33:
1667:
Following i.v. administration, the terminal half-life is the time required for plasma/blood concentration to decrease by 50% after pseudo-equilibrium of distribution has been reached; then, terminal half-life is computed when the decrease in drug plasma concentration is due only to drug elimination,
633:
effects in humans. In addition, unlike the case of peripheral administration, intranasal oxytocin has a central duration of at least 2.25 hours and as long as 4 hours. In likely relation to this fact, endogenous oxytocin concentrations in the brain have been found to be as much as 1000-fold higher
2387:
Recent studies also highlight remarkable anxiolytic and prosocial effects of intranasally administered OT in humans, including increased 'trust', decreased amygdala activation towards fear-inducing stimuli, improved recognition of social cues and increased gaze directed towards the eye regions of
1614:
The half-life of a drug is the time required for the serum concentration to be reduced by 50%. Once the half-life of the drug is known, the time required for clearance can be estimated. Approximately 97% of the drug is eliminated by 5 halflives, while ~99% is eliminated by 7
2334:
Oxytocin can be delivered to humans via nasal spray following which it crosses the blood–brain barrier. ... In a double-blind experiment, oxytocin spray increased trusting behavior compared to a placebo spray in a monetary game with real money at
1366:
In clinical practice, this means that it takes 4 to 5 times the half-life for a drug's serum concentration to reach steady state after regular dosing is started, stopped, or the dose changed. So, for example, digoxin has a half-life (or
1817:
1476:
166:
because it helps determine how much of a drug needs to be taken and how frequently it needs to be taken if a certain average amount is needed constantly. By contrast, the stability of a substance in plasma is described as
2445:
Huffmeijer R, Alink LR, Tops M, Grewen KM, Light KC, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Ijzendoorn MH (2012). "Salivary levels of oxytocin remain elevated for more than two hours after intranasal oxytocin administration".
1361:
517:
For some substances, it is important to think of the human or animal body as being made up of several parts, each with their own affinity for the substance, and each part with a different biological half-life
1257:
522:). Attempts to remove a substance from the whole organism may have the effect of increasing the burden present in one part of the organism. For instance, if a person who is contaminated with lead is given
1190:
2097:
Plasma donepezil concentrations decline with a half-life of approximately 70 h. Sex, race, and smoking history have no clinically significant influence on plasma concentrations of donepezil .
1853:
1484:
178:
The relationship between the biological and plasma half-lives of a substance can be complex depending on the substance in question, due to factors including accumulation in tissues,
1127:
1057:
231:. Also the rate-limiting steps for one substance may be in common with other substances. For instance, the blood alcohol concentration can be used to modify the biochemistry of
109:
1679:
519:
973:
1628:
993:
36:
Time course of drug plasma concentrations over 96 hours following oral administrations every 24 hours (Ď„). Absorption half-life 1 h, elimination half-life 12 h.
1385:) of 24–36 h; this means that a change in the dose will take the best part of a week to take full effect. For this reason, drugs with a long half-life (e.g.,
1668:
and the term 'elimination half-life' is applicable. Therefore, it is not the time necessary for the amount of the administered drug to fall by one half.
1509:
2693:
1426:
SHALLOW part of curve —> ultimate excretion of drug, which is dependent on the release of the drug from tissue compartments into the blood.
2660:
2560:
2486:
2074:
1770:
1745:
1599:
1567:
The elimination half-life measures the kinetics of loss of drug from the body as a whole once all distribution equilibria have been achieved.
1560:
199:
will reduce the biological half-life of water in the body. This has been used to decontaminate patients who are internally contaminated with
2785:
2750:
1290:
3479:
2402:
2349:"From ultrasocial to antisocial: a role for oxytocin in the acute reinforcing effects and long-term adverse consequences of drug use?"
1201:
2590:
2519:
2327:
1720:
1805:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Noradrenalin Orpha 1 mg/ml Konzentrat zur Herstellung einer Infusionslösung.
1942:
3514:
3469:
530:, then while the rate at which lead is lost from the body will be increased, the lead within the body tends to relocate into the
3409:
2902:
2937:
203:. The basis of this decontamination method is to increase the rate at which the water in the body is replaced with new water.
3519:
3464:
3160:
3071:
195:
The biological half-life of water in a human is about 7 to 14 days. It can be altered by behavior. Drinking large amounts of
1138:
266:
can be treated in the same way. Half life is also relative to the subjective metabolic rate of the individual in question.
3389:
3014:
2942:
2207:
Nikolas C Papanikolaou; Eleftheria G Hatzidaki; Stamatis
Belivanis; George N Tzanakakis; Aristidis M Tsatsakis (2005).
