605:
33:
1073:, buses and software behavior flow as a state diagram or flow diagram using configurable library blocks. Simulation is conducted to select the right components by performing power vs. performance trade-offs, reliability analysis and bottleneck analysis. Typical reports that help a designer to make architecture decisions include application latency, device throughput, device utilization, power consumption of the full system as well as device-level power consumption.
80:(i.e. microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in a certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the
874:
355:
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software system and gives a good understanding of the high-level system behaviors. Trace recording in embedded systems can be achieved using hardware or software solutions. Software-based trace recording does not require specialized debugging hardware and can be used to record traces in deployed devices, but it can have an impact on CPU and RAM usage. One example of a software-based tracing method used in RTOS environments is the use of empty
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divide-by-zero and buffer index validity checks, default cases in logic checks), loop bounding, production of human-readable, well commented and well structured code, and avoiding language ambiguities which may lead to compiler-induced inconsistencies or side-effects (expression evaluation ordering, recursion, certain types of macro). These rules can often be used in conjunction with code
4166:
578:(IC) design to couple full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information through monitoring and control systems. These motes are completely self-contained and will typically run off a battery source for years before the batteries need to be changed or charged.
846:(SoC) contains a complete system - consisting of multiple processors, multipliers, caches, even different types of memory and commonly various peripherals like interfaces for wired or wireless communication on a single chip. Often graphics processing units (GPU) and DSPs are included such chips. SoCs can be implemented as an
1459:
Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to use an off-the-shelf RTOS, allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device functionality rather than operating system services. The choice to include an RTOS brings in its own issues, however, as the selection must be made
1225:
For SoC designs, the typical approach is to verify and debug the design on an FPGA prototype board. Tools such as Certus are used to insert probes in the FPGA implementation that make signals available for observation. This is used to debug hardware, firmware and software interactions across multiple
774:
range help to bridge the gap by being PC-compatible but highly integrated, physically smaller or have other attributes making them attractive to embedded engineers. The advantage of this approach is that low-cost commodity components may be used along with the same software development tools used for
1436:
In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or threads based on a timer invoking an interrupt. This is the level at which the system is generally considered to have an operating system kernel. Depending on how much functionality is required, it introduces more or less of
1409:
This architecture is used if event handlers need low latency, and the event handlers are short and simple. These systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this task is not very sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt handler will add longer tasks to a queue structure. Later,
328:
and other small systems but still required external memory and support chips. By the early 1980s, memory, input and output system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor forming a microcontroller. Microcontrollers find applications where a general-purpose computer would be
1251:
of operating system events. A graphical view is presented by a host PC tool, based on a recording of the system behavior. The trace recording can be performed in software, by the RTOS, or by special tracing hardware. RTOS tracing allows developers to understand timing and performance issues of the
729:
and PC/104+ are examples of standards for ready-made computer boards intended for small, low-volume embedded and ruggedized systems. These are mostly x86-based and often physically small compared to a standard PC, although still quite large compared to most simple (8/16-bit) embedded systems. They
562:
in aerospace and defense industries. Unless connected to wired or wireless networks via on-chip 3G cellular or other methods for IoT monitoring and control purposes, these systems can be isolated from hacking and thus be more secure. For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have a greater
1316:
designed for embedded systems is able to provide secure encapsulation for any subsystem component so that a compromised software component cannot interfere with other subsystems, or privileged-level system software. This encapsulation keeps faults from propagating from one subsystem to another,
1268:
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years without error, and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs. Therefore, the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical
345:
with up/down buttons or knobs read out by a microprocessor. Although in this context an embedded system is usually more complex than a traditional solution, most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself. Very few additional components may be needed and most of the design
1170:
may be performed at different levels, depending on the facilities available. Considerations include: does it slow down the main application, how close is the debugged system or application to the actual system or application, how expressive are the triggers that can be set for debugging (e.g.,
1324:
aim to assist developers produce reliable, portable firmware in a number of different ways: typically by advising or mandating against coding practices which may lead to run-time errors (memory leaks, invalid pointer uses), use of run-time checks and exception handling (range/sanity checks,
1571:
and flash memory management systems. If the embedded device has audio and video capabilities, then the appropriate drivers and codecs will be present in the system. In the case of the monolithic kernels, many of these software layers may be included in the kernel. In the RTOS category, the
825:
and some real-time choices. These modules can be manufactured in high volume, by organizations familiar with their specialized testing issues, and combined with much lower volume custom mainboards with application-specific external peripherals. Prominent examples of this approach include
1279:
The system must be kept running for safety reasons. Reduced functionality in the event of failure may be intolerable. Often backups are selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft navigation, reactor control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls, train
711:
Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with general-purpose counterparts, are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the expense of limited processing resources.
68:
system. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded system typically controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has
1221:
provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware, allowing all of it to be controlled and modified, and allowing debugging on a normal PC. The downsides are expense and slow operation, in some cases up to 100 times slower than the final
1513:, and is therefore very productive for development. On the downside, it requires considerably more hardware resources, is often more expensive, and, because of the complexity of these kernels, can be less predictable and reliable.
332:
A comparatively low-cost microcontroller may be programmed to fulfill the same role as a large number of separate components. With microcontrollers, it became feasible to replace, even in consumer products, expensive knob-based
1460:
prior to starting the application development process. This timing forces developers to choose the embedded operating system for their device based on current requirements and so restricts future options to a large extent.
1406:. This means that tasks performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events; an interrupt could be generated, for example, by a timer at a predefined interval, or by a serial port controller receiving data.
