554:
148:
683:
32:
757:
suggesting that they were not actually executed. According to his theory, Crispus was exiled to Pola as a punishment for his adultery and committed suicide by poison there, and Fausta's death was caused by an attempt to induce abortion to get rid of an unwanted pregnancy that resulted from her affair.
747:
say that
Crispus was executed due to suspicions that he was involved in an illicit relationship with Fausta, but some scholars have been skeptical of this explanation. For instance, T. D. Barnes argues that as Crispus was based at Trier, and Fausta at Constantinople, they would not have had the
756:
makes its veracity doubtful. He does, however, note that
Constantine passed multiple laws on adultery in the same year, which may have been related to the deaths of Crispus and Fausta. On the other hand, David Woods accepts the belief that the two were thought to have had a relationship, while
553:
147:
760:
Pohlsander observed that
Crispus âmust have committed, or at least must have been suspected of having committed, some especially shocking offense to earn him a sentence of death from his own father.â J. W. Drijvers concludes that the true explanation will never be known.
651:. The 200 ships under the command of Crispus managed to decisively defeat the enemy forces, which were at least double in number. Thus Crispus achieved his most important and difficult victory which further established his reputation as a brilliant general.
748:
opportunity to have an affair. While Hans
Pohlsander considers Barnesâ argument to be invalid on the basis that Crispus was in the East for long enough, he suggests that the similarity of Zosimus' story to the myth of
654:
Following his navy activities, Crispus was assigned part of the legions loyal to his father. The other part was commanded by
Constantine himself. Crispus led the legions assigned to him in another victorious
632:
in 318, 320 and 323. Thus he secured the continued Roman presence in the areas of Gaul and
Germania. The soldiers adored him thanks to his strategic abilities and the victories to which he had led the
666:
left in the Empire. He honoured his son for his support and success by depicting his face in imperial coins, statues, mosaics, cameos, etc. Eusebius of
Caesaria wrote for Crispus that he is "an
639:
Crispus spent the following years assisting
Constantine in the war against by then hostile Licinius. In 324, Constantine appointed Crispus as the commander of his fleet which left the port of
2860:
2840:
2845:
1421:
1946:
2830:
2740:
2608:
1953:
2576:
2850:
2810:
1209:
1169:
115:
2855:
808:
2870:
2805:
2800:
2542:
2525:
2352:
2340:
674:
and in all regards comparable to his father,â going as far as to compare their relationship to God the Father and God the Son.
2820:
2815:
2513:
2305:
2267:
2227:
2194:
53:
2773:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
2728:
2554:
2381:
2347:
2311:
2200:
2369:
1414:
2450:
2129:
1595:
96:
531:
While
Crispusâ year of birth is nowhere outright stated, he must have been born before 307. By that time, his mother
68:
2825:
2760:
2716:
2694:
2645:
2532:
2323:
2092:
1434:
662:
The two victories were his contribution to the final triumph of his father over
Licinius. Constantine was the only
700:
In 326, Crispus' life came to a sudden end. On his father's orders he was executed, apparently without trial, at
42:
2865:
2667:
2635:
2460:
1640:
617:
By October 322, Crispus was already married to a woman named Helena, as she bore him a child in that month. The
2677:
2630:
2177:
1824:
1378:
1358:
1335:
1319:
644:
595:
394:
358:
282:
75:
49:
20:
800:
2485:
2465:
2239:
2119:
1407:
1387:
1348:
1155:
2755:
2734:
2640:
1430:
1151:
450:
413:
in control of the entire empire. It is unclear what the legal status of the relationship Crispus's mother
82:
2689:
2684:
2660:
2655:
2571:
2408:
2396:
2167:
1792:
1369:
1326:
1281:
835:
656:
410:
398:
336:
252:
1391:
1159:
730:
killed also, according to several sources in a hot bath or bathroom. Both Crispus and Fausta suffered
2790:
2672:
2620:
2480:
2455:
2420:
2335:
2249:
2099:
1930:
1399:
845:
753:
719:
482:
64:
2795:
2603:
2588:
2566:
2501:
2490:
2445:
2391:
1881:
1819:
1782:
1344:
749:
740:
502:
445:
769:
Crispus became a popular tragic hero after the success of Bernardino Stefonio's neo-Latin tragedy
2875:
2650:
2593:
2537:
2519:
2508:
2470:
2440:
2318:
2036:
1940:
1690:
1659:
1652:
1270:
1188:
1135:
778:
715:
618:
437:
382:
489:, after a trial whose real circumstances are mysterious, Constantine executed Crispus at Pola (
2615:
2561:
2402:
2300:
2275:
2124:
1986:
1722:
1707:
1585:
1553:
1205:
1165:
815:(1645). It was performed as an opera in Rome (1720) and London (1721), where it was entitled,
788:
732:
519:
459:
374:
219:
2745:
2722:
2625:
2598:
2583:
2549:
2475:
2435:
2425:
2150:
2077:
2047:
1910:
1865:
1860:
1732:
1274:
1241:
1127:
830:
783:
723:
347:
296:
2835:
2386:
2376:
2285:
2072:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1814:
1635:
1605:
1548:
1528:
1362:
510:
506:
486:
2280:
2244:
2189:
2082:
2005:
1903:
1897:
1829:
1809:
1563:
1523:
1147:
825:
340:
153:
137:
902:
682:
2784:
2750:
2710:
2254:
2062:
1870:
1314:
1299:
774:
351:
333:
262:
89:
2495:
2290:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2030:
1892:
1533:
840:
633:
475:
418:
2359:
2234:
2184:
2109:
1683:
1630:
1573:
1304:
709:
599:
366:
31:
345:) from March 317 until his execution by his father in 326. The grandson of the
2415:
2330:
2295:
2260:
2172:
2087:
1847:
1840:
1787:
1767:
1712:
1677:
1670:
1615:
1580:
1443:
582:
in control of the Roman EmpireâConstantine in the west and his brother-in-law
547:
498:
440:
433:
390:
378:
2162:
2114:
2024:
2011:
1798:
1727:
1700:
1695:
1664:
1610:
1558:
1493:
1488:
820:
667:
532:
454:
443:. After his elevation to imperial rank, at which point he was also entitled
414:
272:
2430:
2212:
2104:
2057:
2017:
1999:
1919:
1854:
1834:
1804:
1777:
1772:
1757:
1747:
1717:
1625:
1620:
1568:
1543:
1538:
1503:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1290:
1246:
1229:
726:, Crispus died through poison. Soon afterwards, Constantine had his wife
648:
629:
611:
583:
536:
429:
402:
1179:
Pohlsander, Hans A. (1984). "Crispus: Brilliant Career and Tragic End".
2364:
2067:
1974:
1887:
1742:
1518:
1192:
1139:
744:
640:
535:
was either dead or set aside, as his father Constantine was married to
370:
247:
787:, this became a model of Jesuit tragedy and one of the main bases for
2136:
1993:
1875:
1647:
1513:
727:
705:
625:
540:
514:
494:
464:
204:
188:
1131:
1737:
1508:
1498:
1478:
681:
607:
552:
425:
386:
624:
Crispus was leader in victorious military operations against the
1483:
1473:
701:
490:
200:
184:
1403:
393:
between 318 and 323 and defeated the navy of Licinius I at the
671:
602:. Constantine appointed Crispus as Commander of Gaul. The new
25:
739:
The reason for these deaths remain unclear. The accounts of
550:, one of the most important Christian teachers of that time.
829:. The story is also retold and embellished in chapter 31 of
317:
1102:
Heros et orateurs. Rhetoriques et dramaturgie corneliennes
924:
922:
308:
813:
La Morte de Chrispe ou les maleurs du grand Constantine
463:, which honoured Crispus's military victories over the
1036:
1034:
1118:
Guthrie, Patrick (1966). "The Execution of Crispus".