139:
of the measured substance through the kidneys and intestines. This concept is used when the rate of removal is roughly
3132:
2448:
1659:
2867:
2686:
2400:
Weisman O, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R (2012). "Intranasal oxytocin administration is reflected in human saliva".
3509:
3379:
3127:
3121:
1269:
is the slope of the terminal phase of the time–concentration curve for the substance on a semilogarithmic scale.
622:
60:
3444:
3146:
2182:
626:
3195:
2957:
2952:
2862:
2780:
1080:
3331:
3092:
3067:
3002:
2891:
2775:
1277:
1067:
618:
179:
1923:
1521:
3439:
3231:
3033:
2710:
2679:
1001:
295:
216:
2261:"Oxytocin and vasopressin: linking pituitary neuropeptides and their receptors to social neurocircuits"
2652:
Handbook of
Essential Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism for Industrial Scientists
82:
3474:
3336:
3246:
2967:
2735:
1582:
Dasgupta, Amitava; Krasowski, Matthew D. (2020). "Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic drug monitoring".
1273:
343:
140:
3384:
3272:
3241:
2887:
2847:
2770:
1457:
614:
610:
124:
64:
2543:
Chan, Patrick; Uchizono, James A. (2015). "Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics of Anesthetics".
2318:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 7: Neuropeptides". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
3354:
3304:
3205:
3018:
2997:
2897:
2818:
2730:
2525:
2427:
1845:
1605:
621:
in humans when given via this route. In contrast to peripheral administration, when administered
1790:(in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. Adenosin Baxter3 mg/ml Injektionslösung.
3349:
3210:
3200:
3028:
3022:
2857:
2656:
2631:
2623:
2586:
2556:
2515:
2482:
2476:
2457:
2419:
2388:
others (Kirsch et al., 2005; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Domes et al., 2006; Guastella et al., 2008)
2378:
2323:
2300:
2282:
2220:
2088:
2080:
2070:
1954:
1924:"Trexall, Otrexup (methotrexate) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
1837:
1766:
1741:
1716:
1710:
1651:
1595:
1556:
554:
527:
2650:
2032:
3394:
3282:
3277:
3077:
3047:
2833:
2813:
2795:
2615:
2548:
2507:
2411:
2368:
2360:
2290:
2272:
2062:
1829:
1693:
1643:
1587:
1548:
1439:
649:
163:
132:
1419:
Many drugs follow a biphasic elimination curve — first a steep slope then a shallow slope:
601:
Some substances may have different half-lives in different parts of the body. For example,
223:
from the human body is limited. Hence the removal of a large concentration of alcohol from
3434:
3309:
3137:
3097:
3082:
2790:
2740:
949:
263:
236:
200:
2208:
3424:
3404:
3323:
3165:
2907:
2852:
2511:
2373:
2348:
2295:
2260:
1962:
1591:
1552:
978:
196:
172:
128:
2066:
502:
in humans is between one and four months. This can be shortened by feeding the person
17:
3503:
3429:
2916:
2823:
2619:
2018:
1647:
1609:
1071:
643:
558:
503:
443:
405:
228:
2529:
2431:
1689:
3399:
3359:
3260:
3184:
3062:
2745:
2702:
2415:
2171:(in German). Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Apothekerverlag. Avodart 0,5 mg Weichkapseln.
1849:
1408:
630:
507:
352:
243:
159:
147:
75:
2131:(in German). Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Apothekerverlag. Sedacoron 200 mg-Tabletten.
2113:
1909:
2006:(in German). Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Apothekerverlag. Epilan D 100 mg-Tabletten.
1423:
STEEP (initial) part of curve —> initial distribution of the drug in the body.
3484:
2971:
2947:
2552:
2142:
1988:
1891:
1876:
1684:
613:. Peripherally administered (e.g. intravenous) peptides like oxytocin cross the
482:
472:
305:
247:
127:
from the body. Typically, the biological half-life refers to the body's natural
32:
146:
In a medical context, half-life explicitly describes the time it takes for the
3364:
3296:
3188:
2963:
1833:
1386:
1074:
where the rate of elimination is proportional to the amount of the substance:
462:
452:
435:
415:
386:
335:
116:
56:
2627:
2286:
2277:
2084:
1688:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
3142:
1697:
1454:, pertaining to the general mathematical concept in physics or pharmacology.
