical edges in the object are represented by horizontals and verticals in the drawing.
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drawing board, as well as more complex improvements on the basic T-square. The development of reliable
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Drawings intended to explain a scheme and to promote its merits. Working drawings may include tones or
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Arthur
Thompson, Architectural Design Procedures, Second Edition. Architectural Press: Elsevier 2007.
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of an object onto a horizontal plane, with the horizontal plane cutting through the building.
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bathrooms, may be made as prefabricated pods complete with internal decorations and fittings.
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rendered, and the final image is intended to be almost indistinguishable from a photograph.
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The basic categorization of artificial perspective is by the number of vanishing points:
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City of Ottawa, specific requirements for drawings to be submitted for a building permit
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Thomas W Schaller, Architecture in
Watercolour. Van Nostrand Re9inhold, New York 1990.
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Scale drawings enable dimensions to be "read" off the drawing, i.e. measured directly.
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etc.), sheet sizes, units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross referencing.
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Three-point perspective gives a casual, photographic snapshot effect. In professional
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An elevation is a view of a building seen from one side, a flat representation of one
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Computer generated perspective of the Moscow School of
Management, by David Adjaye.
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https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/08/architecture-exhibition%7CLe
771:. Axonometric drawings feature prominently in the influential 1970's drawings of
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894:
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35:
681:
for façade, so the "north elevation" is the north-facing wall of the building.
475:
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177:
17:
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2121:
2106:
1848:"What Is Parametric Design in Architecture? How Is It Shaping the Industry?"
1446:
1397:
1147:
1027:
637:
627:
611:
423:
242:
668:
918:
552:
Architectural drawing combining elevation, section, and plan: drawings by
2091:
1268:
1221:
1162:
1001:
450:
267:
2820:
1058:, as well as Campbell himself and other prominent architects of the era.
418:
of a building (or building project) that falls within the definition of
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2076:
1436:
1263:
1256:
1244:
1202:
1151:
947:
853:
678:
600:
548:
480:
324:
1457:
List of museums with major collections of
European prints and drawings
1278:
CAD is used to create all kinds of drawings, from working drawings to
1138:
1783:
1640:
Sample pages of isometric drawings from McKay's Building Construction
1622:
W. B. McKay: McKay's Building Construction. Donhead Publishing 2005.
1186:
1178:
962:
1275:
allows for more intuitive drawing and is intended as a design tool.
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1103:
1095:
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819:
803:
683:
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577:
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474:
131:
859:
Verticals converge to a point either above or below the horizon.
1921:
1738:
Architectural Drawing: A Visual Compendium of Types and Methods
2096:
604:
290:
29:
1898:"How Architects Are Making It Work from Home During COVID-19"
845:
Lines leading away into the distance appear to converge at a
1768:
Deconstruction in Architecture: In Architecture and Urbanism
1515:
Wisegeek, the basic definition of the scope of CAD drawings.
1205:, or a combination of the two. Ink lines were drawn with a
1562:. Local authorities worldwide publish similar information.
839:
Perspective is the view from a particular fixed viewpoint.
1079:, records of notable buildings drawn up during the 1930s
760:
Traditional drafting techniques used 30–60 and 45 degree
1824:"Vectorworks 2021 Is Here! 6 Things BIM Users Will Love"
1799:"The Best 3D Architecture/ BIM Software (Many are Free)"
1785:
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008–09 Edition: Drafters
517:Ă— 1,220 mm or 36 in Ă— 48 in).
636:
a building footprint; roads, parking lots, footpaths,
433:
Architectural drawings are made according to a set of
2809:
1788:
dated: 18 December 2007. accessed: 24 September 2008.
1576:(Second ed.), New York: Van Norstrand Reinhold,
1220:
allowed for faster drafting and stenciled lettering.
27:
Technical drawing of a building (or building project)
2682:
2552:
2416:
2370:
2294:
2193:
2162:
2155:
2062:
1956:
1201:would either be done by hand, mechanically using a
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
824:Two point perspective, interior of Dercy House by
1873:"Virtual Reality Uses in Architecture and Design"
1751:"Thinking with diagrams in architectural design"
1157:The traditional tools of the architect were the
1432:Copyright in architecture in the United States
1212:Developments in the 20th century included the
1933:
1749:Ellen Yi-Luen Do†& Mark D. Gross (2001).
387:
8:
677:Architects also use the word elevation as a
569:Standard views used in architectural drawing
1656:
1654:
852:All horizontals converge to a point on the
544:Standard views used in architects' drawings
2159:
1940:
1926:
1918:
1610:Page 57, definition of axonometric drawing
1473:Preservation: Library and Archival Science
1447:Layers in a standard architectural drawing
1185:of different types. Drawings were made on
856:, which is a horizontal line at eye level.
