613:(also N-ellipsis, N'-ellipsis, NP-ellipsis, NPE, ellipsis in the DP) occurs when the noun and potentially accompanying modifiers are omitted from a noun phrase. Nominal ellipsis occurs with a limited set of determinatives in English (cardinal and ordinal numbers and possessive determiners), though it is much freer in other languages. The following examples illustrate nominal ellipsis with cardinal and ordinal numbers:
278:. Many linguists take stripping to be a particular manifestation of gapping whereby just one remnant appears in the gapped clause instead of the two (or more) that occur in instances of gapping. The fact that stripping is limited to occurring in coordinate structures is the main reason why stripping is integrated into the analysis of gapping:
554:
usually elides everything from a direct or indirect question except the question word. It is a frequent type of ellipsis that appears to occur in most if not all languages. It can operate both forwards and backwards like VP-ellipsis, but unlike gapping, stripping, answer fragments, and pseudogapping,
426:
to be a particular manifestation of VP-ellipsis (rather than a variation on gapping). Like VP-ellipsis, pseudogapping is introduced by an auxiliary verb. Pseudogapping differs from VP-ellipsis, however, insofar as the elided VP is not entirely gone, but rather one (or more) remnants of the VP appear,
832:
Ellipsis is widely studied in theoretical literature, with studies focusing especially on the mental representation of elided material, the conditions which license ellipsis, and the means by which the elided material is recovered. One challenge to theoretical accounts of ellipsis comes from cases
184:
in the sense of being derived by one and the same mechanism. Ellipsis-based accounts have been given for other syntaxes, and some of the above have been analyzed in other ways. Most experts would agree, however, that most of the above items are in fact ellipses, so the discussion below takes their
845:
operations to explain such cases. These movement rules raise non-elided material out of a constituent, allowing ellipsis to apply only to the material that is left, thus creating the illusion of ellipsis applying to a non-constituent. Some alternative analyses assume more flexible conceptions of
123:
is elided in this sentence is up to the speaker and to communicative aspects of the situational context in which the sentence is uttered. This optionality is a clear indication of ellipsis. At other times, however, ellipsis seems to be obligatory, for instance with cases of comparative deletion,
262:
While these two sentences again each have two remnants, the gapped material is no longer continuous. There are in a sense two gaps in each of the gapped clauses. Gapping has been thoroughly studied, and it is therefore reasonably well understood, although the theoretical analyses can vary
792:
Of the various ellipsis mechanisms, null complement anaphora is the least studied. In this regard, its status as ellipsis is a point of debate, since its behavior is not consistent with the behavior of many of the other ellipsis mechanisms.
738:
Null complement anaphora elides a complete complement, whereby the elided complement is a finite clause, infinitive phrase, or prepositional phrase. The verbal predicates that can license null complement anaphora form a limited set (e.g.,
349:-stripping's status as a form of ellipsis can be debated, since the non-elliptical versions of these sentences are unacceptable, and the key trait of ellipsis is that both the elliptical and non-elliptical versions are acceptable.
301:
These examples illustrate that stripping is flexible insofar as the remnant in the stripped clause is not limited in function; it can, for instance, be a subject as in the first sentence or an object as in the second sentence.
960:Ăgel, Vilmos, Ludwig Eichinger, Hans-Werner Eroms, Peter Hellwig, Hans JĂŒrgen Heringer, and Henning Lobin (eds.) 2003/6. Dependency and Valency: An international handbook of contemporary research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
203:
occurs in coordinate structures. Redundant material that is present in the immediately preceding clause can be "gapped". This gapped material usually contains a finite verb. Canonical cases have a true "gap" insofar as a
601:
Sluicing has been studied intensely in the past decade and can be viewed as a relatively well-understood ellipsis mechanism, although the theoretical analysis of certain aspects of sluicing remains controversial.
963:
Johnson, Kyle 2001. What VP ellipsis can do, and what it can't, but not why. In The handbook of contemporary syntactic theory, ed. Mark Baltin and Chris
Collins, 439â479. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
450:
Pseudogapping is more restricted in distribution than VP-ellipsis. For instance, it can hardly occur backwards, i.e., the ellipsis can hardly precede its antecedent. Further examples:
716:
Comparative deletion is different from many of the other optional ellipsis mechanisms insofar as it is obligatory. The non-elliptical versions of these sentences are unacceptable.
391:
An aspect of VP-ellipsis that is unlike gapping and stripping is that it can occur forwards or backwards. That is, the ellipsis can precede or follow its antecedent, e.g.:
108:
has been applied to a range of syntax in which a perceived interpretation is fuller than that which would be expected based solely on the presence of linguistic forms.