1451:
946:
Half-times apply to processes where the elimination rate is exponential. If
606:
589:
583:
542:
511:
425:
395:
365:
285:
259:
136:
2635:
2545:
Essentials of
Pharmacology for Anesthesia, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care
2461:
2423:
2382:
2304:
2224:
2143:"Caprelsa (vandetanib) Tablets, for Oral Use. Full Prescribing Information"
2092:
1958:
1841:
1655:
617:
very poorly, although very small amounts (< 1%) do appear to enter the
3264:
3236:
3223:
2992:
2912:
2364:
602:
538:
378:
325:
315:
232:
171:
This is essential to ensure accurate analysis of drugs in plasma and for
155:
2606:
Toutain, P. L.; Bousquet-Melou, A. (2004). "Plasma terminal half-life".
2725:
577:
548:
499:
251:
212:
250:
in the human body can be prevented by giving an appropriate amount of
2502:
2475:
Miles Hacker; William S. Messer; Kenneth A. Bachmann (19 June 2009).
1543:
Curry, Stephen H. (1993). "PHARMACOKINETICS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS".
1356:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {{\ln 2}\cdot {V_{D}}}{CL}}\,}
255:
2320:
551:
in the body has a biological half-life of about one to four months.
1577:
1575:
531:
240:
224:
220:
31:
3117:
3010:
3006:
2808:
1252:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {\ln 2}{\lambda _{z}}}\,}
571:
567:
523:
120:
52:
27:
Time taken for a drug to halve its concentration in blood plasma
2675:
2671:
2059:
Profiles of Drug
Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology
1943:"Prescribing Methadone for Pain Management in End-of-Life Care"
1284:) and the relationship is described by the following equation:
2183:"Sirturo (bedaquiline) Tablets. Full Prescribing Information"
2322:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 195.
506:. The prussian blue in the digestive system acts as a solid
154:) its steady-state when circulating in the full blood of an
2057:
Asiri, Yousif A.; Mostafa, Gamal A.E. (2010). "Donepezil".
1765:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 295.
592:
in the liver has a biological half-life of about 40 years.
2254:
2252:
1434:
and the half-life of the largest component is called the
609:
of typically about three minutes in the blood when given
1763:
Cambridge textbook of effective treatments in psychiatry
2655:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 24–.
1411:
to achieve their desired clinical effect more quickly.
1185:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {\ln 2}{k}}.\,}
586:
in bone has a biological half-life of about 100 years.
115:
This is used to measure the removal of things such as
1293:
1204:
1141:
1083:
1004:
981:
952:
580:
in bone has a biological half-life of about 30 years.
85:
3457:
3417:
3373:
3322:
3295:
3259:
3222:
3183:
3174:
3110:
3055:
3046:
2985:
2930:
2879:
2841:
2832:
2763:
2718:
2709:
2608:
Journal of
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1636:
Journal of
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2259:Baribeau, Danielle A; Anagnostou, Evdokia (2015).
1355:
1251:
1184:
1121:
1051:
987:
967:
103:
625:via a nasal spray, oxytocin reliably crosses the
182:, active metabolites, and receptor interactions.
564:Lead in the blood has a half life of 28–36 days.
2585:. Arlington, VA: AAPS Press. pp. 237–239.
2347:McGregor IS, Callaghan PD, Hunt GE (May 2008).
1947:Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
1504:
1502:
561:) in the body has a half-life of about 65 days.
520:physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling
239:. In this way the oxidation of methanol to the
1715:. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. p. 251.
574:has a biological half-life of about ten years.
2687:
2246:Rabinowitz et al. 1976 as cited in ATSDR 2005
2107:
2105:
1903:
1901:
1440:Pharmacokinetics § Multi-compartmental models
1407:of about 58 days) are usually started with a
477:21–35 days (under continuous administration)
8:
2061:. Vol. 35. Elsevier. pp. 117–150.
975:is the concentration of a substance at time
258:methanol. Methanol is very toxic and causes
2581:Bonate, Peter L.; Howard, Danny R. (2004).
1982:
1980:
1818:"Pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin in humans"
1627:Toutain, P. L.; Bousquet-Melou, A. (2004).
440:4–6 days (under continuous administration)
51:) is the time taken for concentration of a
3454:
3414:
3319:
3292:
3256:
3219:
3180:
3107:
3052:
2982:
2927:
2876:
2838:
2760:
2715:
2694:
2680:
2672:
2237:Griffin et al. 1975 as cited in ATSDR 2005
1816:Ehrsson, Hans; et al. (Winter 2002).
1761:Silk, Kenneth R.; Tyrer, Peter J. (2008).
