Elisabeth Dmitrieff - Knowledge (XXG)

965: 733: 456: 566: 921:, Dmitrieff stayed discreet about her communard past. She readopted her former name, Elisaveta Tomanovskaya, to complicate the police investigation. In this she was successful: the police were unable to determine her name, marital status, or even where she had lived in the Commune. A police report from May 1871 described her in these terms: "height 1.66 m; chestnut hair and eyebrows; slightly uncovered forehead; grey-blue eyes; well-shaped nose; medium-sized mouth; round chin; full face with slightly pale complexion; lively gait; usually dressed in black and always elegantly presented. Ultimately, she was charged with "incitement of civil war by encouraging citizens or inhabitants to arm themselves" and "provoking the assembly of insurgents by distributing orders or proclamations" and convicted 216: 717:

organized the work of women in workshops in the traditional sectors of the clothing and textile industries, assuring them outlets thanks to the support of the Commune's executive committee, which she reported to regularly. She could not, however, avoid the competition of convents, prisons, or capitalist enterprises in the sector, who had a much lower-paid workforce, which caused friction. She busied herself above all with political questions, especially the organization of cooperative workshops. She thus found her opportunity to link Marxist theory with Chernyshevsky's practice, which concretized in the creation of workshops in the textile industry for seamstresses, laundresses, tailors, and drapers.

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to October. At first, the refugees there felt relatively safe, but the arrest of the lieutenant colonel Eugène Razoua in Switzerland was worrying. On 23 July 1871, Perret wrote to Jung that Dmitrieff was threatened with arrest. On 1 July, France requested the extradition of Léo Frankel, and on the 12th, that of a woman by the name "Élise". The French foreign minister pushed the Swiss government to extradite every person who participated in the Commune, considering them criminals and not political figures. The Swiss government did not adopt this position; it freed Razoua and refused the extradition of former communards, in agreement with the rules of the right of asylum.

1236: 1067:, and on this occasion, she asked him to support her request for the pardon of her husband. Between this episode and the day of her mother's funeral, little is known about her life; one of the few mentions is by her niece, also named Elisabeth, who visited her in Moscow when Dmitrieff and her daughters moved there in 1902. Dmitrieff's brother Vladimir refused to say the name of her second husband, and no longer wanted to see her. Their quarrel concerned the inheritance of the Kushelevs. On the other hand, he maintained business relations with Ivan Davydovski until 1902, a fact attested to by promissory notes archived at Krasnoyarsk. 196:

1860s, and because she was forced to hide her communard past due to being pursued by the French, Swiss, and Russian police. She fell in love with the manager of her aging first husband's estate, Ivan Mikhailovich Davydovski, and had two children with him after she was widowed in 1873. Davydovski would become a key defendant in a sensational mass trial, accused of being a ringleader of the "Jacks of Hearts" criminal conspiracy, and was convicted for fraud and murder. Dmitrieff married him to follow him into exile in Siberia. She passed the last years of her life in obscurity, and the date of her death is uncertain.

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defendants in the "Jacks of Hearts" case, a mass trial of con-men, swindlers, and forgers, many of whom came from respectable or even noble backgrounds, who were charged with being part of a criminal conspiracy. Although it was being tried as a criminal case, not a political one, Dmitrieff argued that Davydovski was targeted as a conspirator for political reasons, and mobilized her old friends, notably Ekaterina Barteneva and her husband Victor, who wrote to Nikolai Utin. On 17 December 1876, Utin wrote to Karl Marx, who helped find a lawyer, V. M. Tomashevsky, who was willing to defend Davydovski

1224:, is different today from the city she knew, but "the inhabitants honor the memory of their compatriot": the school has borne her name since 1965, and a commemorative plaque is dedicated to her at the House of Culture. During the 100th anniversary of the Commune, the Dmitrieva museum was inaugurated there. It is attached to the museum of K. Marx and F. Engels, whose fonds and collections were transferred to the Russian Center for Conservation and Study of Documents in Contemporary History in 1993. In Russia, Dmitrieff is a symbol of heroism and of the working class, considered by the encyclopedia 592:, who had arrived in Geneva in 1869 and was not popular in Russian revolutionary circles, had been welcomed with open arms by Bakunin, who at this time still sympathized with his methods. Nikolai Utin was suspicious of Nechayev and critical of Bakunin's ideas; he wanted to bring the Geneva section closer to Marx, in part to counter Bakunin's influence. Dmitrieff and Utin were good friends, and she followed his positions very loyally. Russian intelligence reported that an "Élise" stayed at Utin's place. He wrote her a letter of introduction to Karl Marx: 301: 685: 404:, a friend of her brother Alexander, brought it to discuss with him, but she was the one who took an avid interest in it. In the book, Nikolay Chernyshevsky proposes a radical questioning of social conventions and the prevailing way of life, notably marriage and inheritance. The novel recounts the story of Vera Pavlovna, a young emancipated woman who lives in a community with other young people and advocates a system of cooperatives to emancipate workers. She founds a cooperative of seamstresses, an urban 878:(18th arrondissement), with a group of armed female citizens, which is confirmed by the counsellor of the Russian ambassador and by Colonel Gaillard, both anti-communards, the latter affirming that she was at the head of all the canteen workers, ambulance drivers and barricaders. The figure of 120 women appeared in an article on 24 May 1871, in the last issue of the Commune's official newspaper, published in Belleville. A barricade on Rue Blanche was mentioned in 558:. She inspired him to dedicate his life to the revolution. Other founders include Natalia Geronimovna Korsini (who married Nikolai Utin and became Natalia Utin), Zoya Obolenskaya, Ekaterina Barteneva and Anne Jaclard. Elisabeth Dmitrieff was the last arrival and the youngest of the group. The Geneva section did not focus on women's roles and rights, but owing to the significant proportion of women in the section, and the strong influence of 1116:", monstrous and arsonous women. Their history is even sometimes left out of the history of feminism, for the reason that the communards would not have described themselves as such. However, in the path these women followed, there exist dimensions of gender and class criticism which we find in the feminist socialists of which they were the precursors. 724:, an activist of Hungarian origin and a jewelry worker, who headed the Commune's Commission of Labor and Exchange. Together, the two attempted to advance the cause of women's rights in labor and social security, drafting a bill to organize the work of women in workshops, of which the text was published on 7 May 1871. It stipulated: 613:, which she had sent from Geneva. Chernyshevsky thought that Russia could pass from the feudal to the socialist stage without transitioning through the capitalist stage of development, which he called the "theory of the omission". This would be achieved by revitalizing the communes under the model of Charles Fourier's 260:. His first wife, Anna Dmitriyevna (born Bakhmetiyeva), was the illegitimate daughter of a nobleman and a maid; she was a rich heiress ennobled by the emperor. The couple fought often; Kushelev beat his wife and even kidnapped their three daughters, and despite an attempt at mediation the couple separated in 1832. 1000:, then "simple" exile and the revocation of his civil rights in perpetuity. While Dmitrieff had referred to him as her husband earlier, including during the trial, they were not yet formally married; when he was briefly released to house arrest in 1877, she legally married him in order to follow him into exile. 1303:, a specialist in the history of the Commune, has questioned the reasons that led to the name choice and the choice of text on the plaque, saying that the word "feminist" is an anachronism, and observing that the sign fails to even mention the Commune. In the 1970s, a group of feminists associated with the 790:

How can you stay there doing nothing, allowing Paris to perish? It's necessary to agitate the provinces at all costs, so that they come to our aid. The Parisian population (in part) is fighting heroically, but we never counted on being abandoned like this. However, up until now, we have been guarding