136:). The obligatory occurrence of ellipsis complicates the analysis, since one can argue that obligatory cases are not really instances of ellipsis at all, but rather a
188:
The example sentences below employ the convention whereby the elided material is indicated with subscripts and smaller font size. All examples given below come from
578:
The sluicing illustrated with these two sentences has occurred in indirect questions. Sluicing in direct questions is illustrated with the following two examples:
726:
appears to use comparative deletion, but ends up with a meaningless comparison if the apparent elision is included: "More people have been to Russia than I have
543:
Answer ellipsis occurs in most, if not all, languages, and is a very frequent type of ellipsis that is omnipresent in everyday communication between speakers.
1710:
497:
etc.). The corresponding answer provides the missing information and in so doing, the redundant information that appeared in the question is elided, e.g.:
1009:
140:
pro-form is involved. These aspects of the theory should be kept in mind when considering the various types and instances of ellipsis enumerated below.
1483:
981:
Osborne, Timothy and Thomas GroĂ 2012. Constructions are catenae: Construction
Grammar meets Dependency Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 23, 1: 163â214.
975:
Lobeck, Anne. 2006. Ellipsis in DP. In The
Blackwell Companion to Syntax, ed. by Martin Everaert et al., vol. 2, pp. 145â173. Oxford: Blackwell.
520:
The fragment answers in these two sentences are verb arguments (subject and object NPs). The fragment can also correspond to an adjunct, e.g.:
966:
Lappin, Shalom 1996. The interpretation of ellipsis. In The handbook of contemporary semantic theory, ed. Shalom Lappin. Oxford: Blackwell.
1351:
1018:
100:: in particular, how the usual mechanisms of grasping a meaning from a form may be bypassed or supplanted via elliptical structures. In
231:
While canonical cases have medial gaps as in these two sentences, the gap need not be medial, and it can even be discontinuous, e.g.:
111:
One trait that many types and instances of ellipsis have in common is that the appearance of ellipsis is optional. The occurrence of
984:
Sag, Ivan 1976. Deletion and logical form. Doctoral
Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1695:
414:
Of the various ellipsis mechanisms, VP-ellipsis has probably been studied the most and is therefore relatively well-understood.
1438:
1092:
1559:
1433:
1002:
978:
Merchant, Jason. 2001. The syntax of silence: Sluicing, islands, and the theory of ellipsis. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
1211:
1032:
938:
See for instance
Johnson 2008 for an ATB-movement account of gapping and Merchant 2001 for a movement account of sluicing.
1097:
427:
giving it the outward appearance of gapping. Pseudogapping occurs frequently in comparative and contrastive contexts:
1185:
148:
There are numerous widely acknowledged types of ellipsis. They include, as mentioned and briefly illustrated below:
1700:
1579:
1241:
1062:
1584:
1534:
1296:
995:
869:
834:
1639:
1503:
1082:
838:
947:
See
Osborne and GroĂ 2012 or the collection of essays on dependency and valency grammar in Ăgel et al. 2003/6.
801:
Further instances of ellipsis that do not (in a clear way) qualify as any of the ellipsis types listed above:
850:, thus allowing ellipsis to directly target non-constituents without the need for additional movement rules.
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1180:
271:
1664:
1336:
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1052:
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101:
46:
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481:
involves question-answer pairs. The question focuses on an unknown piece of information, often using an
69:
360:(also VP-ellipsis or VPE) is a particularly frequent form of ellipsis in English. VP-ellipsis elides a
84:
factors, the means by which the elided elements are recovered, and the status of the elided elements.
1549:
1356:
1135:
972:. 1995. Ellipsis: Functional heads, licensing, and identification. New York: Oxford University Press.
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357:
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More work on ellipsis may need to be done before all ellipsis mechanisms are fully explained.
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though similar patterns arise cross-linguistically, with variation from language to language.
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of the remaining elements. There are numerous distinct types of ellipsis acknowledged in
30:
This article is about the practice of omitting words. For the punctuation mark (âŠ), see
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1331:
1226:
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17:
987:
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in
English. The expression that is elided corresponds to a comparative morph such as
636:
The following two sentences illustrate nominal ellipsis with possessive determiners:
610:
423:
181:
180:
Among experts, there is no unanimity that all of the abovementioned syntaxes form a
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VP. The ellipsis must be introduced by an auxiliary verb or by the particle
97:
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1175:
551:
81:
31:
200:
917:
837:. Since syntactic operations can only target constituents in standard
61:
841:
approaches, accounts within these frameworks must posit additional
1251:
65:
991:
782:
They offered two ways to spend the day, but I couldn't decide
208:
appears to the left and to the right of the elided material.
