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found in southeastern
Missouri. This copper plate has a birds body but a human head wearing an elaborate headdress which includes what may be feathers and a smaller human face with the distinctive crenelated crown-like structure and a forked eye surround. Archaeologists believe the Emmons mask may in
250:
located on the lower slope. The cemetery area measures about 50 feet (15 m) square. Eighty three burials were found at the site, most in an extended position and oriented on a north to south axis with their heads to the south, although a few were oriented east to west. Five of the burials were
343:, a fairly unusual piece of carved red cedar believed to have been deposited in the grave sometime between 1200–1400 CE. The piece measures 11.9 centimetres (4.7 in) by 9.9 centimetres (3.9 in) by 5.5 centimetres (2.2 in) and was once adorned with sheet copper and paint made from
259:(including some imported exotic varieties), stone ear plugs, copper and copper covered objects, marine shell objects and pearl beads. It is considered a rather rich collection of grave goods by the standards of other local sites. The site is possibly associated with two nearby village and
395:
from Spiro represent figures wearing similar heads as part of headdresses in the fashion of the figure on Malden plate A. None of the three uses is considered to have been the exclusive use for the objects and the objects may have been used for more than one of these three theories.
306:
Several exotic pottery samples were found with the burials. These include several examples of owl effigy stirrup necked and hooded bottles and a partial set of conjoined bottles, all thought to have come from or been inspired by ceramics from the
Central Mississippi Valley area.
314:
placed beside the arms of the child when the body was interred. The wings had probably been used as fans or for some type of decoration. Similar bird wing burials have been found at sites in
Arkansas and other states.
2517:
390:
in
Oklahoma, although these lack the distinctive crenelations and some of these vary in size enough that some of them may actually be wooden versions of long-nosed god maskette ear decorations. At least three
817:
242:
The Emmons cemetery site is located on the top and along the slope of a section of bluff on the western bank of the
Illinois River. At the time of its discovery it was owned by Merrill Emmons of
3524:
374:
fact be part of such a headdress, and it has holes that would have allowed it to have been attached in such a fashion. A similar piece (including the crenelations) was found at the
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ore. It is shaped like a human face with a crenelated crown-like decoration on its forehead. The paint encircles the eyes and forms two points down on the cheeks, making the
970:
1713:
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287:. Only a few of these objects have ever been found, although Illinois has had more finds than any other area. Many archaeologists now associate these items with
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A variety of grave goods were found at the site, including several rare or unique objects. One such object is a type of ear decoration carved from
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site in
Georgia, but it is described as a "rattle" and it slightly more resembles the severed heads held by figures on the
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to its east. The location was a used as a cemetery and several unique and rare items were found interred with the burials.
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War Paths, Peace Paths: An
Archaeology of Cooperation and Conflict in Native Eastern North America
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One child burial had parts of two owl wings adding up to a complete right carpometacarpus of a
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in the 1880s. A large cache of carved cedar heads was also found in the "Great
Mortuary" at
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764:; Emmons, Merril1 (1961). "The Southern Cult, The Emmons Site, Fulton County, Illinois".
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383:
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247:
246:, who undertook extensive excavations of the site. The burials were in several small
198:
117:
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flexed, one was semi-flexed and one was a bundle burial. The burials contained many
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365:. The piece resembles the small human face that makes up part of the headdress of
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523:
Cahokia and the
Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest
296:
515:"The Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Central Illinois River Valley"
3449:
2933:
2810:
2732:
2425:
2408:
2239:
2219:
1673:
1570:
888:
280:
732:
486:
2795:
2006:
1876:
1525:
1430:
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674:"A Survey of Elaborate Mississippian Copper Artifacts from Illinois"
724:
478:
3539:
2209:
1955:
1485:
1347:
434:"Additional noteworthy records of birds from archaeological sites"
330:
322:
3499:
348:
2532:
799:
711:(1961). "The Short Nosed God from the Emmons Site, Illinois".
465:(1961). "The Short Nosed God from the Emmons Site, Illinois".