724:terms in the architecture-specific sense.
394:
380:
142:
1724:Corbusier's sketch design for his Cabanon
1404:). The standard modern processes are the
808:Perspective in the manner of the classic
655:Elevation of the principal façade of the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1708:Richard Boland and Fred Collopy (2004).
1050:, illustrations of English buildings by
2816:
1618:
1616:
1594:
1592:
1494:
150:
1732:
1730:
1142:Architect at his drawing board (1893).
599:is the most fundamental architectural
1337:Example of real life parametric model
715:Isometric and axonometric projections
422:. Architectural drawings are used by
298:Product and manufacturing information
7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1255:An example of a drawing drafted in
938:Architect's early concept sketches.
1262:Professional CAD software such as
1077:Historic American Buildings Survey
437:, which include particular views (
25:
1602:. Laurence King Publishing 2007.
1468:Multiview orthographic projection
2819:
1503:Technical Graphics Communication
1501:Gary R. Bertoline et al. (2002)
1462:Museum for Architectural Drawing
643:Site plans are commonly used to
156:
34:
361:Outline of drawing and drawings
136:18th-century axonometric plan,
45:needs additional citations for
1755:Artificial Intelligence Review
1243:(generally referred to by the
1:
1964:Biological data visualization
1766:Andreas C. Papadakis (1988).
1299:Building information modeling
1294:Building information modeling
1228:CGI and computer-aided design
1108:Detailed Parapet Wall Drawing
582:Principal floor plans of the
1740:. 2nd Edition. Wiley, 2002.
1377:Architectural reprographics
220:Archaeological illustration
2863:
2004:Mathematical visualization
1780:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1380:
1069:and now available through
492:
210:Mechanical systems drawing
1999:Information visualization
1984:Educational visualization
1383:Architectural reprography
1011:architectural illustrator
891:architectural photography
800:Architectural perspective
614:is defined as a vertical
2175:Charles-René de Fourcroy
2024:Scientific visualization
1951:of technical information
1558:January 2, 2014, at the
1284:Architectural renderings
1100:Detailed Section Drawing
899:perspective control lens
1343:architectural animation
1329:Architectural animation
880:Three-point perspective
688:Section drawing of the
616:orthographic projection
205:Scientific illustration
69:"Architectural drawing"
2595:Christopher R. Johnson
2147:Technical illustration
2034:Software visualization
1645:July 10, 2011, at the
1574:Architectural Graphics
1392:
1338:
1259:
1237:
1218:technical drawing pens
1143:
1109:
1101:
939:
829:
817:
693:
659:
587:
565:
545:
490:
278:Technical illustration
140:
2489:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
2302:Edward Walter Maunder
2226:Charles Joseph Minard
2044:User interface design
2019:Product visualization
1710:Managing as designing
1600:Drawing for Designers
1572:Ching, Frank (1985),
1390:
1336:
1254:
1241:Computer-aided design
1235:
1141:
1107:
1099:
1067:Charles Robert Ashbee
1065:, founded in 1894 by
1048:Vitruvius Brittanicus
996:Presentation drawings
937:
930:Sketches and diagrams
914:of the cutaway view.
874:Two-point perspective
868:One-point perspective
823:
807:
687:
654:
581:
551:
543:
478:
408:architectural drawing
173:Architectural drawing
138:Port-Royal-des-Champs
135:
2769:Scientific modelling
2744:Information graphics
2484:Clifford A. Pickover
2434:William S. Cleveland
2342:Henry Norris Russell
2327:Howard G. Funkhouser
2271:Florence Nightingale
2236:Francis Amasa Walker
2132:Statistical graphics
2054:Volume visualization
2029:Social visualization
1056:Sir Christopher Wren
54:improve this article
2749:Information science
2712:in computer science
2504:Sheelagh Carpendale
2439:George G. Robertson
2276:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
2211:André-Michel Guerry
2087:Graph of a function
2082:Engineering drawing
1828:www.engineering.com
1736:Rendow Yee (2002).
1442:Engineering drawing
1427:Architectural model
1282:perspective views.
1161:or drafting table,
428:building contractor
412:architect's drawing
190:Engineering drawing
2789:Volume cartography
2553:Early 21st century
2449:Catherine Plaisant
2444:Bruce H. McCormick
2398:Mary Eleanor Spear
2388:Arthur H. Robinson
2322:Arthur Lyon Bowley
2295:Early 20th century
2142:Technical drawings
2014:Molecular graphics
1989:Flow visualization
1979:Data visualization
1757:15: 135–149, 2001.