320:
311:
302:
546:
Constantine entrusted his eldest sonâs education to
517:
with her. After his death, Crispus was subjected to
314:
305:
2703:
2149:
2046:
1929:
1756:
1594:
1442:
417:had with Constantine was; Crispus may have been an
354:, Crispus was the elder half-brother of the future
299:
278:
268:
258:
246:
232:
218:
210:
194:
178:
130:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
606:soon held residence in Augusta Treverorum (modern
882:
870:
621:recorded Constantineâs celebration of the event.
586:in the east. On 1 March 317, the two co-reigning
799:. The play was adapted for the French stage by
736:, their names being erased from inscriptions.
594:: Crispus, alongside his younger half-brother
513:wrote that Constantine had accused Crispus of
1415:
1221:Bernardinus Stephonius S.J. Crispus-tragoedia
401:won by Constantine forced the resignation of
8:
643:to confront Licinius' fleet. The subsequent
1164:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
449:("Prince of Youth"), the Latin rhetorician
377:between Constantine and his father's rival
1926:
1422:
1408:
1400:
1259:
1064:
1052:
1025:
976:
952:
940:
928:
913:
405:and his son, leaving Constantine the sole
127:
1245:
1181:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂźr Alte Geschichte
897:
895:
893:
891:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1223:. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
1161:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
964:
863:
692:
229:
1088:
1076:
1040:
1013:
1001:
332:300 â 326) was the eldest son of the
7:
1230:"On the Death of the Empress Fausta"
481:According to the Latin histories of
373:, part of the settlement ending the
167:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
2861:People executed by the Roman Empire
478:, for the years 318, 321, and 324.
339:, as well as his junior colleague (
14:
2841:Generals of Constantine the Great
578:By 313, there were two remaining
2846:Heirs apparent who never acceded
659:against the armies of Licinius.
295:
146:
30:
843:reworks the story in his novel
497:was also put to death, and the
160:
41:needs additional citations for
883:Jones, Martindale & Morris
871:Jones, Martindale & Morris
795:and Tarquinio Galluzzi's 1633
170:
163:
1:
2831:Executed ancient Roman people
903:Crispus Caesar (317-326 A.D.)
849:(1950), Crispus is innocent.
777:in 1597. Closely modelled on
773:, which was performed at the
647:was fought at the straits of
590:jointly proclaimed three new
468:
365:with him and with his cousin
329:
1200:Pohlsander, Hans A. (1996).
397:in 324, which with the land
16:Roman caesar from 317 to 326
2892:
2695:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2646:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2533:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
657:battle outside Chrysopolis
474:. Crispus was three times
18:
2851:4th-century Roman consuls
2771:
2668:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
2636:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2461:Constantine IX Monomachos
1384:
1367:
1355:
1341:
1324:
1311:
1296:
1279:
1267:
1262:
567:the security of the State
493:) in 326. His stepmother
237:
228:
145:
135:
2811:Caesars (heirs apparent)
2631:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1219:Torino, Alessio (2008).
645:Battle of the Hellespont
395:Battle of the Hellespont
21:Crispus (disambiguation)
2856:Poisoned ancient Romans
2486:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2120:Tiberius II Constantine
1349:Amnius Anicius Julianus
1202:The Emperor Constantine
610:), regional capital of
598:, and his first cousin
2871:Sons of Roman emperors
2806:Ancient Roman generals
2801:4th-century executions
2641:Michael IX Palaiologos
1079:, p. 78–80.
775:Jesuit Collegio Romano
697:
570:
563:SECVRITAS REI PVBLICAE
291:Flavius Julius Crispus
238:Flavius Julius Crispus
2821:Constantinian dynasty
2816:Constantine the Great
2735:Thessalonian emperors
2729:Trapezuntine emperors
2690:John VIII Palaiologos
2685:Manuel II Palaiologos
2656:John VI Kantakouzenos
2572:Andronikos I Komnenos
2409:Constantine Lekapenos
1437:and empresses regnant
1388:Sex. Anicius Paulinus
1228:Woods, David (1998).
