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1543:, p. 220 states "In the Machian view, the properties of the system are exhausted by the masses of the particles and their separations, but the separations are mutual properties. Apart from the masses, the particles have no attributes that are exclusively their own. They â in the form of a triangle â are a single thing. In the Newtonian view, the particles exist in absolute space and time. These external elements lend the particles attributes â position, momentum, angular momentum â denied in the Machian view. The particles become three things. Absolute space and time are an essential part of atomism".
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938:...if does not admit that the "sensible content" is an objective reality, existing independently of us, there remains only a "naked abstract" I, an I infallibly written with a capital letter and italicised, equal to "the insane piano, which imagined that it was the sole existing thing in this world." If the "sensible content" of our sensations is not the external world then nothing exists save this naked I engaged in empty "philosophical" acrobatics.
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1019:. In 1930, he wrote, "it is justified to consider Mach as the precursor of the general theory of relativity", though Mach, before his death, apparently rejected Einstein's theory. Einstein knew that his theories did not fulfill all Mach's principles, and neither has any subsequent theory, despite considerable effort.
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In mentally separating a body from the changeable environment in which it moves, what we really do is to extricate a group of sensations on which our thoughts are fastened and which is of relatively greater stability than the others, from the stream of all our sensations. Suppose we were to attribute
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On the other hand, there is also a reasonable case for viewing Mach simply as an empiricist and a precursor of the logical empiricists and the Vienna Circle. On this view, the purpose of science is to detail functional relationships between observations: "The goal which it (physical science) has set
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In accordance with empirio-critical philosophy, Mach opposed
Boltzmann and others who proposed an atomic theory of physics. Since one cannot observe things as small as atoms directly, and since no atomic model at the time was consistent, the atomic hypothesis seemed unwarranted to Mach, and perhaps
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If bodies are "complexes of sensations," as Mach says, or "combinations of sensations," as
Berkeley said, it inevitably follows that the whole world is but my idea. Starting from such a premise it is impossible to arrive at the existence of other people besides oneself: it is the purest solipsism.
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that became influential in the 19th and 20th centuries. He originally saw scientific laws as summaries of experimental events, constructed for the purpose of making complex data comprehensible, but later emphasized mathematical functions as a more useful way to describe sensory appearances. Thus,
1995:: investigator must feel the need of ... knowledge of the immediate connections, say, of the masses of the universe. There will hover before him as an ideal insight into the principles of the whole matter, from which accelerated and inertial motions will result in the same way.
1105:, but Goltz did not discover how the balance-sensing apparatus functions. Mach devised a swivel chair to test his theories, and Floyd Ratliff has suggested that this experiment may have paved the way to Mach's critique of a physical conception of absolute space and motion.
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Mach's main contribution to physics involved his description and photographs of spark shock-waves and then ballistic shock-waves. He described how when a bullet or shell moved faster than the speed of sound, it created a compression of air in front of it. Using
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in eastern
Moravia. His grandfather, Wenzl Lanhaus, an administrator of the Chirlitz estate, was also master builder of the streets there. His activities in that field later influenced Ernst Mach's theoretical work. Some sources give Mach's birthplace as TuĆany
892:
When the human mind, with its limited powers, attempts to mirror in itself the rich life of the world, of which it itself is only a small part, and which it can never hope to exhaust, it has every reason for proceeding economically.
658:. Some of Mach's criticisms of Newton's position on space and time influenced Einstein, but later, Einstein realised that Mach was basically opposed to Newton's philosophy and concluded that his physical criticism was not sound.
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In 1898, Mach survived a paralytic stroke, and in 1901, he retired from the
University of Vienna and was appointed to the upper chamber of the Austrian Parliament. On leaving Vienna in 1913, he moved to his son's home in
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were not at all mutually interchangeable. Rather, they identified distinct aspects of some anticipated force field and were preparatory for Newton's construction of the
Universal Law of Gravitation, in the course of the
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to nature the property of producing like effects in like circumstances; just these like circumstances we should not know how to find. Nature exists once only. Our schematic mental imitation alone produces like events.
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In reality, the law always contains less than the fact itself, because it does not reproduce the fact as a whole but only in that aspect of it which is important for us, the rest being intentionally or from necessity
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From 1895 to 1901, Mach held a newly created chair for "the history and philosophy of the inductive sciences" at the
University of Vienna. In his historico-philosophical studies, Mach developed a phenomenalistic
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1031:. Constructivism holds that all knowledge is constructed rather than received by the learner. He took an exceptionally non-dualist, phenomenological position. The founder of radical constructivism,
1983:, p. 753: Mach's principle asserts that physics should be defined entirely in terms of the relation of one body to another, and that the very notion of a background space should be abandoned
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showed that the statistical fluctuations of atoms allowed measurement of their existence without direct individuated sensory evidence marked a turning point in the acceptance of
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but declined a nobility because he thought it inappropriate for a scientist to accept such a thing. He was on good personal terms with the Social
Democrat politician
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as real. That position seemed incompatible with the view of atoms and molecules as external mind-independent things. He famously declared, after an 1897 lecture by
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Mach was critical of the
European powers' colonial conquests, saying that they "will constitute...the most distasteful chapter of history for coming generations".