1545:Antipsychotic Drugs and their Side-Effects
658:
510:which absorbs the caesium while releasing
158:. This measurement is useful in medicine,
2576:
2574:
2572:
2372:
2294:
2276:
2148:. Sanofi Genzyme, Cambridge, MA, Dec 2016
2033:"Klonopin (clonazepam) Prescribing Guide"
1352:
1334:
1329:
1315:
1312:
1298:
1292:
1248:
1240:
1223:
1209:
1203:
1181:
1160:
1146:
1140:
1084:
1082:
1048:
1036:
1003:
980:
951:
660:Timeline of an exponential decay process
90:
84:
273:
215:(drinking alcohol) through oxidation by
1468:
150:concentration of a substance to halve (
2209:"Lead toxicity update. A brief review"
2478:Pharmacology: Principles and Practice
2112:
2017:
1987:
1908:
1890:
1875:
1195:Alternatively, half-life is given by
1122:{\displaystyle {\frac {dC}{dt}}=-kC.}
262:and death. A person who has ingested
7:
1740:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 119.
1738:Handbook on the toxicology of metals
1438:For a more detailed description see
78:. It is denoted by the abbreviation
2504:Infectious Disease and Pharmacology
1430:The longer half-life is called the
3480:Minimum bactericidal concentration
2583:Clinical study design and analysis
2512:10.1016/B978-0-323-54391-0.00011-4
2038:. Genentech USA, Inc. October 2017
1685:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1592:10.1016/b978-0-12-815849-4.00001-3
1553:10.1016/b978-0-12-079035-7.50015-4
1520:. 19 February 2020. Archived from
1510:"Definition of Half-Life (t⁄
1132:The half-life for this process is
1070:. Such a decay rate arises from a
1052:{\displaystyle C(t)=C(0)e^{-kt}\,}
995:, its time dependence is given by
25:
3470:Minimum inhibitory concentration
2620:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00600.x
1941:Manfredonia, John (March 2005).
1648:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00600.x
1584:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Data
290:Less than 10 seconds (estimate)
104:{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}}
3410:WHO list of essential medicines
2903:Non-specific effect of vaccines
2481:. Academic Press. p. 205.
2353:British Journal of Pharmacology
650:Pharmacokinetics § Metrics
534:where it can do the most harm.
270:Common prescription medications
59:) to decrease from its maximum
3465:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
2416:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.014
1547:. Elsevier. pp. 127–144.
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
962:
956:
442:Active lipophilic metabolite (
1:
3390:Functional analog (chemistry)
2067:10.1016/s1871-5125(10)35003-5
541:in the body has a biological
2943:Hill equation (biochemistry)
2649:Younggil Kwon (8 May 2007).
2188:. Janssen Products, Dec 2012
1709:Lin VW; Cardenas DD (2003).
1481:Pharmacology in one semester
498:The biological half-life of
2553:10.1007/978-1-4614-8948-1_1
2449:Neuro Endocrinology Letters
1629:"Plasma terminal half-life"
1586:. Elsevier. pp. 1–17.
1272:Half-life is determined by
372:in rare cases up to 8 days
3536:
3458:Antimicrobial pharmacology
2938:Dose–response relationship
2868:Desensitization (medicine)
647:
641:
359:8–15 hours (higher doses)
357:3–10 hours (lower doses),
3380:Coinduction (anesthetics)
2265:Frontiers in Neuroscience
2167:Haberfeld H, ed. (2020).
2127:Haberfeld H, ed. (2020).
2117:. Accessed 15 April 2021.
2022:. Accessed 15 April 2021.
2002:Haberfeld H, ed. (2020).
1992:. Accessed 15 April 2021.
1913:. Accessed 15 April 2021.
1895:. Accessed 15 April 2021.
1880:. Accessed 15 April 2021.
1801:Haberfeld H, ed. (2020).
1786:Haberfeld H, ed. (2020).
1736:Nordberg, Gunnar (2007).
49:pharmacological half-life
3445:Multiple drug resistance
3418:Tolerance and resistance
2786:Physiological antagonist
2403:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2278:10.3389/fnins.2015.00335
1953:(3 supplement): S18-21.
668:Percent of initial value
634:than peripheral levels.
3515:Mathematics in medicine
3196:Neuropsychopharmacology
2958:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
2953:Del Castillo Katz model
2880:Other effects of ligand
2863:Receptor (biochemistry)
2781:Irreversible antagonist
2213:Medical Science Monitor
1698:10.1351/goldbook.B00658
1477:"Elimination Half-Life"
655:First-order elimination
545:of about 30 to 50 days.