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was the only organization to receive financial resources from the Paris Commune. Dmitrieff structured the organization in a hierarchical manner, with committees in each arrondissement, a central committee, an office, and an executive committee composed of seven members representing the districts. She

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Dmitrieff, inspired by the patronym of her paternal grandmother, Dmitrievna. She arrived in Paris on 28 or 29 March 1871, either the day of the official proclamation of the Commune or the day after. She joined Auguste Serraillier, also an activist of the International, who was in Paris to participate

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Dmitrieff enjoyed privileges due to her father's position in the Russian aristocracy, but her combined status as both a bastard and a girl prevented her and her sister from enrolling in school, while their brothers faced no such impediment. However, she was educated by private tutors, among whom were

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Dmitrieff was the third of four surviving children of Kushelev and Troskevich: elder siblings Sophia and Alexander and a younger brother, Vladimir. Kushelev, mindful of his status as an aristocrat, did not want to risk dispossessing the three daughters from his first marriage and refused to recognize

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of the International, Henri Perret, who told Jung that Dmitrieff would write to him soon, and that she was safe. However, Dmitrieff would write neither to Marx nor Jung, possibly because she was resentful about how they did not come to Paris to support the Commune. She would stay in Geneva from June

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In 1876, Davydovski was arrested, accused of embezzlement and fraud. He was also charged with instigating and providing the weapon for the murder of Collegiate Councilor Sergei Slavyshensky, who was shot to death by his lover, Ekaterina Bashkirova, in December 1871. Davydovski became one of the key

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One of the last events where her presence is attested is in November 1903, according to the testimony of Ekaterina V. Gount, who was then a 9-year-old child. Gount lived on the Kushelev estate, where her parents were employed, and which was managed by Dmitrieff's brother, Vladimir Lukich Kushelev.

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and tried to contact the political exiles of the region. However, the political exiles did not appreciate the "common criminal" Davydovski, and Dmitrieff could not bring proof of her involvement in the Paris Commune, which she had hidden for fear of arrest. She was still being sought by the French

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On 11 April 1871, she launched an "appeal to the female citizens of Paris" to encourage women to engage actively in the fight: "Female citizens of Paris, descendants of the women of the great revolution, we are going to defend and avenge our brothers, and if we have neither rifles nor bayonettes,

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Dear citizen, allow us to recommend to you our best friend, Elisabeth Tomanovskaya, sincerely and profoundly devoted to the revolutionary cause in Russia. We will be happy, if through her we get to know you better, and if at the same time we could let you know in more detail the situation of our

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Depressed by the defeat of the Commune and the failure of other revolutionaries to come to its aid, she returned to Russia in October 1871. There, she struggled to re-enter activist politics, since the radical circles of the 1870s were less sympathetic to her feminist socialism than those of the

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After several months in Geneva, she returned to Russia alone in October 1871, in "a state of extreme emotional depression". She reunited with her family and attempted to recover her health. She was very discreet, as she was still being searched for by French, Russian, and Swiss authorities. She

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French:Comment se peut-il que vous restiez là à ne rien faire, quand Paris va périr à cause de cela? Il faut agiter à tout prix la province, qu’elle vienne à notre secours. La population parisienne se bat héroïquement (en partie), mais on ne comptait jamais être abandonné comme cela. Pourtant,

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I met Ivan Mikhailovich in October 1871; my first husband, the colonel Tomanovski, was then dying. Gentlemen of the jury, I would like to start with one thing: I've had enough of hearing that I'm a poor woman. I'm not really a poor woman. I like my husband and I married him in spite of all the

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Dmitrieff left Saint Petersburg and, in 1871, met Ivan Mikhailovich Davydovski, steward of her husband's estate and a friend of her older brother, Alexander. She fell in love with him, and the first of their two daughters was born only a few weeks after the death of her first husband, Mikhail

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Dmitrieff was less inclined to the "two spheres critique" (according to which there are natural differences between men and women). In addition, she defended actions that focused on class instead of gender differences. According to Carolyn Eichner, she "saw intergender, intraclass conflict as

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to emancipate herself from her family and obtain her inheritance. In 1867, she married the colonel Mikhail Tomanovski, who had been forced into retirement by an illness, and was an advocate for women's emancipation. After the marriage, she donated 50,000 rubles to revolutionary organizations.

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Dmitrieff read works in English, German, and French from her father's library, as well as magazines her mother subscribed to. Dmitrieff's father possessed a library which gathered the new ideas of his time, and, paradoxically for an authoritarian man who was violent toward his serfs, he liked

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These three biographies have been compared by Dmitrieff's French biographer Sylvie Braibant, who uses a recurring vignette of Dmitrieff in 1899 to contrast their approaches and interpretations. In the vignette, Dmitrieff, still in exile in Siberia, sits on a chair and looks up at the stars.

617:, while ridding them of their elements of patriarchal oppression. Dmitrieff had an influence on the ideas of Marx, who started to envisage the possibility of alternative and plural paths to socialism, without passing by the stage of capitalist development. These conversations continued with 291:

Even after the three daughters from his first marriage had died, Kushelev did not legitimize the children of his second marriage. His will granted them the status of "wards", permitting inheritance of his fortune but not his noble title. The children were further marginalized in the Russian

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The Geneva section of the International met in the former Temple Unique, a former Masonic temple, which would be bought in 1873 by the Catholic Church. Half of the founders of the Russian section of the International were emancipated women. The key figure in the organization, according to

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model. She had seen first-hand her father's notorious cruelty toward his serfs, and the families of the estate, serfs and lords, lived close to each other and were familiar with each other's living conditions. Dmitrieff developed through her reading a critical analysis of gender and class

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was to give women control over their own labor. Dmitrieff used her activist experience acquired during her trips to Switzerland and London to organize the Union. She obtained funding from the Commune's executive committee, in exchange for close supervision of the Union. The

700:("Women's Union to Defend Paris and Care for the Wounded"). Dmitrieff, a member of the central committee, remained general secretary of the Union's executive committee, the only non-elected and non-revocable post of the organization. The executive committee also included 292:

aristocracy by their mother's status as a foreigner. Her status as an illegitimate child and her rejection by the Russian aristocracy were probably the origin of Dmitrieff's sensitivity to inequalities, whether serfdom in the countryside or poverty in Saint Petersburg.

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jusqu’à présent, nous gardons toutes nos positions, Dombrowski se bat bien et Paris est réellement révolutionnaire. Les vivres ne manquent pas. Vous savez, je suis pessimiste et ne vois rien en beau, je m’attends donc à mourir un de ces jours sur une barricade.

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hid from the army in Paris for several weeks before escaping disguised as a bourgeois Prussian couple. When they reached Switzerland in June, Dmitrieff reconnected with her friends in the Geneva International, but she did not participate in politics there.

859:("bloody week"), they retook control of Paris for the Third Republic; the fighting ended, and the Commune fell, on 28 May. Around 22 May, the Union launched an appeal to fight for the "triumph of the Commune", and fifty women of the Union headed toward 759:, even though Dmitrieff had befriended Jaclard in Russia, and remained in contact with her in Geneva before the Commune. Léo positioned herself against excessive interventionism, renouncing the use of violence. In contrast, Dmitrieff was resolutely 3762: 884:. This barricade would have been staffed only by women, but the facts concerning the role of women in the fighting are difficult to establish because in court, they denied having participated in combat in order to escape conviction. 207:, Dmitrieff's life has inspired a number of biographies. A public square carries her name in Paris, and a museum is dedicated to her in Volok, her village of birth, where she is remembered as a heroine of the revolutionary movement. 263:

In 1848, Kushelev inherited the family estate after the death of his brother Nikolai. During his illness, Nikolai was treated by a 26 year old German Lutheran nurse, Carolina Dorothea Troskevich. Troskevich was part of the

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The end of her life is very poorly known. She wrote to the authorities to request pardon for her husband, who launched himself into the mining industry and encountered new setbacks. She thus decided to leave him. While

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Nikolayevitch Tomanovski, of tuberculosis in 1873. From him she inherited a large sum of money, all of which she spent. She then abandoned all subversive activity to concentrate on her daughters, Irina and Vera.

