640:, the city had run out of money to pay for normal operating expenses, was unable to borrow more, and faced the prospect of defaulting on its obligations and declaring bankruptcy. The city admitted an operating deficit of at least $ 600 million, contributing to a total city debt of more than $ 11 billion and the city was unable to borrow money from the credit markets. There were numerous reasons for the crisis, including overly optimistic forecasts of revenues, underfunding of pensions, use of capital allocations and reserves for operating costs, and poor budgetary and accounting practices. Another perspective given on this matter is that as the most capitalised city of the United States at that time, New York hosted an array of welfare and benefits for its people, including nineteen public hospitals, mass transit facilities and most importantly, New York City provided higher education for free with the municipal university system. The city government was reluctant to confront municipal labor unions; an announced "hiring freeze" was followed by an increase in city payrolls of 13,000 people in one quarter, and an announced layoff of eight thousand workers resulted in only 436 employees leaving the city government.
656:
664:
679:. The New York State Legislature supported the MAC by passing a law converting the city sales tax and stock transfer tax into state taxes, which when collected were then used as security for the MAC bonds. The State of New York also passed a state law that created an Emergency Financial Control Board to monitor the city's finances, required the city to balance its budget within three years, and required the city to follow accepted accounting practices. But even with all of these measures, the value of the MAC bonds dropped in price, and the city struggled to find the money to pay its employees and stay in operation. The MAC sold off $ 10 billion in bonds.
376:
452:
707:
531:
398:, a liberal Republican, was a highly visible and charismatic mayor from 1966 to 1973. The city was a national center of protest movements regarding civil rights for black citizens, opposition to the Vietnam War, and the newly emerging feminist and gay movements. There were jolting economic shocks as the postwar prosperity came to an end with many factories and entire industries shutting down. There was a population transition with hundreds of thousands of
519:
683:
municipal services and spending, cut city employment, froze salaries and raised bus and subway fares. The level of welfare spending was cut. Some hospitals were closed as were some branch libraries and fire stations. The labor unions helped out, by allocating much of their pension funds to the purchase of city bonds—putting the pensions at risk if bankruptcy took place.
387:, filling the city's air with damaging levels of several toxic pollutants. The smog was caused by a combination of factors, including the use of coal-burning power plants, the heavy traffic on the city's roads, and the widespread use of wood-burning stoves and fireplaces. It was the third major smog in New York City, following events of similar scale in 1953 and 1963.
287:
686:
A statement by Mayor Beame was drafted and ready to be released on
October 17, 1975, if the teachers' union did not invest $ 150 million from its pension funds in city securities. "I have been advised by the comptroller that the City of New York has insufficient cash on hand to meet debt obligations
682:
It failed to achieve results quickly and the state came up with a much more drastic solution: the
Emergency Financial Control Board (EFCB). It was a state agency, and city officials had only two votes on the seven-member board. The EFCB took full control of the city's budget. It made drastic cuts in
742:
The financial crisis, high crime rates, and damage from the blackouts led to a widespread belief that New York City was in irreversible decline and beyond redemption. By the end of the 1970s, nearly a million people had left, a population loss that would not be recouped for another twenty years. To
698:
Ford later signed the New York City
Seasonal Financing Act of 1975, a congressional bill that extended $ 2.3 billion worth of federal loans to the city for three years. In return, Congress ordered the city to increase charges for city services, to cancel a wage increase for city employees and to
702:
Rohatyn and the MAC directors persuaded the banks to defer the maturity of the bonds they held and to accept less interest. They also persuaded the city and state employee pension funds to buy MAC bonds to pay off the city's debts. The city government cut the number of its employees by 40,000,
505:
neighborhood of New York City. They are frequently cited as the first instance in
American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the
734:
struck on July 13 of that year and lasted for 25 hours, during which black and
Hispanic neighborhoods fell prey to destruction and looting. Over 3,000 people were arrested, and the city's already crowded prisons were so overburdened that some suggested reopening the recently condemned
983:"Shots are Fired in Refuse Strike; Filth Litters City; Shotgun Blasts Shatter 2 Panes at Home of Foreman Who Continues to Work Mayor Tours Streets Mounting Garbage Is 'Very Serious,' Lindsay Says – Pact Talks Due Today Garbage Piles Up in Streets as Strike Grows 'Very Serious'"
266:, was also threatened with demolition but was eventually saved. Meanwhile, New York City's network of highways spread, destroying neighborhoods where African Americans lived under the guidance of the noted urban planner with exceeding biases against certain ethnicities
174:, a downturn in industry and commerce as businesses left for places where it was cheaper and easier to operate, an increase in crime, and an upturn in its welfare burden, all of which reached a nadir in the city's fiscal crisis of the 1970s, when it barely avoided
651:
as chairman, and a board of nine prominent citizens, eight of whom were bankers. In the meanwhile, the crisis continued to worsen, with the admitted city deficit reaching $ 750 million; municipal bonds could be sold only at a significant loss to the underwriters.
