531:
when deciding if a claimant is fit for work, the number of decisions that were being overturned on appeal, that assessors were pressured to find claimants fit for work when they did not feel they were, that ESA is being used to conceal unemployment levels, that some people were too sick or disabled to work but could not claim because they had not paid enough
National Insurance contributions but their household income was too high, the decision to limit contribution-based ESA claimants who were placed in the WRAG to claiming for one year, that ESA failed to make predicted savings, the cost of outsourcing the contract for conducting the WCA, the cuts made to the amount people on ESA received, difficulties with appealing a decision on eligibility, that claimants were not incentivised to work, that claimants struggled with the application process, the use of sanctions for people in the WRAG who may be too unwell to participate in their work-related activities, that the government had unrealistic expectations for disabled people to find work, that some claimants did not receive enough money to cover their living costs, and that ESA WCAs and claims ending were associated with claimant deaths. A United Nations report has been written, which is highly critical of Employment Support Allowance.
228:
The WRAG is for claimants who are currently unfit for work but expected to find work in the future. Claimants in the WRAG are required to participate in work-related activity or else they well be sanctioned; where their benefit payments are temporarily stopped. People who are claiming contribution-based ESA and placed in the WRAG are only allowed to claim for one year. WRAG claimants must attend a work-focused interview with a personal advisor, where they discuss how the claimant could find suitable work, and take part in activities to improve their chances of finding work. Some types of activity claimants may participate in include:
303:
points: the more severe their disability, the more points they will score. Points are scored by having physical impairments, mental ones or a mixture of the two (if they are likely to significantly affect the claimant's ability to work). In order to be entitled to ESA, a person will need to score at least 15 points in total. Other factors, such as some aspects of pregnancy, are also considered by the assessor, who will be a nurse, doctor, occupational therapist or physiotherapist; these factors do not operate on a points system but might nevertheless qualify the claimant for ESA.
255:
questionnaire called an ESA50, where the claimant explains how their disability affects them. In rare circumstances, a full assessment is not required, such as when a doctor has officially certified the claimant as being likely to die within six months. The completed form must then be sent in the envelope provided to the Health
Assessment Advisory Service - the trading name of the assessment provider,
263:
assessment is actually necessary: some people with severe disabilities can be granted ESA based solely on the documents supplied, if that is clear from the paperwork. For this reason, Maximus encourages new claimants to send as much relevant information as possible and give a detailed description of their disability when filling in the claim form. The
Claimant is then asked to attend a
482:
403:, were introduced for new claims. The Welfare Secretary wrote that these and other planned changes would ensure that "only those who are genuinely incapable of work" would get full ESA - other sickness benefit recipients would have to comply with plans drawn up with the DWP's private partners to get them back to work. The
2465:
Tom
Pollard, policy and campaigns manager at Mind, said: "If people are not getting access to the support they need, the government should address levels of funding for mental health services rather than putting even more pressure on those supported by benefits and not currently well enough to work.
347:
announced plans to replace
Incapacity Benefit with two new benefits: "Disability and Sickness Allowance", for people deemed too ill to work; and "Rehabilitation Support Allowance", paid at the same rate as Jobseekers Allowance to less disabled people, who would be supported by the DWP back into work.
227:
After the Work
Capability Assessment, claimants are split into two groups: the Work-Related Activity Group (WRAG) and the Support Group. In February 2017, 66% of claimants were in the Support Group, 17% were in the WRAG, 13% were in the assessment phase and the phase for 3% of claimants were unknown.