3332:Classical pharmacology
3093:Plasma protein binding
3068:Volume of distribution
2776:Competitive antagonist
1928:reference.medscape.com
1357:
1278:volume of distribution
1253:
1186:
1123:
1068:reaction rate constant
1053:
989:
969:
619:central nervous system
105:
37:
18:Elimination half-lives
3520:Temporal exponentials
3440:Antibiotic resistance
3232:Clinical pharmacology
2751:Physiological agonist
2711:Ligand (biochemistry)
1665:on 20 February 2020.
1358:
1254:
1187:
1124:
1054:
990:
970:
280:Biological half-life
217:alcohol dehydrogenase
106:
45:elimination half-life
35:
3337:Reverse pharmacology
3247:Pharmacoepidemiology
3088:Biological half-life
2968:Ligand binding assay
2842:Activity at receptor
2736:Irreversible agonist
2506:. pp. 123–139.
2365:10.1038/bjp.2008.132
1856:on 28 September 2007
1712:Spinal Cord Medicine
1690:Biological Half Life
1291:
1202:
1139:
1081:
1072:first-order reaction
1002:
979:
968:{\displaystyle C(t)}
950:
597:Peripheral half-life
344:N-desalkylflurazepam
254:to a person who has
131:(cleansing) through
125:signalling molecules
83:
53:biological substance
41:Biological half-life
3385:Combination therapy
3273:Pharmacoinformatics
3242:Medicinal chemistry
2848:Mechanism of action
1834:10.1385/MO:19:4:261
1524:on 20 February 2020
1458:Effective half-life
1436:dominant half-life.
671:Percent completion
661:
627:blood–brain barrier
615:blood-brain-barrier
385:Active metabolite (
342:Active metabolite (
229:zero-order kinetics
3355:Immunopharmacology
3305:Pharmacotoxicology
3206:Psychopharmacology
2998:Intrinsic activity
2898:Pleiotropy (drugs)
2819:Agonist-antagonist
2731:Endogenous agonist
1487:on 22 October 2020
1432:terminal half-life
1415:Biphasic half-life
1353:
1249:
1182:
1119:
1049:
985:
965:
659:
430:3 days (70 hours)
101:
38:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3453:
3452:
3350:Photopharmacology
3345:
3344:
3318:
3317:
3291:
3290:
3255:
3254:
3218:
3217:
3211:Electrophysiology
3201:Neuropharmacology
3156:
3155:
3106:
3105:
3042:
3041:
3029:Therapeutic index
2981:
2980:
2926:
2925:
2875:
2874:
2804:
2803:
2759:
2758:
2662:978-0-306-46820-9
2562:978-1-4614-8947-4
2547:. pp. 3–47.
2488:978-0-08-091922-5
2076:978-0-12-380884-4
1772:978-0-521-84228-0
1747:978-0-12-369413-3
1601:978-0-12-815849-4
1562:978-0-12-079035-7
1350:
1306:
1246:
1217:
1176:
1154:
1102:
988:{\displaystyle t}
944:
943:
528:chelation therapy
491:
490:
169:plasma stability.
98:
16:(Redirected from
3527:
3510:Pharmacokinetics
3455:
3415:
3395:Polypharmacology
3320:
3293:
3283:Pharmacogenomics
3278:Pharmacogenetics
3257:
3220:
3181:
3108:
3078:Rate of infusion
3053:
3048:Pharmacokinetics
2983:
2928:
2877:
2839:
2834:Pharmacodynamics
2814:Neurotransmitter
2796:Enzyme inhibitor
2761:
2716:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2567:
2566:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2280:
2256:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2219:(10): RA329-36.