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police until the general amnesty of 1879, the news of which would never reach her. Boycotted and ignored by the overly poor local population, their enterprise went bankrupt. In 1881, she tried to contact

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for 1916. Knizhnik-Vetrov searched for records of her from 1918 in Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Krasnoyarsk; he found nothing, and guessed from this that her date of death was likely to have been 1918.

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She saw Dmitrieff, then 52 years old, arriving for her mother's burial ceremony. That night, a heated argument broke out between her and her brother, and she left very early the next morning by horse.

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She arrived in London at the end of 1870 and quickly became a family friend, building ties with both Karl Marx and his daughters. With Marx, she discussed traditional Russian rural organizations—the

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when she was young. After the attempted assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1866, a reactionary climate had descended, and the secret police were increasingly intent on tracking revolutionaries.

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is fighting well, and Paris is really revolutionary. We don't lack provisions. You know, I am pessimistic and don't see anything going well, so I expect to die one of these days on a barricade.

1025:, who she had known in Geneva and Paris, when he was temporarily held in Krasnoyarsk during his deportation to Siberia, to no avail. Sazhin was apparently aware of her unsuccessful attempt. 151:

with Mikhail Tomanovski, a colonel who had retired early due to illness, in order to access her inheritance, which she used to fund revolutionary causes such as the Russian-language journal

763:. These tensions were made apparent in the formation of ambulance groups for the front. Léo announced in a statement the formation of an ambulance group in a certain quarter, which the 433:

Dmitrieff was determined to attend university, but women could not attend university at that time in Russia. Inspired by Vera Pavlovna in Chernyshevsky's novel, she decided to enter a

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was supposed to go, but when he fell ill, Dmitrieff offered to take his place. She embarked on 27 March 1871 toward Calais. She abandoned her married name, Tomanovskaya, and took the

408:, which serves as a model for similar initiatives throughout Russia. Chernyshevsky invites the reader to stop dreaming and start adopting the daily practices of an ideal socialist. 455: 331:

surrounding himself with people with progressive ideas. The Kushelevs often visited the Zielony estate, which frequently hosted radicals and other controversial figures, such as

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Schrupp, Antje (2018). "Bringing Together Feminism and Socialism in the First International: Four Examples". In Bensimon, Fabrice; Quentin, Deluermoz; Moisand, Jeanne (eds.).

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named themselves the "Cercle Élisabeth-Dimitrieff" in her memory, although at the time they knew little about her other than that Marx had sent her to the Commune in 1871.

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and Leó Frankel because everyone was very busy, and that she was sick and tired but could not be replaced. Showing her pessimism, she asked why he would not get involved:

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and a German nurse, she had a comfortable upbringing but was marginalized within the Russian aristocracy due to the circumstances of her birth, leading to her interest in

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signed a decree banning Knizhnik-Vetrov from publication and ordering his works to be destroyed. Knizhnik-Vetrov then undertook a doctoral thesis with the same theme at

215: 3702: 3672: 2275: 649:. Many Commune politicians had hoped for a peaceful reconciliation with the Versailles government, but it soon became clear that France was in a state of civil war. 696:

we're still left with paving stones to crush the traitors." On the same day, in the Larched room (79 Temple Road) in the 10th arrondissement, Dmitrieff founded the

3619:"Marx à Paris, 1871: Le Cahier bleu de Jenny: Michael Löwy and Olivier Besancenot, (Paris: Editions Manifeste! Collection Le Merle Moqueur, 2021, 137 pages, €15)" 486:. In Geneva, meetings took place between the international socialist movements and the Russian revolutionaries. In that city, Dmitrieff met the French socialists 180:, Marx sent Dmitrieff to Paris as a representative of the International. There, she became one of the most important women's leaders of the Commune, founding the 984:

as though he were a political defendant. Carolyn J. Eichner highlights the paternalism of Dmitrieff's male socialist friends, who treated her like a lost child.

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Elisabeth and her siblings. Kushelev's first wife died of cholera, and he would eventually marry Troskevich in 1856, after she intervened to save him when his

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in 1993. However, she continued to be relatively unknown in popular culture until the twenty-first century, when she was featured as a character in novels by

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Russian: С историей города связано имя одной из самых ярких женщин мирового и российского революционного движения Елизаветы Лукиничны Дмитриевой-Томановской.

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about Dmitrieff in 1984, focused almost entirely on her earlier life, and considered the last 40 years of Dmitrieff's life barely worth being recounted.

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was not previously aware of. Dmitrieff responded via a publication of the official newspaper that this ambulance group did not have the backing of the

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The goal of the Commune would be attained by the creation of special workshops for women's work and sales counters for the sale of fabricated products.

511:"), which was founded in Geneva by Nikolai Utin and other exiled revolutionaries in 1868. The circle involved in the writing of the newspaper included 4881: 543: 460: 158: 4851: 1963: 1029: 335:. After Kushelev's death, Dmitrieff's mother continued to welcome revolutionary guests. The family spent summers at Volok, returning in the fall to 4613: 1212:

Knizhnik-Vetrov interprets it as an expression of religiosity; Efremova as an interest in astronomical science; Kokin as evidence of her decline.

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involved trying to break down the longstanding resistance to women's economic participation that was present in labor and socialist organization.

3595: 816:(sometimes presented as the first female section of the International), thus translating into reality the theses of both Marx and Chernyshevsky. 471:, a popular destination for revolutionaries and Russian exiles. Here, she re-encountered Anne Jaclard and met Ekaterina and Victor Barteneva and 2600:

Shafer, David A. (1993). "Plus que des ambulancières : Women in articulation and defence of their ideals during the Paris Commune (1871)".

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Hermann Jung mentioned her arrival in Geneva in a letter addressed to Karl Marx. Jung had received a letter from the general secretary of the

475:, with whom she would become close friends. She eventually returned to Russia with her husband, then returned to Geneva in 1869 without him. 4508: 4464: 4440: 4218: 4188: 4115: 4079: 3032: 2933: 2843: 2779: 1304: 1064: 157:. Her money and married status allowed her to leave Russia and study in Geneva, where she participated in founding the Geneva section of the 748: 4641: 1109: 200: 2517: 478:

In the years that followed, she would no longer give any news to her family, and called herself "citizen Élise". She sometimes went to

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Nata Efremova was a specialist in Russian revolutionary and pioneer women of the 19th century. She wrote biographies for the magazine

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Russian biographers that have studied Dmitrieff's life include Ivan Knizhnik-Vetrov, Nata Efremova and Nikolai Ivanov, and Lev Kokin.