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from 1918 to 1921, "as far as philosophical discussion went it essentially revolved around Mach's ideas". Mach's work has also been cited as an influence on the
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F. A. von Hayek, "Diskussionsbemergungen ĂŒber Ernst Mach und das sozialwissenschaftliche Denken in Wien," Symposium (Freiburg, 1967), pp. 41 44
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that allowed for much clearer photographs. But Mach also made many contributions to psychology and physiology, including his anticipation of
580:, he and his son Ludwig photographed the shadows of the invisible shock waves. During the early 1890s Ludwig invented a modification of the
3019:
460:, also part of Brno), the site of the Chirlitz registry office. It was there that Mach was baptised by Peregrin Weiss. Mach later became a
811:"It is probably a matter of taste and form whether one like to elucidate the notion of force with one or with a multitude of definitions."
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1089:(i.e., the perception of the head's imbalance) functions, tracing its management by information the brain receives from the movement of
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scientific laws, while somewhat idealized, have more to do with describing sensations than with reality as it exists beyond sensations.
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Pojman, Paul, "Ernst Mach", The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.)
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presented their paper on this subject in 1887; it correctly describes the sound effects observed during the supersonic motion of a
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Ratliff, Floyd (1975). "On Mach's
Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations". In Seeger, Raymond J.; Cohen, Robert S. (eds.).
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831:. This puts Mach's position in perspective: its content, its foundation, as well as his style of expressing his criticism.
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Mach also became well known for his philosophy, developed in close interplay with his science. Mach defended a type of
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Several principles are attributed to Mach that distill his ideal of physical theorization, called "Machian physics":
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1643:, p. 293, Chapter 18 â Mach and Buddhism: Mach was logically a Buddhist and illogically a believer in science.
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1101:. That the sense of balance depends on the three semicircular canals was discovered in 1870 by the physiologist
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Mach held and expressed the position that Newton's formulations of the concepts and laws of mechanics as in the
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Self-Portrait by Ernst Mach (1886) featured in "Analysis of Sensations", also known as "view from the left eye"
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to do so, and in 1866 he was appointed professor of physics. During that period, Mach continued his work in
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Exaggerated contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, appears as soon as they touch
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criticised Mach's reluctance to acknowledge the reality of atoms as incompatible with physics. Einstein's
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2133:(1998), Mack, Pamela E. (ed.), "Research in Supersonic Flight and the Breaking of the Sound Barrier",
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explicitly rejects Einstein's relativistic views but it has been argued that the text is inauthentic.(
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It should be based entirely on directly observable phenomena (in line with his positivistic leanings)
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According to Alexander Riegler, Mach's work was a precursor to the influential perspective known as
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Baatz, Ursula (1992). "Ernst Mach - the Scientist as a Buddhist ?". In Blackmore, J.T. (ed.).
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From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners
1299:. Translated by McCormack, Thomas J. (4th ed.). Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. 1919 .
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of conical shape, with the projectile at the apex. The ratio of the speed of a fluid to the local
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On this interdependency of Mach's physics, physiology, history and philosophy of science see
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More clearly than anyone before or since, Mach made the distinction between what he called
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of light in different media under external influences. From there followed explorations in
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and for one semester medical physiology, receiving his doctorate in physics in 1860 under
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after him. It is a critical parameter in the description of high-speed fluid movement in
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2364:"On Feyerabend's version of 'Mach's theory of research and its relation to Einstein'"
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1007:) should instead be seen as emerging from the distribution of matter in the universe.
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and in sensory perception. In 1867, he took the chair of experimental physics at the
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Nauka i revoljucija. Recepciia empiriokriticizma v russkoi kul'ture (1877-1910 gg.)
2405:"Die Korrespondenz Duhem-Mach: Zur 'Modellbeladenheit' von Wissenschaftsgeschichte"
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1305:"Photographische Fixirung der durch Projectile in der Luft eingeleiteten VorgÀnge"
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Up to the age of 14, Mach was educated at home by his parents. He then entered a
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Materialism and Empirio-criticism: Critical Comments on a Reactionary Philosophy
2177:
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1619:, p. 158: And Mach, in personal conviction, was a socialist and an atheist.
1531:, excerpted by Kockelmans and slightly corrected by Blackmore. (citation below).
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on his impact in Vienna, see Stadler et al. (1988), and Blackmore et al. (2001).
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Ernst Mach's Graz (1864â1867), where much science and philosophy were developed
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In 1873, independently of each other, Mach and the physiologist and physician
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to Mach: "When the subway jerks, it's the fixed stars that throw you down."
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Most of Mach's initial studies in experimental physics concentrated on the
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2657:"Mach and Einstein, or Clearing Troubled Waters in the History of Science"
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1920:
1235:
Analyse der Empfindungen und das VerhÀltnis des Physischen zum Psychischen
1047:
itself is the simplest and most economical abstract expression of facts."