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:. Archived from
1938:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:. Archived from
1822:Medical Oncology
1813:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1706:
1700:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1658:. Archived from
1633:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1483:. Archived from
1473:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1325:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1046:
994:
992:
991:
986:
974:
972:
971:
966:
933:
931:
930:
927:
924:
906:
904:
903:
900:
897:
879:
877:
876:
873:
870:
852:
850:
849:
846:
843:
825:
823:
822:
819:
816:
798:
796:
795:
792:
789:
771:
769:
768:
765:
762:
744:
742:
741:
738:
735:
717:
715:
714:
711:
708:
691:
689:
688:
685:
682:
662:
389:): 30–200 hours
346:): 47–100 hours
274:
164:pharmacokinetics
152:plasma half-life
135:and through the
133:liver metabolism
110:
108:
107:
102:
100:
99:
91:
21:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3449:
3435:Drug resistance
3413:
3369:
3341:
3314:
3310:Neurotoxicology
3287:
3251:
3214:
3176:
3170:
3152:
3102:
3098:Bioavailability
3083:Onset of action
3038:
2977:
2922:
2871:
2828:
2800:
2791:Inverse agonist
2755:
2741:Partial agonist
2705:
2700:
2670:
2663:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2570:
2563:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2522:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2110:
2103:
2077:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1906:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1678:
1674:
1662:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1602:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1563:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1448:
1417:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:, elimination t
1384:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1342:
1330:
1314:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1267:
1236:
1225:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1162:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1078:
1032:
1000:
999:
977:
976:
948:
947:
928:
925:
922:
921:
919:
901:
898:
895:
894:
892:
874:
871:
868:
867:
865:
847:
844:
841:
840:
838:
820:
817:
814:
813:
811:
793:
790:
787:
786:
784:
766:
763:
760:
759:
757:
739:
736:
733:
732:
730:
712:
709:
706:
705:
703:
686:
683:
680:
679:
677:
657:
652:
646:
640:
599:
496:
272:
264:ethylene glycol
237:ethylene glycol
211:The removal of
209:
201:tritiated water
193:
188:
180:protein binding
86:
81:
80:
73:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3533:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:Bacteriostatic
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Drug tolerance
3421:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3405:Lists of drugs
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3324:Drug discovery
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3166:Bioequivalence
3163:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2908:Adverse effect
2905:
2900:
2895:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:Mode of action
2850:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2641:
2614:(6): 427–439.
2598:
2591:
2568:
2561:
2535:
2520:
2494:
2487:
2467:
2437:
2392:
2339:
2328:
2310:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2199:
2174:
2159:
2134:
2119:
2101:
2075:
2049:
2024:
2016:Buprenorphine
2009:
1994:
1976:
1965:on 20 May 2007
1933:
1915:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1808:
1793:
1778:
1771:
1753:
1746:
1728:
1721:
1701:
1672:
1642:(6): 427–439.
1619:
1600:
1571:
1561:
1535:
1511:
1498:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1390:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1281:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1060:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
984:
964:
961:
958:
955:
942:
941:
938:
935:
915:
914:
911:
908:
888:
887:
884:
881:
861:
860:
857:
854:
834:
833:
830:
827:
807:
806:
803:
800:
780:
779:
776:
773:
753:
752:
749:
746:
726:
725:
722:
719:
699:
698:
695:
692:
673:
672:
669:
666:
656:
653:
642:Main article:
639:
638:Rate equations
636:
598:
595:
594:
593:
587:
581:
575:
565:
562:
552:
546:
495:
492:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
438:
432:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
412:
411:
408:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
381:
375:
374:
368:
362:
361:
355:
349:
348:
338:
332:
331:
330:1.5–4.5 hours
328:
322:
321:
318:
312:
311:
308:
302:
301:
298:
296:Norepinephrine
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
278:
271:
268:
208:
205:
192:
189:
187:
184:
173:drug discovery
129:detoxification
97:
94:
89:
71:
70:) to half of C
66:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3532:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3430:Tachyphylaxis
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2918:
2917:Neurotoxicity
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:Selectivity (
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2824:Pharmacophore
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2592:9780971176744
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2521:9780323543910
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:(9): 1582–6.
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:(2): 358–68.
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:9780071481274
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2169:Austria-Codex
2163:
2160:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2129:Austria-Codex
2123:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2004:Austria-Codex
1998:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1803:Austria-Codex
1797:
1794:
1789:
1788:Austria-Codex
1782:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1722:1-888799-61-7
1718:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1388:
1346:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1005:
998:
997:
996:
982:
959:
953:
939:
936:
917:
916:
912:
909:
890:
889:
885:
882:
863:
862:
858:
855:
836:
835:
831:
828:
809:
808:
804:
801:
782:
781:
777:
774:
755:
754:
750:
747:
728:
727:
723:
720:
701:
700:
696:
693:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
663:
654:
651:
645:
644:Rate equation
637:
635:
632:
629:and exhibits
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:intravenously
608:
604:
596:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
559:methylmercury
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
540:
537:
536:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
515:
513:
509:
508:ion exchanger
505:
504:prussian blue
501:
493:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:): 4–16 days
445:
444:norfluoxetine
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:Buprenorphine
404:
403:
399:
397:
394:
393:
390:
388:
382:
380:
377:
376:
373:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
345:
339:
337:
334:
333:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
317:
314:
313:
309:
307:
304:
303:
299:
297:
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
283:
279:
276:
275:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
190:
185:
183:
181:
176:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
95:
92:
87:
77:
69:
62:
61:concentration
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
3400:Chemotherapy
3360:Cell biology
3261:Biochemistry
3185:Neuroscience
3133:Distribution
3087:
3063:Loading dose
2746:Superagonist
2703:Pharmacology
2651:
2644:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2582:
2544:
2538:
2503:
2497:
2477:
2470:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2333:
2319:
2313:
2268:
2264:
2242:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2137:
2128:
2122:
2096:
2058:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2027:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1950:
1946:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1885:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1828:(4): 261–5.