291:
political adoption rituals and with the mythological being
299:
and other plains Siouan peoples. A large collection of
508:
506:
504:
361:
and associated with the
Chiefly Warrior Cult of the
3415:
3347:
2879:
2608:
2384:
2316:
2248:
2187:
2180:
2133:
2005:
1994:
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133:
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97:
427:
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27:Archaeological site in Fulton County, Illinois
2544:
811:
8:
719:(4). Society for American Archaeology: 563.
473:(4). Society for American Archaeology: 560.
77:
49:
30:
782:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2551:
2537:
2529:
2184:
2002:
864:
818:
804:
796:
29:
3059:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
357:, a design imitating the markings of the
339:Another rare object from the site is the
303:stone tools were also found at the site.
230:, on the edge of a bluff overlooking the
228:Kerton Township, Fulton County, Illinois
85:Emmons Cemetery Site (the United States)
672:Sampson, Kelvin; Esarey, Duane (1993).
421:
775:
597:Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians
766:Central States Archaeological Journal
7:
3627:Geography of Fulton County, Illinois
327:Emmons mask, left side reconstructed
3530:Norse colonization of North America
335:Head of Malden A, showing headdress
255:, including fifty five examples of
834:Mississippian and related cultures
573:"Long & Short Nosed God Masks"
513:Conrad, Lawrence A. (2000-06-30).
369:, an anthropomorphic avian themed
25:
827:
571:Bostrom, Peter A. (2005-09-30).
110:
76:
69:
48:
41:
3550:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2468:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
630:. AltaMira Press. p. 152.
432:Parmalee, Paul W. (June 1967).
363:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
850:Timeline of Mississippi valley
691:Illinois Archaeological Survey
57:Location within Illinois today
1:
2050:Grand Village of the Illinois
257:Mississippian culture pottery
88:Show map of the United States
3622:Middle Mississippian culture
3515:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3465:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1827:Grand Village of the Natchez
624:Dye, David H. (2009-02-16).
527:University of Illinois Press
221:Middle Mississippian culture
180:Middle Mississippian culture
2899:Bandelier National Monument
2773:List of Mississippian sites
2560:Pre-Columbian North America
845:List of Mississippian sites
411:List of Mississippian sites
3643:
3319:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2924:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2633:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
601:Cambridge University Press
521:; Lewis, R. Barry (eds.).
371:Mississippian copper plate
3588:
3560:Three Sisters agriculture
2566:
2495:
840:
205:Responsible body: private
204:
155:40.2146000°N 90.2099806°W
35:
3099:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2658:Buttermilk Creek complex
1762:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
295:from the stories of the
3299:Town Creek Indian Mound
3269:Sierra de San Francisco
3124:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2392:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2288:Long-nosed god maskette
2168:SunWatch Indian Village
2115:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
1976:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
654:. Illinois State Museum
652:"Mississippian society"
553:. Illinois State Museum
285:long-nosed god maskette
160:40.2146000; -90.2099806
128:Fulton County, Illinois
106:Fulton County, Illinois
2954:Coso Rock Art District
2841:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2744:List of Hopewell sites
2143:Alligator Effigy Mound
1757:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1709:Leon-Jefferson culture
1105:Caborn-Welborn culture
336:
328:
3362:Arlington Springs Man
3204:Portsmouth Earthworks
872:and Upper Mississippi
382:found at the site by
334:
326:
289:Mississippian culture
3570:Transoceanic contact
3460:Container Revolution
3034:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2999:Etowah Indian Mounds
2431:Earth/fertility cult
2135:Fort Ancient culture
1019:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1005:Lower Ohio River and
991:Steed-Kisker culture
682:Illinois Archaeology
529:. pp. 119–156.