635:
US economic stagnation in the 1970s hit New York City particularly hard, amplified by a large movement of middle-class residents to the suburbs, which drained the city of tax revenue. In
February 1975, New York City entered a serious fiscal crisis. Under mayor
1594:
622:
349:) The postwar population shift to the suburbs resulted in the decline of textile manufacturing and other traditional industries in New York, most of which also operated in extremely outdated facilities. With the arrival of
434:'s first day of office. As New Yorkers endured the transit strike, Lindsay remarked, "I still think it's a fun city," and walked four miles (6 km) from his hotel room to City Hall in a gesture to show it.
490:, firefighters threatening job actions, the city awash in garbage, and racial and religious tensions breaking to the surface, Lindsay later called the last six months of 1968 "the worst of my public life."
722:. By 1977–78, New York City had eliminated its short-term debt. By 1985, the City no longer needed the support of the Municipal Assistance Corporation, and it voted itself out of existence.
270:, consequently increasing traffic congestion, traffic pollution, and ruining livelihoods of the people who once lived in vibrant neighborhoods. However, the defeat in 1962 of Moses' planned
917:
655:
145:
663:
691:, the teachers' union president, finally furnished $ 150 million from the union's pension fund to buy Municipal Assistance Corporation bonds. Two weeks later, President
39:
1009:
361:
neighborhoods began to deteriorate and become centers of drugs and crime. Strip clubs and other adult businesses started filling Times Square in the late 1960s.
1720:
194:; and became a rival to London in the international finance and art markets. Yet the population declined after 1950, with increasing suburbanization in the
81:
1087:
208:, fueled by postwar prosperity, was experiencing an unprecedented building boom that changed its very appearance. Glass-and-steel office towers in the new
1050:
372:, ending a command going back to the early 19th century. It was sold to the city. The Yard continued as a site for shipbuilding for another eleven years.
745:
96:
297:
During the 1960s, a gradual economic and social decay set in. A symptom of the city's waning competitiveness was the loss of both its longtime resident
1571:
Orlebeke, Charles J. "Saving New York: The Ford
Administration and the New York City Fiscal Crisis," in Alexej Ugrinsky and Bernard J. Firestone eds.
410:
to the suburbs. Labor unions, especially in teaching, transit, sanitation and construction, fractured over major strikes and internal racial tensions.
345:
1369:
Charles J. Orlebeke, "Saving New York: The Ford
Administration and the New York City Fiscal Crisis," in Alexej Ugrinsky and Bernard J. Firestone eds.
1337:
For legal and technical details see Gayle
Gutekunst-Roth, "New York – A City in Crisis: Fiscal Emergency Legislation and the Constitutional Attacks."
590:
464:
1703:
71:
60:
55:
50:
687:
due today," the statement said. "This constitutes the default that we have struggled to avoid." The Beame statement was never distributed because
66:
1745:
497:
were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the
225:
138:
290:
1482:
1226:
703:
deferred the wage increases already agreed to in contracts and kept them below the level of inflation. The loans were repaid with interest.