1825:
1821:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1762:
1756:
1737:
1731:
1711:
1704:
1683:
1675:
1666:
1660:the original
1639:
1635:
1622:
1613:
1583:
1566:
1544:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1517:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:the original
1480:
1471:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1418:
1409:loading dose
1365:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1194:
1131:
1063:
1061:
945:
631:psychoactive
623:intranasally
600:
516:
497:
457:14–107 days
441:
420:30–40 hours
410:28–35 hours
400:20–60 hours
384:
383:20–50 hours
371:
370:15–72 hours
358:
353:Methotrexate
341:
244:formaldehyde
210:
194:
177:
168:
160:pharmacology
151:
148:blood plasma
145:
114:
79:
76:blood plasma
48:
44:
40:
39:
29:
3485:Bactericide
3161:Compartment
2972:Patch clamp
2948:Schild plot
2456:(1): 21–5.
2192:24 February
2152:24 February
2111:Fluoxetine
1907:Flurazepam
1615:half-lives.
1528:20 February
1491:20 February
940:~99.90234%
483:Bedaquiline
473:Dutasteride
310:14 minutes
306:Oxaliplatin
248:formic acid
227:may follow
141:exponential
117:metabolites
55:(such as a
3504:Categories
3365:Physiology
3297:Toxicology
3189:psychology
3138:Metabolism
3128:Absorption
3122:Liberation
2964:Organ bath
2892:Functional
2771:Antagonist
2764:Inhibitory
2719:Excitatory
2042:20 January
1969:29 January
1464:References
1387:amiodarone
913:99.21875%
648:See also:
463:Vandetanib
453:Amiodarone
436:Fluoxetine
416:Clonazepam
387:nordazepam
340:2.3 hours
336:Flurazepam
300:2 minutes
57:medication
3147:Clearance
3143:Excretion
2962:Methods (
2628:0140-7783
2287:1662-453X
2114:Monograph
2085:1871-5125
2019:Monograph
1989:Monograph
1986:Diazepam
1910:Monograph
1892:Monograph
1889:Morphine
1877:Monograph
1874:Zaleplon
1610:209258489
1452:Half-life
1327:⋅
1320:
1276:(CL) and
1274:clearance
1238:λ
1230:
1167:
1108:−
1038:−
937:~0.09766%
886:98.4375%
607:half-life
590:Plutonium
584:Plutonium
543:half-life
512:potassium
487:165 days
426:Donepezil
396:Phenytoin
366:Methadone
286:Adenosine
277:Substance
260:blindness
137:excretion
3265:genetics
3237:Pharmacy
3224:Medicine
3034:Affinity
2993:Efficacy
2931:Analysis
2913:Toxicity
2636:15601438
2530:57512164
2462:22467107
2432:25253083
2424:22436536
2383:18475254
2305:26441508
2225:16192916
2093:22469221
1959:18154194
1860:28 March
1842:12512920
1656:15601438
1518:AIDSinfo
1446:See also
910:0.78125%
859:96.875%
665:Time (t)
603:oxytocin
539:Polonium
467:19 days
379:Diazepam
326:Morphine
316:Zaleplon
256:ingested
233:methanol
186:Examples
156:organism
3175:Related
3118:(L)ADME
3072:Initial
3056:Metrics
3003:Potency
2986:Metrics
2888:Binding
2858:Binding
2726:Agonist
2374:2442436
2296:4585313
2271:: 335.
1850:1068099
1404:
1392:
1382:
1370:
1066:is the
932:
920:
905:
893:
883:1.5625%
878:
866:
851:
839:
832:95.00%
826:Ă— 4.322
824:
812:
805:93.75%
797:
785:
778:90.00%
772:Ă— 3.322
770:
758:
743:
731:
716:
704:
690:
678:
578:Cadmium
555:Mercury
549:Caesium
500:caesium
320:1 hour
252:ethanol
219:in the
213:ethanol
207:Alcohol
197:alcohol
74:in the
3177:fields
2659:
2634:
2626:
2589:
2559:
2528:
2518:
2485:
2460:
2430:
2422:
2381:
2371:
2335:stake.