215:, also known as the
213:Emmons Cemetery Site
102:Bluff City, Illinois
60:Show map of Illinois
31:Emmons Cemetery Site
3490:Green Corn Ceremony
3304:Turkey River Mounds
3094:Lake Jackson Mounds
2914:Blue Spring Shelter
2436:Green Corn Ceremony
1996:Upper Mississippian
1946:Blue Spring Shelter
1666:Fort Walton culture
1120:Hovey Lake District
441:The Wilson Bulletin
224:archaeological site
151: /
32:
3575:Underwater panther
3249:Rosenstock Village
3119:Marmes Rockshelter
3104:L'Anse aux Meadows
2518:de Soto Expedition
2483:Underwater panther
2329:Central Algonquian
2040:Fisher Mound Group
1684:Apalachee Province
1651:Waddells Mill Pond
713:American Antiquity
519:Emerson, Thomas E.
467:American Antiquity
337:
329:
3609:
3608:
3601:Pre-Columbian era
3402:Spirit Cave mummy
3199:Plum Bayou Mounds
3109:Lynch Quarry Site
2628:Ancient Beringian
2526:
2525:
2491:
2490:
2176:
2175:
1792:Atchafalaya Basin
1734:Pensacola culture
1699:Fort Walton Mound
1591:Punk Rock Shelter
1551:Mouse Creek phase
1374:South Appalachian
1368:
1367:
1247:Central and Lower
1188:Castalian Springs
1178:Brentwood Library
1078:Middle Ohio River
931:Emerald Acropolis
705:Griffin, James B.
593:Pauketat, Timothy
536:978-0-252-06878-2
459:Griffin, James B.
244:Astoria, Illinois
209:
208:
16:(Redirected from
3634:
3545:Projectile point
3382:Leanderthal Lady
3309:Upward Sun River
3284:Stallings Island
3274:Shell ring sites
3224:Recapture Canyon
3139:Moorehead Circle
2984:El Fin del Mundo
2969:Cueva de la Olla
2775:
2762:Maritime Archaic
2746:
2576:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2293:Mill Creek chert
2283:Duck River cache
2185:
2003:
1767:Pensacola people
1561:Muscogee (Creek)
1401:Bell Field Mound
1115:Hovey Lake-Klein
1069:Wickliffe Mounds
1044:Rowlandton Mound
961:Lunsford-Pulcher
865:
832:
831:
820:
813:
806:
797:
787:
781:
773:
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558:
547:
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510:
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498:
455:
449:
448:
438:
429:
393:shell engravings
359:peregrine falcon
354:forked eye motif
301:Mill Creek chert
238:Site description
166:
165:
163:
162:
161:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
116:
114:
113:
89:
80:
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61:
52:
51:
45:
33:
21:
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3641:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3596:Genetic history
3584:
3438:Ceremonial pipe
3411:
3392:Minnesota Woman
3349:
3343:
3164:Ocmulgee Mounds
3144:Morrison Mounds
3089:Kolomoki Mounds
3079:Kimball Village
2939:Candelaria Cave
2881:
2875:
2856:Suwannee Valley
2791:Old Cordilleran
2771:
2742:
2610:
2604:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2527:
2522:
2508:Clarksdale bell
2487:
2473:Stone box grave
2414:Ceremonial pipe
2380:
2339:Mobilian Jargon
2312:
2244:
2172:
2129:
1997:
1990:
1927:
1920:
1778:
1771:
1728:
1660:
1606:Rucker's Bottom
1396:Beaverdam Creek
1376:
1364:
1248:
1242:
1203:Hiwassee Island
1160:
1154:
1145:Welborn Village
1073:
1034:Millstone Bluff
1007:Confluence area
1006:
1000:
996:Sugarloaf Mound
936:Emmons Cemetery
871:
869:American Bottom
860:
854:
836:
826:
824:
794:
774:
756:
753:
751:Further reading
748:
703:
702:
698:
676:
671:
670:
666:
657:
655:
650:
649:
645:
638:
623:
622:
618:
611:
603:. p. 216.