255:
1664:(2014) Essays by scholars evaluate politics, race relations, finance, public management, architecture, economic development, and the arts.
328:, which abolished national-origin quotas, set the stage for increased immigration from Asia, which became the basis for New York's modern
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
719:
546:
in the autumn of 1972, "American City Suite", chronicled, in allegorical fashion, the decline in the city's quality of life. The city's
166:
became known as one of the world's greatest cities. However, after peaking in population in 1950, the city began to feel the effects of
1122:
582:
523:
419:
399:
209:
1740:
558:
became feared as the site of muggings and rapes. Homeless persons and drug dealers occupied boarded-up and abandoned buildings. The
427:
259:
131:
121:
375:
1443:
644:
1292:
559:
186:
As many great cities lay in ruins after World War II, New York City assumed a new global prominence. It became the home of the
278:
was an indication that Moses would no longer have the free hand in the destruction of livelihoods he had enjoyed in the past.
1190:
731:
403:
1634:
460:
1576:
1374:
550:
system was regarded as unsafe due to crime and suffered frequent mechanical breakdowns. Prostitutes and pimps frequented
486:
caught fire, and strong winds whirled the filth through the streets. With the schools shut down, the police engaged in a
1453:
982:
955:
1461:
1095:
736:
676:
187:
900:
1358:
1275:
336:
298:
271:
195:
455:
Anderson Avenue garbage strike. A common scene throughout New York City in 1968 during a sanitation workers strike
451:
771:
245:
101:
1342:
1099:
706:
647:, which tried to pool the city's money and refinance its heavy debts. It was established on June 10, 1975, with
1197:
32:
440:
384:
325:
252:
221:
293:
in 1962, two years before it was torn down, an event which jump-started the historic preservation movement.
766:
585:
complex in 1972, however, was one of the few high points of the city's history at that time. Conceived by
539:
263:
191:
933:
Themis
Chronopoulos, "The Lindsay Administration and the Sanitation Crisis of New York City, 1966–1973,"
1391:
1151:
1127:
830:
602:
574:. In June 1975 after the city announced budget cuts downsizing the police force, officers distributed a
472:
105:
530:
625:
The 1970s were a low point in the city's modern history, and one of the lowest moments came when the
594:
547:
468:
306:
109:
1629:
Shelton, Jon. "Dropping Dead: Teachers, the New York City Fiscal Crisis, and Austerity" in Shelton,
1489:
Robert Wagner and the Rise of New York City's Plebiscitary Mayoralty: The Tamer of the Tammany Tiger
1474:
1262:
Jon Shelton, "Dropping Dead: Teachers, the New York City Fiscal Crisis, and Austerity" in Shelton,
1590:
627:
606:
575:
507:
302:
199:
171:
1245:
1519:(Yale University Press, 1995) 1350 pages; articles by experts; 2nd expanded edition 2010, 1585pp
407:
369:
365:
358:
350:
217:
113:
17:
1288:
309:
both moved after the 1957 season. A sports void was partially filled with the formation of the
1159:
586:
563:
502:
241:
205:
175:
1069:
Edward M. Gramlich, "The New York City Fiscal Crisis: What Happened and What is to be Done?"
918:
A Most Unusual Strike; Bread-and-Butter Issues Transcended By Educational and Racial Concerns
938:
567:
518:
459:
The transit strike was the first of many labor struggles. In 1968 the teachers' union (the
1055:
631:
reported the President's refusal to bail out the nation's largest city; he later relented.
598:
494:
233:
167:
1575:(1993) pp 359–85 With commentary by Abraham D. Beame, Hugh L. Carey, et al. pp 386–414
1477:. "Reform and its discontents: public health in New York City during the Great Society."