1230:
Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its operation. The view of the code may be as
775:
general software development. Systems built in this way are still regarded as embedded since they are integrated into larger devices and fulfill a single role. Examples of devices that may adopt this approach are
1137:
and other consumer computers often need significant software that is purchased or provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics. In these systems, an open programming environment such as
769:
In certain applications, where small size or power efficiency are not primary concerns, the components used may be compatible with those used in general-purpose x86 personal computers. Boards such as the VIA
1076:
A model-based development tool creates and simulates graphical data flow and UML state chart diagrams of components like digital filters, motor controllers, communication protocol decoding and multi-rate
563:
ability to handle higher temperatures and continue to operate. In dealing with security, the embedded systems can be self-sufficient and be able to deal with cut electrical and communication systems.
590:
performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
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The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to repair. Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, bore-hole systems, and automobiles.
798:
processor is involved, there may be little benefit to having a standardized bus connecting discrete components, and the environment for both hardware and software tools may be very different.
1283:
The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down: Telephone switches, factory controls, bridge and elevator controls, funds transfer and market making, automated sales and service.
865:. ASIC or FPGA implementations may be used for not-so-high-volume embedded systems with special needs in kind of signal processing performance, interfaces and reliability, like in avionics.
320:
Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality. An early microprocessor, the
458:
uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling.
73:
constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in common use. In 2009, it was estimated that ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured were used in embedded systems.
1505:
is a relatively large kernel with sophisticated capabilities adapted to suit an embedded environment. This gives programmers an environment similar to a desktop operating system like
718:
have been developed for embedded systems use. General-purpose microprocessors are also used in embedded systems, but generally, require more support circuitry than microcontrollers.
317:, released in 1961. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that represented the first high-volume use of integrated circuits.
1185:
Software-only debuggers have the benefit that they do not need any hardware modification but have to carefully control what they record in order to conserve time and storage space.
672:
provide flexibility while minimizing space used: the meaning of the buttons can change with the screen, and selection involves the natural behavior of pointing at what is desired.
1471:, trunk radio, multiple channels, data and voice, enhanced graphics, multiple states, multiple threads, numerous wait states and so on. These trends are leading to the uptake of
1425:. The programmer defines a series of tasks, and each task gets its own environment to run in. When a task is idle, it calls an idle routine which passes control to another task.
1428:
The advantages and disadvantages are similar to that of the control loop, except that adding new software is easier, by simply writing a new task, or adding to the queue.
1410:
after the interrupt handler has finished, these tasks are executed by the main loop. This method brings the system close to a multitasking kernel with discrete processes.
1928:
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In addition to the core operating system, many embedded systems have additional upper-layer software components. These components include networking protocol stacks like
1842:
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interface. This allows the operation of the microprocessor to be controlled externally, but is typically restricted to specific debugging capabilities in the processor.
593:
Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems are a small part within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the
1487:
allocates memory and switches the CPU to different threads of execution. User-mode processes implement major functions such as file systems, network interfaces, etc.
1635:
2208:
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For low-volume or prototype embedded systems, general-purpose computers may be adapted by limiting the programs or by replacing the operating system with an RTOS.
1350:, minimizing cost is usually the primary design consideration. Engineers typically select hardware that is just good enough to implement the necessary functions.
346:
effort is in the software. Software prototype and test can be quicker compared with the design and construction of a new circuit not using an embedded processor.
91:
can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase its reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from
2301:
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communicate efficiently by normal subroutine calls. The hardware and all the software in the system are available to and extensible by application programmers.
1368:
1531:
Despite the increased cost in hardware, this type of embedded system is increasing in popularity, especially on the more powerful embedded devices such as
302:. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed
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The level of complexity in embedded systems is continuously growing as devices are required to manage peripherals and tasks such as serial, USB, TCP/IP,
544:
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As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher-level tools and operating systems are migrating into machinery where it makes sense. For example,
597:
features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an
2453:
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for runtime memory. The module vendor will usually provide boot software and make sure there is a selection of operating systems, usually including
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System-level modeling and simulation tools help designers to construct simulation models of a system with hardware components such as processors,
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increasingly use embedded systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems using embedded systems include
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Embedded systems are designed to perform a specific task, in contrast with general-purpose computers designed for multiple tasks. Some have
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External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using either a monitor in flash or using a debug server like the
3929:
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1444:) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access to shared data must be controlled by some synchronization strategy such as
1125:
Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the embedded processor is a close relative to a common PC processor
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555:(MRI) for non-invasive internal inspections. Embedded systems within medical equipment are often powered by industrial computers.
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Kraft, Johan; Wall, Anders; Kienle, Holger (2010), Barringer, Howard; Falcone, Ylies; Finkbeiner, Bernd; Havelund, Klaus (eds.),
1701:
1394:, each of which manages a part of the hardware or software. Hence it is called a simple control loop or programmed input-output.
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released ICS 3-1978, a standard for programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-based controllers, such as
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2154:
Proceedings of the 27th
International Symposium on Rapid System Prototyping: Shortening the Path from Specification to Prototype
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Immunity-aware programming can help engineers produce more reliable embedded systems code. Guidelines and coding rules such as
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thereby improving reliability. This may also allow a subsystem to be automatically shut down and restarted on fault detection.
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1214:(ICE) replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent, providing full control over all aspects of the microprocessor.
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value is reached), and what can be inspected in the debugging process (such as, only memory, or memory and registers, etc.).