3143:
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840:
469:
27:
Austrian/Czech physicist, philosopher and university educator (1838â1916)
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Ernst Mach bibliography of all of his papers and books from 1860 to 1916
2729:
Ernst Mach's Vienna 1895â1930: Or Phenomenalism as Philosophy of Science
2640:
Science and revolution. Reception of empiriocriticism in Russian culture
1822:"Newton's Principia. The mathematical principles of natural philosophy,"
516:), where he studied for three years. In 1855 he became a student at the
2780:
The First Moderns. Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought
2647:
2564:
Riegler, Alexander (2011). "Constructivism". In Luciano L'Abate (ed.).
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In the area of sensory perception, psychologists remember Mach for the
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Any phenomena that seem attributable to absolute space and time (e.g.,
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Spinning chair devised by Mach to investigate the experience of motion
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and to the absurd conclusion that nature did not exist before humans:
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2299:"Sketches of Otohistory - Part 8:The Emergence of Vestibular Science"
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after he had turned down the position of a chair in surgery at the
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against Paul Feyerabend's efforts to decouple these three strands.
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not sufficiently "economical". Mach had a direct influence on the
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2659:. In Lehner, Christoph; Renn, JĂŒrgen; Schemmel, Matthias (eds.).
2546:
Mach bands: quantitative studies on neural networks in the retina
2504:
The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe
1360:"Space and Geometry from the Point of View of Physical Inquiry".
1266:
Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt
2681:
A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein
1066:, being described as a "major precursor of logical positivism".
427:
61:
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3001:
2865:
Wissenschaftliche Kommunikation â Die Korrespondenz Ernst Machs
2476:
Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein
1742:
The Austrian Mind An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938
1391:
History and Root of the Principle of the Conservation of Energy
742:. They deduced and experimentally confirmed the existence of a
646:, "I don't believe that atoms exist!" From about 1908 to 1911,
2746:
John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka (eds.):
1155:
position, which paralleled Mach's in the field of psychology.
1015:. Einstein cited it as one of the three principles underlying
2997:
2856:
Ernst Mach and the development of Physics â Conference Papers
1309:
Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl.
325:
2203:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1281:
Erkenntnis und Irrtum: Skizzen zur Psychologie der Forschung
1011:
The last is singled out, particularly by Einstein, as "the"
694:
and left money in his will to the Social Democrat newspaper
2726:
Blackmore, J.T.; Itagaki, R.; Tanaka, Satoru, eds. (2001).
839:"Machism" redirects here. For exaggerated masculinity, see
572:, where he stayed for 28 years before returning to Vienna.
328:
2709:
Ernst Mach's World Elements. A Study in Natural Philosophy
1340:
Williams, C.W., ed. (1897). "The Analysis of Sensations".
929:". His main criticisms were that Mach's philosophy led to
556:
In 1864, he took a job as professor of mathematics at the
2722:. Vienna: BraumĂŒller, 1985 (with select correspondence).
1895:
The Trinity of Mass and Newton's Way: From the Principia
1769:
The Austro-Marxists 1890â1918 A Psychobiographical Study
2760:
John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka:
2753:
John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka:
1346:(1st ed.). Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.
603:
One of the best-known of Mach's ideas is the so-called
352:; 18 February 1838 â 19 February 1916) was an Austrian
1851:"Ăbersichtliche Kritik der Newton'schen Aufstellungen"
686:
In 1901, Mach accepted an appointment to the Austrian
943:
Chapter 1.1, "Sensations And Complexes Of Sensations"
337:
2883:, compiled by Vienna lecturer Dr. Peter Mahr in 2016
2642:] (in Croatian). Moscow: Akademicheskii Proekt.
2348:
Heinzmann, Gerhard; Stump, David (10 October 2017),
468:, but his theory and life was sometimes compared to
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3182:
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2368:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
2259:
Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science
1203:, the unit for speed relative to the speed of sound
925:, in which he criticized Machism and the views of "
600:of the inner ear that helps control human balance.
476:called Mach the "Buddha of Science" because of his
356:and philosopher, who contributed to the physics of
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2769:Ernst Mach's Prague 1867â1895 as a human adventure
2543:
2196:
536:the following year. His early work focused on the
2787:Haller, Rudolf; Stadler, Friedrich, eds. (1988).
1416:Fundamentals of the Theory of Movement Perception
959:philosophy established by the German philosopher
734:fluid mechanics. Mach and physicist-photographer
2847:Philosophy of science. The historical background
1664:"Contributions of Ernst Mach to Fluid Mechanics"
442:, acted as tutor to the noble Brethon family in
360:. The ratio of the speed of a flow or object to
2987:"The critical positivism of Mach and Avenarius"
2964:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
2661:Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics
2148:The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics
1857:(in German), Vienna: Springer, pp. 42â47,
1826:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
1233:(Later editions were published under the title
935:
900:
875:
622:) of a bow shockwave around a supersonic bullet
384:'s theories of space and time, he foreshadowed
3524:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
2240:The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy
2064:
1786:. University of California Press. p. 223.
1147:Mach's views on mediating structures inspired
3013:
2791:(in German). Vienna: Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky.
2276:Cohen, Robert S.; Seeger, Raymond J. (1975).
1744:. University of California Press. p. 70.
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1523:
1521:
1284:(in German). Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.
1258:(in German). Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.
8:
3903:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3209:
2455:The Historical Development of Quantum Theory
2297:Hawkins, J.E.; Schacht, J. (12 April 2005).