2326:
2303:
2293:
2285:
2223:
2091:
2083:
2073:
1957:
1848:
1840:
1769:
1744:
1719:
1654:
1608:
1598:
1559:
1262:where
1062:where
856:3.125%
775:10.00%
751:87.5%
605:has a
514:ions.
494:Metals
123:, and
3374:Other
3111:LADME
2526:S2CID
2428:S2CID
2186:(PDF)
2146:(PDF)
2036:(PDF)
1846:S2CID
1680:IUPAC
1663:(PDF)
1632:(PDF)
1606:S2CID
829:5.00%
802:6.25%
748:12.5%
532:brain
526:in a
241:toxic
225:blood
221:liver
191:Water
121:drugs
3263:and
3187:and
3023:TD50
3019:LD50
3015:ED50
3011:IC50
3007:EC50
2809:Drug
2657:ISBN
2632:PMID
2624:ISSN
2587:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2458:PMID
2420:PMID
2379:PMID
2324:ISBN
2301:PMID
2283:ISSN
2221:PMID
2194:2020
2154:2020
2089:PMID
2081:ISSN
2071:ISBN
2044:2019
1971:2007
1955:PMID
1862:2007
1838:PMID
1767:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1652:PMID
1596:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1530:2020
1493:2020
934:Ă— 10
724:75%
697:50%
572:bone
568:Lead
557:(as
524:EDTA
246:and
235:and
162:and
3120:: (
2616:doi
2549:doi
2508:doi
2412:doi
2369:PMC
2361:doi
2357:154
2291:PMC
2273:doi
2063:doi
1951:105
1830:doi
1694:doi
1692:".
1644:doi
1588:doi
1549:doi
907:Ă— 7
880:Ă— 6
853:Ă— 5
799:Ă— 4
745:Ă— 3
721:25%
718:Ă— 2
694:50%
570:in
72:max
67:max
3506::
3021:,
3017:,
3013:,
3009:,
2970:,
2966:,
2890:,
2630:.
2622:.
2612:27
2610:.
2571:^
2555:.
2524:.
2514:.
2454:33
2452:.
2426:.
2418:.
2408:37
2406:.
2385:.
2377:.
2367:.
2355:.
2351:.
2332:.
2299:.
2289:.
2281:.
2267:.
2263:.
2251:^
2217:11
2215:.
2211:.
2104:^
2095:.
2087:.
2079:.
2069:.
1979:^
1949:.
1945:.
1926:.
1900:^
1844:.
1836:.
1826:19
1824:.
1820:.
1682:,
1650:.
1640:27
1638:.
1634:.
1612:.
1604:.
1594:.
1574:^
1565:.
1555:.
1516:.
1514:)"
1501:^
1479:.
1442:.
1317:ln
1280:(V
1227:ln
1164:ln
175:.
143:.
119:,
112:.
47:,
3149:)
3145:(
3124:)
3074:)
3070:(
3025:)
3005:(
2974:)
2919:)
2915:(
2894:)
2695:e
2688:t
2681:v
2665:.
2638:.
2618::
2595:.
2565:.
2551::
2532:.
2510::
2491:.
2464:.
2434:.
2414::
2363::
2307:.
2275::
2269:9
2227:.
2196:.
2156:.
2065::
2046:.
1973:.
1930:.
1864:.
1832::
1775:.
1750:.
1725:.
1696::
1646::
1590::
1551::
1532:.
1512:2
1495:.
1401:2
1398:/
1395:1
1379:2
1376:/
1373:1
1367:t
1347:L
1344:C
1336:D
1332:V
1323:2
1310:=
1304:2
1301:1
1296:t
1282:D
1266:z
1264:λ
1242:z
1233:2
1221:=
1215:2
1212:1
1207:t
1179:.
1174:k
1170:2
1158:=
1152:2
1149:1
1144:t
1117:.
1114:C
1111:k
1105:=
1099:t
1096:d
1091:C
1088:d
1064:k
1044:t
1041:k
1034:e
1030:)
1027:0
1024:(
1021:C
1018:=
1015:)
1012:t
1009:(
1006:C
983:t
963:)
960:t
957:(
954:C
929:2
926:/
923:1
918:t
902:2
899:/
896:1
891:t
875:2
872:/
869:1
864:t
848:2
845:/
842:1
837:t
821:2
818:/
815:1
810:t
794:2
791:/
788:1
783:t
767:2
764:/
761:1
756:t
740:2
737:/
734:1
729:t
713:2
710:/
707:1
702:t
687:2
684:/
681:1
676:t
518:(
96:2
93:1
88:t
65:C
63:(
43:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