893:
787:
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Embedded systems range from those low in complexity, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units,
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rely on multiple embedded systems networked together. Generalized through software customization, embedded systems such as
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683:) connection. This approach extends the capabilities of the embedded system, avoids the cost of a display, simplifies the
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An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add enhancements to an existing language such as
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Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the embedded operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic)
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687:(BSP) and allows designers to build a rich user interface on the PC. A good example of this is the combination of an
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Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New airplanes contain advanced
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too costly. As the cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell, the prevalence of embedded systems increased.
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chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen.
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From simplest to most sophisticated debugging techniques and systems be roughly grouped into the following areas:
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A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—both software bugs such as
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which are invoked by the operating system at strategic places in the code, and can be implemented to serve as
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One common design style uses a small system module, perhaps the size of a business card, holding high density
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yearly event with conferences, workshops and tutorials covering all aspects of embedded systems and software
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Embedded
Software Development for the Internet Of Things, The Basics, The Technologies and Best Practices
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that resets and restarts the system unless the software periodically notifies the watchdog subsystems
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2009:
Tancreti, Matthew; Hossain, Mohammad Sajjad; Bagchi, Saurabh; Raghunathan, Vijay (2011). "Aveksha".
32:
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in 1970, were developed with multiple MOS LSI chips. The first single-chip microprocessor was the
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Tancreti, Matthew; Sundaram, Vinaitheerthan; Bagchi, Saurabh; Eugster, Patrick (2015). "TARDIS".
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1970:
Proceedings of the 14th
International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
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2051:"Tektronix Shakes Up Prototyping, Embedded Instrumentation Boosts Boards to Emulator Status"
2014:
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was the basis for the first microprocessors, as engineers began recognizing that a complete
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An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the microprocessor via a
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to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and
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is very similar to the simple control loop scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an
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However, most ready-made embedded systems boards are not PC-centered and do not use the
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As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in systems using a
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111:
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2503:
2474:
2423: (archived 2018-02-11), workshop covering educational aspects of embedded systems
2073:"Trace Recording for Embedded Systems: Lessons Learned from Five Industrial Projects"
1833:
1572:
availability of additional software components depends upon the commercial offering.
1445:
1236:
1155:
1032:
to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use more specific tools:
648:
that resemble modern computer desktop operating systems. Simple embedded devices use
567:
442:, include embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced
338:
169:
or across large geographical areas connected via long-distance communications lines.
99:
64:
peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or
2236:
2179:
2079:, vol. 6418, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 315–329,
2036:
1995:
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628:
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The origins of the microprocessor and the microcontroller can be traced back to the
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is required so that the third-party software provider can sell to a large market.
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for functional verification purposes, and also assist in determination of code
370:, medical, telecommunication, commercial, aerospace and military applications.
40:
on a plug-in card with processor, memory, power supply, and external interfaces
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the complexities of managing multiple tasks running conceptually in parallel.
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208:) and was developed in the early 1960s. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher
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103:
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Some systems provide user interface remotely with the help of a serial (e.g.
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2018:
1977:
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on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. The application of MOS LSI chips to
143:
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2210:
2008 IEEE/ACS International
Conference on Computer Systems and Applications
857:
ASIC implementations are common for very-high-volume embedded systems like
2011:
Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on
Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
1378:
There are several different types of software architecture in common use.
1309:(TCB) architecture ensures a highly secure and reliable system environment
1080:
Custom compilers and linkers may be used to optimize specialized hardware.
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4321:
4312:
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2913:
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Embedded
Systems, An Introduction Using the Renesas RX62N Microcontroller
1757:
based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions.
1226:
FPGAs in an implementation with capabilities similar to a logic analyzer.
1218:
1101:
1062:
1029:
1021:
968:
956:
946:
878:
680:
669:
613:
612:
The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as
490:
462:
385:
131:
127:
216:
chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by
4590:
4477:
4467:
4406:
4393:
2823:
2793:
2697:
2122:
1581:
1521:
1321:
1257:
1147:
1047:
to a program, so the embedded system can check if the program is valid.
960:
932:
827:
763:
735:
275:
98:
Embedded systems range in size from portable personal devices such as
4492:
4424:
2753:
1552:
1143:
905:
901:
897:
743:
726:
676:
451:
358:
Embedded
Computer Sub-Assembly for Accupoll Electronic Voting Machine
201:
115:
4180:
3160:
2150:"Embedded virtualization for the design of secure IoT applications"
1269:
moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.
2976:
2205:"Development guidelines for dependable real-time embedded systems"
1564:
1506:
1139:
872:
822:
739:
627:
603:
353:
310:
263:
247:
31:
1880:"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip"
126:
systems. Often they constitute subsystems of other machines like
4444:
4439:
4378:
1737:. EDN series for design engineers (2 ed.). Newnes. p.
1560:
1200:
1151:
1000:
950:
771:
4184:
3164:
2435:
601:
provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
1778:
Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools
1556:
1119:
915:
877:
A close-up of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) chip, an embedded
759:
731:
664:. More sophisticated devices that use a graphical screen with
290:
One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the
481:
systems for trajectory correction. Various electric motors —
362:
Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial,
473:
receivers that also have considerable safety requirements.
87:
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks,
2417:
Workshop on
Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems Education
2410:
1935:. Content.dell.com (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-02-06.
1115:
Software companies that specialize in the embedded market
2013:. SenSys '11. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 288–301.
1908:
608:
e-con
Systems eSOM270 & eSOM300 Computer on Modules
574:
makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced
1972:. IPSN '15. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 286–297.