180:
In April 2017, the work-related activity component was abolished for new claimants. The same applies to successful reclaims, if more than a certain time has elapsed since the last period of receipt of ESA (long-term successful claimants who had a WCA before April 2017 continue to receive it). People
37:) is a United Kingdom welfare payment for adults younger than the State Pension age who are having difficulty finding work because of their long-term medical condition or a disability. It is a basic income-replacement benefit paid in lieu of wages. It is currently being phased out and replaced with
530:
ESA has been criticised for numerous reasons, including claims that the WCA was poorly designed, that WCA and the criteria used to determine fitness for work did not offer a realistic perspective on a claimant's ability to work, that eligibility did not consider a claimant's personal circumstances
456:
report accused the DWP of haste over the transfer while failing to take legal advice or make basic checks. Evidence that people were underpaid was disregarded and warnings from its own policy advisors that it should delay and sort out the issues before proceeding were ignored. The report said the
311:
This is about whether a successful claimant of ESA is capable of taking part in interviews and pre-employment training, or whether their ability to do so is limited to a significant degree. As far as the way the WCA actually operates is concerned, this is about whether the claimant has one or more
423:
In early 2011, the
Incapacity Benefit reassessment programme got underway using a more stringent version of the WCA and the caseload's falling trend resumed - until the middle of 2013, when the caseload began to grow again after fresh guidance had to be issued on how to judge fitness for work. By
390:
In July 2008 a Green Paper was published. It declared that "between 2009 and 2013, all
Incapacity Benefit claimants will be reassessed using a medical assessment called the Work Capability Assessment" that would divide them into three groups: fit for work; unfit for work but fit for "work-related
363:
published a White Paper outlining the government's latest plans for welfare reform: the benefit that would replace
Incapacity Benefit would be called Employment and Support Allowance and its gateway assessment would be transformed. Over 10 years, Hutton expected the number of people on Incapacity
355:
was awarded the contract to work with the DWP to build the software programme that would be used in the assessment of claims for the allowance that would take the place of
Incapacity Benefit. The firm, which was already carrying out the DWP's existing disability assessments, would employ hundreds
302:
At their WCA, an ESA claimant must be found to have limited capability for work in order to qualify at all. The testing process gauges the claimant's ability to perform up to 17 activities; these activities are set out on the ESA claim form. For each activity, a claimant can score 15, 9, 6 or 0
262:
Once a person has submitted a claim for ESA, they will normally be paid assessment rate for 13 weeks. The ESA50 form, together with any other information sent with it by the claimant, will be read by a qualified healthcare professional, who will then decide on whether a face-to-face medical
254:
Someone wanting to claim ESA will need a medical certificate, i.e. a sick-note, signed by their GP to say that they are not fully fit for work. The new claimant must then contact the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), usually by phone, who will log their claim and usually post them a
281:
The assessment is often described as consisting of two separate assessments. In practice, if they have a face-to-face assessment, an individual claimant will experience only one assessment on the day (the decision-making is done afterwards). The two stages are:
245:
The support group is for claimants who are not considered fit for work and are unlikely to become fit for work in the near-future. Claimants in this group are paid the support component and are not required to participate in any work-related activity.
215:
of less than £16,000 to be eligible for income-based ESA. This includes any savings that the claimant or their spouse or partner may own. Income-related ESA is not time-limited and is not usually subject to Income Tax, but contribution-based ESA is.
100:(WCA) at - in theory - week 13, after which a successful claimant might receive an enhanced level of payment (depending on the level of disability and whether they enter the work-related activity group or the support group after their assessment).
289:
The "limited capability for work-related activity" assessment, which tells the DWP whether somebody who has passed the first stage of the test is able to take part in "work-related activity". It also influences the rate of ESA paid to the
3125:
451:
Roughly 70,000 claimants were paid between £5,000 and £20,000 too little from 2011 to 2016 because the DWP miscalculated their entitlement when they were moved from incapacity benefit on to employment and support allowance. A
461:
said the affair demonstrated "weakness at the highest levels" of the DWP. "Thousands of people have not received money essential for living costs because of government's blinkered and wholly inept handling of ESA" she said.
2265:
1648:
424:
2015, in the absence of the huge fall in recipients prophesied by the architects of ESA, and in spite of the broadly downward natural long-term trend, the total caseload was little different from when ESA was introduced.
439:, who was the secretary of state for the DWP, declared that there would be no new welfare policies, other than those set out in the Conservative Party manifesto of 2015, in that parliamentary term. In October 2016,
2664:
650:
676:
814:
2332:
184:
An enhanced disability premium of £16.80 a week may be paid to single people receiving the support component of income-related ESA; for a couple, the rate is £24.10 where one or both partners qualify.
1594:
3133:
2691:
731:
1296:
697:
3270:"The United Kingdom Government Response to the Report by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities under article 6 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention"
2392:
1368:
967:
2276:
340:
A Green Paper published in 1998 proposed partially means-testing Incapacity Benefit and making deductions from the benefit payments for people receiving an occupational pension.
2466:"Talking therapies can be effective, but it is often a combination of treatments which allow people to best manage their symptoms and engaging in therapy should be voluntary."
1559:
2419:
312:
severe disabilities, affecting the 17 areas which the ESA descriptors focus on. If a person is found to have a severe disability, they will be placed in the Support Group.