421:. She was determined to build a bridge between Marx's economic theories and Chernyshevsky's ideas on the emancipatory capacity of the 323:, possibly a distant cousin of Dmitrieff, who came to Volok in 1862 to treat his depression and spent his time with fellow artists of 135:; 1 November 1850 – probably between 1916 and 1918) was a Russian revolutionary and feminist activist. The illegitimate daughter of a 64: 1112:

is very divided after 1871 between the pro-communards, who only mention them briefly, and the anti-communards, who describe them as "

953:, another former communard, with whom she planned to join a Narodnik commune outside Moscow, but they ultimately decided against it. 192:, whom she had worked with during the Commune and rescued in the fighting, hid in Paris for several weeks before escaping to Geneva. 4575: 4404: 4330: 4301: 4280: 3884: 391:, and Dmitrieff's mother brought her there. Dmitrieff drew close to student groups in favor of the emancipation of women and serfs. 2730: 4700: 3732: 2147: 588:

In November 1870, the Geneva internationalists sent Dmitrieff to London to ask Karl Marx to arbitrate their internal conflicts:

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movement and their strategy of "going to the people" now predominated in revolutionary circles. She was still involved with

3694: 3664: 1284:, 2021). She has also been the subject of an issue of a comics series on the Commune, and a movement in a jazz production. 2283: 949:, but was dissatisfied with how feminism and education were sidelined in radical activism in the 1870s. She reunited with 2892: 2440: 1291:. In Paris, a square, Place Élisabeth Dmitrieff, was named after her in 2007. It is a small median strip containing the 808: 571: 396: 351:, the latter whom Dmitrieff befriended. Additionally, this quarter housed privileged revolutionaries, notably including 971:

knew Dmitrieff as a child, and met her again in 1872, when she attempted to enroll him in a plot to overthrow the Tsar.

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Geneva's Temple Unique around 1870, according to a postcard. The Geneva sessions of the International took place here.

188:", when French government forces retook the city, Dmitrieff fought and was wounded in defense of the Commune. She and 2076: 2016:"Genève, ancien temple unique : séance de la section genevoise de l'Association internationale des travailleurs" 1288: 1105: 2368: 1964:

The International Working-Class Movement: The Origins of the Proletariat and Its Evolution as a Revolutionary Class

1136: 1093: 1009: 771:. Her status as a foreigner could equally have positioned the young Dmitrieff in rivalry with her Parisian elders. 534: 4794: 3934:Русские деятельницы Первого Интернационала и Парижской коммуны : Е.Л. Дмитриева, А.В. Жаклар, Е.Г. Бартенева 376: 3939:

Russian Activists of the First International and the Paris Commune: E.L. Dmitrieva, A.V. Jaclard, E.G. Barteneva

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Karl Marx sent Dmitrieff on an information gathering mission to Paris as a representative of the International;

4707: 826: 760: 4755: 792: 4787: 3814: 1292: 642: 638: 434: 285: 245: 184:, which demanded rights for working women and organized co-operative textile workshops in the city. During " 148: 3499: 1044:, she asked him if he could point her to a place to stay in Saint Petersburg. Chekhov telegraphed his wife 4599: 4584: 4490: 1249: 1194: 1140: 867: 375:, and most importantly Chernyshevsky. Dmitrieff's younger brother frequently visited members of the first 3024:

The Russian Secret Police: Muscovite, Imperial Russian and Soviet Political Security Operations 1565–1970

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The Russian historian Ivan Knizhnik-Vetrov, a Jewish convert to Catholicism and an anarchist close to

512: 4841: 4734: 4667: 3618: 2917: 1265: 1257: 324: 253: 343:, opposite the cadet corps where Kushelev, and then his sons, studied. In the house next door lived 4886: 4659: 1472: 950: 846: 835: 634: 352: 316: 177: 136: 60: 41: 4134: 4550: 4514: 4238:"'To Assure the Reign of Work and Justice': The 'Union des Femmes' and the Paris Commune of 1871" 4237: 4158: 4049: 3646: 3219:Мой Красноярск — народная энциклопедия (Mon Krasnoïarsk, encyclopédie populaire), region.krasu.ru 3082: 2921: 2330: 1277: 1190: 968: 935: 666: 516: 401: 388: 344: 340: 4356: 240:(noble landowner) whose father, Ivan Ivanovich Kushelev, had been a senator under the reign of 4715: 4571: 4504: 4470: 4460: 4436: 4410: 4400: 4374: 4336: 4326: 4307: 4297: 4276: 4259: 4224: 4214: 4184: 4150: 4121: 4111: 4085: 4075: 4041: 3981: 3971: 3942: 3890: 3880: 3638: 3028: 2939: 2929: 2849: 2839: 2775: 2617: 2322: 1175: 855: 356: 320: 281: 231: 219: 185: 68: 4430: 3022: 1232:

as "one of the most brilliant women of the Russian revolutionary movement, and of the world".

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Her exact date of death is unknown. Braibant reports that her name and address are listed in

4748: 4542: 4496: 4366: 4361: 4249: 4142: 4033: 3784: 3630: 2888: 2726: 2609: 2513: 2314: 1300: 1198: 934:

returned to Saint Petersburg, where she did not find the same climate that had prevailed on

799: 755:

and Anna Jaclard, and those of Dmitrieff. Both Léo and Jaclard were notably absent from the

487: 384: 336: 241: 124: 4741: 1221: 1159: 1155: 1041: 684: 589: 551: 360: 257: 4802: 4396:

Revolutionary exiles : the Russians in the First International and the Paris Commune

1273: 1132: 941:

Dmitrieff had difficulty reintegrating herself with the radical community in Russia. The

914: 783: 752: 491: 4811: 1321: 1167: 1124: 1113: 898: 803: 721: 701: 614: 555: 528: 503: 413: 364: 306: 189: 153: 72: 4135:"Du nouveau sur la Commune de Paris à la veille de son cent-cinquantième anniversaire" 4835: 4622: 4518: 4162: 4053: 3903: 3650: 3214: 2334: 2139: 1316: 1171: 1162:

anarchist Mikhail Petrovich Sazhin. His first article about her was published in the

1037: 688: 657: 646: 618: 609:—as well as the ideas of Nikolay Chernyshevsky. She sent him prints of the newspaper 495: 380: 368: 272:, where she had registered as sister of charity in the Lutheran evangelical order at 204: 173: 166: 108: 3724: 2015: 1678: 1676: 4693: 4450: 1045: 840: 670: 662: 653: 524: 520: 472: 379:. In 1863, Mussorgsky joined a Saint Petersburg community frequented by the writer 372: 348: 34: 4370: 3634: 2868: 2307:"Carolyn J. Eichner, Franchir les barricades. Les femmes dans la Commune de Paris" 1123:, there are many positive descriptions of her from her contemporaries, among them 1063:

Aleksey Kuropatkin attests to having seen her again in 1898 or 1899, while he was

4492:'Arise Ye Wretched of the Earth': The First International in a Global Perspective 4394: 3874: 3073:

Anne Pedler (June 1927). "Going to the People. The Russian Narodniki in 1874-5".

2306: 736:

Letter sent by Dmitrieff on 24 April 1871 to Hermann Jung, possibly intended for

1076: 1057: 1013: 426:

hierarchies, and envisaged using her fortune to construct a cooperative mill—an

226:

Elizaveta Lukinichna Kusheleva was born 1 November 1850, in Volok, a village in

4001:"Elisabeth Dmitrieff, l'autre cheffe de file des femmes de la Commune de Paris" 2412:"Élisabeth Dmitrieff, l'autre cheffe de file des femmes de la Commune de Paris" 1990: 870:(11th-12th arrondissement), caring for the wounded, in particular Leó Frankel. 4780: 4500: 4228: 4178: 4089: 4037: 2943: 2276:"La Commune de Paris, il y a 150 ans : L'Union des femmes, 11 avril 1871" 1101: 918: 860: 467:

Dmitrieff and her husband travelled around Europe, arriving in spring 1868 in

236: 4546: 4474: 4414: 4378: 4263: 4254: 4154: 4125: 4045: 3985: 3642: 2853: 2621: 2326: 4311: 3946: 3894: 2873: 2416: 1048:, and Dmitrieff left for Saint Petersburg without her daughters, passing by 942: 880: 875: 737: 691:: "Call to Female Workers" of 18 May 1871, signed by Dmitrieff, among others 602: 422: 418: 405: 273: 162: 4340: 4208: 4069: 3853: 2318: 673:, her neighbors in Saint Petersburg, who also participated in the Commune. 4454: 4146: 4105: 4291: 3932: 269: 227: 4320: 3535:Российский государственный архив социально-политической истории (РГАСПИ) 2613: 2369:"BALLAST – Élisabeth Dmitrieff : féministe, socialiste, communarde" 925:

on 26 October 1872 and sentenced to "deportation to a walled fortress."