1402:
Some embedded systems are predominantly controlled by
1020:
As with other software, embedded system designers use
922:, SSC and ESSI (Enhanced Synchronous Serial Interface)
2348:
James M. Conrad; Alexander G. Dean (September 2011).
2148:
Moratelli, C; Johann, S; Neves, M; Hessel, F (2016).
644:
at all, in systems dedicated to one task, to complex
236:
system could be contained on several MOS LSI chips.
4551:
4506:
4453:
4415:
4392:
4311:
4218:
4029:
3976:
3938:
3885:
3847:
3809:
3751:
3668:
3614:
3576:
3521:
3458:
3391:
3355:
3312:
3276:
3209:
3074:
3043:
3020:
2955:
2927:
2832:
2809:
2752:
2743:
2636:
2576:
2569:
2489:
2482:
2473:
1829:"The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors"
1516:Common examples of embedded monolithic kernels are
2427:Developing Embedded Systems - A Tools Introduction
1730:
1584:is a standard architecture for embedded software.
783:, which contain code specific to the application.
2250:Motor Industry Software Reliability Association.
1843:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1809:. TechInsights (United Business Media). p. 2
1390:which monitors the input devices. The loop calls
885:Embedded systems talk with the outside world via
2405:Modern Embedded Systems Programming Video Course
1947:"Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning"
2371:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
1696:
1694:
1636:Photonically Optimized Embedded Microprocessors
309:An early mass-produced embedded system was the
1111:Software tools can come from several sources:
4196:
3200:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
3176:
2447:
2399:Trends in Cyber Security and Embedded Systems
1369:National Electrical Manufacturers Association
8:
2295:"Working across Multiple Embedded Platforms"
2252:"MISRA C:2012 Third Edition, First Revision"
2053:. Electronic Engineering Journal. 2012-10-30
854:(FPGA) which typically can be reconfigured.
158:frequently comprise their functional units.
76:Modern embedded systems are often based on
4203:
4189:
4181:
3183:
3169:
3161:
2749:
2573:
2486:
2479:
2454:
2440:
2432:
1926:Embedded Systems Dell OEM Solutions | Dell
1432:Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading
1386:In this design, the software simply has a
1375:, numerical, and event-based controllers.
1247:Real-time operating systems often support
691:running on an embedded device (such as an
545:single-photon emission computed tomography
444:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
306:to reduce the computer's size and weight.
239:The first multi-chip microprocessors, the
1272:Specific reliability issues may include:
27:Computer system with a dedicated function
2331:Designing Embedded Hardware, 2nd Edition
1171:inspecting the memory when a particular
1094:Another alternative is to add a RTOS or
699:). The user interface is displayed in a
616:, and are stored in read-only memory or
254:, released in 1971. It was developed by
1772:Michael Barr; Anthony J. Massa (2006).
1690:
1667:
1036:In circuit debuggers or emulators (see
848:application-specific integrated circuit
3900:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1674:For more details of MicroVGA see this
376:employ numerous embedded systems from
3925:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
2198:
2196:
388:. Computer networking uses dedicated
324:(released in 1971), was designed for
7:
3244:Energy consumption (Green computing)
1767:
1765:
813:processor and peripherals, external
3930:Distributed artificial intelligence
3202:ACM Computing Classification System
212:and lower manufacturing costs than
3435:Integrated development environment
2115:"Your System is secure? Prove it!"
1631:Integrated development environment
1192:that even works for heterogeneous
566:Miniature wireless devices called
165:and networks, which may reside in
25:
3910:Automated planning and scheduling
3440:Software configuration management
2393:Embedded Systems course with mbed
703:on a PC connected to the device.
311:Autonetics D-17 guidance computer
4164:
4154:
4145:
4144:
3144:
3143:
2272:"FAQs: Programmable Controllers"
2137:from the original on 2014-11-29.
2113:Heiser, Gernot (December 2007).
1909:"Electronic Frontier Foundation"
1827:Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016).
1594:
1567:, and storage capabilities like
1346:For high-volume systems such as
570:are networked wireless sensors.
430:. Household appliances, such as
4526:Light-weight Linux distribution
4354:Hacking of consumer electronics
4155:
3558:Computational complexity theory
2307:from the original on 2011-02-19
1801:Barr, Michael (1 August 2009).
1357:Embedded software architectures
1233:high-level programming language
1043:Utilities to add a checksum or
1009:background debug mode interface
894:Serial communication interfaces
3342:Network performance evaluation
2411:Embedded Systems Week (ESWEEK)
1913:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1543:Additional software components
1037:
707:Processors in embedded systems
558:Embedded systems are used for
304:monolithic integrated circuits
300:MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
156:programmable logic controllers
1:
3713:Multimedia information system
3698:Geographic information system
3688:Enterprise information system
3277:Computer systems organization
2203:Short, Michael (March 2008).
1576:Domain-specific architectures
1100:Modeling and code generating
852:field-programmable gate array
446:(HVAC) systems use networked
4614:List of open-source hardware
4072:Computational social science
3660:Theoretical computer science
3473:Software development process
3249:Electronic design automation
3234:Very Large Scale Integration
2085:10.1007/978-3-642-16612-9_24
1454:non-blocking synchronization
1058:to simulate the mathematics.
995:digital-to-analog converters
985:General Purpose Input/Output
980:programmable interval timers
943:Network interface controller
912:Synchronous Serial Interface
656:(LED), graphic or character
640:Embedded systems range from
541:positron emission tomography
515:electronic stability control
3895:Natural language processing
3683:Information storage systems
2329:John Catsoulis (May 2005).