990:History of the Franks
836:Count Robert of Paris
801:François de Grenaille
685:
556:
411:Constantinian dynasty
399:Battle of Chrysopolis
381:. Crispus ruled from
2673:John VII Palaiologos
2621:Theodore II Laskaris
2481:Constantine X Doukas
2421:Nikephoros II Phokas
1315:Constantine Augustus
1300:Constantine Augustus
1104:, Geneva: Droz, 1996
805:L'Innocent malhereux
720:Sidonius Apollinaris
561:of Crispus, marked:
483:Ammianus Marcellinus
283:Greco-Roman religion
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2604:Theodore I Laskaris
2589:Alexios III Angelos
2567:Alexios II Komnenos
2491:Romanos IV Diogenes
2446:Romanos III Argyros
2392:Romanos I Lekapenos
1345:Petronius Probianus
446:princeps iuventutis
198:326 AD (aged c. 26)
141:(1 March 317 - 326)
2723:Britannic emperors
2717:Palmyrene emperors
2651:John V Palaiologos
2594:Alexios IV Angelos
2543:Constantine Doukas
2538:Alexios I Komnenos
2526:Constantine Doukas
2509:Michael VII Doukas
2471:Michael VI Bringas
2037:Romulus Augustulus
1660:Trebonianus Gallus
1653:Herennius Etruscus
1435:Byzantine emperors
1379:Constantine Caesar
1336:Constantine Caesar
1320:Constantine Caesar
1271:Ovinius Gallicanus
1263:Political offices
1247:10.1093/gr/45.1.70
988:Gregory of Tours,
797:Defense of Crispus
716:Venetia et Histria
708:, in the Augustan
698:
695:¡crispvs¡nob¡caes¡
619:Codex Theodosianus
571:
438:Early Christianity
383:Augusta Treverorum
157:of Crispus marked:
2826:Damnatio memoriae
2778:
2777:
2616:John III Vatatzes
2562:Manuel I Komnenos
2301:Michael I Rangabe
2145:
2144:
1987:Petronius Maximus
1586:Severus Alexander
1554:Septimius Severus
1398:
1397:
1392:Valerius Proculus
1385:Succeeded by
1342:Succeeded by
1297:Succeeded by
1291:Licinius Augustus
1234:Greece & Rome
901:Hans Pohlsander,
819:, not to mention
809:Tristan l'Hermite
789:Alessandro Donati
733:damnatio memoriae
520:damnatio memoriae
460:Panegyrici Latini
457:preserved in the
288:
287:
242:
241:
126:
125:
118:
100:
2883:
2866:People from Pula
2626:John IV Laskaris
2599:Alexios V Doukas
2584:Isaac II Angelos
2550:John II Komnenos
2476:Isaac I Komnenos
2436:Constantine VIII
2426:John I Tzimiskes
2153:Byzantine Empire
1927:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1356:Preceded by
1312:Preceded by
1275:Caesonius Bassus
1268:Preceded by
1260:
1251:
1249:
1224:
1215:
1196:
1175:
1143:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1067:, p. 53-54.
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1004:, p. 71-72.