161:. Sent by the Geneva section as an envoy to London, she became close to 3086: 1239:

Plaque at Place Élisabeth Dmitrieff in Paris, in the 3rd arrondissement

1017: 997: 751:. A certain poorly documented rivalry existed between the positions of 252:. Kushelev received the education of a young aristocrat and joined the 140: 4554: 4534: 3588:"Besancenot et Löwy : Marx à Paris 1871, le cahier bleu de Jenny" 996:

Davydovski was convicted and deported to Siberia, first to 8 years of

2467:"Sonia Kovalevskaia, une mathématicienne russe au cœur de la Commune" 1119:

Despite the lack of historical attention paid to Dmitrieff and other

542:

Dmitrieff participated in the founding of the Russian section of the

483: 468: 2926:

Combattantes : une histoire féminine de la violence en Occident

400:

would become one of Dmitrieff's most important influences. In 1865,

234:. Her father was Luka Ivanovich Kushelev (28 October 1793 - 1859) a 4365:(in French) (603). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France: 23–48. 3530: 1248:

Dmitrieff has been the subject of two French-language biographies,

1158:, first came across mention of Elisabeth Dmitrieff in the works of 4820:

Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés

2441:"Karl Marx Saw Signs of the Socialist Future in the Paris Commune" 1327:

Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés

1234: 1096:, who wrote a history of the Commune in which he praised Dmitrieff 1088: 1053: 963: 731: 698:

Union des femmes pour la défense de Paris et les soins aux blessés

683: 606: 564: 533: 479: 454: 427: 299: 214: 4071:

La Commune au présent : Une correspondance par-delà le temps

3923:

Ivan Sergueïevitch Knizhnik (pseud. Vetrov et Knizhnik-Vetrov),

2554:, Part 3, chapter 3 «Dans le regard de l'autre», §13, §17 et §19. 853:

Versailles troops entered Paris on 21 May. In one week, known as

4591: 3507: 1049: 874:

mentioned in his memoirs her presence on 22 May at the entry of

4595: 3344: 3342: 2514:"La Commune au jour le jour. Mardi 11 avril 1871 – CONTRETEMPS" 2232: 2230: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 4022:"Russian Capitalism on Trial: The Case of the Jacks of Hearts" 3141: 3139: 1967:. Vol. 1. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1980. p. 577. 866:

Dmitrieff took part in the street fights on the barricades in

4432:

Communal Luxury: The Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune

2980: 2978: 1295:, at the intersection of Temple Road and Turbigo Road in the 782:

In April 1871, she wrote to Hermann Jung that she barely saw

4210:

Franchir les barricades: Les Femmes dans la Commune de Paris

1220:

Dmitrieff's birth village, Volok, situated 200 km from

1028:

At Krasnoyarsk, she was involved in the local branch of the

637:. On 18 March 1871, radicalized citizens and members of the 463:

at the former Temple Unique in Geneva, between 1869 and 1875

3281: 3279: 3254: 3252: 3099: 3097: 2893:"La " barricade tenue par des femmes ", une légende ?" 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1040:

was passing by Krasnoyarsk during his return from exile in

3239: 3237: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2731:"24 avril 1871, Élisabeth Dmitrieff écrit à Hermann Jung" 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 1933: 1931: 1929: 597:

action, of which she will be able to tell you in depth...

284:

revolted. He was 63; Troskevich was 35. She converted to

4242:Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 3498:Ната Павловна Ефремова (Efremova Nata Pavlovna) (1972). 2205: 2203: 2201: 1892: 1890: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1499: 1497: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1438: 1436: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1355:

Russian: Но местные жители чтут память о своей землячке.

956:

She wrote to Nikolai Utin: "I'm suffocating in Russia."

775:

detrimental to all progress." Much of her work with the

501:

She financed and co-edited the Russian-language journal

3860:(in French). Paris: Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier. 2009 3126: 3124: 3081:(16). Modern Humanities Research Association: 130–141. 2439:

Broder, David; Kouvelakis, Stathis (4 September 2021).

1526: 1524: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 4273:

Surmounting the Barricades: Women in the Paris Commune

2753: 2751: 268:, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and came to Volok from 182:

Women's Union to Defend Paris and Care for the Wounded

4862:

Members of the International Workingmen's Association

4107:

Dictionnaire des féministes: France, XVIII-XXI siècle

3815:"Les femmes de la Commune : Élisabeth Dmitrieff" 3789:"Place Elisabeth-Dmitrieff, troisième arrondissement" 2772:

Massacre: the life and death of Paris Commune of 1871

2487:"La Commune : pas de révolution sans les femmes" 2250:"L'imaginaire de la Commune / Revue Vingtième Siècle" 2066:"Bakounine Lettre à Herzen et Ogarev 18 juillet 1866" 1287:

There is a street named after Elisabeth Dmitrieff in

411:

It was through this book and, probably, the magazine

3915:

Efremova, Nata; Ivanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1982).

3876:Élisabeth Dmitrieff : aristocrate et pétroleuse 1032:

and did a study on the carbon reserves at Nazarovo.