2219:10.1109/AICCSA.2008.4493674
1706:"Embedded Systems Glossary"
1479:Microkernels and exokernels
1398:Interrupt-controlled system
1135:personal digital assistants
838:ASIC and FPGA SoC solutions
262:MOS technology, along with
204:(metal–oxide–semiconductor
142:. Large installations like
4656:
4531:Real-time operating system
3811:Human–computer interaction
3781:Intrusion detection system
3693:Social information systems
3678:Database management system
2894:Personal digital assistant
2407:YouTube, ongoing from 2013
2395:YouTube, ongoing from 2015
1945:David Carey (2008-04-22).
1851:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353
1780:. O'Reilly. pp. 1–2.
1710:Neutrino Technical Library
1580:In the automotive sector,
1360:
1122:software development tools
1011:port, BITP, and DB9 ports.
752:real-time operating system
722:Ready-made computer boards
572:Wireless sensor networking
553:magnetic resonance imaging
531:uses embedded systems for
374:Telecommunications systems
181:
52:—a combination of a
4604:
4516:Linux on embedded systems
4140:
4077:Computational engineering
4052:Computational mathematics
3198:
3139:
2367:Klaus Elk (August 2016).
1096:embedded operating system
1052:digital signal processing
777:automated teller machines
716:Numerous microcontrollers
646:graphical user interfaces
467:inertial guidance systems
184:Microprocessor chronology
120:traffic light controllers
4521:Linux for mobile devices
4087:Computational healthcare
4082:Differentiable computing
4001:Graphics processing unit
3420:Domain-specific language
3289:Computational complexity
1753:An embedded system is a
1475:in addition to an RTOS.
1419:Cooperative multitasking
1414:Cooperative multitasking
511:anti-lock braking system
294:, developed ca. 1965 by
292:Apollo Guidance Computer
206:field-effect transistors
106:to bigger machines like
82:digital signal processor
4369:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak
4062:Computational chemistry
3996:Photograph manipulation
3887:Artificial intelligence
3703:Decision support system
3131:Wireless sensor network
2401:Dan Geer, November 2013
2162:10.1145/2990299.2990301
2019:10.1145/2070942.2070972
1978:10.1145/2737095.2737096
1951:Embedded Systems Design
1888:Computer History Museum
1807:Embedded Systems Design
1803:"Real men program in C"
1733:Embedded systems design
1621:Electronic control unit
1054:, developers may use a
658:liquid-crystal displays
560:safety-critical systems
224:(LSI) with hundreds of
222:large-scale integration
4359:Homebrew (video games)
4127:Educational technology
3958:Reinforcement learning
3708:Process control system
3606:Computational geometry
3596:Algorithmic efficiency
3591:Analysis of algorithms
3239:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
2904:Portable data terminal
2213:. pp. 1032–1039.
1537:GPS navigation systems
1442:memory management unit
1373:single-board computers
1307:trusted computing base
1056:computational notebook
882:
637:
609:
359:
241:Four-Phase Systems AL1
190:MOS integrated circuit
118:, transport vehicles,
41:
4553:Programming languages
4291:Single-board computer
4231:Board support package
4097:Electronic publishing
4067:Computational biology
4057:Computational physics
3953:Unsupervised learning
3867:Distributed computing
3743:Information retrieval
3650:Mathematical analysis
3640:Mathematical software
3523:Theory of computation
3488:Software construction
3478:Requirements analysis
3356:Software organization
3284:Computer architecture
3254:Hardware acceleration
3219:Printed circuit board
3087:Information appliance
2909:Portable media player
2852:Handheld game console
1729:Heath, Steve (2003).
1626:Information appliance
1616:Cyber-physical system
1611:Communications server
1005:In-system programming
876:
685:board support package
654:light-emitting diodes
631:
607:
357:
35:
4619:Open-source robotics
4609:Lightweight browsers
4332:Proprietary firmware
4241:Consumer electronics
3857:Concurrent computing
3829:Ubiquitous computing
3801:Application security
3796:Information security
3625:Discrete mathematics
3601:Randomized algorithm
3553:Computability theory
3531:Model of computation
3503:Software maintenance
3498:Software engineering
3460:Software development
3410:Programming language
3405:Programming paradigm
3322:Network architecture
2862:Mobile data terminal
2842:Electronic organizer
2514:Intelligent terminal
2077:Runtime Verification
1656:Ubiquitous computing
1646:Software engineering
1239:or mixture of both.
926:Universal Serial Bus
689:embedded HTTP server
660:(LCD) with a simple
521:(TCS) and automatic
400:Consumer electronics
296:Charles Stark Draper
4349:Defective by Design
4256:Embedded hypervisor
4132:Document management
4122:Operations research
4047:Enterprise software
3963:Multi-task learning
3948:Supervised learning
3670:Information systems
3493:Software deployment
3450:Software repository
3304:Real-time computing
1473:embedded middleware
1382:Simple control loop
1342:High vs. low volume
1212:in-circuit emulator
679:) or network (e.g.