1648:
Puerto Rican citizen: history and political identity in twentieth-century New York City
1595:
The Strike That Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis
1091:
692:
688:
339:
along with much of eastern North America. (The city's ordeal became the subject of the
329:
229:
1038:
1734:
1552:
The Bronx is Burning: 1977, Baseball, Politics, and the Battle for the Soul of a City
1423:
The Bronx is Burning: 1977, Baseball, Politics, and the Battle for the Soul of a City
648:
637:
571:
543:
498:
482:
strike. Quality of life in New York reached a nadir during this strike, as mounds of
310:
237:
163:
117:
45:
659:
View of the World Trade Center under construction from Duane Street, Manhattan, 1970
1284:
555:
551:
431:
395:
340:
318:
314:
267:
159:
1201:
1682:
1631:
Teacher Strike! Public Education and the Making of a New American Political Order
1353:
Donna E. Shalala, and Carol Bellamy. "State Saves a City: The New York Case, A."
1264:
Teacher Strike! Public Education and the Making of a New American Political Order
190:, built 1947–1952; inherited the role from Paris as center of the art world with
1566:
The cost of good intentions: New York City and the liberal experiment, 1960–1975
1524:
Gotham unbound: How New York city was liberated from the grip of organized crime
1395:
1051:"'Welcome to Fear City' – the inside story of New York's civil war, 40 years on"
672:
610:
435:
275:
1464:. It originally aired in 1999 with additional episodes airing in 2001 and 2003.
228:. Many traditional apartment blocks were cleared and replaced with large-scale
479:
423:
354:
1536:
Levinson, Marc. "Container Shipping and the Decline of New York, 1955–1975."
1503:
The Battle for Gotham: New York in the Shadow of Robert Moses and Jane Jacobs
1163:
942:
1457:
854:
1683:"What Does It Take To Get A Decent Apartment In The Big Apartment Squeeze?"
621:
1624:
Political crisis/fiscal crisis: The collapse and revival of New York City
213:
1313:
Crisis in the Making: The Political Economy of New York State since 1945
1296:
1074:
715:
609:
as the world's tallest building; it was displaced in turn by Chicago's
487:
220:) of the prewar era. Also rapidly changing was the eastern edge of the
1469:
The ungovernable city: John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York
1326:
The Cost of Good Intentions: New York City and the Liberal Experiment
251:
In a built-out city, construction entails destruction. After the old
1641:
Civil Rights in New York City: From World War II to the Giuliani Era
1386:
Russell, Mary (December 10, 1975). "Ford Signs Bill To Aid N.Y.C.".
286:
1227:"Municipal Assistance Corp., New York's 1975 savior, says 'see ya'"
1123:"Municipal Assistance Corp., New York's 1975 savior, says 'see ya'"
448:. In the article, Schaap sardonically pointed out that it was not.
1662:
Summer in the City: John Lindsay, New York, and the American Dream
1573:
Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America - Vol. 2
1510:
Boricuas In Gothamed: Puerto Ricans In The Making Of New York City
1371:
Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America – Vol. 2
867:
Summer in the City: John Lindsay, New York, and the American Dream
705:
675:, a major layoff, a subway fare hike, and charging tuition at the
662:
654:
620:
483:
450:
374:
285:
956:"Garbage Strike is Ended on Rockefeller's Terms; Men Back on Job"
444:, coined and popularized the sarcastic term in an article titled
1603:
America's Mayor: John V. Lindsay and the Reinvention of New York
258:
was torn down, growing concern for preservation led to the 1965
671:
The MAC insisted that the city make major reforms, including a
667:
Litter is flushed from 172nd Street in Manhattan using hydrants
695:
angered New Yorkers by refusing to grant the city a bailout.
699:
drastically reduce the number of people in its workforce.
1452:(2003), large-scale book version of Burns PBS documentary,
1440:
Power Failure: New York City Politics and Policy since 1960
1456:
an eight part, 17½ hour documentary film directed by
1655:
The Dying City: Postwar New York and the Ideology of Fear
1496:
Working-class New York: life and labor since World War II
1033:
Roberta Ann Johnson, "Whistleblowing and the Police."