591:
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570:
569:
565:
556:
554:
551:"Mississippian"
549:
548:
544:
537:
512:
511:
502:
457:
456:
452:
436:
431:
430:
423:
419:
402:
321:
283:and known as a
277:
240:
159:
157:
153:
150:
145:
142:
140:
138:
137:
111:
109:
93:
92:
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81:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3638:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Mound Builders
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:Medicine wheel
3502:
3497:
3495:Horned Serpent
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:Roberts Island
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Old Stone Fort
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Moaning Cavern
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Kincaid Mounds
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2964:Cuarenta Casas
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2919:Bluefish Caves
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2880:Archaeological
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Caloosahatchee
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Caborn-Welborn
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2609:Archaeological
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:Mound Builders
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:Related topics
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2461:Village bundle
2453:
2448:
2446:Platform mound
2443:
2441:Horned Serpent
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2308:Stone statuary
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Leo Petroglyph
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Moccasin Bluff
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:Gentleman Farm
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:Carcajou Point
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1961:Caddoan Mounds
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Dauphin Island
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1421:Bussell Island
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1173:Beasley Mounds
1170:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Kincaid Mounds
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
941:Horseshoe Lake
938:
933:
928:
926:Dickson Mounds
923:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
886:
881:
875:
873:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
847:
841:
838:
837:
825:
823:
822:
815:
808:
800:
793:
792:External links
790:
789:
788:
762:Morse, Phyllis
752:
749:
747:
746:
725:10.2307/278753
696:
664:
643:
637:978-0759107458
636:
616:
609:
584:
563:
542:
535:
500:
479:10.2307/278753
450:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
408:
406:Dickson Mounds
401:
398:
367:Malden plate A
320:
317:
276:
273:
261:platform mound
239:
236:
232:Illinois River
207:
206:
202:
201:
192:
191:Archaeologists
188:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
99:
95:
94:
84:
75:
74:
68:
67:
66:
65:
56:
47:
46:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3639:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Falcon dancer
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:Miscellaneous
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Melbourne Man
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:La Brea Woman
3375:
3373:
3372:Kennewick Man
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Serpent Mound
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Pueblo Bonito
3212:
3210:
3209:Poverty Point
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Pinson Mounds
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Painted Bluff
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Horr's Island
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Effigy Mounds
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Crystal River
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2871:Weeden Island
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Safety Harbor
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Poverty Point
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Paleo-Indians
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:Mississippian
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:Sacred bundle
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:Wulfing cache
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:Copper plates
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Three Sisters
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Little barley
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Serpent Mound
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2125:Summer Island
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1928:Mississippian
1923:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1779:Mississippian
1774:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Corbin–Tucker
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Roods Landing
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Moccasin Bend
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Hoojah Branch
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1378:Mississippian
1375:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Menard-Hodges
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:Swallow Bluff
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:Tennessee and
1157:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
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1029:Marshall Site
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861:Mississippian
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758:Morse, Dan F.
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463:Morse, Dan F.
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447:(2): 155–162.