634:text user interface
595:Gibson Robot Guitar
549:computed tomography
483:brushless DC motors
416:video game consoles
380:for the network to
343:variable capacitors
337:components such as
71:real-time computing
4417:Software libraries
3915:Search methodology
3862:Parallel computing
3819:Interaction design
3728:Computing platform
3655:Numerical analysis
3645:Information theory
3430:Software framework
3393:Software notations
3332:Network components
3229:Integrated circuit
3119:Computer-on-module
2977:Digital wristwatch
2779:Mobile workstation
2549:Video game console
2509:Internet appliance
1931:2013-01-27 at the
1884:The Silicon Engine
1602:Electronics portal
1497:Monolithic kernels
1050:For systems using
976:Phase-locked loops
883:
850:(ASIC) or using a
638:
610:
576:integrated circuit
378:telephone switches
360:
245:Garrett AiResearch
234:computer processor
210:transistor density
194:integrated circuit
93:economies of scale
54:computer processor
42:
4627:
4626:
4566:Assembly language
4508:Operating systems
4488:Stand-alone shell
4455:Programming tools
4374:Rooting (Android)
4266:Embedded software
4251:Embedded database
4178:
4177:
4107:Electronic voting
4037:Quantum Computing
4030:Applied computing
4016:Image compression
3786:Hardware security
3776:Security services
3733:Digital marketing
3513:Open-source model
3425:Modeling language
3337:Network scheduler
3158:
3157:
3107:Rugged smartphone
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2693:Small form factor
2519:Interactive kiosk
2228:978-1-4244-1967-8
2094:978-3-642-16611-2
1787:978-0-596-00983-0
1748:978-0-7506-5546-0
1511:Microsoft Windows
1503:monolithic kernel
1363:Embedded software
1335:timing properties
1305:Designing with a
1295:in the hardware:
991:Analog-to-digital
817:for storage, and
805:chips such as an
642:no user interface
529:Medical equipment
503:electric vehicles
495:motor controllers
493:— use electronic
315:Minuteman missile
48:is a specialized
16:(Redirected from
4647:
4640:Embedded systems
4364:iOS jailbreaking
4281:Memory footprint
4212:Embedded systems
4205:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4147:
3968:Cross-validation
3940:Machine learning
3824:Social computing
3791:Network security
3586:Algorithm design
3508:Programming team
3468:Control variable
3445:Software library
3383:Software quality
3378:Operating system
3327:Network protocol
3192:Computer science
3185:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3147:
3146:
2982:Calculator watch
2965:Activity tracker
2750:
2574:
2487:
2480:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2382:
2363:
2359:978-1935-7729-96
2344:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2156:. pp. 2–6.
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1953:. Archived from
1942:
1936:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1698:
1679:
1672:
1651:System on module
1641:Silicon compiler
1604:
1599:
1598:
1533:wireless routers
1118:Ported from the
844:system on a chip
811:system-on-a-chip
796:system-on-a-chip
632:Embedded system
523:four-wheel drive
519:traction control
487:induction motors
436:washing machines
243:in 1969 and the
152:electrical grids
89:design engineers
78:microcontrollers
21:
18:Embedded devices
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4600:
4547:
4502:
4449:
4411:
4388:
4339:Closed platform
4327:Custom firmware
4307:
4286:Microcontroller
4214:
4209:
4179:
4174:
4165:
4136:
4117:Word processing
4025:
4011:Virtual reality
3972:
3934:
3905:Computer vision
3881:
3877:Multiprocessing
3843:
3805:
3771:Security hacker
3747:
3723:Digital library
3664:
3615:Mathematics of
3610:
3572:
3548:Automata theory
3543:Formal language
3517:
3483:Software design
3454:
3387:
3373:Virtual machine
3351:
3347:Network service
3308:
3299:Embedded system
3272:
3205:
3194:
3189:
3159:
3154:
3135:
3092:Microcontroller
3082:Embedded system
3070:
3039:
3008:
2951:
2923:
2919:Ultra-mobile PC
2828:
2805:
2731:
2632:
2565:
2469:
2460:
2421:Wayback Machine
2389:
2379:
2366:
2360:
2347:
2341:
2328:
2325:
2323:Further reading
2320:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2229:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2029:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1988:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1933:Wayback Machine
1924:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1749:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1578:
1545:
1499:
1481:
1434:
1416:
1400:
1384:
1365:
1359:
1344:
1327:static checkers
1266:
1245:
1190:Remedy Debugger
1173:program counter
1164:
1104:often based on
1018:
871:
840:
794:busses. When a
781:arcade machines
754:(RTOS) such as
750:or an embedded
724:
709:
668:or screen-edge
626:
624:User interfaces
584:
582:Characteristics
537:medical imaging
507:hybrid vehicles
456:Home automation
432:microwave ovens
426:receivers, and
420:digital cameras
408:television sets
396:to route data.
394:network bridges
368:home appliances
352:
288:
280:Masatoshi Shima
256:Federico Faggin
186:
180:
175:
167:equipment racks
124:medical imaging
108:home appliances
100:digital watches
58:computer memory
50:computer system
46:embedded system
38:embedded system
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Almquist shell
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4435:Embedded GLIBC
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4384:Vendor lock-in
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4246:Cross compiler
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4152:
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3766:Formal methods
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3738:World Wide Web
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2604:Personal super
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2499:Arcade cabinet
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2387:External links
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2378:978-1534602533
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1957:on 2008-07-08.