1531:
Pioneros II: Puerto Ricans in New York City, 1948–1998
1246:"When the City's Bankruptcy Was Just a Few Words Away"
1088:"Municipal Assistance for the City of New York (MAC)"
538:
By 1970, the city gained notoriety for high rates of
1669:
Hard Times: The Adult Musical in 1970s New York City
1522:
Jacobs, James B., Coleen Friel, and Robert Raddick.
1198:
California Research Bureau, California State Library
467:
over the firings of several teachers in a school in
1617:
Governing New York City: Politics in the Metropolis
1529:Korrol, Virginia Sanchez and Pedro Juan Hernandez.
313:in 1962, who played their first two seasons at the
1605:(2010) Essays on multiple topics, well illustrated
1276:
317:, the former home of the Giants, before moving to
1010:"John V. Lindsay, Mayor and Maverick, Dies at 79"
831:"New York After WWII | American Experience | PBS"
578:to arriving visitors, warning them to stay away.
379:A 1973 photo of New York City skyscrapers in smog
170:brought about by new housing communities such as
1184:
1182:
1180:
383:From November 23 to 26, 1966, New York City was
1545:New York at Mid-Century: The Impellitteri Years
542:and other social disorders. A popular song by
178:on its obligations and declaring bankruptcy.
139:
8:
562:was subject to investigation for widespread
1442:(Oxford University Press, 1993) 420 pages;
1311:Peter D. McClelland and Alan L. Magdovitz,
1191:"Overview of New York City's Fiscal Crisis"
510:in the United States and around the world.
1697:
478:That same year, 1968, also saw a nine-day
301:baseball teams to booming California; the
146:
132:
28:
895:
893:
855:https://www.npr.org/transcripts/887386869
591:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
1633:(U of Illinois Press, 2017) pp 114–142.
1266:(U of Illinois Press, 2017) pp 114–142.
1008:McFadden, Robert D (December 21, 2000).
981:Perlmutter, Emanuel (February 5, 1968).
879:
877:
875:
529:
517:
346:Where Were You When the Lights Went Out?
335:On November 9, 1965, New York endured a
262:. The city's other great train station,
240:began to take shape around 1960, led by
1615:Sayre, Wallace S. and Herbert Kaufman,
1152:"The Legacy of the 1970s Fiscal Crisis"
1090:. William and Anita Newman Library and
1035:Rutgers Journal of Law and Urban Policy
822:
428:complete halt of subway and bus service
88:
31:
1657:(2017), Covers late 1940s to the 1980s
1610:New York City 1964: A Cultural History
772:Timeline of New York City, 1950s–1970s
1583:A history of housing in New York City
1150:Phillips-Fein, Kim (April 16, 2013).
260:Landmarks Preservation Commission Law
7:
954:Stetson, Damon (February 11, 1968).
643:The first solution proposed was the
1689:Magazine, September 30, 1968 issue.
1650:(University of Chicago Press, 2010)
1121:Adam Lisberg (September 27, 2008).
812:1977 New York City mayoral election
807:1973 New York City mayoral election
802:1969 New York City mayoral election
797:1965 New York City mayoral election
792:1961 New York City mayoral election
787:1957 New York City mayoral election
782:1953 New York City mayoral election
777:1949 New York City mayoral election
743:Jonathan Mahler, the chronicler of
1281:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1244:Roberts, Sam (December 31, 2006).
570:of whistle-blowing police officer
420:Transport Workers Union of America
357:where there was more room for it.
25:
1626:(Columbia University Press, 1992)
1517:The Encyclopedia of New York City
753:didn't approach the raw reality.
182:Postwar: Late 1940s through 1950s
18:Emergency Financial Control Board
1450:New York: An Illustrated History
714:A fiscal conservative, Democrat
645:Municipal Assistance Corporation
601:, the Twin Towers displaced the
1671:(Oxford University Press, 2013)
1643:(Oxford University Press, 2011)
1561:(Russell Sage Foundation, 1988)
1547:(1992), He was Mayor in 1950–53
1448:Burns, Ric, and James Sanders.
1189:Roger Dunstan (March 1, 1995).
1086:Lucia Capodilupo (April 2002).