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384:John P. Rogan
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248:burial mounds
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199:Phyllis Morse
196:
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146:90°12′35.93″W
143:40°12′52.56″N
136:
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119:
107:
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96:
72:
44:
34:
19:
3580:Water glyphs
3535:Oasisamerica
3525:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3485:Folsom point
3475:Effigy mound
3455:Clovis point
3423:Aridoamerica
3324:Wickiup Hill
3279:Spiro Mounds
3259:Salmon Ruins
3254:Russell Cave
3049:Helen Blazes
3044:Grimes Point
3024:Fort Juelson
3014:Fort Ancient
2989:El Vallecito
2949:Chaco Canyon
2889:Angel Mounds
2851:Steed-Kisker
2801:Paleo-Arctic
2723:Glacial Kame
2708:Fort Ancient
2600:Post-Classic
2571:
2503:Chevron bead
2409:Burial mound
2303:Shell gorget
2271:Spiro plates
2266:Rogan plates
2085:Knoll Spring
2060:Hartley Fort
2020:Beattie Park
1904:Transylvania
1742:Bottle Creek
1704:Lake Jackson
1586:Pisgah phase
1516:Little Egypt
1466:Garden Creek
1451:Dallas phase
1338:Tipton phase
1316:Nodena phase
1213:Mound Bottom
1198:Fewkes Group
1183:Brick Church
1085:Angel Mounds
951:Kuhn Station
946:John Chapman
935:
778:cite journal
769:
765:
716:
712:
699:
686:
680:
667:
656:. Retrieved
646:
626:
619:
596:
587:
576:. Retrieved
566:
555:. Retrieved
545:
522:
470:
466:
453:
444:
440:
380:Rogan plates
352:
340:
338:
309:
305:
281:marine shell
278:
269:Fiedler Site
241:
216:
212:
210:
3565:Thunderbird
3433:Black drink
3397:Peñon woman
3334:Winterville
3314:Velda Mound
3294:Taos Pueblo
3189:Parkin Park
3174:Orwell site
3159:Nodena site
3054:Holly Bluff
3029:Four Mounds
3019:Fort Center
2944:Casa Grande
2894:Anzick site
2786:Monongahela
2713:Fort Walton
2688:Coles Creek
2653:Belle Glade
2638:Anishinaabe
2478:Thunderbird
2404:Black drink
2256:Emmons mask
2200:Chenopodium
2188:Agriculture
2110:Plum Island
2065:Hotel Plaza
1914:Winterville
1894:Scott Place
1832:Holly Bluff
1752:Fort Walton
1506:Lamar phase
1360:Walls phase
1256:Belle Meade
1249:Mississippi
1193:Dunbar Cave
1095:Annis Mound
1090:Angel phase
1064:Ware Mounds
1059:Twin Mounds
909:Ramey state
894:Monks Mound
341:Emmons mask
319:Emmons mask
265:Rose Mounds
253:grave goods
226:located in
217:Emmons Site
158: /
134:Coordinates
18:Emmons mask
3616:Categories
3510:Metallurgy
3470:Eden point
3367:Buhl Woman
3239:Rock Eagle
3229:River Styx
3154:Mummy Cave
3149:Moundville
3129:Mesa Verde
3114:Marksville
2861:Tchefuncte
2821:Plaquemine
2757:Las Palmas
2673:Calf Creek
2668:Cades Pond
2215:Marshelder
2100:Oak Forest
2070:Hoxie Farm
1884:Pocahontas
1777:Plaquemine
1714:Letchworth
1646:Town Creek
1581:Park Mound
1546:Moundville
1531:Mandeville
1521:Long Swamp
1481:Jere Shine
1333:Quigualtam
1281:Chucalissa
1168:Backusburg
1161:Cumberland
1150:Yankeetown
1135:Slack Farm
1110:Ellerbusch
1014:Adams site
921:Cloverdale
772:: 124–140.
658:2012-05-05
578:2012-05-05
557:2012-05-05
417:References
186:Site notes
3555:Stickball
3244:Rock Hawk
3074:Key Marco
2866:Troyville
2846:St. Johns
2831:Red Ocher
2590:Formative
2344:Muskogean
2317:Languages
2230:Sunflower
2090:Mero site
2025:Blood Run
1679:Apalachee
1626:Summerour
1566:Nacoochee
1323:Owl Creek
1218:Riverview
1208:Link Farm
1100:Bone Bank
1054:Turk Site
1049:Towosahgy
914:Woodhenge
741:163224869
495:163224869
312:Snowy owl
275:Artifacts
195:Dan Morse
3443:Chanunpa
3428:Ballgame
3407:Vero man
3357:Anzick-1
3329:Windover
3289:SunWatch
3219:Rassawek
3039:Glenwood
2929:Brewster
2781:Mogollon
2752:La Jolla
2738:Hopewell
2698:Deptford
2611:cultures
2451:Red Horn
2419:Chanunpa
2397:Northern
2385:Religion
2366:Timucuan
2334:Cherokee
2120:Schwerdt
2080:Juntunen
2055:Griesmer
1998:cultures
1951:Bluffton
1837:Jaketown
1802:Fitzhugh
1656:Wilbanks
1636:Tomotley
1611:Savannah
1576:Ocmulgee
1556:Mulberry
1491:Joe Bell
1411:Biltmore
1406:Bessemer
1271:Campbell
1233:Old Town
1039:Orr-Herl
976:Orendorf
971:Mitchell
904:Mound 72
899:Mound 34
884:Big Eddy
595:(2004).