1576:
219:
Universal Credit is incorporating income-related ESA in stages. In the parts of the UK where it already has, contribution-based ESA has been rebadged as "new-style ESA".
2120:
1619:
1272:
1197:
1143:
1042:
646:
953:
3568:
2184:
379:
in 2007. It called for the greater use of private sector companies who would be paid by results, for substantial resources to be made available to help people on
672:
807:
2866:
902:
840:
2239:
1450:
1169:
545:
3043:
786:
3229:
2609:
453:
2906:
211:
and certain other conditions (although the amount paid as contributions-based ESA can also be affected by financial circumstances). A person must have
3573:
2583:
1409:
471:
2516:
2479:
2147:
2039:
1867:
1813:
1351:
1289:
2021:
2822:
457:
DWP's lack of urgency - it took six years to start to deal with the error - showed "a culture of indifference" to people being paid too little.
207:
they can claim contributory ESA. Income-related ESA is for people who have not paid enough National Insurance contributions and is subject to a
3578:
3069:
2365:
2212:
74:(which is paid out by a current employer) and it is not possible to receive ESA at the same time as the other main out-of-work benefits, i.e.
3307:
2529:
2492:
2160:
1880:
607:
3438:
3203:
2302:
1334:
1111:
873:
555:
360:
761:
3316:
2796:
1705:
2065:
625:
1463:
517:
2639:"House of Commons - The role of incapacity benefit reassessment in helping claimants into employment - Work and Pensions Committee"
1904:"House of Commons - The role of incapacity benefit reassessment in helping claimants into employment - Work and Pensions Committee"
1758:
2995:"'First, do no harm': are disability assessments associated with adverse trends in mental health? A longitudinal ecological study"
3076:
2881:
1731:
404:
1840:
1028:
999:
935:
3505:
2920:
2093:
2965:"Department for Work and Pensions Response to Regulation 28 Prevention of Future Deaths Report on Michael Brenden O'Sullivan"
1675:
1081:
1321:
1265:
1225:
1190:
1136:
1049:
974:
499:
492:
3147:
2638:
2266:"An independent review into the impact on employment outcomes of drug or alcohol addiction, and obesity: call for evidence"
3417:
2848:
1386:
1251:
1595:"Decision Making and Mandatory Reconsideration A study by the Social Security Advisory Committee Occasional Paper No. 18"
949:
3537:
329:
1903:
3412:
1649:"Work and Pensions Committee Oral evidence: Employment and Support Allowance and Work Capability Assessments, HC 1212"
1785:
2964:
2665:"Almost 70% of disabled people say cuts to ESA will cause their health to suffer and half may return to work later"
1546:"House of Commons – Employment and Support Allowance and Work Capability Assessments – Work and Pensions Committee"
895:
540:
400:
276:
264:
97:
1424:
2744:
2243:
1545:
1161:
3300:
1515:
782:
3349:
2935:
286:
The "limited capability for work" assessment, which determines whether the claimant is entitled to ESA at all.
3443:
2717:
415:
published a report that recommended that most people on ESA should have to undertake work-related activity.
368:
was introduced to Parliament for consideration in July 2006. On 3 May 2007, the bill received royal assent.
365:
3099:
2771:"Disabled Kinver man killed himself after being left "almost destitute" when his state benefits were axed"
2692:"The DWP is cutting a disability benefit that already leaves a third of recipients unable to afford food"
96:
No money is paid for the first week. After that, the basic allowance is paid to the claimant until their
3542:
3370:
2333:"An Independent Review into the impact on employment outcomes of drug or alcohol addiction, and obesity"
1841:"Denise worked all her life. Then she got ill – and the state pulled away the safety net | Frances Ryan"
412:
1958:
1620:"Employment and Support Allowance: Work Capability Assessments, Mandatory Reconsiderations and Appeals"
3126:"The '10,600 people died within six weeks of being declared fit to work by Atos' stat is simply wrong"
3422:
3360:
3293:
3269:
387:
benefit payment to replace Housing Benefit, Jobseekers Allowance and all other working-age benefits.
75:
3255:
427:
Maximus took over the contract - worth £170million a year to the US firm - from Atos in March 2015.
