62:
364:
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331:
But
Constantine, having obtained rule over the whole Roman Empire by remarkable success in wars, ordered his son Crispus to be put to death, at the behest (so people think) of his wife Fausta. Later he locked his wife Fausta in overheated baths and killed her, because his mother Helena blamed him out
359:
Although Hans
Pohlsander dismissed the idea of Fausta’s death being accidental, viewing the condemnation of memory to be certain proof that Constantine intended to kill his wife, David Woods’ response was that, “Accidents continue to happen even to people deep in disgrace.” He suggested that Crispus
343:
He killed
Crispus, who had been deemed worthy of the rank of Caesar, as I have said before, when he incurred suspicion of having sexual relations with his stepmother Fausta, without taking any notice of the laws of nature. Constantine’s mother Helena was distressed at such a grievous event and
276:
Constantine at first tried to present
Maximian’s suicide as an unfortunate tragedy, but later started spreading another version where Fausta was involved in her father’s downfall. Barnes observed that the story “shows clear signs of being invented during Constantine’s war against Maxentius.”
360:
and Fausta were not actually executed, offering the connection of overheated bathing with contemporaneous techniques of abortion, a suggestion that implies an unwanted, adulterous pregnancy from her relationship with
Crispus and a fatal accident during the abortion.
344:
refused to tolerate the murder of the young man. As if to soothe her
Constantine tried to remedy the evil with a greater evil: having ordered baths to be heated above the normal level, he deposited Fausta in them and brought her out when she was dead.
352:' version written in the 12th century, Crispus' death was caused by Fausta's retaliatory accusation of rape following her unsuccessful sexual advances toward him. But when Constantine realized his innocence, he punished her, mirroring the myth of
326:
of
Philostorgius (as epitomized by Photius), Fausta was executed by being locked in a bath which was over heated, in connection with the death of Crispus, which "people " was caused by Fausta's accusation of unclear nature.
309:, his eldest son by Minervina. The circumstances surrounding the two deaths were unclear. Various explanations have been suggested; in one, Fausta is set against Crispus, as in the anonymous
265:. As her age is nowhere outright attested, scholarly estimates have ranged from 289/290 to the end of the 290s. To seal the alliance between them for control of the
2069:
891:
2044:
1861:
1116:
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and
Hippolytus. Scholars have noted that if Crispus was found to be innocent, his condemnation of memory should have been lifted, but it was not.
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Crispus around 326 with the result that no contemporary source records details of her fate: "
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313:, or conversely her adultery, perhaps with the stepson who was close to her in age, is suggested.
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indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and
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up until 324, when
Constantine held her in high enough regard to grant her the title of
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In 326, Fausta was put to death by Constantine, following the execution of
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X.9.4)", Constantine's biographer Paul Stephenson observes. Although
67:
889:
Drijvers, Jan Willem (1992). "Flavia Maxima Fausta: Some Remarks".
836:
1425:
1144:
368:
362:
280:
During her marriage, she had 5 children. Fausta held the title of
101:
672:
Constantine Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire
392:, ever the sycophant, mentions neither Crispus nor Fausta in his
412:, there is no other evidence of her memory being rehabilitated.
97:
1098:
483:
http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-573 (J. Lenaghan)
221:(died 326 AD) was a Roman empress. She was the daughter of
618:
616:
645:
643:
396:, and even wrote Crispus out of the final version of his
293:, which she received together with Constantine’s mother
956:
Dynastic Politics in the Age of Diocletian, AD 284-311
339:, on the other hand, suggests adultery as the reason:
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936:Constantine: Unconquered Emperor, Christian Victor
783:Julian, "Panegyric in honour of Constantius", 9.
1110:
430:(1951). In addition, Fausta was portrayed by
8:
1984:indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor,
863:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
866:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1441:
1117:
1103:
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802:
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711:
634:
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688:Questions of Gender in Byzantine Society
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257:Fausta was the daughter of the emperor
27:Roman empress and wife of Constantine I
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649:
523:
420:Fausta is an important antagonist in
7:
975:"On the Death of the Empress Fausta"
499:Musée du Louvre Collections database
332:of excessive grief for her grandson.
2070:People executed by the Roman Empire
408:praised Fausta in his panegyric to
241:reported that she was executed for
231:excluded from all official accounts
791:Panegyric in honour of Constantius
25:
819:Barnes, T. D. (7 December 1973).
2045:Murdered ancient Roman empresses
1009:"Fausta, Flavia Maximiana"
784:
233:for unknown reasons. Historians
661:Epitome de Caesaribus, 42.11–12
1087:Daughter of Julius Constantius
958:. Edinburgh University Press.
34:. For the Catholic saint, see
1:
2090:Mothers of Byzantine emperors
1992:incidates an empress regnant.
872:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670
66:Possible portrait of Fausta,
2085:People executed for adultery
1822:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
912:Pohlsander, Hans A. (1996).
825:The Journal of Roman Studies
821:"Lactantius and Constantine"
2055:4th-century Roman empresses
2030:Daughters of Roman emperors
860:Barnes, Timothy D. (1982).
456:She received the honorific
229:, who had her executed and
2106:
382:Constantine I ordered the
269:, Maximian married her to
29:
1979:
1857:Elena Asenina of Bulgaria
1358:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
1083:
1046:
1030:
1025:
933:Stephenson, Paul (2010).
562:, p. 191 with n. 98.
437:Constantine and the Cross
172:
163:
59:
50:
2040:Executed Roman empresses
2035:Deaths from asphyxiation
371:, holding her two sons,
2050:3rd-century Roman women
1775:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
1381:Flavia Julia Constantia
1076:Flavia Julia Constantia
954:Waldron, Byron (2022).
915:The Emperor Constantine
427:The Emperor Constantine
316:According to the Latin
2065:4th-century executions
1298:Marcia Otacilia Severa
1015:Encyclopedia Americana
398:Ecclesiastical History
379:
346:
334:
323:Ecclesiastical History
2060:Constantine the Great
2020:Constantinian dynasty
1862:Theodora Palaiologina
1832:Anna Komnene Angelina
1770:Catherine of Bulgaria
1701:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
1170:Agrippina the Younger
973:Woods, David (1998).
597:Fausta (293-326 A.D.)
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318:Epitome de Caesaribus
311:Epitome de Caesaribus
227:Constantine the Great
216:Flavia Maxima Fausta
2080:Nobilissimae feminae
1933:Sophia of Montferrat
1852:Anna of Hohenstaufen
1711:Theophano Martinakia
1619:Theodora of Khazaria
1252:Julia Cornelia Paula
1215:Faustina the Younger
173:Flavia Maxima Fausta
1911:Keratsa of Bulgaria
1894:Helena Kantakouzene
1874:Irene of Montferrat
1837:Philippa of Armenia
1817:Margaret of Hungary
1669:Theophano of Athens
1488:Julius Nepos's wife
1303:Herennia Etruscilla
1126:Roman and Byzantine
939:. London, Quercus.
610:, pp. 500–501.
394:Life of Constantine
30:For the opera, see
1938:Maria of Trebizond
1904:Irene Palaiologina
1884:Irene of Brunswick
1842:Maria of Courtenay
1802:Bertha of Sulzbach
1210:Faustina the Elder
1185:Statilia Messalina
992:10.1093/gr/45.1.70
416:In popular culture
380:
245:with her stepson,
2075:Damnatio memoriae
1997:
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1966:Byzantine emperor
1795:Dobrodeia of Kiev
1571:
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1375:Valeria Maximilla
1313:Cornelia Salonina
1267:Sallustia Orbiana
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1084:Succeeded by
1067:Valeria Maximilla
1043:
979:Greece & Rome
946:978-1-4683-0300-1
789:The full text of
670:Barnes, Timothy.
652:, pp. 70–71.
595:Hans Pohlsander,
586:, pp. 41–42.
424:' chronicle-play
422:Dorothy L. Sayers
385:damnatio memoriae
213:
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1706:Eudokia Ingerina
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1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:Aelia Eudocia
1511:
1509:
1508:Aelia Eudoxia
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Marina Severa
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1323:Magnia Urbica
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1026:Royal titles
1024:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
965:9781474498654
961:
957:
952:
948:
942:
938:
937:
931:
927:
925:0-415-31938-2
921:
918:. Routledge.
917:
916:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
887:
883:
881:0-674-28066-0
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
816:
812:
805:, p. 54.
804:
799:
796:
793:at Wikisource
792:
787:
780:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:
756:
753:
750:, p. 76.
749:
744:
741:
738:, p. 86.
737:
732:
729:
726:, p. 73.
725:
720:
717:
713:
708:
705:
701:
700:Drijvers 1992
696:
693:
689:
685:
680:
677:
673:
667:
664:
658:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
628:
624:
623:Drijvers 1992
619:
617:
613:
609:
608:Drijvers 1992
604:
601:
598:
592:
589:
585:
580:
577:
573:
572:Drijvers 1992
568:
565:
561:
556:
553:
549:
548:Drijvers 1992
544:
541:
538:, p. 34.
537:
532:
529:
526:, p. 70.