126:*More girls were there today than girls were there yesterday
27:
Omission of some words that are understood in the context
619:
Fred did three onerous tasks because Susan had done two
76:. Theoretical accounts of ellipsis seek to explain its
768:
Q: Do you approve of the plan? A: No, I don't approve
463:
They could read this book more easily than they could
664:
Comparative deletion occurs in clauses introduced by
433:
They have been eating the apples more than they have
134:
More girls were there today than were there yesterday
1622:
1512:
1416:
1409:
1204:
1113:
1106:
1025:
591:A: He has been working on the problem. B: How long
119:. Whether or not the second occurrence of the verb
833:where the elided material does not appear to be a
761:Q: Do you know what happened? A: No, I don't know
755:). The elided complement cannot be a noun phrase.
92:Varieties of ellipsis have long formed a basis of
1484:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
706:William has friends in more countries than you
561:John can play something, but I donât know what
510:Q: What have you been trying to accomplish? A:
1003:
929:See for instance Lobeck 1995 and Lappin 1996.
724:"More people have been to Russia than I have"
456:Would you want to say that to me, or would I
305:A particularly frequent type of stripping is
237:She persuaded him to do the homework, and he
8:
503:Q: Who has been hiding the truth? A: Billy
440:I will feed the chickens today if you will
397:The man who wanted to order the salmon did
381:He has done it before, which means he will
1413:
1110:
1010:
996:
988:
689:She ordered more beer than we could drink
533:Q: Why has the campaign been so crazy? A:
649:If Doris tries my chili, I will try hers
642:I heard Mary's dog, and you heard Bill's
309:-stripping (stripping in the presence of
185:status as ellipses largely for granted.
115:, for instance, is often optional, e.g.
68:that are nevertheless understood in the
901:
775:They told Bill to help, but he refused
696:Doris looks more satisfied than Doreen
584:A: Something unusual happened. B: What
221:Fred took a picture of you, and Susan
117:He will help, and she will (help), too
1439:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
682:More people arrived than we expected
7:
1711:Formal semantics (natural language)
1352:Quantificational variability effect
1019:Formal semantics (natural language)
374:John can play the guitar; Mary can
284:John can play the guitar, and Mary
214:John can play the guitar, and Mary
593:has he been working on the problem
526:Q: When does the circus start? A:
132:must be omitted in this sentence (
96:that addresses basic questions of
25:
291:Sam has attempted problem 1, and
908:See Lobeck 2006 for an overview.
676:in the antecedent clause, e.g.:
572:, but John will definitely call.
512:I have been trying to accomplish
626:The first train and the second
1434:Combinatory categorial grammar
807:A: The cat likes Bill. B: Why
797:Less-studied cases of ellipsis
535:The campaign has been so crazy
1:
1212:Antecedent-contained deletion
846:syntactic units such as the
920:at Tameri Guide for Writers
332:Sally is working on Monday,
128:. The second occurrence of
98:formâmeaning correspondence
1732:
1093:Syntaxâsemantics interface
29:
1585:Question under discussion
1535:Conversational scoreboard
1312:Intersective modification
1297:Homogeneity (linguistics)
870:Question under discussion
708:have friends in countries
537:Due to the personalities.
505:has been hiding the truth
1640:Distributional semantics
734:Null complement anaphora
176:Null complement anaphora
56: 'omission') or an
1696:Syntactic relationships
1635:Computational semantics
1377:Subsective modification
1181:Propositional attitudes
818:if I miss the deadline?
60:is the omission from a
58:elliptical construction
18:Elliptical construction
1665:Philosophy of language
1307:Inalienable possession
1287:Free choice inferences
1282:Faultless disagreement
1053:Generalized quantifier
860:Anaphora (linguistics)
828:Theoretical approaches
404:The man who wanted to
276:bare argument ellipsis
248:Should I call you, or
102:generative linguistics
1565:Plural quantification
1459:Inquisitive semantics
1424:Alternative semantics
408:did order the salmon.
319:Sam did it, not Fred
1550:Function application
1357:Responsive predicate
1347:Privative adjectives
660:Comparative deletion
514:This damn crossword.
422:Many linguists take
358:Verb phrase ellipsis
353:Verb phrase ellipsis
173:Comparative deletion
158:Verb phrase ellipsis
1630:Cognitive semantics
1545:Existential closure
1489:Situation semantics
1392:Temperature paradox
1362:Rising declaratives
1327:Modal subordination
1302:Hurford disjunction
1262:Discourse relations
918:Phrases and clauses
684:people would arrive
286:can play the guitar
1675:Semantics of logic
1600:Strict conditional
1575:Quantifier raising
1540:Downward entailing
1520:Autonomy of syntax
1449:Generative grammar
1429:Categorial grammar
1367:Scalar implicature
1272:Epistemic modality
1247:De dicto and de re
875:Right node raising
809:does the cat like
568:I don't know when
483:interrogative word
295:problem 2 as well.