560:New York City Police Department
385:covered by a major smog episode
732:New York City blackout of 1977
274:by community activists led by
1:
1746:20th century in New York City
1598:(Yale University Press, 2008)
749:, "The clinical term for it,
710:Manhattan skyline around 1970
461:United Federation of Teachers
1454:New York: A Documentary Film
406:moving in, and an exodus of
1096:City University of New York
737:Manhattan Detention Complex
677:City University of New York
581:The opening of the mammoth
576:pamphlet titled "Fear City"
438:, then a columnist for the
353:, that industry shifted to
324:The passage of the federal
188:United Nations headquarters
1762:
1712:History of New York City
1491:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)
865:Joseph P. Viteritti, ed.,
426:shut down the city with a
272:Lower Manhattan Expressway
196:New York metropolitan area
56:Federal and early American
1721:History of New York City
1717:
1710:
1704:History of New York City
1700:
1559:Power, Culture, and Place
1515:Jackson, Kenneth T., ed.
1479:Journal of policy history
1438:Brecher, Charles, et al.
1339:Fordham Urban Law Journal
937:(2014) 40 pp: 1138–1154,
887:, January 7, 1966, p. 13:
337:widespread power blackout
246:One Chase Manhattan Plaza
61:Tammany and Consolidation
40:Lenape and New Netherland
1741:History of New York City
1501:Gratz, Roberta Brandes.
1073:(1976) 66#2 pp. 415–429
1071:American Economic Review
943:10.1177/0096144214533081
935:Journal of Urban History
720:elected as mayor in 1977
597:electronics district in
33:History of New York City
1538:Business History Review
1508:Haslip-Viera, Gabriel.
885:New York Herald Tribune
441:New York Herald Tribune
326:Immigration Act of 1965
244:'s construction of the
1667:Wollman, Elizabeth L.
1639:Taylor, Clarence, ed.
1557:Mollenkopf, John, ed.
1540:(2006) 80#1 pp: 49–80.
1481:(2007) 19#1 pp: 3–28.
767:American urban history
711:
668:
660:
632:
535:
527:
456:
380:
294:
192:abstract expressionism
51:British and Revolution
1660:Viteritti, Joseph P.
1653:Tochterman, Brian L.
1487:Flanagan, Richard M.
1233:. September 27, 2008.
899:Daniel B. Schneider,
709:
666:
658:
624:
617:Fiscal crisis of 1975
603:Empire State Building
533:
521:
454:
378:
289:
212:began to replace the
1608:Samuel, Lawrence R.
1585:(Columbia UP, 2018).
1543:Lagumina, Salvator.
1505:(Nation Books, 2011)
1467:Cannato, Vincent J.
924:, September 14, 1968
746:The Bronx is Burning
534:Times Square in 1977
291:Pennsylvania Station
256:Pennsylvania Station
82:Modern and post-9/11
1564:Morris, Charles R.
1550:Mahler, Jonathan.
1494:Freeman, Joshua B.
1388:The Washington Post
1373:(1993) pp 359–385
1324:Charles R. Morris,
1315:(2000) pp. 335, 337
1231:New York Daily News
1207:on January 25, 2011
757:was more like it."
628:New York Daily News
593:on the site of the
566:, most famously in
526:, completed in 1973
508:gay rights movement
368:decommissioned the
321:in Queens in 1964.
210:International Style
200:Levittown, New York
1601:Roberts, Sam, ed.
1250:The New York Times
1037:3 (2006) pp: 74+.
712:
669:
661:
633:
583:World Trade Center
568:the 1971 testimony
544:Cashman & West
536:
528:
524:World Trade Center
457:
408:European-Americans
381:
370:Brooklyn Navy Yard
351:container shipping
295:
218:wedding-cake style
158:Immediately after
72:Early 20th century
1729:
1728:
1718:Succeeded by
1622:Shefter, Martin.
1612:(McFarland, 2014)
1591:Podair, Jerald E.
