1302:
569:
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20:
1253:
Often the response is determined as a function of log to consider many orders of magnitude of concentration. However, there is no biological or physical theory that relates effects to the log of concentration. It is just convenient for graphing purposes. It is useful to note that 50% of the receptors
1233:
phenomenon i.e. the concentration producing 50% occupancy is typically higher than the concentration producing 50% of maximum response. More precisely, receptor reserve refers to a phenomenon whereby stimulation of only a fraction of the whole receptor population apparently elicits the maximal effect
1671:
Gesztelyi R, Kiss Z, Wachal Z, Juhasz B, Bombicz M, Csepanyi E, Pak K, Zsuga J, Papp C, Galajda Z, Branzaniuc K, Porszasz R, Szentmiklosi AJ, Tosaki A (2013). "The surmountable effect of FSCPX, an irreversible A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist, on the negative inotropic action of A(1) adenosine
1264:
The graph shown represents the conc-response for two hypothetical receptor agonists, plotted in a semi-log fashion. The curve toward the left represents a higher potency (potency arrow does not indicate direction of increase) since lower concentrations are needed for a given response. The effect
705:
concentration of the drug for a desired level of response. In reality, there are many factors affecting this goal. Pharmacokinetic factors determine peak concentrations, and concentrations cannot be maintained with absolute consistency because of metabolic breakdown and excretory clearance.
1237:
The simplest interpretation of receptor reserve is that it is a model that states there are excess receptors on the cell surface than what is necessary for full effect. Taking a more sophisticated approach, receptor reserve is an integrative measure of the response-inducing capacity of an
866:
The after effects can be defined as any residual effects which may remain after the experience has reached its conclusion. After effects depend on the substance and usage. This is colloquially known as a "hangover" for negative after effects of substances, such as
1277:(MCPD). MCPD is the study of the static and dynamic properties and relationships between a set of drugs and a dynamic and diverse multicellular four-dimensional organization. It is the study of the workings of a drug on a minimal multicellular system (mMCS), both
698:. The widest class of drugs act as ligands that bind to receptors that determine cellular effects. Upon drug binding, receptors can elicit their normal action (agonist), blocked action (antagonist), or even action opposite to normal (inverse agonist).
1250:), tissue (signal amplification ability) and measured effect (pathways activated to cause signal amplification). As receptor reserve is very sensitive to agonist's intrinsic efficacy, it is usually defined only for full (high-efficacy) agonists.
809:
manifest themselves. Duration can be broken down into 6 parts: (1) total duration (2) onset (3) come up (4) peak (5) offset and (6) after effects. Depending upon the substance consumed, each of these occurs in a separate and continuous fashion.
766:
than desired effects. For instance, medication with a small pharmaceutical window must be administered with care and control, e.g. by frequently measuring blood concentration of the drug, since it easily loses effects or gives adverse effects.
1185:
905:
which relates the large-scale status to the rate of numerous molecular processes. The rates of formation and un-formation can be used to determine the equilibrium concentration of bound receptors. The
1246:) and of the signal amplification capacity of the corresponding receptor (and its downstream signaling pathways). Thus, the existence (and magnitude) of receptor reserve depends on the agonist (
532:
stabilizing action, the drug seems to act neither as a stimulant or as a depressant (ex.: some drugs possess receptor activity that allows them to stabilize general receptor activation, like
842:
The "come up" phase can be defined as the period between the first noticeable changes in perception and the point of highest subjective intensity. This is colloquially known as "coming up."
1289:(Net-MCPD) further extends the concept of MCPD to model regulatory genomic networks together with signal transduction pathways, as part of a complex of interacting components in the cell.
222:: Study of pharmacological actions on living systems, including the reactions with and binding to cell constituents, and the biochemical and physiological consequences of these actions.
981:
183:
84:
In particular, pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects an organism, whereas pharmacokinetics is the study of how the organism affects the drug. Both together influence
1049:
858:
The offset phase can be defined as the amount of time in between the conclusion of the peak and shifting into a sober state. This is colloquially referred to as "coming down."