4772: 4726: 4685: 4651: 1404: 1402: 661:in the events. She also met with Russian socialist 417:, that Dmitrieff became interested in the ideas of 103: 95: 87: 79: 49: 25: 4293:Unruly women of Paris : images of the commune 4177:Dalotel, Alain (1997). "La barricade des femmes". 641:refused to surrender control over the city to the 3500:"Елизавета Дмитриева – героиня Парижской коммуны" 1262:Elisabeth Dmitrieff: aristocrate & pétroleuse 3961:(in Russian). Moscow: Politicheskaia literatura. 3959:Chas Budushchego: Povest o Elizavete Dmitriyevoy 1178:in Leningrad, submitting in 1945 with the title 1012:, then in Iemelianovo, and from 1898 to 1902 at 176:was declared following the French defeat in the 4535:"Socialist Women during the 1871 Paris Commune" 3348: 3157: 788: 726: 645:and instituted a revolutionary government, the 594: 4857:People from Kholmsky Uyezd (Pskov Governorate) 3755:"BMO-BDO bihebdomadaires du mois d'avril 2007" 3420: 2236: 2221: 1869: 1804: 802:emphasized the concrete implementation of the 743:Relations were not always cordial between the 562:, it had a relatively egalitarian atmosphere. 4607: 4275:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 4183:. Éditions de la Sorbonne. pp. 341–355. 1991:"Genève, Temple unique de l'ordre maçonni..." 1226: 1170:. Riazanov was arrested in 1931, and in 1935 1139:. Lissagaray idealized her, comparing her to 1008:Dmitrieff and Davydovski lived for a time in 633:, and its fall marked France's defeat in the 8: 3956:Час будущего: Повесть о Елизавете Дмитриевой 3665:"Communardes ! - L'Aristocrate fantôme" 2357:, Part 2, chapter 3 «The Russian Lady», §46. 1713: 897:Both wounded in the fighting, Dmitrieff and 4357:"Les femmes et la Commune de Paris de 1871" 4202:(in Russian). Moscou: Moskovskii Rabotchii. 2195:, Part 2, chapter 3 «The Russian Lady», §1. 2183:, Part 2, chapter 2 «Dialectiques», §40–44. 1282:Marx à Paris, 1871: Le Cahier bleu de Jenny 18:Russian revolutionary and feminist activist 4614: 4600: 4592: 4104:Bard, Christine; Chaperon, Sylvie (2017). 3925:Jeunesse et Enfance d'Elisaviéta Dmitrieva 3493: 3491: 3489: 3384: 1427: 579:, which had a major influence on Dmitrieff 494:, who, like her, would participate in the 430:—which would serve the peasants of Volok. 33: 22: 4253: 4198:Nata (Natalia) Pavlovna Efremova (1987). 3931:Knizhnik-Vetrov, Ivan Sergeevich (1964). 3854:"DMITRIEFF Élisabeth (TOMANOVSKAÏA dite)" 3506:(in Russian) (3): 213–216. Archived from 3008: 2794: 2485:Carolyn J. Eichner (January–March 2021). 2168: 3919:(in Russian). Moscow: Moskovsky rabochy. 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3408: 3360: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3270: 3258: 3181: 3169: 3115: 3103: 2996: 2806: 2646: 2551: 2393: 2354: 2192: 2180: 2116:, Part 2, chapter 2 «Dialectiques», §31. 2113: 2104:, Part 2, chapter 2 «Dialectiques», §30. 2101: 2054:, Part 2, chapter 2 «Dialectiques», §27. 2051: 2042:, Part 2, chapter 2 «Dialectiques», §25. 2039: 1980:, Part 2, chapter 2 «Dialectiques», §26. 1977: 1937: 1920: 1908: 1881: 1852: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1725: 1682: 1667: 1655: 1626: 1590: 1578: 1554: 1542: 1515: 1503: 1459: 1442: 825: 288:and adopted the name Natalia Yegorovna. 3396: 3372: 3333: 3243: 3193: 3145: 3130: 3060: 2984: 2969: 2957: 2818: 2757: 2713: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2634: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2539: 2125: 1896: 1614: 1566: 1481:Great Russian Biographical Encyclopedia 1393: 1377: 1338: 1180:A Russian Activist in the Paris Commune 3908:Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) 3735:from the original on 13 September 2017 3675:from the original on 27 September 2020 3504:Вопросы истории (Questions d'histoire) 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 2774:. Yale University Press. p. 188. 2209: 2144:Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) 1855:, Part 1, chapter 1 «Empreintes», §25. 1843:, Part 1, chapter 1 «Empreintes», §32. 1764:, Part 1, chapter 1 «Empreintes», §28. 1643: 1602: 1530: 544:International Workingmen's Association 461:International Workingmen's Association 222:, one of Dmitrieff's teachers, in 1865 159:International Workingmen's Association 3825:from the original on 6 September 2021 3432: 2649:, Part 3, chapter 1 «L’intruse», §49. 2406: 2404: 2402: 2280:Musée d'art et d'histoire Paul Eluard 2150:from the original on 12 December 2019 2138:Riggenbach, Heinrich (5 March 2013). 1408: 1065:Ministry of War of the Russian Empire 987:Dmitrieff testified during the trial: 527:, the publisher Mikhail Elpidin, and 459:Session of the Geneva section of the 7: 4296:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 3858:Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique 3598:from the original on 23 January 2022 2396:, Part 3, chapter 1 «L’intruse», §4. 2367:Eichner, Carolyn J. (14 July 2021). 1949: 1670:, Part 1, chapter 1 Empreintes, §31. 4588:(1966) by James and Starr Atkinson. 3941:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. 2838:. Paris: La fabrique. p. 509. 2020:Bibliothèque de Genève Iconographie 1776:, Part 1, chapter 2 «Mots», §28–30. 1110:historiography of the Paris Commune 830:Barricade defended by women during 631:besieged in the winter of 1870-1871 201:historiography of the Paris Commune 39:Elisabeth Dmitrieff photographed by 4877:Socialists from the Russian Empire 3705:from the original on 18 April 2021 3695:"La Chose commune de David Lescot" 3567:from the original on 20 March 2017 2520:from the original on 11 April 2021 2512:Le Moal, Patrick (11 April 2021). 1305:Mouvement de libération des femmes 519:, Victor and Ekaterina Barteneva, 276:. She became Kushelev's mistress. 14: 4872:Feminists from the Russian Empire 4020:Antonov, Sergei (February 2018). 1629:, Part 1, chapter 2, «Mots», §21. 888:Dmitrieff after the Paris Commune 749:Vigilance Committee of Montmartre 4882:Marxists from the Russian Empire 4701:Declaration to the French People 3954:Kokin, Lev Mikhailovich (1984). 3557:"Aimons-nous les uns les autres" 2305:Coudray, Sophie (23 July 2020). 1884:, Part 1, chapter 2 «Mots», §30. 1831:, Part 1, chapter 2 «Mots», §20. 1788:, Part 1, chapter 2 «Mots», §10. 1752:, part 1, chapter 2 «Mots», §44. 1740:, part 1, chapter 2 «Mots», §52. 1685:, Part 1, chapter 2 «Mots», §13. 339:, where they lived in No. 12 on 4852:People from Toropetsky District 4133:Candar, Gilles (4 March 2021). 3821:(in French). 14 November 2011. 3586:Salingue, Julien (March 2021). 3021:Hingley, Ronald (30 May 2021). 1728:, Part 1, chapter 2 «Mots», §6. 4453:; Dobenesque, Étienne (2015). 4200:Dotch' Revolioutsionnoï Rossii 3966:Singer-Lecocq, Yvonne (1977). 3761:. 3 April 2007. Archived from 3537:(in Russian). 24 December 2015 3213:L.P Berdnikov (10 July 2003). 2836:Souvenirs d'un révolutionnaire 1270:Aimons-nous les uns les autres 1100:The history of the communards 992:calumnies raining down on him. 584:London: meeting with Karl Marx 451:and the Workers' International 394:Nikolay Chernyshevsky's novel 121:Elizaveta Lukinichna Kusheleva 54:Elizaveta Lukinichna Kusheleva 1: 4371:10.3917/rhis.g1997.603n2.0023 4007:(in French). 24 December 2014 3902:Bürgi, Markus (1 June 2012). 3635:10.1080/08854300.2021.1953428 2420:(in French). 24 December 2014 1016:. They bought a cake shop in 531:(sister-in-law of Zhukovsky). 4393:McClellan, Woodford (1979). 4319:Kovalevskaïa, S. V. (1978). 4271:Eichner, Carolyn J. (2004). 4236:Eichner, Carolyn J. (1998). 4207:Eichner, Carolyn J. (2020). 3617:Hedges, Inez (August 2021). 2256:(in French). 4 February 2015 2140:"Utin, Nikolai Isaakowitsch" 446: 304:Dmitrieff read the magazine 129:Елизавета Лукинична Кушелева 4582:Translated into English as 4495:. Brill. pp. 343–354. 4290:Gullickson, Gay L. (1996). 4068:Bantigny, Ludivine (2021). 3729:Lettres Sorbonne Université 2471:Amis de la Commune de Paris 1297:3rd arrondissement of Paris 1189:until 1991 (for example on 960:Marriage to Ivan Davydovski 629:The city of Paris had been 4908: 4533:Schulkind, Eugene (1985). 4459:(in French). La Fabrique. 4456:L'Imaginaire de la Commune 3917:Russkaia soratnitsa Marksa 3421:Efremova & Ivanov 1982 2237:Ross & Dobenesque 2015 2222:Ross & Dobenesque 2015 2064:Mikhaïl Bakounine (1866). 1870:Ross & Dobenesque 2015 1805:Ross & Dobenesque 2015 1137:Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray 1094:Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray 4795:Federated Legion of Women 4629: 4501:10.1163/9789004335462_023 4038:10.1017/S0738248017000517 3873:Braibant, Sylvie (1993). 1227: 1204:Lev Kokin, who published 720:Dmitrieff partnered with 143:and the radical ideas of 128: 32: 4708:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 4255:10.25365/oezg-1998-9-4-5 3958: 1714:Bard & Chaperon 2017 1477:"КУШЕЛЕВ, ИВАН ИВАНОВИЧ" 1289:Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray 569:Cover page of the novel 4355:Linton, Marisa (1997). 