1855:Ernst Mach: Wegbereiter der Modernen Physik
1796:
1616:
4001:Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
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3020:
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2836:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2100:
1552:The preface of the posthumously published
1343:Contributions to the Analysis of Sensation
907:Mach's positivism influenced many Russian
42:
31:
3427:Relationship between religion and science
2750:. Kanagawa: Tokai University Press, 2006.
2711:. Dordrecht: Kluwer (now Springer), 2013.
2199:Ernst Mach. His Life, Work, and Influence
2172:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 183â199.
1849:Mach, Ernst (1964), Heller, K. D. (ed.),
1754:
1640:
1592:
1529:The Economical Nature of Physical Inquiry
1512:
1499:
1495:
1355:Revised & enlarged 3rd edition (1898)
2858:, Prague: Universitas Carolina Pragensis
2805:Reader's Guide to the History of Science
2619:(illustrated ed.). Humanity Books.
1968:
1784:Ernst Mach His Life, Work, and Influence
1727:
1715:
224:Ăber elektrische Ladungen und Induktion
3748:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
2822:Hoffmann, D.; Laitko, H., eds. (1991).
2088:
2076:
2016:
1980:
1892:van der Toorn, R. (18 September 2024).
1604:
1573:
1557:
1540:
1487:
618:Ernst Mach's historic 1887 photograph (
530:Ăber elektrische Ladungen und Induktion
4046:People from the Margraviate of Moravia
3103:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2829:
2771:, Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2010.
2764:. Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2010.
2757:. Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2009.
2112:
1944:
434:). His father, who had graduated from
159:
2854:Prosser, V.; Folta, J., eds. (1991),
2557:Ernst Mach, Physicist and Philosopher
2279:Ernst Mach: Physicist and Philosopher
2234:Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2008).
1956:
1921:"On Metaphysics and Method in Newton"
1898:. UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1844:
1842:
1808:
1628:
1511:On Mach's historiography, cf., e.g.,
1228:BeitrÀge zur Analyse der Empfindungen
347:
7:
4016:Academic staff of Charles University
2004:
1992:
1580:
1527:Selections are taken from his essay
800:pleonastic, tautological and profuse
2952:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2528:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2355:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1688:10.1146/annurev.fl.15.010183.000245
1289:Mach's principal works in English:
3976:20th-century Austrian philosophers
3971:20th-century Austrian male writers
3961:19th-century Austrian philosophers
3380:Nomotheticâidiographic distinction
2824:Ernst Mach â Studien und Dokumente
1231:(in German). Jena: Gustav Fischer.
1069:Mach's work was a "forerunner" of
25:
3708:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
3692:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
3548:The Course in Positive Philosophy
2962:in the Virtual Laboratory of the
2663:. Boston: Springer â BirkhĂ€user.
1163:In homage his name was given to:
1058:wrote that, when he attended the
1035:, gave a nod to Mach as an ally.
922:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
802:''. In particular about Newton's
314:Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach
55:Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach
3981:19th-century Austrian physicists
2960:Short biography and bibliography
2930:
2567:Paradigms in Theory Construction
2151:. USA: Oxford University Press.
1668:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
1410:Principles of the Theory of Heat
1398:The Principles of Physical Optic
588:phenomena, his discovery of the
318:
279:
118:(PhD, 1860; Dr. phil. hab, 1861)
3966:19th-century Czech philosophers
3700:History and Class Consciousness
2817:– via Taylor and Francis.
2593:Scott, Jeff (9 November 2003).
1771:. University Press of Kentucky.
1662:Reichenbach, H (January 1983).
1023:Phenomenological constructivism
963:and further developed by Mach,
951:is the term for the rigorously
822:however revealed that Newton's
3564:Critical History of Philosophy
2992:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2845:Kockelmans, Joseph J. (1968).
2803:. In Hessenbruch, Arne (ed.).
2782:. University of Chicago Press.
2755:Ernst Mach's Influence Spreads
2570:. Springer. pp. 235â255.
889:abstract expression of facts.
372:, he was a major influence on
1:
3956:19th-century Austrian writers
3772:Knowledge and Human Interests
3108:Rankean historical positivism
2982:Mathematics Genealogy Project
2869:(with select correspondence).
2867:(in German), Kastellaun: Hain
2789:Ernst Mach â Werk und Wirkung
2452:; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001).
1740:Johnston, William M. (2023).
1554:Principles of Physical Optics
1188:, seen in supersonic exhausts
480:approach to the "Ego" in his
3890:
3556:A General View of Positivism
2914:Works by or about Ernst Mach
2595:"Ernst Mach and Mach Number"
2576:10.1007/978-1-4614-0914-4_13
2522:Pojman, Paul (21 May 2008).
2388:10.1016/0039-3681(85)90019-6
989:It should completely eschew
919:wrote a philosophical work,
652:1905 work on Brownian motion
570:Charles-Ferdinand University
436:Charles-Ferdinand University
207:Charles-Ferdinand University
3756:Conjectures and Refutations
3588:The Logic of Modern Physics
3405:Deductive-nomological model
2929:(public domain audiobooks)
2889:, compiled by Greg C Elvers
2849:. New York: The Free Press.