3532:
3522:
3480:
1486:
3547:
3527:
3344:
2366:"Linking benefits to treatment is unethical, and probably illegal | Simon Wessely and Greg Smith"
1985:
603:
550:
380:
321:
204:
71:
2936:"Regulation 28: Prevention of Future Deaths report Michael Brendan O ' SULLIVAN (died 24.09.13)"
1104:
869:
88:, which is received by one million people nationally, can contain a component analogous to ESA.
757:
3024:
2525:
2488:
2156:
1876:
1459:
574:
2993:
Barr, B; Taylor-Robinson, D; Stuckler, D; Loopstra, R; Reeves, A; Whitehead, M (April 2016).
2303:"One in three people claiming sickness benefits have conditions which are fuelled by obesity"
294:
A DWP official makes the final decision on entitlement, based on all the available evidence.
187:
In some circumstances, an additional severe disability premium of £65.85 a week may be paid.
3464:
3448:
3387:
3014:
3006:
236:
85:
38:
17:
2867:"Government welfare advisor did not know about 2010 suicide 'triggered by work assessment'"
2518:
Research report Unsuccessful Employment and Support Allowance claims – qualitative research
2481:
Research report Unsuccessful Employment and Support Allowance claims – qualitative research
1869:
Research report Unsuccessful Employment and Support Allowance claims – qualitative research
621:
3485:
356:
more healthcare professionals to carry out the new test once it went live - in late 2008.
2770:
1706:"How Atos comes under pressure to declare disabled people as fit for work | David Gillon"
1105:"Talking Universal Credit: In conversation with Lord Freud, Minister for Welfare Reform"
673:"What is Employment and Support Allowance | Claiming benefits | Money matters"
375:, as an advisor on out-of-work benefit reform in December 2006. Freud wrote the report:
3392:
3355:
3285:
3019:
2994:
2328:
325:
79:
377:
Reducing dependency, increasing opportunity: options for the future of welfare to work
3562:
2361:
1020:
991:
927:
436:
3044:"Government's suicide prevention boss refuses to call for action on ESA risk stats"
1338:
440:
344:
256:
212:
42:
2882:"Heartbroken dad blames benefits axemen for driving his ill son to commit suicide"
2002:
1929:
1313:
1217:
1073:
870:"Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) | Health Assessment Advisory Service"
53:
An individual can put in a claim for ESA if they satisfy all of these conditions:
2584:"Too ill to get to the jobcentre? If you're disabled you may still be sanctioned"
2393:"Tories discuss stripping benefits claimants who refuse treatment for depression"
1487:"Outsource group seeks exit from UK £500m benefits contract after death threats"
458:
384:
372:
364:
Benefit to fall by one million, thereby saving £7 billion a year. The resulting
3230:"The Guardian view on welfare reform: death and the benefit system | Editorial"
2553:
1266:"Raising expectations and increasing support: reforming welfare for the future"
1247:
1218:"Work capability assessments: One million disability checks planned - BBC News"
1191:"Raising expectations and increasing support: reforming welfare for the future"
732:"About the ESA support group and work-related activity group - Citizens Advice"
841:"A guide to Employment and Support Allowance – The Work Capability Assessment"
208:
3010:
1676:"Investigating the real reason for the misery of ' fit for work 'assessments"
1943:
3028:
2745:"Benefit cuts blind man committed suicide after Atos ruled him fit to work"
2420:"Psychological Wellbeing and Work Improving Service Provision and Outcomes"
2149:
Unsuccessful Employment and Support Allowance claims – qualitative research
2716:
Bate, Alex; Keen, Richard; Kennedy, Steven; Murphy, Chris (7 March 2017).
2094:"Welfare cuts drive UK's poorest families deeper into poverty, says Oxfam"
3176:
2448:
1759:"Atos benefit claimants face biased medical assessments, doctor alleges"
1577:"Appeals against DWP 'fit to work' decisions more successful than ever"
901:. Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion: London School of Economics.
3204:"Thousands have died after being found fit for work, DWP figures show"
2418:
van Stolk, Christian; Hofman, Joanna; Hafner, Marco; Janta, Barbara.
2121:"Stuck in DWP limbo: 'Sometimes I think I would be better off dead'"
2040:"Maximus miss fitness-to-work test targets despite spiralling costs"
1410:"Improving welfare tests should not be beyond the wit of ministers"
154:
Work-related activity component (no longer paid to new claimants)*
2515:
Barnes, Helen; Oakley, Joy; Stevens, Helen; Sissons, Paul (2011).
