1052:, they became standard practice for help texts ("The user may choose any description e likes"), referring to people of unknown gender ("Who was that guest yesterday, eir typing was terrible"), referring to people whose gender was known but without disclosing it ("Yes I've met Squiggle. E was nice."), or of course characters declaring themselves to be of gender Spivak. Since 2000 this usage has been declining.
77:
36:
411:
proposes a vast number of possible uses for "em", including but not limited to the replacement of "the formal Dear, because em is a thou word, a term of respect for all people, bar none... Dear Em Doe is redundant. Em Doe is enough, and, since it is brief; it makes room for given names: Em John Doe, Em Mary and John Doe, or, better, Em Doe John, Em Doe John and Mary."
179:
410:
Also in 1977, Jeffery J. Smith, Emeritus
Professor of Philosophy and Humanities at Stanford University, writing under the pen name "Tintajl jefry", proposed "Em" as "a personal noun-pronoun which in itself gives no indication of sex, age, or number, though these may be shown by its context." He
1066:
In online anonymous situations, Spivak and other gender neutral pronouns can be motivated by avoiding gendered speech that would make divisions in the social group more likely and the group possibly less productive or enjoyable. This contact with genderless pronouns in virtual communities is
538:. The setting was added along with several other "fake genders" in order to test changes to the software's pronoun code, and was left in place as a novelty. To Crew's surprise, the Spivak setting caught on among the game's players, while the other gender settings were mostly ignored.
395:". Although her primary argument against the proposed word is her assertion that English "already a perfectly good... word that refers to either sex", namely "one", she also raises the observations that "spoken fast, it comes uncomfortably close to the illiterate hisself... ,
1911:
Herring, Susan. "Gender
Differences in Computer-Mediated Communication: Bringing Familiar Baggage to the New Frontier." Making the Net*Work: Is There a Z39.50 in Gender Communication? American Library Association Annual Convention, Miami. 27 June 1994. Web. 1 Aug. 2014.
382:.) The article that first reported the pronouns treated them as something of a joke, concluding with the line, "A contestant from California entered the word 'uh' because 'if it isn't a he or a she, it's uh, something else.' So much of eir humor."
1615:
Citing Donald G. MacKay, "Birth of a Word," manuscript, Department of
Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles. However, if MacKay ever wrote this manuscript, it does not appear on his CV or anywhere else easily
2051:
2002:
1990:
354:, won a contest by the Chicago Association of Business Communicators to find replacements for "she and he", "him and her", and "his and hers". Her "transgender pronouns"
1983:
1222:
1443:
output described the spivak set as "E – subject", "Em – objective", "Eir – possessive (adjective)", "Eirs – possessive (noun)" and "Emself – reflexive".
420:
reported on another study by MacKay, testing rates at which subjects miscomprehended the gender of a subject in textbook paragraphs when written with
1976:
391:
reporting (and arguing against) the invention by "an
American professor" (likely Donald MacKay) of pronouns based on "the long sound of the vowel e
1731:
1321:
1293:
1272:
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1877:
1343:
1925:
Jones, Steven, Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting
Computer-Mediated Community and Technology, Sage Publications, Inc., United Kingdom, 1998
1201:
Love, Jane (2000). "Ethics, Plugged and
Unplugged: The Pegagogy of Disorderly Conduct". In Inman, James A.; Sewell, Donna N. (eds.).
1212:
236:
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63:
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and would therefore be confusing." Similar arguments, along with the desire to distance themselves from the male-centric singular
2086:
94:
49:
605:
table below. The pronoun set used by
Lindsay (1920) is also in use, although generally not in the context of Spivak pronouns.
141:
98:
298:
The precise history of the Spivak pronouns is unclear, since they appear to have been independently created multiple times.
601:
Three variants of the Spivak pronouns are in use, Rogers (1890), Elverson (1975), and LambdaMOO (1991), highlighted in the
113:
1808:
1668:
jefry , Tintajl. "Una: The
Emerging Language of the World". (Em Institute 1997), pp. 1-4., cited in Lockheed, Marlaine E.
549:(2004) promoted the original Elverson set (via Klein) as preferable to other major contenders popular on Usenet (singular
1058:
games, especially on the
Internet, often use Spivak pronouns in their rulesets, as a way to refer to indefinite players.
392:
120:
196:
189:
1045:", plural, egotistical, royal, and second. The selected gender determines how the game engine refers to a player.
87:
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326:
1963:
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109:
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Rep. no. Classroom Guide. Washington, DC.: Women's
Educational Equity Act Program (ED), 1982. pp. 110-113
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254:
1913:
416:
1685:
1848:
627:
511:
339:
301:
The first recorded use of the pronouns was in a January 1890 editorial by James Rogers, who derives
1860:
1367:
55:
385:
Writing in 1977, poet, playwright, and linguist Lillian Carlton submitted a letter to the journal
1648:
1606:
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1026:
632:
545:, such as Eric Klein in his legal code for a planned micronation called Oceania. John Williams's
1670:
Curriculum and Research for Equity: A Training Manual for Promoting Sex Equity in the Classroom.