400:See also
297:Ho-Chunk
293:Red Horn
267:and the
176:Cultures
98:Location
3592:Related
3450:Chunkey
3350:remains
3339:Wupatki
3179:Paquime
3069:Huápoca
2934:Cahokia
2904:Bastian
2811:Patayan
2733:Hohokam
2718:Fremont
2693:Comondú
2648:Baytown
2643:Avonlea
2623:Alachua
2595:Classic
2585:Archaic
2573:Periods
2426:Chunkey
2371:Tunican
2349:Natchez
2324:Caddoan
2298:Pottery
2249:Artwork
2240:Tobacco
2220:Pumpkin
2181:Culture
2035:Fifield
1966:Gahagan
1941:Belcher
1926:Caddoan
1909:Venable
1872:Natchez
1857:Mazique
1812:Fosters
1807:Flowery
1797:Emerald
1674:Anhaica
1631:Taskigi
1596:Rembert
1571:Nikwasi
1536:McMahan
1511:Liddell
1386:Adamson
1296:Janet's
1286:Denmark
1261:Boone's
1223:Sellars
1130:Prather
889:Cahokia
879:Aztalan
263:sites,
219:, is a
171:History
108:,
104:,
3009:Folsom
2974:Cutler
2909:Benson
2796:Oneota
2728:Glades
2703:Folsom
2683:Clovis
2580:Lithic
2361:Siouan
2354:Taensa
2225:Squash
2148:Clover
2007:Oneota
1981:Keller
1971:Hughes
1936:Battle
1877:Taensa
1862:Medora
1852:Mangum
1847:Julice
1842:Jordan
1689:Cayson
1621:Sixtoe
1616:Shiloh
1526:Mabila
1461:Etowah
1441:Citico
1431:Chiaha
1426:Chauga
1343:Tunica
1328:Parkin
1311:Nodena
1306:Murphy
1276:Carson
1125:Murphy
981:Sleeth
966:McCune
956:Larson
859:Middle
739:
733:278754
731:
634:
607:
533:
493:
487:278753
485:
376:Etowah
345:galena
124:Region
115:
3540:Piasa
3348:Human
2979:Eaker
2882:sites
2816:Plano
2618:Adena
2376:Yuchi
2210:Maize
2195:Beans
2153:Dodge
2105:Palos
2075:Huber
2015:Anker
1986:Spiro
1956:Caddo
1889:Routh
1822:Glass
1817:Ghost
1719:Velda
1641:Toqua
1501:Lamar
1486:Joara
1476:Irene
1446:Coosa
1436:Chota
1416:Blair
1391:Avery
1353:Yazoo
1348:Koroa
1291:Eaker
1228:Obion
986:Starr
737:S2CID
729:JSTOR
677:(PDF)
517:. In
491:S2CID
483:JSTOR
437:(PDF)
388:Spiro
3500:Kiva
1899:Sims
1867:Mott
1787:Anna
1496:King
1456:Dyar
1266:Boyd
1140:Tolu
784:link
632:ISBN
605:ISBN
531:ISBN
349:lead
347:, a
211:The
3004:Eva
1724:Yon
721:doi
475:doi
118:USA
3618::
780:}}
776:{{
768:.
760:;
735:.
727:.
717:26
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689:.
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679:.
599:.
525:.
503:^
489:.
481:.
471:26
469:.
461:;
445:79
443:.
439:.
424:^
271:.
197:,
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786:)
770:8
743:.
723::
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661:.
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497:.
477::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