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1774:"Introduction"
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1755:microprocessor
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1518:embedded Linux
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1446:message queues
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1361:Main article:
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1331:model checking
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1300:watchdog timer
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1106:state machines
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697:network router
636:using MicroVGA
625:
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580:
535:, and various
351:
348:
339:potentiometers
287:
284:
192:, which is an
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112:assembly lines
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4586:Embedded Java
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4498:Yocto Project
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4219:General terms
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4006:Mixed reality
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3839:Accessibility
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3834:Visualization
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2504:Diskless node
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1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1478:
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1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1455:
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1426:
1424:
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1413:
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1407:
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1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:mobile phones
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
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1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1237:assembly code
1234:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1156:Embedded Java
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
944:
941:
938:
934:
931:Media cards (
930:
927:
924:
921:
917:
913:
910:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
888:
880:
875:
868:
866:
864:
860:
859:mobile phones
855:
853:
849:
845:
837:
835:
833:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
721:
719:
717:
713:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
666:touch sensing
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
635:
630:
623:
621:
619:
615:
606:
602:
600:
596:
591:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:mobile phones
409:
405:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
356:
349:
347:
344:
340:
336:
330:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:, leading to
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
185:
177:
172:
170:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:, industrial
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
74:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4581:Embedded C++
4483:OpenEmbedded
4394:Boot loaders
4315:and controls
4296:Raspberry Pi
4211:
4102:Cyberwarfare
3761:Cryptography
3298:
3114:Single-board
3081:
2999:Smartglasses
2942:Programmable
2867:Mobile phone
2720:Blade server
2559:Microconsole
2554:Home console
2368:
2349:
2333:. O'Reilly.
2330:
2309:. Retrieved
2300:. clarinox.
2289:
2278:. Retrieved
2266:
2255:. Retrieved
2245:
2209:
2183:. Retrieved
2153:
2143:
2127:
2121:
2108:
2098:, retrieved
2076:
2066:
2055:. Retrieved
2045:
2010:
2004:
1969:
1963:
1955:the original
1950:
1940:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1883:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1838:
1832:
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:
1777:
1752:
1732:
1724:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1702:Michael Barr
1670:
1579:
1546:
1530:
1515:
1500:
1489:
1482:
1469:Wireless LAN
1462:
1458:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1417:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1377:
1366:
1352:
1345:
1289:memory leaks
1286:
1271:
1267:
1246:
1229:
1177:
1165:
1128:
1110:
1038:next section
1019:
937:CompactFlash
884:
856:
841:
832:Raspberry Pi
815:flash memory
800:
785:
768:
756:MicroC/OS-II
725:
714:
710:
674:
639:
618:flash memory
611:
592:
585:
565:
557:
527:
460:
398:
372:
361:
350:Applications
331:
319:
308:
289:
268:Marcian Hoff
260:silicon-gate
258:, using his
238:
187:
160:
97:
86:
75:
62:input/output
45:
43:
37:
29:
4596:MicroPython
4536:Windows IoT
4344:Crippleware
4261:Embedded OS
4112:Video games
4092:Digital art
3849:Concurrency
3718:Data mining
3630:Probability
3363:Interpreter
2857:Handheld PC
2789:Subnotebook
2767:Convertible
2628:Workstation
2621:Home server
2544:Thin client
2524:Rich client
2352:. Micrium.
2130:(6): 35–8.
1485:microkernel
1392:subroutines
1329:or bounded
1322:MISRA C/C++
1293:soft errors
1291:, and also
1264:Reliability
1217:A complete
999:Debugging:
889:, such as:
887:peripherals
869:Peripherals
863:smartphones
748:OpenHarmony
701:web browser
662:menu system
517:(ESC/ESP),
499:Automobiles
448:thermostats
440:dishwashers
404:MP3 players
382:cell phones
326:calculators
286:Development
226:transistors
218:Moore's law
163:peripherals
104:MP3 players
4576:Embedded C
4236:Bootloader
4170:Glossaries
4042:E-commerce
3635:Statistics
3578:Algorithms
3536:Stochastic
3368:Middleware
3224:Peripheral
3004:Smart ring
2992:Sportwatch
2987:Smartwatch
2970:Smart band
2947:Scientific
2929:Calculator
2889:Palmtop PC
2882:Smartphone
2819:Detachable
2644:All-in-one
2594:Industrial
2491:Appliances
2311:2010-08-17
2280:2020-01-10
2257:2022-02-03
2185:2 February
2100:2022-08-16
2057:2012-10-30
1864:13 October
1813:2009-12-23
1715:2007-04-21
1685:References
1526:Windows CE
1491:Exokernels
1450:semaphores
1404:interrupts
1314:hypervisor
1131:cellphones
1071:interfaces
1026:assemblers
957:Fieldbuses
779:(ATM) and
599:automobile
551:(CT), and
533:monitoring
479:astrionics
475:Spacecraft
364:automotive
322:Intel 4004
272:Stan Mazor
266:engineers
252:Intel 4004
198:fabricated
182:See also:
178:Background
140:spacecraft
136:astrionics
66:electronic
4473:Buildroot
3991:Rendering
3986:Animation
3617:computing
3568:Semantics
3259:Processor
3126:Smartdust
3061:Minisuper
3056:Mainframe
3035:Supermini
2799:Smartbook
2774:Cloudbook
2676:Pizza box
2570:Computers
2529:Simulator
1845:: 48–54.
1465:Bluetooth
1194:multicore
1168:debugging
1166:Embedded
1162:Debugging
1030:debuggers
1022:compilers
693:IP camera
670:soft keys
588:real-time
547:(SPECT),
491:DC motors
278:engineer
230:computing
148:pipelines
144:factories
4634:Category
4430:dietlibc
4322:Firmware
4313:Firmware
4150:Category
3978:Graphics
3753:Security
3415:Compiler
3314:Networks
3211:Hardware
3150:Category
3022:Midrange
2957:Wearable
2937:Graphing
2914:Siftable
2847:E-reader
2834:Handheld
2784:Notebook
2725:Blade PC
2708:Stick PC
2688:Portable
2671:Deskside
2654:Tabletop
2599:Personal
2539:Smart TV
2302:Archived
2237:14163138
2180:17466572
2132:Archived
2037:14769602
1996:10120929
1929:Archived
1859:32003640
1588:See also
1456:scheme.