3819:Association Autogestion 3623:Socialism and Democracy 2770:Merriman, John (2014). 509:The Cause of the People 435:marriage of convenience 423:Russian village commune 256:, participating in the 246:active privy councillor 203:has tended to focus on 172:When the revolutionary 149:marriage of convenience 4892:Female revolutionaries 4585:The Women Incendiaries 4566:. La suite des temps. 4562:Thomas, Édith (1963). 4547:10.1093/past/106.1.124 4429:Ross, Kristin (2015). 4026:Law and History Review 3904:"Dmitrieff, Elisabeth" 2319:10.4000/lectures.42966 1240: 1166:in 1928, supported by 1141:Theroigne de Mericourt 1097: 994: 972: 868:Faubourg Saint-Antoine 850: 797: 740: 730: 692: 599: 580: 539: 464: 311: 223: 133:Elizaveta Tomanovskaya 91:Elizaveta Tomanovskaya 4867:Expatriates in France 4676:January 1871 uprising 4660:October 1870 uprising 4147:10.3917/rhis.211.0223 3927:, Marx, Moscou, 1930. 1238: 1106:Victoire Léodile Béra 1092: 989: 967: 829: 735: 707:The main goal of the 687: 577:Nikolay Chernyshevsky 568: 537: 458: 333:Nikolay Chernyshevsky 303: 218: 147:. She entered into a 145:Nikolay Chernyshevsky 107:Participation in the 3349:Knizhnik-Vetrov 1964 3158:Knizhnik-Vetrov 1964 1293:Temple metro station 1250:Yvonne Singer-Lecocq 1195:Ekaterina Fleischitz 1085:Legacy and posterity 387:, and the historian 4325:. Springer-Verlag. 4322:A Russian childhood 3793:La Commune de Paris 3765:on 29 November 2014 3592:Librairie La Brèche 3510:on 6 September 2021 3075:The Slavonic Review 2897:La Commune de Paris 2877:(709). 23 May 1871. 2735:La Commune de Paris 2286:on 5 September 2021 2082:on 23 December 2021 1147:Russian biographers 951:Ekaterina Barteneva 809:What is to be Done? 791:all our positions, 635:Franco-Prussian War 572:What Is to Be Done? 560:What Is to Be Done? 397:What Is to Be Done? 317:revolutions of 1848 178:Franco-Prussian War 117:Elisabeth Dmitrieff 27:Elisabeth Dmitrieff 4568:Éditions Gallimard 4539:Past & Present 3725:"La chose commune" 3483:, p. 210-218. 3471:, p. 216-217. 3459:, p. 215-216. 3447:, p. 211-214. 3411:, p. 168-173. 3363:, p. 223-224. 3336:, p. 161-162. 3312:, p. 220-221. 3273:, p. 217-218. 3160:, p. 119 ff.. 3148:, p. 159-160. 3118:, p. 184-185. 2987:, p. 155-156. 2972:, p. 156-157. 2922:Christiane Taubira 2832:Gustave Lefrançais 1605:, p. 117-118. 1278:Olivier Besancenot 1241: 1191:Sofya Kovalevskaya 1129:Gustave Lefrançais 1098: 973: 969:Aleksey Kuropatkin 936:Vasilyevsky Island 907:Federation romande 872:Gustave Lefrançais 851: 741: 693: 667:Sofya Kovalevskaya 581: 540: 517:Walery Mroczkowski 465: 402:Aleksey Kuropatkin 345:Sofya Kovalevskaya 341:Vasilyevsky Island 312: 224: 137:Russian aristocrat 4829: 4828: 4763:Butte-aux-Cailles 4716:Semaine sanglante 4510:978-90-04-33546-2 4466:978-2-35872-064-9 4442:978-1-78168-839-7 4220:979-10-351-0522-8 4190:978-2-85944-851-6 4117:978-2-13-078720-4 4081:978-2-348-06669-6 3034:978-1-000-37135-2 2935:978-2-02-142731-8 2845:978-2-35872-052-6 2781:978-0-300-17452-6 2729:(23 April 2021). 2614:10.1093/fh/7.1.85 2465:Gérard Da Silva. 2073:Fondation Besnard 1996:. 17 October 2016 1266:Catherine Clément 1176:Herzen University 1164:Annals of Marxism 856:semaine sanglante 832:semaine sanglante 821:Semaine sanglante 625:The Paris Commune 321:Modest Mussorgsky 286:Russian Orthodoxy 232:Pskov Governorate 220:Modest Mussorgsky 165:and his daughter 114: 113: 69:Pskov Governorate 4899: 4822: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4719: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4678: 4671: 4662: 4644: 4637: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4581: 4558: 4541:(106): 124–163. 4529: 4527: 4525: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4446: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4362:Revue historique 4351: 4349: 4347: 4315: 4286: 4267: 4257: 4232: 4203: 4194: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4141:(697): 223–236. 4139:Revue historique 4129: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3989: 3962: 3950: 3920: 3911: 3898: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3495: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3324:, p. 17-19. 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3247: 3241: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3210: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3134: 3128: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2891:(10 July 2017). 2885: 2879: 2878: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2698: 2697:, p. 73-78. 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2661:, p. 88,92. 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2637:, p. 89-92. 2632: 2626: 2625: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2566:, p. 70-71. 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2491:www.lhistoire.fr 2482: 2476: 2474: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2408: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2282:. Archived from 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2081: 2075:. Archived from 2070: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1994:notrehistoire.ch 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1924: 1923:, p. 59-61. 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1819:, p. 47-48. 1814: 1808: 1802: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1686: 1680: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1658:, p. 30-31. 1653: 1647: 1641: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1569:, p. 27-28. 1564: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1545:, p. 25-26. 1540: 1534: 1528: 1519: 1518:, p. 22-24. 1513: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1446: 1440: 1431: 1425: 1412: 1406: 1397: 1391: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1230: 1229: 1206:Chas Budushchego 1199:Nadezhda Suslova 1004:Exile in Siberia 929:Return to Russia 893:Return to Geneva 847:Musée Carnavalet 844: 834:. Lithograph by 814:Union des femmes 777:Union des femmes 769:Union des femmes 765:Union des femmes 757:Union des femmes 745:Union des femmes 714:Union des femmes 709:Union des femmes 679:Union des femmes 513:Zoya Obolenskaya 377:Land and Liberty 337:Saint Petersburg 315:veterans of the 310:(Русское слово). 131:, also known as 130: 88:Other names 42:Alphonse Liébert 37: 23: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4793: 4788:Commune Council 4786: 4779: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4722: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4681: 4674: 4665: 4658: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4620: 4578: 4564:Les Pétroleuses 4561: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4511: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4467: 4449: 4443: 4428: 4419: 4417: 4407: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4354: 4345: 4343: 4333: 4318: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4270: 4235: 4221: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4132: 4118: 4103: 4094: 4092: 4082: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4019: 4010: 4008: 3999: 3996: 3978: 3968:Rouge Élisabeth 3965: 3960: 3953: 3930: 3914: 3901: 3887: 3872: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3797: 3795: 3787:(5 June 2016). 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3759:Mairie de Paris 3753: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3513: 3511: 3497: 3496: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3385:Gullickson 1996 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3235: 3224: 3222: 3212: 3211: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3050: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2936: 2918:Martial Poirson 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2846: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2410: 2409: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2377: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2151: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1868: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1689: 1681: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1633: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1495: 1485: 1483: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1449: 1441: 1434: 1428:Le Maitron 2009 1426: 1415: 1407: 1400: 1392: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1313: 1258:Sylvie Braibant 1254:Rouge Elisabeth 1246: 1218: 1156:Peter Kropotkin 1149: 1087: 1042:Sakhalin Oblast 1006: 962: 931: 895: 890: 838: 824: 761:interventionist 682: 627: 590:Sergey Nechayev 586: 552:Peter Kropotkin 453: 444: 298: 258:Napoleonic Wars 213: 75: 58: 57:1 November 1850 56: 55: 45: 40: 28: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4905: 4903: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4834: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4663: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4642:Historiography 4638: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4576: 4559: 4530: 4509: 4486: 4465: 4447: 4441: 4426: 4405: 4390: 4352: 4331: 4316: 4302: 4287: 4281: 4268: 4248:(4): 525–555. 