243:to do the homework
74:theoretical syntax
1701:Generative syntax
1683:
1682:
1655:Logic translation
1618:
1617:
1610:Universal grinder
1595:Squiggle operator
1555:Meaning postulate
1494:Supervaluationism
1464:Intensional logic
1444:Dynamic semantics
1405:
1404:
1237:Crossover effects
1186:Tenseâaspectâmood
1166:Lexical semantics
880:Squiggle operator
839:phrase-structural
528:The circus starts
442:feed the chickens
329:
274:is also known as
94:linguistic theory
16:(Redirected from
1723:
1660:Linguistics wars
1590:Semantic parsing
1479:Montague grammar
1414:
1257:Deontic modality
1111:
1098:Truth conditions
1033:Compositionality
1026:Central concepts
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606:Nominal ellipsis
458:want to say that
406:order the salmon
399:order the salmon
324:
293:he has attempted
170:Nominal ellipsis
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1469:Lambda calculus
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1372:Sloppy identity
1332:Opaque contexts
1267:Donkey anaphora
1232:Counterfactuals
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1337:Performatives
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1317:Logophoricity
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1151:Evidentiality
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885:Whiz deletion
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763:what happened
760:
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639:
638:
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630:have arrived.
625:
621:onerous tasks
618:
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611:Noun ellipsis
605:
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583:
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425:
424:pseudogapping
418:Pseudogapping
417:
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195:
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182:natural class
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161:Pseudogapping
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63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:Ancient Greek
44:
40:
33:
19:
1605:Type shifter
1580:Quantization
1530:Continuation
1397:Veridicality
1277:Exhaustivity
1242:Cumulativity
1161:Indexicality
1141:Definiteness
1136:Conditionals
1063:Logical form
970:Lobeck, Anne
955:Bibliography
954:
953:
943:
934:
925:
913:
904:
895:
894:
831:
823:
800:
791:
784:between them
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
719:The classic
718:
715:
673:
669:
665:
663:
635:
609:
600:
577:
570:he will call
550:
542:
519:
494:
490:
486:
477:
449:
437:the oranges.
421:
413:
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365:
356:
346:
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275:
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261:
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133:
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116:
110:
105:
91:
57:
53:
50:
42:
36:
1525:Context set
1499:Type theory
1382:Subtrigging
1146:Disjunction
1073:Proposition
865:Aposiopesis
835:constituent
816:will happen
770:of the plan
651:(her chili)
563:he can play
435:been eating
218:the violin.
113:VP-ellipsis
104:, the term
54:(Ă©lleipsis)
39:linguistics
1690:Categories
1670:Pragmatics
1322:Mirativity
1088:Speech act
1043:Entailment
1038:Denotation
891:References
467:that book.
362:non-finite
338:working on
328:-Stripping
88:Background
45:(from
1474:Mereology
1410:Formalism
1292:Givenness
1217:Cataphora
1205:Phenomena
1196:Vagueness
1126:Ambiguity
1078:Reference
1058:Intension
1048:Extension
701:satisfied
530:Tomorrow.
444:tomorrow.
313:), e.g.:
272:Stripping
267:Stripping
239:persuaded
155:Stripping
78:syntactic
1623:See also
1513:Concepts
1387:Telicity
1222:Coercion
1176:Negation
1171:Modality
1121:Anaphora
854:See also
843:movement
586:happened
552:Sluicing
547:Sluicing
340:Tuesday.
216:can play
167:Sluicing
106:ellipsis
82:semantic
52:áŒÎ»Î»Î”ÎčÏÎčÏ
43:ellipsis
32:Ellipsis
1716:Grammar
1131:Binding
777:to help
745:approve
485:(e.g.,
460:to you?
288:, also.
206:remnant
201:Gapping
196:Gapping
190:English
152:Gapping
70:context
1706:Syntax
1560:Monads
1107:Topics
848:catena
753:decide
749:refuse
555:e.g.:
385:again.
378:, too.
334:she is
321:did it
250:should
225:of me.
124:e.g.,
62:clause
1252:De se
1156:Focus
1114:Areas
1083:Scope
896:Notes
814:What
811:Bill?
698:looks
628:train
383:do it
144:Types
130:girls
66:words
49:
741:know
691:beer
670:more
666:than
495:when
491:what
465:read
336:not
323:. -
254:call
252:you
241:her
138:null
121:help
80:and
1504:TTR
730:".
674:-er
672:or
644:dog
487:who
347:Not
326:not
311:not
307:not
256:me?
37:In
1692::
751:,
747:,
743:,
493:,
489:,
368:.
366:to
41:,
1011:e
1004:t
997:v
786:.
779:.
772:.
765:.
710:.
703:.
693:.
686:.
653:.
646:.
623:.
595:?
588:?
565:.
507:.
401:.
245:.
34:.
20:)
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