999:
993:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
917:
911:
905:
899:
886:
880:
874:
868:
831:Sir Walter Scott
724:Gregory of Tours
718:. According to
696:
694:
564:
473:
470:
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
230:
173:
172:
169:
165:
162:
150:
128:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2711:Gallic emperors
2699:
2387:Constantine VII
2168:Constantine III
2155:
2152:
2141:
2050:
2042:
1981:Valentinian III
1969:Constantius III
1963:Priscus Attalus
1947:Constantine III
1933:
1925:
1815:Valerius Valens
1760:
1752:
1598:
1590:
1549:Didius Julianus
1529:Marcus Aurelius
1446:
1438:
1428:
1394:
1390:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1363:Vettius Rufinus
1361:
1359:Acilius Severus
1351:
1347:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1307:
1305:Licinius Caesar
1303:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1258:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1199:
1178:
1172:
1152:J.R. Martindale
1146:
1132:10.2307/1087057
1117:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1100:Marc Fumaroli,
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1065:Pohlsander 1996
1063:
1059:
1053:Pohlsander 1984
1051:
1047:
1039:
1032:
1026:Pohlsander 1984
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
987:
983:
977:Pohlsander 1984
975:
971:
963:
959:
953:Pohlsander 1984
951:
947:
941:Pohlsander 1984
939:
935:
929:Pohlsander 1984
927:
920:
914:Pohlsander 1984
912:
908:
900:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
860:
855:
767:
691:
680:
600:Licinius Iunior
576:
562:
529:
511:Joannes Zonaras
507:Byzantine Greek
487:Aurelius Victor
471:
375:Cibalensean War
298:
294:
199:
183:
174:
159:
158:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2670:
2665:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2530:
2506:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:Theodora (III)
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2362:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2328:
2316:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Constantine VI
2278:
2273:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Theodosius III
2242:
2237:
2232:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2190:Constantine IV
2187:
2182:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:Eastern Empire
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:Western Empire
1924:
1923:
1916:
1904:Magnus Maximus
1900:
1898:Valentinian II
1895:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1830:Constantius II
1827:
1825:Constantine II
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Antoninus Pius
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1447:27 BC â AD 235
1440:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1340:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1256:External links
1254:
1253:
1252:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1197:
1176:
1170:
1144:
1126:(4): 325â331.
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1057:
1055:, p. 104.
1045:
1030:
1028:, p. 101.
1018:
1006:
994:
981:
979:, p. 100.
969:
967:, p. 325.
957:
945:
933:
918:
906:
887:
885:, p. 233.
875:
873:, p. 409.
862:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
823:'s 1832 opera
807:(1639) and by
766:
763:
679:
676:
596:Constantine II
575:
572:
528:
525:
361:and became co-
359:Constantine II
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
240:
239:
235:
234:
226:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
196:
192:
191:
180:
176:
175:
151:
143:
142:
133:
132:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2888:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:Theodora (II)
2346:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:Constantine V
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Anastasius II
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Theodosius II
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Valentinian I
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:Constantine I
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Constantius I
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:0-415-31938-2
1207:
1204:. Routledge.
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:(1): 79â106.
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1171:0-521-07233-6
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Jones, A.H.M.
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1091:, p. 74.
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1043:, p. 73.
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:, p. 72.
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
985:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
961:
958:
955:, p. 98.
954:
949:
946:
943:, p. 88.
942:
937:
934:
931:, p. 87.
930:
925:
923:
919:
916:, p. 86.
915:
910:
907:
904:
898:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
876:
872:
867:
864:
857:
852:
850:
848:
847:
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
827:
822:
818:
817:Crispo: drama
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:
780:
776:
772:
765:In literature
764:
762:
758:
755:
751:
746:
742:
737:
735:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:
707:
703:
689:
686:Reverse of a
684:
677:
675:
673:
670:most dear to
669:
665:
660:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
634:Roman legions
631:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
573:
568:
560:
557:Reverse of a
555:
551:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
466:
462:
461:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
439:
436:historian of
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
353:
352:Constantius I
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:Constantine I
335:
334:Roman emperor
325:
292:
284:
281:
277:
274:
271:
267:
264:
263:Constantine I
261:
257:
254:
253:Constantinian
251:
249:
245:
236:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
197:
193:
190:
186:
181:
177:
156:
155:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: â
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2678:Andronikos V
2676:
2659:
2607:
2575:
2553:
2541:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2500:
2494:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2368:
2351:
2339:
2322:
2310:
2304:
2291:Nikephoros I
2266:
2265:
2259:
2226:
2223:Justinian II
2218:Tiberius III
2208:Justinian II
2199:
2193:
2176:
2128:
2100:Anastasius I
2091:
2035:
2031:Julius Nepos
2023:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1893:Theodosius I
1880:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1810:Maximinus II
1797:
1699:
1682:
1669:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1572:
1534:Lucius Verus
1376:
1370:Roman consul
1368:
1333:
1327:Roman consul
1325:
1288:
1282:Roman consul
1280:
1240:(1): 70â86.