4233: 4219: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4174: 4130: 4116: 4101: 4080: 4065: 4017: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3976: 3963: 3951: 3928: 3921: 3912: 3899: 3885: 3870: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3806: 3776: 3746: 3716: 3699:France Culture 3686: 3656: 3629:(1): 193–196. 3609: 3578: 3548: 3522: 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3300:, p. 218. 3290: 3288:, p. 220. 3275: 3263: 3261:, p. 208. 3248: 3246:, p. 161. 3233: 3198: 3196:, p. 160. 3186: 3184:, p. 194. 3174: 3172:, p. 192. 3162: 3150: 3135: 3120: 3108: 3106:, p. 196. 3093: 3065: 3063:, p. 157. 3048: 3033: 3013: 3011:, p. 181. 3009:McClellan 1979 3001: 2999:, p. 162. 2989: 2974: 2962: 2960:, p. 153. 2950: 2934: 2909: 2880: 2860: 2844: 2823: 2821:, p. 350. 2811: 2809:, p. 212. 2799: 2797:, p. 153. 2795:McClellan 1979 2787: 2780: 2762: 2747: 2718: 2716:, p. 156. 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2602:French History 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2504: 2477: 2457: 2431: 2398: 2386: 2359: 2347: 2297: 2267: 2254:France Culture 2241: 2226: 2214: 2212:, p. 119. 2197: 2185: 2173: 2169:McClellan 1979 2161: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2007: 1982: 1970: 1954: 1942: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1886: 1874: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1790: 1778: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1718: 1687: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1646:, p. 118. 1631: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1533:, p. 117. 1520: 1508: 1493: 1464: 1447: 1432: 1413: 1398: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1312: 1309: 1245: 1242: 1228:Мой Красноярск 1217: 1214: 1168:David Riazanov 1148: 1145: 1125:Arthur Arnould 1086: 1083: 1023:Mikhail Sazhin 1005: 1002: 961: 958: 947:Narodnoye delo 930: 927: 894: 891: 889: 886: 823: 818: 702:Nathalie Lemel 681: 675: 643:Third Republic 639:National Guard 626: 623: 611:Narodnoye delo 585: 582: 556:Olga Levashova 529:Olga Levashova 504:Narodnoye delo 452: 449:Narodnoye delo 445: 443: 442:Early activism 440: 414:Russkoye Slovo 307:Russkoye Slovo 297: 294: 212: 209: 154:Narodnoye delo 112: 111: 105: 104:Known for 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73:Russian Empire 65:Kholmsky Uyezd 59: 53: 51: 47: 46: 38: 30: 29: 26: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4904: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4668:Affiche Rouge 4664: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4623:Paris Commune 4617: 4612: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4577:2-0702-6262-6 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4451:Ross, Kristin 4448: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4406:0-203-98802-7 4402: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4332:0-387-90348-8 4328: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4303:0-8014-3228-6 4299: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4282:0-253-34442-5 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4102: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3886:2-7144-2963-7 3882: 3878: 3877: 3871: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785:Michèle Audin 3780: 3777: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3734: 3731:(in French). 3730: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3704: 3701:(in French). 3700: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3566: 3563:(in French). 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481:Braibant 1993 3477: 3474: 3470: 3469:Braibant 1993 3465: 3462: 3458: 3457:Braibant 1993 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445:Braibant 1993 3441: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3409:Braibant 1993 3405: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3375:, p. 18. 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3361:Braibant 1993 3357: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3322:Braibant 1993 3318: 3315: 3311: 3310:Braibant 1993 3306: 3303: 3299: 3298:Braibant 1993 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286:Braibant 1993 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271:Braibant 1993 3267: 3264: 3260: 3259:Braibant 1993 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182:Braibant 1993 3178: 3175: 3171: 3170:Braibant 1993 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:Braibant 1993 3112: 3109: 3105: 3104:Braibant 1993 3100: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3030: 3027:. Routledge. 3026: 3025: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2997:Braibant 1993 2993: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Michèle Audin 2884: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807:Merriman 2014 2803: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727:Michèle Audin 2722: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2685:, p. 74. 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647:Braibant 1993 2643: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608:(1): 85–101. 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2590:, p. 72. 2589: 2584: 2581: 2578:, p. 71. 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2552:Braibant 1993 2548: 2545: 2542:, p. 70. 2541: 2536: 2533: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2432: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:Braibant 1993 2390: 2387: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2355:Braibant 1993 2351: 2348: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2239:, p. 35. 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2224:, p. 32. 2223: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:Braibant 1993 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181:Braibant 1993 2177: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2149: 2146:(in German). 2145: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2128:, p. 63. 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2114:Braibant 1993 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102:Braibant 1993 2098: 2095: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2052:Braibant 1993 2048: 2045: 2041: 2040:Braibant 1993 2036: 2033: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978:Braibant 1993 1974: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1952:, p. 24. 1951: 1946: 1943: 1940:, p. 69. 1939: 1938:Braibant 1993 1934: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921:Braibant 1993 1917: 1914: 1911:, p. 58. 1910: 1909:Braibant 1993 1905: 1902: 1899:, p. 28. 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:Braibant 1993 1878: 1875: 1872:, p. 36. 1871: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:Braibant 1993 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841:Braibant 1993 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829:Braibant 1993 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817:Braibant 1993 1813: 1810: 1807:, p. 33. 1806: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:Braibant 1993 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774:Braibant 1993 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762:Braibant 1993 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750:Braibant 1993 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738:Braibant 1993 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726:Braibant 1993 1722: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:Braibant 1993 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:Braibant 1993 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656:Braibant 1993 1652: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:Braibant 1993 1623: 1620: 1617:, p. 45. 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1593:, p. 32. 1592: 1591:Braibant 1993 1587: 1584: 1581:, p. 31. 1580: 1579:Braibant 1993 1575: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1557:, p. 25. 1556: 1555:Braibant 1993 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543:Braibant 1993 1539: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Braibant 1993 1512: 1509: 1506:, p. 21. 1505: 1504:Braibant 1993 1500: 1498: 1494: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1462:, p. 20. 1461: 1460:Braibant 1993 1456: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445:, p. 24. 1444: 1443:Braibant 1993 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1396:, p. 27. 1395: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1342: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1317:Paris Commune 1315: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1301:Michèle Audin 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256:in 1977, and 1255: 1251: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 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