1229:). The fraction of bound receptors is known as occupancy. The relationship between occupancy and pharmacological response is usually non-linear. This explains the so-called
212:
1984:
1220:
1822:
371:
Receptors can be subdivided into four main classes: ligand-gated ion channels(LGIC), tyrosine kinase-coupled(TRK), intracellular steroid, G-protein-coupled (GPCR).
1863:
3148:
2905:
356:
can have 3 effects within a receptor. One is its capability or incapability to activate a receptor (2 possibilities). The other two are agonist
2017:
267:
1068:
1350:. Here, the focus is on toxic effects on a wide range of organisms. The corresponding models are called toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models.
200:
represent ligand (drug), receptor, and ligand-receptor complex concentrations, respectively. This equation represents a simplified model of
2109:
2074:
818:
The total duration of a substance can be defined as the amount of time it takes for the effects of a substance to completely wear off into
1636:
Dhalla AK, Shryock JC, Shreeniwas R, Belardinelli L (2003). "Pharmacology and therapeutic applications of A1 adenosine receptor ligands".
710:
factors may exist which would alter metabolism or drug action itself, and a patient's immediate status may also affect indicated dosage.
1225:
This expression is one way to consider the effect of a drug, in which the response is related to the fraction of bound receptors (see:
834:
The onset phase can be defined as the period until the very first changes in perception (i.e. "first alerts") are able to be detected.
2845:
2803:
779:
of a drug is the length of time that particular drug is effective. Duration of action is a function of several parameters including
1856:
556:
direct harmful chemical reaction which might result in damage or destruction of the cells, through induced toxic or lethal damage (
3123:
2793:
3204:
3143:
2733:
2226:
2261:
104:
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2484:
2395:
1379:
2713:
2338:
983:
759:
309:
3199:
2266:
1849:
1226:
81:
interested in the study of the interactions of both endogenous and exogenous chemical substances with living organisms.
3118:
2456:
850:
The peak phase can be defined as period of time in which the intensity of the substance's effects are at its height.
489:
induce(mimic) or inhibit(prevent) normal physiological/biochemical processes and pathological processes in animals or
2191:
2010:
1939:
1364:
393:
3189:
2703:
2451:
2445:
1815:
205:
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2470:
1774:"Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TK/TD) evaluation to determine and predict the neurotoxicity of artemisinins"
915:
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combine chemically in the body. Enzyme-substrate binding is a way to alter the production or metabolism of key
388:
383:
378:
271:
117:
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or an "afterglow" for describing a typically positive, pleasant effect, typically found in substances such as
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628:
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361:
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2034:
2003:
1944:
1835:
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783:, the time to equilibrate between plasma and target compartments, and the off rate of the drug from its
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2411:
2291:
2059:
780:
353:
244:
3085:
3017:
3000:
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2900:
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2708:
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2211:
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1959:
1949:
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1359:
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526:
347:
47:
1507:
3080:
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3012:
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2321:
2221:
2142:
2054:
1697:
1243:
901:
749:
655:
327:
287:
475:
NMBD = neuromuscular blocking drugs; NMDA = N-methyl-d-aspartate; EGF = epidermal growth factor.
801:
In recreational psychoactive drug spaces, duration refers to the length of time over which the
658:
were once thought to work by disordering the neural membranes, thereby altering the Na influx.
3194:
3168:
3133:
3060:
3038:
2974:
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2673:
2534:
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1934:
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1618:
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1534:
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784:
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The desired activity of a drug is mainly due to successful targeting of one of the following:
301:
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201:
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2606:
2601:
2401:
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2119:
1969:
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93:
70:
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2421:
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2064:
1889:
763:
663:
612:
519:
341:
337:
315:
293:
1717:"Systems Pharmacology: Network Analysis to Identify Multiscale Mechanisms of Drug Action"
1554:"Long-lasting target binding and rebinding as mechanisms to prolong in vivo drug action"
1471:
3108:
3007:
2748:
2728:
2647:
2489:
2231:
2176:
1954:
1919:
1825:, DDT vol 8, no 24, pp 1121–1127, Dec 2003. (Introduces the concepts MCPD and Net-MCPD)
1749:
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1343:
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1333:
868:
675:
640:
624:
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255:
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2240:
2147:
1979:
1904:
1894:
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1426:
1347:
1062:=receptor, square brackets denote concentration. The fraction of bound receptors is
694:, a drug still used in heart failure, inhibits the activity of the carrier molecule,
533:
275:
108:
55:
1701:
568:
2921:
2723:
2683:
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2508:
2386:
2069:
2026:
1974:
702:
679:
557:
537:
97:
74:
35:
1411:"Principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications in veterinary pharmacology"
1410:
2868:
2808:
2295:
2271:
1909:
1841:
619:
551:
501:
240:
1601:
Ruffolo RR Jr (December 1982). "Review important concepts of receptor theory".