2195:Blackmore, John T. (1972).
2178:10.1007/978-94-011-2771-4_9
1863:10.1007/978-3-7091-8112-6_8
1782:Blackmore, John T. (2023).
1498:, Blackmore (ed.) 1992 and
1460:MachâZehnder interferometer
1351:Popular Scientific Lectures
1244:Optisch-akustische Versuche
775:. Mach also contributed to
640:Imperial Academy of Science
380:. Through his criticism of
306:, who was also a physicist.
300:MachâZehnder interferometer
260:Other notable students
4077:
3716:The Poverty of Historicism
3612:The Universe in a Nutshell
3596:Language, Truth, and Logic
3580:The Analysis of Sensations
2971:The Analysis of Sensations
2720:Ernst Mach als AuĂenseiter
2169:Ernst Mach â A Deeper Look
2065:Hawkins & Schacht 2005
1315:(Abt. II): 764â780. 1887.
1247:(in German). Praha: Calve.
838:
405:Mach was born in Chrlice (
3924:
3796:The Rhetoric of Economics
3482:
3477:Positivist-related debate
3471:
3035:
2613:Sonnert, Gerhard (2005).
2421:10.1080/00033798800200121
2403:Hentschel, Klaus (1988).
2362:Hentschel, Klaus (1985).
2306:Audiology and Neurotology
2242:. John Wiley & Sons.
2236:"Mach, Ernst (1838-1916)"
1255:Principien der WĂ€rmelehre
816:A 2024 study of Newton's
786:
526:Andreas von Ettingshausen
292:
278:
269:
240:Andreas von Ettingshausen
181:
41:
3732:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
3449:Structural functionalism
3375:Naturalism in literature
2898:Neue Deutsche Biographie
2887:Various Ernst Mach links
2863:Thiele, Joachim (1978),
2678:Yourgrau, Palle (2005).
2655:Wolters, Gereon (2012).
2634:Steila, Daniela (2013).
1925:philsci-archive.pitt.edu
1718:, p. 65, Chapter 3.
1329:10.1002/andp.18872681008
1296:The Science of Mechanics
881:) has set itself is the
779:the hypothesis known as
294:He was the godfather of
4051:Philosophers of science
4026:Experimental physicists
3859:Willard Van Orman Quine
3572:Idealism and Positivism
3164:Critique of metaphysics
3098:Sociological positivism
2900:15 (1987), pp. 605â609.
2732:. Dordrecht: Springer.
2542:Ratliff, Floyd (1965).
2479:. Oxford: OUP. p.
2282:. Dordrecht: Springer.
2261:. Authors Cooperative.
1797:Mach & Salcher 1887
1617:Cohen & Seeger 1975
1374:10.5840/monist190314139
991:absolute space and time
302:is named after his son
3904:
3873:Concepts in contention
3514:
3504:
3494:
3385:Objectivity in science
3283:Non-Euclidean geometry
3249:Methodological dualism
3210:
2473:Pais, Abraham (2005).
2257:Chiesa, Mecca (1994).
2101:Sugden & Mach 1903
1919:Stein, Howard (2014).
1767:Blum, Mark E. (2021).
1465:Stereokinetic stimulus
1269:(in German). Leipzig:
1220:
1118:
1043:
946:
905:
899:
859:
814:
787:Criticism on Newton's
666:
623:
562:University of Salzburg
513:
492:
482:Analysis of Sensations
457:
415:
370:philosopher of science
176:Stereokinetic stimulus
4036:Historians of science
3986:Historians of physics
3780:The Poverty of Theory
3400:Philosophy of science
3289:Uncertainty principle
2807:. London: Routledge.
1215:
1182:, an optical illusion
1116:
1041:
1033:Ernst von Glasersfeld
870:philosophy of science
849:
835:Philosophy of science
824:Definitiones V - VIII
808:
804:Definitiones V - VIII
664:
617:
598:non-acoustic function
578:schlieren photography
552:Professional research
490:
4061:Scientists from Brno
3996:Atheist philosophers
3788:The Scientific Image
3459:Structuration theory
3422:Qualitative research
3323:Criticism of science
3318:Critical rationalism
3254:Problem of induction
2826:(in German). Berlin.
2748:Ernst Mach's Science
2616:Einstein and Culture
1969:Bunnin & Yu 2008
1278:Mach, Ernst (1905).
1263:Mach, Ernst (1901).
1252:Mach, Ernst (1900).
1241:Mach, Ernst (1873).
1225:Mach, Ernst (1886).
1060:University of Vienna
854:(City Hall Park) in
850:Bust of Mach in the
582:Jamin interferometer
518:University of Vienna
390:theory of relativity
368:in his honour. As a
212:University of Vienna
115:University of Vienna
4006:Austrian socialists
3764:One-Dimensional Man
3212:Geisteswissenschaft
3195:Confirmation holism
2923:Works by Ernst Mach
2905:Works by Ernst Mach
2895:: Mach, Ernst, in:
2767:John T. Blackmore:
2714:John Blackmore and
2380:1985SHPSA..16..387H
2019:, pp. 235â255.
1799:, pp. 764â780.