1526:(NYU Press, 2001)
1421:Jonathan Mahler,
907:, January 3, 1999
589:and built by the
587:David Rockefeller
503:Greenwich Village
414:Strikes and riots
400:African-Americans
242:David Rockefeller
216:towers (built in
206:Midtown Manhattan
156:
155:
77:Post–World War II
16:(Redirected from
1753:
1701:Preceded by
1698:
1646:Thomas, Lorrin.
1581:Plunz, Richard.
1426:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1355:Duke Law Journal
1351:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1301:December 5, 1975
1282:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1200:. Archived from
1195:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1102:on June 12, 2010
1098:. Archived from
1083:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1047:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
978:
972:
971:
969:
967:
951:
945:
931:
925:
914:
908:
897:
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116:•
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1209:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1167:. Retrieved
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1133:. Retrieved
1126:
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1081:
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1034:
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1017:. Retrieved
1013:
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991:. Retrieved
986:
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964:. Retrieved
959:
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912:
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884:
866:
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838:. Retrieved
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552:Times Square
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432:John Lindsay
417:
396:John Lindsay
394:
382:
363:
344:
334:
323:
319:Shea Stadium
315:Polo Grounds
296:
268:Robert Moses
250:
222:East Village
204:
185:
160:World War II
157:
89:
76:
69:, 1861–1865)
44:
26:
1706:(1898–1945)
1211:January 20,
1135:January 20,
1106:January 20,
989:. p. 1
962:. p. 1
835:www.pbs.org
673:wage freeze
611:Sears Tower
473:Brownsville
436:Dick Schaap
359:Blue-collar
332:community.
276:Jane Jacobs
100:Timelines:
79:, 1946–1977
74:, 1898–1945
63:, 1855–1897
58:, 1784–1854
53:, 1665–1783
1735:Categories
1694:Chronology
1299:, enacted
1291:, 89
1156:The Nation
1131:. New York
1128:Daily News
818:References
564:corruption
480:sanitation
469:Ocean Hill
424:Mike Quill
355:New Jersey
253:Beaux Arts
248:building.
176:defaulting
1458:Ric Burns
1396:146357089
1164:0027-8378
613:in 1973.
595:Radio Row
501:, in the
430:on mayor
341:1968 film
226:FDR Drive
224:close to
172:Levittown
67:Civil War
42:, to 1664
1687:New York
1425:(2006)
1410:Blackout
1392:ProQuest
1169:July 31,
1075:in JSTOR
922:NY Times
905:NY Times
761:See also
726:Blackout
554:, while
488:slowdown
446:Fun City
305:and the
122:Category
110:Brooklyn
90:See also
1635:excerpt
1568:(1981).
1359:online.
1277:Pub. L.
1019:May 19,
993:May 19,
966:May 19,
840:June 8,
716:Ed Koch
607:Midtown
484:garbage
366:US Navy
303:Dodgers
1577:online
1554:(2006)
1512:(2004)
1498:(2001)
1483:online
1471:(2001)
1412:(2003)
1394:
1375:online
1343:online
1295:
1285:94–143
1283:
1162:
1039:online
901:F.Y.I.
869:(2014)
718:, was
548:subway
307:Giants
114:Queens
1293:Stat.
1205:(PDF)
1194:(PDF)
540:crime
514:1970s
282:1960s
106:Bronx
1460:for
1213:2011
1171:2021
1160:ISSN
1137:2011
1108:2011
1021:2009
995:2009
968:2009
842:2024
730:The
522:The
493:The
471:and
418:The
402:and
311:Mets
1462:PBS
1297:797
939:doi
605:in
102:NYC
1737::
1685:,
1287:,
1248:.
1229:.
1196:.
1179:^
1158:.
1154:.
1125:.
1094:,
1053:.
1012:.
985:.
958:.
920:,
903:,
892:^
874:^
833:.
739:.
475:.
343:,
236:,
202:.
162:,
1398:.
1252:.
1215:.
1173:.
1139:.
1110:.
1023:.
997:.
970:.
941::
844:.
147:e
140:t
133:v
65:(
20:)
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