19:
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and effect. One dominant example is drug-receptor interactions as modeled by
39:
1740:
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1487:
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exchanging/replacing substances or accumulating them to form a reserve (ex.:
2466:
1456:
691:
63:
1797:
1758:
1693:
1657:
1587:
1451:(3.0.1 ed.). International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2019.
1434:
1622:
1538:
686:, a drug for gout, interferes with the function of the structural protein
492:
inhibit vital processes of endo- or ectoparasites and microbial organisms.
2895:
2854:
2588:
2560:
2547:
2316:
2236:
1247:
888:
880:
819:
707:
544:
364:. They may be increased, decreased or unaffected (3 and 3 possibilities).
59:
232:
There are four principal protein targets with which drugs can interact:
2049:
1239:
1180:{\displaystyle {p}_{LR}={\frac {}{+}}={\frac {1}{1+{\frac {K_{d}}{}}}}}
872:
723:
687:
671:
659:
634:
515:
505:
333:
96:
as PK, especially in combined reference (for example, when speaking of
78:
733:
A multitude of simultaneous assorted actions which may be deleterious
598:
85:
51:
1773:
567:
18:
2441:
2334:
2330:
2132:
1884:
1374:
876:
43:
2827:
1999:
1995:
1845:
1829:
1296:
899:
The binding of ligands (drug) to receptors is governed by the
884:
540:
in schizophrenia, all depending on the dose and the recipient)
1818:. Pharmaceutical Development and Regulation 1 ((3)), 159–168.
1273:
The concept of pharmacodynamics has been expanded to include
1476:
Continuing
Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain
1242:(in some receptor models it is termed intrinsic efficacy or
739:
Induced physiological damage, or abnormal chronic conditions
2823:
1823:
In silico multicellular systems biology and minimal genomes
1672:
receptor full agonists in isolated guinea pig left atria".
1525:
Carruthers SG (February 1980). "Duration of drug action".
204:
that can be studied mathematically through tools such as
1313:
529:), the drug binds the receptor but does not activate it
950:
701:
In principle, a pharmacologist would aim for a target
152:
92:. Pharmacodynamics is sometimes abbreviated as PD and
1836:
1196:
1071:
989:
918:
120:
736:
Interaction (additive, multiplicative, or metabolic)
350:
can be competitive, non-competitive, or uncompetive.
3094:
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2781:
2741:
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2619:
2583:
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2507:
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2434:
2379:
2370:
2309:
2254:
2203:
2165:
2156:
2087:
2042:
2033:
1816:
Predictive software for drug design and development
572:
Some molecular mechanisms of pharmacological agents
50:). The effects can include those manifested within
1214:
1179:
1043:
975:
822:, starting from the moment the substance is first
177:
1338:Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are termed
1222:is the fraction of receptor bound by the ligand.
958:
957:
940:
939:
160:
159:
142:
141:
330: – (e.g. Listed in table below)
1828:Dr. David W. A. Bourne, OU College of Pharmacy
217:
103:Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on
2839:
2011:
1857:
1830:Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Resources
8:
1985:Quantitative structure–activity relationship
1721:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
2846:
2832:
2824:
2778:
2738:
2643:
2616:
2580:
2543:
2504:
2431:
2376:
2306:
2251:
2200:
2162:
2084:
2039:
2018:
2004:
1996:
1864:
1850:
1842:
1265:increases as a function of concentration.
976:{\displaystyle {\ce {L + R <=> LR}}}
754:The therapeutic window is the amount of a
550:direct beneficial chemical reaction as in
178:{\displaystyle {\ce {L + R <=> LR}}}
107:, that is, the relationships between drug
1748:
1577:
1552:Vauquelin G, Charlton SJ (October 2010).