2478:
Barnes, Helen; Oakley, Joy; Stevens, Helen; Sissons, Paul (2011).
2146:
Barnes, Helen; Oakley, Joy; Stevens, Helen; Sissons, Paul (2011).
1866:
Barnes, Helen; Oakley, Joy; Stevens, Helen; Sissons, Paul (2011).
2907:"Parents of 'fit for work' suicide man back call for prosecution"
1793:. Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University. pp. 3, 6–9, 12–13
1516:"Not working CAB evidence on the ESA work capability assessment"
1137:"No one written off: reforming welfare to reward responsibility"
408:
352:
3289:
2554:"Bias in the Work Capability Assessment: a Human Rights issue?"
1814:"Sparkling employment figures mask real picture of UK economy"
475:
2275:. Department for Work and Pensions. July 2015. Archived from
1425:"Incapacity benefit tests face overhaul after damning report"
411:
to perform the WCA when it introduced ESA. In December 2008,
45:, although the contribution-based element remains available.
1965:. London: National Institute of Economic and Social Research
2429:. Department for Work and Pensions and Department of Health
3100:"Reporting on "fit for work" deaths isn't fit for purpose"
1335:
Disability claimants owed £340m after DWP blunder, say MPs
2849:"Vulnerable man starved to death after benefits were cut"
1784:
Beatty, Christina; Fothergill, Steve; Gore, Tony (2017).
241:
Learning how to manage their disability more effectively.
3148:"Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) Decision notice"
2921:"Documents show WCA suicide death mirrored 2010 tragedy"
2524:. Department for Work and Pensions. pp. 15–16, 38.
443:
announced a consultation exercise on reforming the WCA.
2213:"77,000 drink and drugs addicts on disability benefits"
1452:
An Independent Review of the Work Capability Assessment
3256:"Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities"
2718:"Abolition of the ESA Work-Related Activity Component"
2186:
Work for the Dole A proposal to fix welfare dependency
2022:"DWP Contracted-Out Health and Disability Assessments"
950:"DWP hires Atos Origin to provide medical assessments"
2301:
Donnelly, Laura; Swinford, Steven (5 December 2016).
2240:"FactCheck: how many benefits claimants are addicts?"
1930:"Welfare reforms not made expected savings, says OBR"
992:"UK Politics | Hutton unveils benefits shake-up"
2155:. Department for Work and Pensions. pp. 19–21.
177:* Only one of these components is payable per claim
3515:
3498:
3473:
3457:
3431:
3405:
3380:
3337:
3330:
3323:
1162:"The benefits of welfare reform outweigh the risks"
968:"A new deal for welfare: empowering people to work"
399:In October 2008, ESA and its eligibility test, the
2797:"Atos assessments: Widower claims system 'unfair'"
1963:National Institute of Economic and Social Research
1314:"Work capability assessment overhaul for disabled"
783:"Capability for work questionnaire - Publications"
707:. Department for Work and Pensions. 16 August 2017
698:"Quarterly Benefits Summary Data to February 2017"
195:ESA can be either contributory or income-related.
70:They will not be paid ESA if they are entitled to
3236:. Guardian News and Media Limited. 28 August 2015
2671:. Disability Benefits Consortium. 27 October 2015
1212:
1210:
3157:. Information Commissioner's Office. 8 June 2015
2487:. Department for Work and Pensions. p. 13.
1875:. Department for Work and Pensions. p. 37.
1629:. Department for Work and Pensions. 14 June 2018
1565:. Social Security Advisory Committee. July 2016.
348:No benefits with these names ever materialised.
181:receiving the support component are unaffected.
1944:"BBC Radio 4 – Analysis, Inside Welfare Reform"
1600:. Social Security Advisory Committee. July 2016
1560:"Decision Making and Mandatory Reconsideration"
896:"Thatcherism, New Labour and the Welfare State"
2823:"Woman Dies After Being Judged 'Fit For Work'"
2064:Aldridge, Hannah; MacInnes, Tom (April 2014).
328:paid because of an illness or disability; and
3301:
1986:"DWP Contract Management of Medical Services"
850:. Department for Work and Pensions. July 2016
223:Work-Related Activity Group and Support Group
143:Basic allowance (for those aged 25 and over)
63:They have not reached their State Pension age
8:
2999:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
1655:. London: The Stationery Office. 14 May 2014
1110:. Policy Research Unit, University of York.