1680:1983AnRFM..15....1R
1631:, pp. 183â199.
1404:Knowledge and Error
1321:1887AnP...268..277M
1095:semicircular canals
1085:discovered how the
877:The goal which it (
520:, where he studied
378:American pragmatism
349:[ÉÊnstËmax]
264:Andrija MohoroviÄiÄ
4041:Optical physicists
4011:Ballistics experts
3839:Hans-Georg Gadamer
3640:Alexander Bogdanov
3516:Positivismusstreit
3311:Post-behavioralism
3275:history of science
3127:Principal concepts
3083:Logical positivism
1560:, pp. 39â57)
1386:with S.J.B. Sugden
1221:
1194:, the car used by
1119:
1071:Gestalt psychology
1044:
1017:general relativity
977:logical positivism
913:Alexander Bogdanov
860:
667:
665:Ernst Mach in 1905
624:
558:University of Graz
493:
374:logical positivism
203:University of Graz
4031:Fluid dynamicists
3991:Austrian atheists
3933:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3814:Theodor W. Adorno
3630:Richard Avenarius
3506:Werturteilsstreit
3467:
3466:
3415:Sense-data theory
3113:Polish positivism
3088:Positivist school
2909:Project Gutenberg
2814:978-1-134-26301-1
2776:Everdell, William
2739:978-0-7923-7122-9
2691:978-0-7139-9387-5
2670:978-0-8176-4940-1
2626:978-1-59102-316-6
2585:978-1-4614-0914-4
2514:978-1-4464-1820-8
2490:978-0-19-280672-7
2465:978-0-387-95180-5
2409:Annals of Science
2318:10.1159/000085076
2268:978-0-9623311-4-5
2249:978-0-470-99721-5
2187:978-0-7923-1853-8
2158:978-0-19-514592-2
1905:978-1-0364-1148-0
1872:978-3-7091-8112-6
1368:(1): 1â32. 1903.
1005:centrifugal force
975:philosophers and
961:Richard Avenarius
949:Empirio-criticism
863:Empirio-criticism
630:recognizing only
311:
310:
246:Doctoral students
183:Scientific career
160:Empirio-criticism
16:(Redirected from
4068:
3909:
3895:
3819:Gaston Bachelard
3740:Truth and Method
3724:World Hypotheses
3604:The Two Cultures
3519:
3509:
3499:
3484:
3473:
3215:
3169:Unity of science
3078:Legal positivism
3037:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2999:
2956:
2947:Zalta, Edward N.
2934:
2933:
2918:Internet Archive
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2827:
2818:
2797:Hentschel, Klaus
2792:
2783:
2743:
2695:
2674:
2651:
2630:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2599:Aerospaceweb.org
2589:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2518:
2507:. Random House.
2494:
2469:
2445:
2432:
2399:
2358:
2350:"Henri Poincaré"
2344:
2343:on 21 July 2011.
2342:
2336:. Archived from
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1259:
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1232:
1176:, a lunar crater
1123:optical illusion
1087:sense of balance
1013:Mach's principle
944:
927:Russian Machists
879:physical science
781:Mach's principle
696:Arbeiter-Zeitung
636:Ludwig Boltzmann
528:with the thesis
508:
474:Heinrich Gomperz
452:
410:
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250:Heinrich Gomperz
235:Doctoral advisor
229:
147:Mach's principle
83:
80:19 February 1916
58:18 February 1838
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18:Empiriocriticism
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3834:Paul Feyerabend
3829:Wilhelm Dilthey
3802:
3679:
3618:
3535:
3478:
3463:
3410:Ramsey sentence
3365:Instrumentalism
3294:
3272:
3270:paradigm shifts
3263:
3200:Critical theory
3178:
3174:Verificationism
3122:
3118:Russian Machism
3066:
3031:
3026:
2989:: entry in the
2937:
2931:
2893:Klaus Hentschel
2877:
2872:
2862:
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2844:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2795:
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2716:Klaus Hentschel
2707:Erik C. Banks:
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2701:Further reading
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1271:F. A. Brockhaus
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1111:
1103:Friedrich Goltz
1079:
1056:Friedrich Hayek
1053:
1025:
995:relative motion
965:Joseph Petzoldt
945:
942:
887:most economical
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424:Austrian Empire
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3299:Related topics
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2875:External links
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2684:. Allen Lane.
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2374:(4): 387â394.
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2081:
2069:
2057:
2048:
2030:
2021:
2009:
2007:, p. 283.
1997:
1985:
1973:
1971:, p. 405.
1961:
1949:
1937:
1911:
1904:
1884:
1871:
1838:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1757:, p. 186.
1755:Blackmore 1972
1747:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1645:
1641:Blackmore 1972
1633:
1621:
1609:
1607:, p. 221.
1597:
1593:Blackmore 1972
1585:
1583:, p. 227.