1409:Lees P, Cunningham FM, Elliott J (2004).
1203:
1198:
1195:
1155:
1149:
1137:
1090:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1003:
994:
988:
959:
952:
951:
949:
941:
934:
932:
931:
929:
919:
917:
758:between the amount that gives an effect (
676:prostaglandin synthetase (cyclooxygenase)
161:
154:
153:
151:
143:
136:
134:
133:
131:
121:
119:
2906:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
1449:IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1287:Networked Multicellular Pharmacodynamics
369:
1401:
933:
718:Undesirable effects of a drug include:
135:
1733:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134520
525:blocking/antagonizing action (as with
7:
1234:achievable in a particular tissue.
536:in opioid dependent individuals or
2804:Minimum bactericidal concentration
1715:Zhao, Shan; Iyengar, Ravi (2012).
1615:10.1111/j.1474-8673.1982.tb00520.x
1044:{\displaystyle K_{d}={\frac {}{}}}
14:
1603:Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology
907:equilibrium dissociation constant
762:) and the amount that gives more
674:irreversibly inhibits the enzyme
3164:
3163:
3124:List of pharmaceutical companies
2794:Minimum inhibitory concentration
1570:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00936.x
1427:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00620.x
1300:
3144:Pharmacies in the United States
2734:WHO list of essential medicines
2227:Non-specific effect of vaccines
497:There are 7 main drug actions:
2789:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
1508:"Introduction to Pharmacology"
1380:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
1275:Multicellular Pharmacodynamics
1269:Multicellular pharmacodynamics
1168:
1162:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1093:
1035:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
960:
935:
722:Increased probability of cell
162:
137:
1:
2714:Functional analog (chemistry)
518:and downstream effects (ex.:
484:The majority of drugs either
2267:Hill equation (biochemistry)
3119:Pharmacy benefit management
895:Receptor binding and effect
105:dose–response relationships
77:, being itself a topic of
3221:
2782:Antimicrobial pharmacology
2262:Dose–response relationship
2192:Desensitization (medicine)
1470:Lambert, DG (2004-12-01).
1365:Dose-response relationship
1331:
887:in low to high doses, and
794:
747:
468:Adrenoceptor/isoprenaline
270: – (e.g.
23:Topics of pharmacodynamics
3159:
2704:Coinduction (anesthetics)
1880:
1790:10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.005
1686:10.1007/s12272-013-0056-z
310:voltage-gated Ca channels
304: – (e.g.
272:tricyclic antidepressants
239: – (e.g.
73:are the main branches of
3114:Investigational New Drug
2955:Pharmaceutical chemistry
2901:Pharmacological activity
2769:Multiple drug resistance
2742:Tolerance and resistance
2110:Physiological antagonist
1772:Li Q, Hickman M (2011).
1650:10.2174/1568026033392246
1215:{\displaystyle {p}_{LR}}
3096:Pharmaceutical industry
2915:Pharmaceutical sciences
2520:Neuropsychopharmacology
2282:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
2277:Del Castillo Katz model
2204:Other effects of ligand
2187:Receptor (biochemistry)
2105:Irreversible antagonist
1940:Lipinski's rule of five
1457:10.1351/goldbook.P04526
1415:J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther
670:chemicals, for example
594:with downstream effects
552:free radical scavenging
3205:Life sciences industry
2656:Classical pharmacology
2417:Plasma protein binding
2392:Volume of distribution
2100:Competitive antagonist
1385:Pharmaceutical company
1216:
1181:
1045:
977:
807:psychoactive substance
573:
508:and downstream effects
224:
179:
34:) is the study of the
24:
16:Branch of pharmacology