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
726:
724:
722:
307:Limited capability for work-related activity
1493:. The Financial Times Ltd. 20 February 2014
973:. White Paper. January 2006. Archived from
546:Criticism of the Work Capability Assessment
3334:
3327:
3308:
3294:
3286:
3070:"Incapacity Benefit: Deaths of Recipients"
598:
596:
500:remove low-quality or irrelevant citations
132:Basic allowance (for those aged under 25)
3018:
2923:. Disability News Service. 4 August 2016.
2003:"MPs criticise disability benefits tests"
1959:"Welfare savings and incapacity benefits"
1732:"Disability benefit assessments 'unfair'"
1510:
1508:
1369:"Dr P Litchfield, evidence to parliament"
518:Learn how and when to remove this message
472:Criticism of Employment Support Allowance
2909:. Disability News Service. 28 July 2016.
1544:The Committee Office, House of Commons.
1387:"New Disability Test is a Complete Mess"
758:"Employment and Support Allowance (ESA)"
622:"Employment and Support Allowance (ESA)"
575:"Employment and Support Allowance (ESA)"
343:In February 2005, the Welfare Secretary
102:
2610:"Getting in, staying in and getting on"
566:
235:Learning how to write or improve their
66:They have a sick-note from their doctor
3177:"Benefit claimant death data released"
3098:Ashworth-Hayes, Sam (28 August 2015).
2238:Worrall, Patrick (30 September 2014).
2067:Multiple Cuts for the Poorest Families
1984:National Audit Office (October 2012).
1324:from the original on 25 December 2017.
3569:Social security in the United Kingdom
3132:. London. 9 July 2014. Archived from
1449:Harrington, Malcolm (November 2010).
1385:Amelia Gentleman (22 February 2011).
1084:from the original on 9 September 2015
1031:from the original on 23 October 2007.
956:from the original on 18 October 2016.
938:from the original on 2 December 2008.
908:from the original on 26 February 2015
320:ESA superseded three older benefits:
7:
3317:State benefits in the United Kingdom
2880:Craig McDonald (22 September 2013).
2242:. Blogs.channel4.com. Archived from
1423:Ramesh, Randeep (23 November 2010).
1246:Bristol University (December 2008).
556:Social Security Disability Insurance
2449:"Mental health work scheme piloted"
1787:The Real Level of Unemployment 2017
928:"Incapacity Benefit to be replaced"
808:"Capability for work questionnaire"
199:Contributory and Income-Related ESA
3202:Butler, Patrick (27 August 2015).
2743:Traynor, Luke (28 December 2013).
2619:. Department for Work and Pensions
1957:Portes, Jonathan (16 April 2015).
1812:Elliott, Larry (29 October 2017).
1021:"Blair will stand down on 27 June"
952:. Personnel Today. 18 March 2005.
872:. Chdauk.co.uk. 26 February 2015.
653:from the original on 12 March 2014
647:"Employment and Support Allowance"
25:
3210:. Guardian News and Media Limited
2777:. Newsquest Ltd. 26 December 2013
2372:. Guardian News and Media Limited
2342:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office
2100:. Guardian News and Media Limited
1839:Ryan, Frances (20 October 2016).
1820:. Guardian News and Media Limited
1704:Gillon, David (9 December 2013).
1458:. London: The Stationery Office.
1117:from the original on 4 March 2016
383:back into work, and for a single
3574:Disability in the United Kingdom
3366:Employment and Support Allowance
3258:. United Nations. November 2016.
3077:Department for Work and Pensions
2617:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
2582:Ryan, Frances (29 August 2017).
2427:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
2340:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
2119:Butler, Patrick (24 July 2014).
1627:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
1408:Geiger, Ben (20 February 2018).
1302:from the original on 2016-02-01.
1278:from the original on 2016-10-18.
1254:from the original on 2016-07-02.
1248:"Fair rules for welfare reforms"
1203:from the original on 2016-10-18.
1149:from the original on 2016-01-19.
848:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
820:from the original on 2015-11-12.
705:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
610:from the original on 2016-02-02.
480:
405:Department for Work and Pensions
60:They are over the age of sixteen
31:Employment and Support Allowance
3506:Education Maintenance Allowance
3042:Pring, John (8 February 2018).
2934:Hassell, ME (13 January 2014).
2722:researchbriefings.parliament.uk
2690:Stone, John (8 December 2015).