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sometimes a person's first experience and experimentation with presenting their gender in a
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258:
134:
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and derivatives, are still a primary factor in the proliferation of constructed pronouns.
387:
1581:
Martyna, Wendy (1980). "Beyond the 'He/Man' Approach: The Case for Nonsexist Language".
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Yib's Guide to MOOing: Getting the Most from Virtual Communities on the Internet
1072:
1068:
507:. His set was similar to Elverson's, but capitalized like one of MacKay's sets.
195:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
76:
17:
1704:
2056:
1503:
1501:
Rogers, James "That Impersonal Pronoun." Editorial. Comp. William Henry Hills
1405:
1353:
602:
493:
The Joy of TEX: A Gourmet Guide to Typesetting with the AMS-TEX Macro Package
343:, to refer to non-terrestrial beings "unmistakably of a third positive sex".
1265:
The Joy of TeX: A Gourmet Guide to Typesetting with the AMS-TeX Macro Package
1144:
1049:
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515:
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CyberSociety 2.0: revisiting computer-mediated communication and community
514:
programmer, Roger Crew, added "spivak" as a gender setting for players on
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1038:
681:
541:
Other writers applied Elverson's original "th"-dropping rule and revived
351:
379:
271:. Though not in widespread use, they have been employed in writing for
1602:
488:
429:
1914:
http://urd.let.rug.nl/~welling/cc/gender-differences-communication.pdf
1652:
1485:
1464:
Baron, Dennis E. (1981). "The Epicene Pronoun: The Word That Failed".
1644:
1594:
1477:
1055:
1204:
Taking flight with OWLs: Examining Electronic Writing Center Work
1252:
1972:
1775:
1110:
1033:(MUD object-oriented). Others might include some selection of:
1822:
1030:
518:, causing the game to refer to such players with the pronouns
172:
70:
29:
1686:"Psychology, Prescriptive Grammar, and the Pronoun Problem"
267:
based on pronouns used in a book by American mathematician
1235:
Doom Patrols: A Theoretical Fiction About Postmodernism
1631:
Carlton, Lillian E. (1979). "An Epicene Suggestion".
1009:, because the latter would be pronounced the same as
1561:
1559:
1902:. Issue 193 (Vol. 27, No. 7). Pg.7. September 2003.
1525:Black, Judie (1975-08-23). "Ey has a word for it".
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1719:
1162:my tiny life: crime and passion in a virtual world
1797:. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014.
1626:
1624:
1622:
1062:Spivak pronouns and gender in virtual communities
1746:Moomail from Rog to Lig, 2001-08-26, quoted in
1664:
1662:
1025:Spivak is one of the allowable genders on many
1964:Gender-neutral pronoun FAQ on Aetherlumina.com
1497:
1495:
1430:uses "E", "Em", and "Eir", always capitalized.
275:by those who wish to avoid the standard terms
1984:
609:Declension table for Spivak pronoun variants
8:
1423:
1421:
1267:(2nd ed.). American Mathematical Soc.
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1991:
1977:
1969:
607:
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Set of gender-neutral pronouns in English
1285:Hello World : travels in virtuality
1456:
1417:
1800:
1565:Black, Judie. "Ey Has a Word for It."
1511:. Google. Web. Accessed 31 July 2014.
1092:Que Será Serees: What Will Be, Serees?
1079:Publications employing Spivak pronouns
366:were formed by dropping the "th" from
261:promulgated on the virtual community
7:
1439:From 1998 through 2011, LambdaMOO's
1005:has been argued to be preferable to
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1507:Boston. Jan. 1890, 4th ed.: 12-13.
346:In 1975, Christine M. Elverson of
325:. Coincidentally, Scottish author
25:
45:This article has multiple issues.
1748:Thomas, Sue (March–April 2003).
177:
75:
34:
1084:Elverson 1975 set (ey, em, eir)
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1780:Oceania — The Atlantis Project
1684:MacKay, Donald G. (May 1980).
1159:Dibbell, Julian (1999-01-20).
1153:"Spivak" 1991 set (e, em, eir)
1115:Oceania — The Atlantis Project
1:
1847:Anderson, Judy (1992-05-26).
1849:"Re: cross-gendered players"
1795:"Gender-neutral Pronoun FAQ"
1533:Guest Blogger (2011-07-02).
1336:Gender Queer : a memoir
1128:. Grand Rapids: TheSpindle.
321:in response to the proposed
1718:Jones, Steve (1998-07-15).
1535:"The Rise of "Transgender""
2108:
1705:10.1037/0003-066x.35.5.444
1310:Leckie, Ann (2017-11-26).
1282:Thomas, Sue (2004-03-31).
1237:. London: Serpent's Tail.
1125:Larkenia's Flaws: Volume 1
965:LambdaMOO "spivak" (1991)
547:Gender-neutral Pronoun FAQ
2047:
2009:
1823:"My pronouns are: ae/aer"
1807:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1571:23 Aug. 1975, sec. 1: 12.
1143:Edwards, RJ (2009–2014).
1090:Carter, CJ (2011-05-26).
1041:, neuter, either, both, "
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1396:Elu (Portuguese pronoun)
1207:. Taylor & Francis.