3071:Pharmacist prescriber
3056:Consultant pharmacist
2764:Antibiotic resistance
2556:Clinical pharmacology
2075:Physiological agonist
2035:Ligand (biochemistry)
1945:Lipophilic efficiency
1472:"Drugs and receptors"
1217:
1182:
1046:
978:
797:Recreational drug use
791:Recreational drug use
571:
245:acetyl cholinesterase
180:
69:Pharmacodynamics and
58:, or combinations of
22:
3139:Pharmacies of Norway
3076:Pharmacy informatics
2970:Pharmacoepidemiology
2879:Prehistoric medicine
2661:Reverse pharmacology
2571:Pharmacoepidemiology
2412:Biological half-life
2292:Ligand binding assay
2166:Activity at receptor
2060:Irreversible agonist
1638:Curr. Top. Med. Chem
1194:
1069:
987:
916:
354:Allosteric modulator
118:
54:(including humans),
48:pharmaceutical drugs
3200:Medicinal chemistry
3086:Veterinary pharmacy
3018:Pharmacy technician
2980:Pharmacocybernetics
2874:History of pharmacy
2709:Combination therapy
2597:Pharmacoinformatics
2566:Medicinal chemistry
2172:Mechanism of action
1960:New chemical entity
1950:Mechanism of action
1874:medicinal chemistry
1360:Mechanism of action
946:
714:Undesirable effects
678:thereby preventing
656:General anesthetics
480:Effects on the body
430:Gene transcription
372:
148:
3081:Specialty pharmacy
3044:Community pharmacy
3013:Pharmacy residency
2679:Immunopharmacology
2629:Pharmacotoxicology
2530:Psychopharmacology
2322:Intrinsic activity
2222:Pleiotropy (drugs)
2143:Agonist-antagonist
2055:Endogenous agonist
1527:Am. Fam. Physician
1312:. You can help by
1244:intrinsic activity
1212:
1177:
1041:
973:
965:
902:law of mass action
803:subjective effects
777:duration of action
771:Duration of action
750:Therapeutic window
744:Therapeutic window
574:
527:silent antagonists
502:stimulating action
465:Steroid/oestrogen
462:Growth factor/EGF
449:Steroid/thyroxine
370:
175:
167:
25:
3177:
3176:
3134:Pharmacy in China
3061:Hospital pharmacy
3039:Clinical pharmacy
2975:Pharmacovigilance
2891:Prescription drug
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2777:
2776:
2674:Photopharmacology
2669:
2668:
2642:
2641:
2615:
2614:
2579:
2578:
2542:
2541:
2535:Electrophysiology
2525:Neuropharmacology
2480:
2479:
2430:
2429:
2366:
2365:
2353:Therapeutic index
2305:
2304:
2250:
2249:
2199:
2198:
2128:
2127:
2083:
2082:
1993:
1992:
1935:Ligand efficiency
1390:Schild regression
1330:
1329:
1175:
1172:
1132:
1039:
971:
967:
928:
922:
785:biological target
618:Interaction with
611:Interaction with
604:Interaction with
597:Interaction with
592:Chemical reaction
586:Cellular membrane
512:depressing action
472:
471:
268:Membrane carriers
202:reaction dynamics
173:
169:
130:
124:
3212:
3190:Pharmacodynamics
3167:
3166:
3129:Medication costs
3104:Drug development
3066:Nuclear pharmacy
2943:Pharmacogenomics
2931:Pharmacodynamics
2927:Pharmacokinetics
2848:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2779:
2739:
2719:Polypharmacology
2644:
2617:
2607:Pharmacogenomics
2602:Pharmacogenetics
2581:
2544:
2505:
2432:
2402:Rate of infusion
2377:
2372:Pharmacokinetics
2307:
2252:
2201:
2163:
2158:Pharmacodynamics
2138:Neurotransmitter
2120:Enzyme inhibitor
2085:
2040:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1970:Pharmacokinetics
1965:Pharmacodynamics
1930:Enzyme inhibitor
1915:Drug development
1866:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1802:
1801:
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1763:
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1712:
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1674:Arch. Pharm. Res
1668:
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1627:
1626:
1598:
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1558:Br. J. Pharmacol
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1514:. 25 March 2018.