2399:. Telegraph Media Group Limited
2309:. Telegraph Media Group Limited
2219:. Telegraph Media Group Limited
1757:Ramesh, Randeep (16 May 2013).
1228:from the original on 2015-08-27
1172:from the original on 2015-07-23
1002:from the original on 2017-09-09
876:from the original on 2016-09-18
789:from the original on 2015-08-21
764:from the original on 2015-09-07
679:from the original on 2015-09-15
628:from the original on 2015-09-06
391:activity"; or fit for neither.
57:They live in the United Kingdom
27:British social security benefit
2669:Disability Benefits Consortium
2364:; Smith, Greg (29 July 2015).
2211:Kirkup, James (30 July 2012).
2127:. Guardian Media Group Limited
2092:Allen, Katie (21 April 2014).
2038:Rajeev Syal (8 January 2016).
1847:. Guardian Media Group Limited
1765:. Guardian Media Group Limited
1712:. Guardian Media Group Limited
1160:Editorial (23 November 2008).
203:If claimants have paid enough
1:
3579:Welfare in the United Kingdom
3418:Personal Independence Payment
2645:. Parliament.UK. 26 July 2011
1946:. bbc.co.uk. 2 November 2014.
1548:. Publications.parliament.uk.
493:excessive number of citations
336:Early Developments: 1998-2007
271:Assessing capability for work
3538:Severe Disablement Allowance
2869:. ITV News. 9 November 2015.
1290:"Quarterly Benefits Summary"
581:. Government Digital Service
330:Severe Disablement Allowance
232:Numeracy or literacy courses
18:Employment Support Allowance
3508:(abolished in England only)
3413:Disability Living Allowance
2855:. London. 28 February 2014.
1685:. Centre for Welfare Reform
298:Limited capability for work
3595:
2643:publications.parliament.uk
2391:Ross, Tim (12 July 2014).
2192:. The TaxPayer's Allowance
1908:publications.parliament.uk
894:John Hills (August 1998).
649:. Citizens Advice Bureau.
541:Work Capability Assessment
469:
401:Work Capability Assessment
277:Work Capability Assessment
274:
265:Work Capability Assessment
98:Work Capability Assessment
92:The scale of the allowance
3050:. Disability News Service
1683:Centre for Welfare Reform
1674:Franklin, Kaliya (2013).
1525:. Citizen's Advice Bureau
736:www.citizensadvice.org.uk
454:Public Accounts Committee
3011:10.1136/jech-2015-206209
2608:Sayce, Liz (June 2011).
1352:"Litchfield Review 2014"
3048:Disability News Service
2829:. Oath Inc. 28 May 2013
2552:Hume, Jonathan (2014).
2020:National Audit Office.
1932:. BBC. 13 October 2016.
1074:"The Rt Hon Lord Freud"
109:ESA Rates for 2019/2020
1271:. DWP. December 2008.
1196:. DWP. December 2008.
1103:Roy Sainsbury (2014).
785:. GOV.UK. 2013-04-04.
760:. GOV.UK. 2015-08-24.
675:. Age UK. 2015-05-22.
624:. GOV.UK. 2015-08-24.
604:"ESA: what you'll get"
3543:Supplementary Benefit
3371:Flexible Support Fund
3350:Jobseeker's Allowance
3183:. BBC. 27 August 2015
2183:Philp, Chris (2013).
3423:Attendance Allowance
2974:. Judiciary.UK. 2014
2282:on 26 September 2015
1583:. 10 September 2015.
1224:. 24 February 2015.
76:Jobseekers Allowance
3533:National Assistance
3523:Council Tax Benefit
3481:Bereavement Benefit
3130:The Daily Telegraph
2455:. BBC. 13 July 2014
1374:. 20 December 2017.
1320:. 31 October 2016.
934:. 2 February 2005.
419:Coalition 2010–2015
366:Welfare Reform Bill
165:Support component*
123:paid in weeks 2–13
49:Eligibility for ESA
3548:Invalidity Benefit
3528:Incapacity Benefit
3345:Working Tax Credit
2803:. BBC. 30 May 2013
2561:Radical Statistics
2009:. 8 February 2013.
1738:. BBC. 16 May 2013
1653:data.parliament.uk
1389:. London: Guardian
551:Disability pension
381:Incapacity Benefit
322:Incapacity Benefit
316:Development of ESA
205:National Insurance
127:paid from week 14
72:Statutory Sick Pay
3556:
3555:
3494:
3493:
3444:Child Maintenance
3406:Disability relief
3401:
3400:
3361:Carer's Allowance
3331:Income assistance
2531:978-1-908523-05-1
2494:978-1-908523-05-1
2331:(December 2016).