1180:Hess, Elizabeth (2003).
1122:O'Friel, Morgan (2007).
1013:in those contexts where
2087:Gender-neutral pronouns
2003:gender-neutral pronouns
1793:Williams, John (2004).
1401:Gender-neutral pronouns
1186:. Trafford Publishing.
483:In 1983, mathematician
329:used the similar forms
273:gender-neutral language
255:gender-neutral pronouns
1523:Scanned clipping from
1379:Elle (Spanish pronoun)
853:"anti-Carlton" (1977)
414:The May 1980 issue of
1878:"GNP FAQ - Technical"
1726:. Sage Publications.
1693:American Psychologist
417:American Psychologist
399:sounds too much like
1774:Klein, Eric (1993).
1754:The Barcelona Review
1539:The Bilerico Project
1109:Klein, Eric (1993).
628:Possessive adjective
428:compared with three
340:A Voyage to Arcturus
95:improve this article
1936:"Pronouns, Anglish"
1368:Generic antecedents
1288:. Raw Nerve Books.
1165:. Holt Paperbacks.
1094:. CJCS Publishing.
1027:multi-user dungeons
1017:loses its h sound.
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633:Possessive pronoun
608:
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1894:Martin, W. Eric.
1776:"Laws of Oceania"
1733:978-0-7619-1461-7
1323:978-0-3163886-3-4
1295:978-0-9536585-6-5
1274:978-0-8218-2997-4
1244:978-1-85242-430-5
1193:978-1-4120-0290-5
1172:978-0-8050-3626-8
1135:978-0-615-14753-6
1111:"Laws of Oceania"
1101:978-0-615-48304-7
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16:(Redirected from
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100:
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1508:
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1469:
1465:
1459:
1435:
1427:
1373:Ri (pronoun)
1335:
1332:Kobabe, Maia
1312:
1284:
1264:
1234:
1203:
1182:
1161:
1124:
1114:
1091:
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980:
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
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47:Please help
44:
2057:neopronouns
2019:generic she
1375:, Esperanto
1304:Orion's Arm
1145:"Riot Nrrd"
1073:transgender
1069:genderqueer
1029:(MUDs) and
2081:Categories
2052:neologisms
2014:generic he
1946:2017-07-26
1832:28 January
1760:2011-10-27
1589:(3): 492.
1549:2011-10-27
1504:The Writer
1451:References
1406:Neopronoun
1354:1106371004
1313:Provenance
810:ae loves *
752:they love
712:she loves
603:declension
597:Variations
487:wrote the
201:footnoting
121:newspapers
50:improve it
1853:Newsgroup
1611:144075372
1386:, Swedish
1316:. Orbit.
1050:LambdaMOO
1035:masculine
974:I hugged
951:I hugged
928:I hugged
911:em loves
893:I hugged
876:ee loves
845:ey loves
827:I hugged
804:that is *
792:I hugged
769:I hugged
734:I hugged
721:Singular
694:I hugged
673:he loves
655:I hugged
645:Masculine
638:Reflexive
516:LambdaMOO
426:he or she
285:singular
264:LambdaMOO
56:talk page
1803:cite web
1750:"Spivak"
1392:, French
1362:See also
1334:(2019).
1306:universe
1253:96068813
1233:(1997).
1075:manner.
1039:feminine
992:e loves
986:that is
905:that is
870:that is
839:that is
754:themself
746:that is
706:that is
682:Feminine
667:that is
614:Variant
424:meaning
352:Illinois
197:citation
2000:English
1861:Usenet:
1855::
1603:3173588
812:aerself
714:herself
675:himself
618:Subject
591:zirself
571:hirself
491:manual
489:AMS-TeX
478:temself
430:epicene
378:. (See
294:History
259:English
135:scholar
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971:laughs
948:laughs
925:laughs
913:emself
890:laughs
878:eeself
859:laughs
847:emself
824:laughs
789:laughs
766:laughs
748:theirs
691:laughs
652:laughs
623:Object
573:, and
536:emself
503:, and
464:; and
374:, and
362:, and
348:Skokie
309:, and
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1900:Games
1689:(PDF)
1649:JSTOR
1607:S2CID
1599:JSTOR
1583:Signs
1482:JSTOR
1412:Notes
1056:Nomic
1043:splat
1021:Usage
741:their
731:laugh
462:eself
446:Eself
376:their
313:from
283:, or
142:JSTOR
128:books
1916:>
1912:<
1834:2024
1809:link
1756:(35)
1728:ISBN
1350:OCLC
1340:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1302:the
1290:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1249:LCCN
1239:ISBN
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1188:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1031:MOOs
988:eirs
872:*ees
865:*ees
841:eirs
806:aers
736:them
729:they
723:they
708:hers
587:zirs
567:hirs
551:they
532:eirs
372:them
368:they
333:and
323:thon
319:them
317:and
287:they
249:The
199:and
114:news
2034:who
2029:one
1701:doi
1641:doi
1591:doi
1474:doi
1219:LCC
1071:or
1048:On
981:eir
958:Eir
907:ems
900:ems
834:eir
799:aer
794:aer
701:her
696:her
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579:zir
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474:ter
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