1237:
1233:
1220:
1201:
1184:
1180:
1160:
1123:
1119:
1101:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1021:
1009:
997:
989:
984:
972:
965:Guthrie 1966
960:
948:
936:
909:
878:
866:
844:
841:Evelyn Waugh
834:
824:
816:
812:
804:
796:
792:
782:
770:
768:
759:
738:
731:
710:
699:
687:
663:
661:
653:
638:
623:
616:
603:
591:
587:
579:
577:
566:
558:
545:
539:âs daughter
530:
518:
480:
476:Roman consul
458:
444:
423:
419:illegitimate
406:
362:
355:
346:
341:
290:
289:
152:
136:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2791:290s births
2737:(1224â1242)
2731:(1204â1461)
2520:Konstantios
2397:Christopher
2370:Constantine
2360:Michael III
2341:Constantine
2324:Constantine
2306:Theophylact
2235:Philippicus
2185:Constans II
2110:Justinian I
2006:Severus III
1954:Constans II
1708:Claudius II
1684:Silbannacus
1631:Gordian III
1606:Maximinus I
1574:Diadumenian
453:composed a
367:Licinius II
2796:326 deaths
2785:Categories
2514:Andronikos
2502:Nikephoros
2451:Michael IV
2416:Romanos II
2336:Theophilos
2331:Michael II
2312:Staurakios
2296:Staurakios
2268:Nikephoros
2261:Artabasdos
2173:Heraclonas
2130:Theodosius
2088:Basiliscus
1848:Nepotianus
1841:Magnentius
1835:Constans I
1788:Severus II
1768:Diocletian
1713:Quintillus
1678:Aemilianus
1671:Volusianus
1616:Gordian II
1581:Elagabalus
1444:Principate
1089:Woods 1998
1077:Woods 1998
1041:Woods 1998
1014:Woods 1998
1002:Woods 1998
853:References
793:Ars Poetic
754:Hippolytus
548:Lactantius
527:Early life
501:historian
499:Late Greek
472: 319
441:Lactantius
434:Late Latin
424:Crispus's
391:Roman Gaul
379:Licinius I
76:newspapers
2876:Tetrarchy
2756:Classical
2741:Empresses
2725:(286â296)
2719:(267â273)
2713:(260â274)
2456:Michael V
2382:Alexander
2195:Heraclius
2163:Heraclius
2115:Justin II
2025:Glycerius
2012:Anthemius
1882:Procopius
1820:Martinian
1799:Maxentius
1728:Florianus
1701:Saloninus
1696:Gallienus
1665:Hostilian
1641:Philip II
1611:Gordian I
1559:Caracalla
1494:Vespasian
1489:Vitellius
1156:J. Morris
858:Citations
833:'s novel
821:Donizetti
678:Execution
668:Imperator
533:Minervina
455:panegyric
415:Minervina
273:Minervina
106:July 2008
65:"Crispus"
2751:Usurpers
2746:Augustae
2704:See also
2609:Nicholas
2431:Basil II
2228:Tiberius
2213:Leontius
2201:Tiberius
2178:Tiberius
2156:610â1453
2151:Eastern/
2105:Justin I
2058:Arcadius
2018:Olybrius
2000:Majorian
1941:Honorius
1920:Eugenius
1855:Vetranio
1805:Licinius
1778:Galerius
1773:Maximian
1758:Dominate
1748:Numerian
1718:Aurelian
1691:Valerian
1636:Philip I
1626:Balbinus
1621:Pupienus
1569:Macrinus
1544:Pertinax
1539:Commodus
1504:Domitian
1469:Claudius
1464:Caligula
1459:Tiberius
1454:Augustus
1158:(1971).