2162:978-1-908523-05-1
1882:978-1-908523-05-1
1412:. Total Politics.
738:. Citizens Advice
528:
527:
520:
407:(DWP) contracted
359:In January 2006,
250:The claim process
175:
174:
41:for claimants on
16:(Redirected from
3586:
3465:Universal Credit
3449:Child Tax Credit
3335:
3328:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3136:on 11 July 2014.
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3022:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2972:www.judiciary.uk
2969:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2943:www.judiciary.uk
2940:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2775:Stourbridge News
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2337:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2246:on 2 August 2015
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1874:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1048:. Archived from
1047:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
988:
982:
981:
979:
972:
964:
958:
957:
946:
940:
939:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
907:
900:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
845:
837:
822:
821:
819:
812:
804:
798:
797:
795:
794:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
728:
717:
716:
714:
712:
702:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
669:
663:
662:
660:
658:
643:
637:
636:
634:
633:
618:
612:
611:
600:
591:
590:
588:
586:
571:
523:
516:
512:
509:
503:
484:
483:
476:
371:Blair appointed
171:£38.55 Per week
160:£29.05 Per week
149:£73.10 Per week
138:£57.90 Per week
103:
86:Universal Credit
39:Universal Credit
21:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3511:
3490:
3486:Housing Benefit
3469:
3453:
3427:
3397:
3376:
3319:
3314:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3036:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2724:. Parliament.UK
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2696:The Independent
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2073:. Oxford: Oxfam
2070:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1910:. Parliament.UK
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1581:The Independent
1575:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1523:www.rnib.org.uk
1518:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1491:Financial Times
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1027:. 10 May 2007.
1019:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
990:
989:
985:
977:
970:
966:
965:
961:
948:
947:
943:
926:
925:
921:
911:
909:
905:
898:
893:
892:
888:
879:
877:
868:
867:
863:
853:
851:
843:
839:
838:
825:
817:
810:
806:
805:
801:
792:
790:
781:
780:
776:
767:
765:
756:
755:
751:
741:
739:
730:
729:
720:
710:
708:
700:
696:
695:
691:
682:
680:
671:
670:
666:
656:
654:
645:
644:
640:
631:
629:
620:
619:
615:
602:
601:
594:
584:
582:
573:
572:
568:
564:
537:
524:
513:
507:
504:
497:
491:may contain an
485:
481:
474:
468:
449:
433:
421:
397:
351:In March 2005,
338:
318:
309:
300:
279:
273:
252:
225:
201:
193:
146:£73.10 Per week
135:£57.90 Per week
124:
110:
94:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3393:Pension Credit
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:Income Support
3353:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3283:
3282:
3261:
3247:
3221:
3194:
3168:
3139:
3117:
3090:
3061:
3034:
3005:(4): 339–345.
2985:
2956:
2945:. Judiciary.UK
2926:
2912:
2898:
2872:
2858:
2840:
2814:
2788:
2762:
2735:
2708:
2682:
2656:
2630:
2600:
2574:
2544:
2530:
2507:
2493:
2470:
2440:
2410:
2383:
2362:Wessely, Simon
2353:
2320:
2293:
2257:
2230:
2203:
2175:
2161:
2138:
2111:
2084:
2056:
2030:
2012:
1994:
1976:
1949:
1935:
1921:
1895:
1881:
1858:
1831:
1804:
1776:
1749:
1723:
1696:
1666:
1640:
1611:
1586:
1568:
1551:
1536:
1504:
1478:
1464:
1441:
1415:
1400:
1377:
1360:
1343:
1327:
1305:
1281:
1257:
1238:
1206:
1182:
1152:
1128:
1095:
1065:
1043:"Freud Report"
1034:
1012:
998:. 2006-01-24.
983:
980:on 2013-01-28.
959:
941:
919:
886:
861:
823:
799:
774:
749:
718:
689:
664:
638:
613:
592:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
536:
533:
526:
525:
488:
486:
479:
470:Main article:
467:
464:
448:
445:
432:
429:
420:
417:
396:
395:ESA introduced
393:
337:
334:
326:Income Support
317:
314:
308:
305:
299:
296:
292:
291:
287:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
251:
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