1478:Structural drawing
1393:
1339:
1260:
1238:
1144:
1110:
1102:
940:
924:photorealistically
906:Aerial perspective
830:
818:
745:Cabinet projection
694:
660:
588:
566:
560:'s proposal for a
546:
491:
200:Structural drawing
185:Electrical drawing
151:Technical drawings
141:
2847:Technical drawing
2807:
2806:
2784:Visual perception
2734:Graphic organizer
2707:Computer graphics
2678:
2677:
2660:Martin Wattenberg
2635:Hanspeter Pfister
2590:Martin Krzywinski
2514:Jock D. Mackinlay
2494:Thomas A. DeFanti
2417:Late 20th century
2337:Ejnar Hertzsprung
2039:Technical drawing
1666:978-0-340-71941-1
1628:978-1-873394-72-4
1608:978-1-85669-533-6
1483:Technical drawing
1464:, Berlin, Germany
1320:Parametric design
586:, Greenwich (UK).
503:Architect's scale
416:technical drawing
404:
403:
248:Technical drawing
146:Part of series on
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2854:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2794:Volume rendering
2779:Visual analytics
2774:Spatial analysis
2754:Misleading graph
2605:David McCandless
2580:Gordon Kindlmann
2544:Alfred Inselberg
2539:Leland Wilkinson
2474:Michael Friendly
2408:Howard T. Fisher
2371:Mid 20th century
2312:W. E. B. Du Bois
2216:William Playfair
2206:Adolphe Quetelet
2180:Joseph Priestley
2163:Pre-19th century
2160:
2127:Skeletal formula
1994:Geovisualization
1969:Chemical imaging
1942:
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1506:
1499:
1368:Online practices
1288:Autodesk 3ds Max
1092:Working drawings
1071:English Heritage
1063:Survey of London
1015:graphic designer
922:building can be
893:, conversely, a
638:hard landscaping
499:Engineer's scale
396:
389:
382:
253:Assembly drawing
195:Plumbing drawing
160:
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2799:Information art
2739:Imaging science
2684:
2674:
2655:Fernanda Viégas
2650:Moritz Stefaner
2575:Jessica Hullman
2548:
2519:Alan MacEachren
2469:Ben Shneiderman
2412:
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2189:
2151:
2064:
2058:
2009:Medical imaging
1952:
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1852:Fusion 360 Blog
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1647:Wayback Machine
1638:
1634:
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1597:
1590:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1560:Wayback Machine
1551:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1422:
1406:ink-jet printer
1385:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1359:Virtual reality
1352:
1331:
1322:
1296:
1230:
1214:parallel motion
1136:
1094:
1036:
1034:Record drawings
1023:
1021:Survey drawings
998:
989:
932:
847:vanishing point
814:Jean-Max Albert
802:
785:
783:Detail drawings
769:Modern Movement
717:
699:
665:
657:Panthéon, Paris
624:
610:Geometrically,
593:
571:
509:
493:Main articles:
473:
464:
400:
371:
370:
356:
348:
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334:ANSI/ASME Y14.1
316:
308:
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293:
283:
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273:Patent drawings
263:Cutaway diagram
233:
225:
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215:Working drawing
168:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2786:
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2771:
2766:
2764:Patent drawing
2761:
2756:
2751:
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2736:
2731:
2729:Graphic design
2726:
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2714:
2704:
2699:
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2686:
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2679:
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2670:Hadley Wickham
2667:
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2647:
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2637:
2632:
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2625:Tamara Munzner
2622:
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2524:David Goodsell
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Cynthia Brewer
2506:
2501:
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2403:Edgar Anderson
2400:
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2378:Jacques Bertin
2374:
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2332:John B. Peddle
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2286:Francis Galton
2283:
2281:Toussaint Loua
2278:
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2261:Georg von Mayr
2258:
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2251:Matthew Sankey
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2117:Sankey diagram
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2089:
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2049:Visual culture
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2011:
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1381:Main article:
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1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
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1327:
1321:
1318:
1295:
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1280:photorealistic
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1118:
1093:
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1085:
1084:
1074:
1059:
1044:Colen Campbell
1035:
1032:
1028:land surveyors
1022:
1019:
997:
994:
988:
985:
961:Architectural
931:
928:
909:confused with
884:
883:
877:
871:
861:
860:
857:
850:
843:
840:
801:
798:
784:
781:
777:James Stirling
773:Michael Graves
758:
757:
749:
742:
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713:
698:
695:
664:
661:
623:
620:
592:
589:
570:
567:
558:Jeremy Bentham
554:Willey Reveley
472:
471:Size and scale
469:
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42:
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26:
24:
18:Elevation view
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Graph drawing
2722:
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2717:
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2710:
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2703:
2700:
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2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Claudio Silva
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
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2628:
2626:
2623:
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2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Mauro Martino
2608:
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2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:Michael Maltz
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:George Furnas
2497:
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2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Howard Wainer
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2383:Rudolf Modley
2381:
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2842:Architecture
2826:Architecture
2759:Neuroimaging
2719:CPK coloring
2702:Color coding
2640:Hans Rosling
2620:Miriah Meyer
2585:Aaron Koblin
2570:Jeffrey Heer
2464:Edward Tufte
2459:Pat Hanrahan
2429:Nigel Holmes
2307:Otto Neurath
2246:Oliver Byrne
2194:19th century
1906:. Retrieved
1904:. 2020-03-23
1901:
1892:
1881:. Retrieved
1879:. 2020-02-01
1876:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1854:. 2020-12-15
1851:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1805:. 2019-07-16
1802:
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1599:
1598:Alan Piper,
1573:
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1502:
1497:
1452:Linear scale
1394:
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1183:drawing pens
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980:cutaway view
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564:prison, 1791
535:
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507:Metric scale
479:
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420:architecture
411:
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329:
320:
172:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2692:Cartography
2630:Ade Olufeko
2600:Manuel Lima
2529:Kwan-Liu Ma
2454:Stuart Card
2424:Borden Dent
2362:Erwin Raisz
2317:Henry Gantt
1414:photocopier
1350:Digital era
1273:Vectorworks
1167:set squares
1052:Inigo Jones
911:aerial view
895:view camera
833:Perspective
826:Robert Adam
793:sash window
762:set squares
753:axonometric
692:at Potsdam.
633:development
531:scale ruler
435:conventions
110:August 2013
2836:Categories
2615:John Maeda
2393:John Tukey
2357:Harry Beck
2352:Fritz Kahn
2102:Photograph
1908:2021-04-13
1902:Metropolis
1883:2021-04-13
1858:2021-04-13
1833:2020-12-09
1809:2020-12-09
1803:All3DP Pro
1490:References
1402:Whiteprint
1398:blueprints
1207:ruling pen
1171:protractor
1081:Depression
810:Ideal city
597:floor plan
591:Floor plan
562:Panopticon
514:paper size
495:Paper size
487:Li Zhaodao
458:software.
439:floor plan
424:architects
178:Floor plan
80:newspapers
2697:Chartjunk
2665:Bang Wong
2560:Polo Chau
2266:John Snow
2241:John Venn
2122:Schematic
2107:Pictogram
1391:Blueprint
1199:Lettering
1189:, coated
1175:compasses
1148:draftsmen
1007:Rendering
738:isometric
663:Elevation
645:represent
628:site plan
622:Site plan
612:plan view
489:(675-758)
315:Standards
243:Blueprint
2683:Related
2092:Ideogram
1643:Archived
1556:Archived
1420:See also
1269:SketchUp
1222:Letraset
1163:T-square
1152:drafters
1134:Drafting
526:Imperial
483:Pavilion
451:computer
355:See also
238:Sketches
167:By field
2565:Ben Fry
2077:Diagram
1770:. p.65.
1712:. p.69.
1505:. p.12.
1437:Drawing
1264:AutoCAD
1257:AutoCAD
1245:acronym
1203:stencil
1121:fitted.
1002:hatches
948:diagram
919:montage
854:horizon
828:, 1777.
679:synonym
601:diagram
481:Luoyang
462:History
443:section
325:ISO 128
94:scholar
2812:Portal
2685:topics
2156:People
2063:Image
1957:Fields
1877:Medium
1753:. In:
1696:
1680:
1664:
1626:
1606:
1580:
1540:
1193:, and
1187:vellum
1181:, and
1179:pencil
963:legend
944:sketch
816:,1977.
669:façade
505:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2137:Table
2072:Chart
2065:types
1191:linen
987:Types
897:or a
414:is a
232:Types
101:JSTOR
87:books
2112:Plot
1694:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1412:and
1271:and
1165:and
1150:(or
1061:The
1054:and
730:axes
343:ESKD
73:news
2097:Map
1341:An
1046:'s
1013:or
973:An
812:by
751:An
736:An
605:map
556:of
485:by
456:CAD
410:or
406:An
321:INT
291:CAD
56:by
2838::
1900:.
1875:.
1850:.
1826:.
1801:.
1782:.
1729:^
1653:^
1615:^
1591:^
1408:,
1197:.
1177:,
1173:,
1169:,
1030:.
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917:A
775:,
701:A
626:A
595:A
501:,
497:,
441:,
341::
339:RU
332::
330:US
323::
2814::
1941:e
1934:t
1927:v
1911:.
1886:.
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1836:.
1812:.
849:.
395:e
388:t
381:v
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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