1572:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1545:
1533:
1517:
1513:Hentschel 1988
1504:
1500:Hentschel 1985
1496:Blackmore 1972
1486:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1357:
1348:
1337:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1260:
1249:
1238:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1136:(specifically
1110:
1107:
1078:
1075:
1052:
1049:
1029:constructivism
1024:
1021:
1009:
1008:
997:
987:
955:and radically
940:
864:
861:
836:
833:
791:
785:
763:is called the
760:
753:
748:speed of sound
711:
708:
706:
703:
688:House of Lords
683:
680:
605:Mach principle
590:oblique effect
566:psycho-physics
553:
550:
538:Doppler effect
432:Czech Republic
402:
399:
397:
394:
309:
308:
296:Wolfgang Pauli
293:
290:
289:
285:
284:
276:
275:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
247:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
221:
215:
214:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
179:
178:
164:Oblique effect
124:
123:Known for
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
86:
84:(aged 78)
78:
74:
73:
60:
54:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4073:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3928:
3923:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:György Lukåcs
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3675:Vienna Circle
3673:
3671:
3670:Berlin Circle
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Eugen DĂŒhring
3648:
3646:
3645:Auguste Comte
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:Contributions
3538:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Structuralism
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Phenomenalism
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:Behavioralism
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Human science
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Pseudoscience
3157:
3155:
3154:Justification
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2550:. Holden-Day.
2548:
2547:
2540:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2289:90-277-0016-8
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2210:9780520018495
2206:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:Yourgrau 2005
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:Anderson 1998
1712:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:Mach (kernel)
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1335:Peter Slacher
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:(in German).
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:Mach diamonds
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:, an asteroid
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:B. F. Skinner
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:physiological
1130:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:Vienna Circle
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
993:in favour of
992:
988:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
974:
973:Vienna Circle
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
910:
904:
898:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
874:
871:
862:
857:
853:
848:
842:
834:
832:
830:
825:
821:
820:
813:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
773:hydrodynamics
770:
766:
759:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Peter Salcher
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:Contributions
709:
704:
702:
699:
697:
693:
689:
681:
679:
677:
673:
663:
659:
657:
656:atomic theory
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:phenomenalism
621:
616:
612:
610:
609:Philipp Frank
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
489:
485:
483:
479:
478:phenomenalist
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
400:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:is named the
363:
362:that of sound
359:
355:
350:
342:
341:
333:
315:
305:
301:
297:
291:
286:
282:
277:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
225:
222:
220:
216:
213:
208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
168:Relationalism
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:Criticism of
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:Mach diamonds
128:
125:
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:German Empire
93:
89:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3664:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3530:Science wars
3328:Epistemology
3259:Reflectivism
3219:Hermeneutics
3102:
3071:Declinations
3047:Antihumanism
3040:Perspectives
2990:
2970:
2969:Ernst Mach:
2950:
2943:"Ernst Mach"
2939:Pojman, Paul
2897:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2823:
2804:
2801:"Ernst Mach"
2788:
2779:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2728:
2719:
2708:
2680:
2660:
2639:
2635:
2615:
2602:. Retrieved
2598:
2566:
2556:
2545:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:
2524:"Ernst Mach"
2503:
2474:
2458:. Springer.
2454:
2441:
2415:(1): 73â91.
2412:
2408:
2371:
2367:
2353:
2338:the original
2309:
2305:
2278:
2258:
2239:
2198:
2168:
2147:
2134:
2131:Anderson, J.
2108:
2096:
2089:Ratliff 1965
2084:
2077:Ratliff 1975
2072:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2039:"Ernst Mach"
2033:
2024:
2017:Riegler 2011
2012:
2000:
1988:
1981:Penrose 2016
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1914:
1894:
1887:
1876:, retrieved
1854:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1671:
1667:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1605:Sonnert 2005
1600:
1588:
1576:
1558:Wolters 2012
1553:
1548:
1541:Barbour 2001
1536:
1528:
1507:
1490:
1470:Visual space
1430:Energeticism
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1342:
1312:
1308:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1265:
1254:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1217:La mécanique
1216:
1208:Bibliography
1162:
1151:'s strongly
1146:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1120:
1083:Josef Breuer
1080:
1068:
1054:
1045:
1026:
1010:
981:
979:in general.
969:
948:
947:
936:
920:
906:
901:
895:
891:
886:
882:
876:
866:
828:
823:
818:
817:
815:
810:
809:
803:
799:
795:
793:
788:
769:aerodynamics
757:
750:
724:polarization
716:interference
713:
700:
692:Viktor Adler
685:
672:Vaterstetten
668:
625:
602:
574:
555:
534:habilitation
529:
494:
481:
404:
382:Isaac Newton
313:
312:
223:
199:Institutions
182:
88:Vaterstetten
82:(1916-02-19)
29:
4056:Positivists
4021:Empiricists
3951:1916 deaths
3946:1838 births
3885:Objectivity
3854:Karl Popper
3844:Thomas Kuhn
3824:Mario Bunge
3575:(1879â1884)
3510:(1909â1959)
3244:Metaphysics
3224:Historicism
3139:Demarcation
3134:Consilience
3057:Rationalism
2648:2318/141997
2437:Lenin, V.I.
2113:Chiesa 1994
1945:Steila 2013
1701:23 February
1674:(1): 1â29.