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1406:
1370:Pharmacokinetics
1346:in the field of
1325:
1322:
1304:
1297:
1254:are bound when =
1231:receptor reserve
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998:
982:
980:
979:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
964:
963:
956:
948:
947:
945:
938:
930:
926:
920:
781:plasma half-life
696:Na-K-ATPase pump
664:chelating agents
647:Neurotransmitter
577:Desired activity
516:receptor agonism
506:receptor agonism
452:Opioid/morphine
446:Insulin/insulin
427:Phosphorylation
373:
220:Pharmacodynamics
184:
182:
181:
176:
174:
171:
170:
168:
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
147:
140:
132:
128:
122:
94:pharmacokinetics
71:pharmacokinetics
28:Pharmacodynamics
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3155:
3090:
3027:
3023:Pharmacy school
2984:
2936:Pharmacometrics
2910:
2857:
2852:
2822:
2813:
2773:
2759:Drug resistance
2737:
2693:
2665:
2638:
2634:Neurotoxicology
2611:
2575:
2538:
2500:
2494:
2476:
2426:
2422:Bioavailability
2407:Onset of action
2362:
2301:
2246:
2195:
2152:
2124:
2115:Inverse agonist
2079:
2065:Partial agonist
2029:
2024:
1994:
1989:
1890:Bioavailability
1876:
1870:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1356:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1310:needs expansion
1295:
1271:
1259:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1161:
1151:
1142:
1106:
1092:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1025:
1005:
990:
985:
984:
914:
913:
909:is defined by:
897:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
816:
799:
793:
773:
764:adverse effects
752:
746:
716:
579:
520:inverse agonist
514:through direct
504:through direct
495:
482:
443:Nicotinic/NMBD
433:2nd messengers
230:
225:
216:
116:
115:
90:adverse effects
88:, benefit, and
17:
12:
11:
5:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:Drug discovery
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3032:Practice areas
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Pharmaconomist
3005:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Bacteriostatic
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Drug tolerance
2745:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2729:Lists of drugs
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2648:Drug discovery
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2490:Bioequivalence
2487:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2232:Adverse effect
2229:
2224:
2219:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Mode of action
2174:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Mode of action
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:Drug targeting
1922:
1920:Drug discovery
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1814:Vijay. (2003)
1810:
1809:External links
1807:
1804:
1803:
1764:
1707:
1680:(3): 293–305.
1663:
1644:(4): 369–385.
1628:
1609:(4): 277–295.
1593:
1564:(3): 488–508.
1544:
1517:
1499:
1482:(6): 181–184.
1462:
1440:
1421:(6): 397–414.
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1344:toxicodynamics
1340:toxicokinetics
1334:Toxicodynamics
1332:Main article:
1328:
1327:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1293:Toxicodynamics
1291:
1270:
1267:
1257:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1052:
1051:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1002:
997:
993:
962:
955:
944:
937:
925:
896:
893:
863:
860:
855:
852:
847:
844:
839:
836:
831:
828:
815:
812:
795:Main article:
792:
789:
772:
769:
760:effective dose
748:Main article:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
734:
731:
715:
712:
653:
652:
651:
650:
644:
641:Neuromodulator
638:
625:Ligand binding
622:
616:
609:
602:
595:
589:
578:
575:
566:
565:
554:
548:
541:
530:
523:
509:
494:
493:
490:
486:
481:
478:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:NMDA/ketamine
457:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
416:
415:
412:
411:Intracellular
409:
406:
403:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
368:
367:
366:
365:
351:
345:
325:
324:
323:
318:
299:
298:
297:
291:
285:
265:
264:
263:
258:
253:
229:
226:
211:
210:
186:
185:
164:
157:
146:
139:
127:
62:(for example,
56:microorganisms
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3217:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Pharmacognosy
2963:
2961:
2960:Pharmaceutics
2958:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Tachyphylaxis
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2242:
2241:Neurotoxicity
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:Selectivity (
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2148:Pharmacophore
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Pharmacophore
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Drug delivery
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Chemogenomics
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1533:(2): 119–26.
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1348:ecotoxicology
1345:
1341:
1335:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1308:This section
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:Hill equation
1223:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1032:
1029:
1018:
1009:
1000:
995:
991:
953:
942:
923:
912:
911:
910:
908:
904:
903:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
862:After effects
861:
859:
853:
851:
845:
843:
837:
835:
829:
827:
825:
821:
813:
811:
808:
804:
798:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
770:
768:
765:
761:
757:
751:
743:
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
721:
720:
719:
713:
711:
709:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
630:
626:
623:
621:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
583:
582:
576:
570:
563:
559:
555:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
534:buprenorphine
531:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
491:
488:
487:
485:
479:
477:
476:
467:
464:
461:
458:
456:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
410:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
374:
363:
359:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:can be full,
335:
332:
331:
329:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
311:
307:
303:
300:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
277:
276:catecholamine
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
246:
242:
238:
235:
234:
233:
227:
223:
221:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
155:
144:
125:
114:
113:
112:
110:
109:concentration
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2930:
2922:Pharmacology
2724:Chemotherapy
2684:Cell biology
2585:Biochemistry
2509:Neuroscience
2457:Distribution
2387:Loading dose
2157:
2070:Superagonist
2027:Pharmacology
1975:Pharmacology
1964:
1821:Werner, E.,
1784:(1–3): 1–9.