525:
520:
518:
516:
512:
500:
496:
490:
487:
484:
479:
476:
469:
461:
460:
453:
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443:
441:
439:
438:
433:
429:
428:
423:
415:
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407:
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374:
370:
365:
361:
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345:
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333:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
291:
286:
284:
278:
274:
272:
271:Constantine I
268:
264:
261:and his wife
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
209:
206:
202:
199:
196:
192:
189:
188:Constantinian
186:
184:
180:
171:
166:
162:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
128:
124:
121:
120:Constantine I
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:Roman empress
73:
69:
63:
58:
55:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1924:
1902:
1865:
1793:
1762:
1755:
1693:
1651:
1643:
1480:
1373:
1368:
1293:Tranquillina
1243:
1205:Vibia Sabina
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1013:
985:(1): 70–86.
982:
978:
955:
935:
914:
896:
890:
862:
828:
824:
813:Bibliography
798:
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
719:
707:
695:
687:
679:
671:
666:
657:
630:
603:
591:
579:
567:
560:Waldron 2022
555:
543:
531:
505:25 September
503:, retrieved
498:
489:
478:
457:
452:
435:
434:in the film
425:
419:
401:
397:
393:
383:
381:
358:
347:
342:
335:
330:
321:
317:
315:
310:
304:
288:
281:
279:
275:
256:
225:and wife of
217:
215:
214:
51:
40:
36:Saint Fausta
1986:underlining
1558:Constantina
1240:Julia Domna
584:Barnes 1973
536:Barnes 1982
432:Belinda Lee
367:Fausta, as
283:nobilissima
135:Constantina
2015:326 deaths
2010:289 births
2004:Categories
1689:Euphrosyne
1461:Thermantia
1421:Constantia
1135:Principate
748:Woods 1998
736:Woods 1998
724:Woods 1998
650:Woods 1998
524:Woods 1998
470:References
462:in 324 AD.
1741:Theophano
1679:Theodosia
1654:of Athens
1609:Anastasia
1518:Pulcheria
1363:Minervina
1165:Messalina
1128:empresses
1080:(313–324)
1071:(307–312)
1062:(307–311)
1040:Minervina
853:163051414
831:: 29–46.
501:, 300–325
301:Execution
267:Tetrarchy
1971:Augustae
1947:See also
1764:Theodora
1746:Theodora
1736:Theodora
1695:Theodora
1674:Prokopia
1664:Theodote
1599:Gregoria
1582:610–1453
1577:Eastern/
1543:Theodora
1538:Euphemia
1482:Placidia
1391:Faustina
1348:Eutropia
1333:Dominate
892:Historia
495:"statue"
440:(1961).
390:Eusebius
320:and the
273:in 307.
263:Eutropia
259:Maximian
243:adultery
223:Maximian
208:Eutropia
198:Maximian
150:Constans
1982:Italics
1639:Eudokia
1629:Tzitzak
1614:Eudokia
1594:Martina
1563:Leontia
1533:Zenonis
1528:Ariadne
1501:395–610
1449:395–480
1416:Domnica
1411:Justina
1401:Charito
1386:Eusebia
1336:284–610
1280:235–285
1220:Lucilla
1053:307–326
1018:. 1920.
905:4436264
459:Augusta
354:Phaedra
350:Zonaras
337:Zosimus
307:Crispus
290:augusta
247:Crispus
239:Zonaras
235:Zosimus
218:Augusta
183:Dynasty
85:307–326
53:Augusta
2025:Flavii
1751:Helena
1684:Thekla
1604:Fausta
1548:Sophia
1523:Verina
1396:Helena
1369:Fausta
1343:Prisca
1277:Crisis
962:
943:
922:
903:
878:
851:
845:299163
843:
690:, 108.
674:, 145.
406:Julian
295:Helena
285:femina
253:Family
204:Mother
194:Father
155:Helena
116:Spouse
82:Tenure
68:Louvre
46:Fausta
1652:Irene
1634:Maria
1624:Maria
1456:Maria
1436:Galla
1426:Laeta
1145:Livia
1056:with
901:JSTOR
849:S2CID
841:JSTOR
444:Notes
369:Salus
168:Names
127:Issue
102:Italy
1990:bold
1959:list
1923:(w.
1901:(w.
1864:(w.
1792:(w.
1645:Anna
1242:(w.
1038:(or
960:ISBN
941:ISBN
920:ISBN
876:ISBN
507:2024
375:and
237:and
108:Died
98:Rome
94:Born
1757:Zoë
1365:(?)
1289:(?)
987:doi
868:doi
833:doi
348:In
111:326
2006::
1012:.
983:45
981:.
977:.
897:41
895:.
874:.
847:.
839:.
829:63
827:.
823:.
686:.
642:^
615:^
514:^
497:,
402:HE
297:.
249:.
100:,
1929:)
1907:)
1870:)
1798:)
1248:)
1118:e
1111:t
1104:v
1042:)
995:.
989::
968:.
949:.
928:.
907:.
884:.
870::
855:.
835::
400:(
38:.
20:)
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