1201:Mach number
1196:Speed Racer
1142:geometrical
915:. In 1908,
852:Rathauspark
806:Mach wrote:
765:Mach number
720:diffraction
620:shadowgraph
366:Mach number
358:shock waves
304:Ludwig Mach
172:Shock waves
135:Mach number
103:Citizenship
3940:Categories
3665:Ernst Mach
3660:Ernst Laas
3635:A. J. Ayer
3623:Proponents
3442:Philosophy
3239:Humanities
3183:Antitheses
3052:Empiricism
3029:Positivism
2978:Ernst Mach
2604:24 October
1957:Lenin 1909
1809:Scott 2003
1629:Baatz 1992
1477:References
1440:Mach bands
1180:Mach bands
1127:Mach bands
1109:Psychology
1077:Physiology
957:empiricist
953:positivist
911:, such as
744:shock wave
740:projectile
732:supersonic
728:refraction
648:Max Planck
632:sensations
594:Mach bands
532:, and his
401:Early life
36:Ernst Mach
3906:Verstehen
3892:Phronesis
3880:Knowledge
3864:Max Weber
3684:Criticism
3432:Sociology
3370:Modernism
3348:pluralism
3333:anarchism
3229:Historism
3149:Induction
3062:Scientism
2832:cite book
2533:19 August
2429:0003-3790
2396:0039-3681
2005:Pais 2005
1993:Mach 1919
1930:2 October
1878:2 October
1831:2 October
1696:0066-4189
1581:Mach 1919
1568:Citations
1445:Mach disk
1382:0026-9662
1192:Mach Five
1168:3949 Mach
1153:inductive
1099:inner ear
1051:Influence
931:solipsism
858:, Austria
829:Principia
819:Principia
796:Principia
789:Principia
777:cosmology
546:acoustics
506:âčSee Tfdâș
497:gymnasium
462:socialist
450:âčSee Tfdâș
430:, in the
426:(part of
408:âčSee Tfdâș
396:Biography
354:physicist
274:Signature
193:Physicist
143:Mach wave
127:Mach band
111:Education
3927:Category
3343:nihilism
3338:idealism
3268:Related
3144:Evidence
2927:LibriVox
2799:(2013).
2778:(1997).
2718:(eds.):
2501:(2016).
2439:(1909),
2334:30875633
2326:15832015
2227:4466579M
2145:(2001).
1423:See also
1400:s (1926)
1353:(1895);
1144:spaces.
941:â
909:Marxists
897:omitted.
883:simplest
841:Machismo
682:Politics
514:Kremsier
501:KromÄĆĂĆŸ
470:Buddhism
416:Chirlitz
209:(Prague)
106:Austrian
3807:Critics
3532:(1990s)
3526:(1980s)
3520:(1960s)
3500:(1890s)
3353:realism
3285:(1830s)
3273:in the
2980:at the
2949:(ed.).
2916:at the
2376:Bibcode
2123:Sources
1676:Bibcode
1317:Bibcode
1159:Eponyms
1125:called
1097:of the
1093:in the
1091:a fluid
1001:inertia
798:were ``
705:Physics
674:, near
638:at the
592:and of
586:gestalt
522:physics
466:atheist
464:and an
420:Moravia
345:German:
92:Bavaria
66:Moravia
3799:(1986)
3791:(1980)
3783:(1978)
3775:(1968)
3767:(1964)
3759:(1963)
3751:(1962)
3743:(1960)
3735:(1951)
3727:(1942)
3719:(1936)
3711:(1934)
3703:(1923)
3695:(1909)
3615:(2001)
3607:(1959)
3599:(1936)
3591:(1927)
3583:(1886)
3567:(1869)
3559:(1848)
3551:(1830)
3487:Method
3360:Holism
3291:(1927)
2973:(1897)
2811:
2736:
2688:
2667:
2623:
2582:
2511:
2487:
2462:
2427:
2394:
2332:
2324:
2286:
2265:
2246:
2225:
2219:534406
2217:
2207:
2184:
2155:
2137:, NASA
1902:
1869:
1694:
1418:(2001)
1412:(1986)
1406:(1976)
1394:(1911)
1380:
1362:Monist
1219:, 1904
1140:) and
1138:visual
856:Vienna
676:Munich
644:Vienna
542:optics
510:German
454:German
440:Prague
412:German
298:. The
228:(1860)
226:
219:Thesis
189:Fields
152:Newton
3899:Truth
2945:. In
2638:[
2341:(PDF)
2330:S2CID
2302:(PDF)
1482:Notes
1333:with
917:Lenin
458:Turas
339:MAHKH
288:Notes
2838:link
2809:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2606:2015
2580:ISBN
2535:2019
2509:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2425:ISSN
2392:ISSN
2322:PMID
2284:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2215:OCLC
2205:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2153:ISBN
1932:2024
1900:ISBN
1880:2024
1867:ISBN
1833:2024
1703:2023
1692:ISSN
1378:ISSN
1174:Mach
1003:and
885:and
771:and
726:and
544:and
444:ZlĂn
428:Brno
376:and
77:Died
62:Brno
51:Born
2925:at
2907:at
2644:hdl
2572:doi
2481:283
2417:doi
2384:doi
2314:doi
2174:doi
1859:doi
1684:doi
1370:doi
1325:doi
642:in
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499:in
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