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580:
558:cytotoxicity
538:aripiprazole
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439:Example/drug
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302:Ion channels
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98:PK/PD models
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75:pharmacology
68:
46:(especially
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2989:Professions
2869:Compounding
2809:Bactericide
2485:Compartment
2296:Patch clamp
2272:Schild plot
1910:Drug design
1727:: 505–521.
420:Main action
348:Antagonists
241:neostigmine
206:free energy
42:effects of
40:physiologic
36:biochemical
3184:Categories
2996:Pharmacist
2948:Toxicology
2886:Medication
2689:Physiology
2621:Toxicology
2513:psychology
2462:Metabolism
2452:Absorption
2446:Liberation
2288:Organ bath
2216:Functional
2095:Antagonist
2088:Inhibitory
2043:Excitatory
1900:Drug class
1872:Topics in
1778:Toxicology
1493:2023-01-15
1396:References
1321:April 2019
756:medication
684:Colchicine
682:response.
668:endogenous
606:structural
588:disruption
562:irritation
306:nimodipine
278:uptake-1)
261:Activators
251:Inhibitors
215:definition
2471:Clearance
2467:Excretion
2286:Methods (
1741:0362-1642
1488:2058-5357
1283:in silico
1058:=ligand,
961:⇀
954:−
943:−
936:↽
730:activity)
692:digitalis
649:receptors
643:receptors
637:receptors
629:receptors
424:Ion flux
414:Membrane
408:Membrane
405:Membrane
288:Inhibitor
163:⇀
156:−
145:−
138:↽
64:infection
60:organisms
3195:Pharmacy
3169:Category
2896:Pharmacy
2855:Pharmacy
2589:genetics
2561:Pharmacy
2548:Medicine
2358:Affinity
2317:Efficacy
2255:Analysis
2237:Toxicity
1798:20863871
1759:22235860
1702:13439779
1694:23456693
1658:12570756
1588:20880390
1435:15601436
1354:See also
1248:efficacy
889:ketamine
881:cannabis
820:sobriety
724:mutation
690:, while
660:Antacids
615:proteins
608:proteins
601:proteins
547:storage)
545:glycogen
401:Location
362:efficacy
358:affinity
334:Agonists
328:Receptor
294:Releaser
282:Enhancer
256:Inducers
3149:History
2862:General
2499:Related
2442:(L)ADME
2396:Initial
2380:Metrics
2327:Potency
2310:Metrics
2212:Binding
2182:Binding
2050:Agonist
1750:3619403
1623:7161296
1579:2990149
1539:7352385
1512:PsychDB
1279:in vivo
1240:agonist
873:cocaine
869:alcohol
838:Come up
708:Genetic
688:tubulin
672:aspirin
635:Hormone
613:carrier
389:Steroid
342:inverse
338:partial
316:Blocker
237:Enzymes
79:biology
52:animals
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854:Offset
703:plasma
599:enzyme
321:Opener
228:Basics
208:maps.
196:, and
188:where
86:dosing
2698:Other
2435:LADME
1838:(PDF)
1698:S2CID
830:Onset
814:Total
805:of a
213:IUPAC
44:drugs
3049:shop
3001:List
2587:and
2511:and
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2339:ED50
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2331:EC50
2133:Drug
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1755:PMID
1737:ISSN
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1654:PMID
1619:PMID
1584:PMID
1535:PMID
1484:ISSN
1431:PMID
1375:ADME
1342:and
1281:and
877:MDMA
846:Peak
775:The
662:and
394:GPCR
379:LGIC
360:and
308:and
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