1367:In 1978
1280:signals.
1219:emulator
1196:systems.
1063:memories
974:Timers:
969:PROFIBUS
947:Ethernet
933:SD cards
879:Ethernet
730:may use
681:Ethernet
614:firmware
477:rely on
465:such as
463:avionics
428:printers
402:include
386:end user
313:for the
132:aircraft
128:avionics
4591:MISRA C
4478:BusyBox
4468:BitBake
4407:Barebox
4160:Outline
2877:Feature
2824:Phablet
2794:Netbook
2698:Mini PC
2666:Desktop
2659:Surface
2637:By size
2467:classes
2419:at the
2123:;login:
1893:22 July
1582:AUTOSAR
1522:VXWorks
1249:tracing
1243:Tracing
1222:system.
1148:FreeBSD
965:LIN-Bus
961:CAN bus
939:, etc.)
896:(SCI):
828:Arduino
809:-based
764:VxWorks
736:FreeBSD
650:buttons
543:(PET),
513:(ABS),
390:routers
384:at the
298:at the
276:Busicom
214:bipolar
202:MOSFETs
173:History
84:(DSP).
4541:Win CE
4493:Toybox
4425:uClibc
4402:U-Boot
3148:
3102:Rugged
3075:Others
2899:Pocket
2872:Camera
2811:Tablet
2762:2-in-1
2754:Laptop
2745:Mobile
2616:Server
2611:Public
2584:Gaming
2577:By use
2483:Static
2375:
2356:
2337:
2235:
2225:
2178:
2168:
2091:
2035:
2025:
1994:
1984:
1857:
1784:
1745:
1563:, and
1553:TCP/IP
1254:macros
1144:NetBSD
1077:tasks.
1028:, and
987:(GPIO)
971:, etc.
953:, etc.
908:, etc.
906:RS-485
902:RS-422
898:RS-232
744:NetBSD
727:PC/104
677:RS-232
505:, and
452:season
335:analog
274:, and
150:, and
122:, and
116:robots
60:, and
3563:Logic
3397:tools
3066:Super
3044:Large
2681:Tower
2649:Panel
2475:Micro
2305:(PDF)
2298:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
2233:S2CID
2176:S2CID
2135:(PDF)
2118:(PDF)
2033:S2CID
1992:S2CID
1855:S2CID
1841:(9).
1663:Notes
1565:HTTPS
1507:Linux
1452:or a
1258:hooks
1205:Nexus
1140:Linux
1102:tools
1089:Basic
1085:Forth
1016:Tools
928:(USB)
823:Linux
740:Linux
695:or a
568:motes
264:Intel
248:MP944
200:from
196:chip
4571:CAPL
4445:musl
4440:lwIP
4379:UEFI
4271:FPGA
4226:ASIC
3395:and
3268:Form
3264:Size
3097:Nano
3051:Grid
3030:Mini
2715:Rack
2703:Plug
2589:Home
2465:and
2373:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2187:2018
2166:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1895:2019
1866:2019
1782:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1561:HTTP
1535:and
1524:and
1388:loop
1201:JTAG
1152:OSGi
1001:JTAG
993:and
951:WiFi
881:chip
861:and
830:and
819:DRAM
772:EPIA
489:and
469:and
438:and
392:and
341:and
270:and
134:and
102:and
4561:Ada
4303:SoC
4276:IoT
2215:doi
2158:doi
2081:doi
2015:doi
1974:doi
1847:doi
1676:PDF
1569:FAT
1557:FTP
1549:CAN
1509:or
1423:API
1210:An
1203:or
1154:or
1120:GNU
1087:or
1067:DMA
1045:CRC
920:SPI
916:I2C
807:ARM
803:BGA
792:PCI
790:or
788:ISA
762:or
760:QNX
732:DOS
471:GPS
424:GPS
138:in
130:in
44:An
36:An
4636::
3266:/
2231:.
2221:.
2207:.
2195:^
2174:.
2164:.
2152:.
2126:.
2120:.
2087:,
2075:,
2031:.
2021:.
1990:.
1980:.
1949:.
1911:.
1886:.
1882:.
1853:.
1839:53
1837:.
1831:.
1805:.
1776:.
1764:^
1751:.
1741:.
1708:.
1704:.
1693:^
1559:,
1555:,
1551:,
1539:.
1528:.
1520:,
1501:A
1483:A
1467:,
1448:,
1312:A
1260:.
1235:,
1150:,
1146:,
1142:,
1133:,
1069:,
1065:,
1040:).
1024:,
1007:,
1003:,
978:,
967:,
963:,
959::
949:,
945::
935:,
918:,
914::
904:,
900:,
842:A
834:.
766:.
758:,
746:,
742:,
738:,
734:,
652:,
525:.
501:,
497:.
485:,
454:.
434:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
366:,
282:.
146:,
114:,
95:.
56:,
4204:e
4197:t
4190:v
3204:.
3184:e
3177:t
3170:v
2455:e
2448:t
2441:v
2381:.
2362:.
2343:.
2314:.
2283:.
2260:.
2239:.
2217::
2189:.
2160::
2128:2
2083::
2060:.
2039:.
2017::
1998:.
1976::
1915:.
1897:.
1868:.
1849::
1816:.
1790:.
1739:2
1718:.
1678:.
1337:.
1091:.
539:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.