791:'s 1631
690:marked:
664:augustus
649:Bosporus
630:Alamanni
628:and the
612:Germania
592:caesares
584:Licinius
537:Maximian
505:and the
451:Nazarius
432:was the
430:rhetoric
409:and the
407:augustus
403:Licinius
356:augustus
348:augustus
279:Religion
166:crispus
2761:Eastern
2661:Matthew
2555:Alexios
2403:Stephen
2365:Basil I
2250:Leo III
2125:Maurice
2068:Marcian
2051:395â610
1975:Joannes
1934:395â480
1888:Gratian
1761:284â610
1743:Carinus
1723:Tacitus
1599:235â285
1519:Hadrian
1193:4435872
1140:1087057
1120:Phoenix
1112:Sources
839:. When
784:Phaedra
771:Crispus
750:Phaedra
745:Zonaras
741:Zosimus
688:solidus
641:Piraeus
588:augusti
580:augusti
559:solidus
509:writer
503:Zosimus
371:Serdica
248:Dynasty
224:Flavius
154:Solidus
131:Crispus
90:scholar
2836:Flavii
2523:&
2499:&
2406:&
2377:Leo VI
2353:Thekla
2309:&
2276:Leo IV
2198:&
2137:Phocas
2093:Marcus
2078:Leo II
1994:Avitus
1911:Victor
1876:Valens
1866:Jovian
1861:Julian
1733:Probus
1668:&
1648:Decius
1596:Crisis
1514:Trajan
1208:
1191:
1168:
1154:&
1138:
846:Helena
826:Fausta
779:Seneca
728:Fausta
706:Istria
626:Franks
604:caesar
574:Career
541:Fausta
515:incest
495:Fausta
465:Franks
363:caesar
342:caesar
269:Mother
259:Father
214:Helena
211:Spouse
205:Istria
189:Istria
182:c. 300
138:Caesar
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2319:Leo V
2286:Irene
2073:Leo I
1738:Carus
1509:Nerva
1499:Titus
1479:Galba
1431:Roman
1377:with
1334:with
1289:with
1189:JSTOR
1136:JSTOR
711:regio
608:Trier
426:tutor
421:son.
389:) in
387:Trier
233:Names
220:Issue
171:caes¡
97:JSTOR
83:books
2675:(w.
2658:(w.
2606:(w.
2577:John
2574:(w.
2552:(w.
2540:(w.
2511:(w.
2493:(w.
2394:(w.
2367:(w.
2350:(w.
2338:(w.
2321:(w.
2303:(w.
2264:(w.
2225:(w.
2192:(w.
2175:(w.
2127:(w.
2090:(w.
2083:Zeno
1950:(w.
1907:(w.
1698:(w.
1662:(w.
1650:(w.
1638:(w.
1571:(w.
1564:Geta
1484:Otho
1474:Nero
1433:and
1206:ISBN
1166:ISBN
992:I.36
752:and
743:and
722:and
702:Pola
491:Pula
485:and
201:Pola
195:Died
185:Pola
179:Born
168:nob¡
164:iul¡
69:news
2496:Leo
2441:Zoe
1687:(?)
1381:III
1374:324
1331:321
1286:318
1242:doi
1128:doi
811:as
803:as
781:'s
714:of
693:dn¡
672:God
543:.
467:in
428:in
369:at
161:fl¡
52:by
2787::
2517:,
2400:,
1338:II
1317:VI
1238:45
1236:.
1232:.
1185:33
1183:.
1150:;
1134:.
1124:20
1122:.
1033:^
921:^
890:^
704:,
636:.
614:.
569:")
565:("
523:.
469:c.
330:c.
328:;
203:,
187:,
2681:)
2664:)
2612:)
2580:)
2558:)
2546:)
2529:)
2505:)
2412:)
2373:)
2356:)
2344:)
2327:)
2315:)
2272:)
2231:)
2204:)
2181:)
2133:)
2096:)
1958:)
1915:)
1704:)
1674:)
1656:)
1644:)
1577:)
1423:e
1416:t
1409:v
1302:V
1293:V
1250:.
1244::
1214:.
1195:.
1174:.
1142:.
1130::
385:(
324:/
321:s
318:É
315:p
312:s
309:ÉŞ
306:r
303:k
300:Ë
297:/
293:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:¡
87:¡
80:¡
73:¡
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
