69:
57:
678:. Initially, Wei relied on Later Yan's assistance against their rival tribes, but an incident in 391 led to relations breaking down. Wei aligned themselves with Western Yan, and hostilities continued even after Western Yan fell. In 395, to further elevate his Crown Prince, he sent Murong Bao to lead a force of around 90,000 strong on a punitive expedition against Wei, but the campaign ended in disaster as the Yan was heavily routed at the
654:. In 388, he assigned Bao to run the government from Zhongshan while still retaining his decision-making power on important matters. Chui also introduced a separate governing system between his Han Chinese and "Hu" subjects within Yan by appointing Bao the Grand Chanyu, tasked with supervising the tribes. This system was further developed during the reign of
586:
while his generals secured the rest of Hebei. Unlike the Former Yan dynasty, the upper echelons of the Later Yan were dominated by the
Xianbei clans rather than Han Chinese. The Later Yan also had to cooperate with the various fortified settlements (塢堡; wubao) in the northeast, who were typically led
598:
also broke away around Chang'an, constraining Fu Jian and preventing him from sending aid to the east. Despite rebelling, Chui upheld a framing of still being indebted to Fu Jian. While besieging Ye, he attempted to assure Fu Pi's safety and allowed him an escape route to the west. Members of the Fu
646:
In 392, Murong Chui campaigned against and destroyed Zhai Wei. In 394, seeking to establish Later Yan as Former Yan's true successor, Chui began a campaign to conquer
Western Yan. He captured the Western Yan capital and executed Murong Yong, annexing Shanxi for Later Yan. Then, he sent his generals
602:
The battle for Ye lasted around a year as Fu Pi held firmly to the city. During this time, the Zhai-Dingling rebelled and Chui had to fight a brief alliance between Qin and Jin. The war in Hebei and famines that accompanied it devastated the region's economy, but Fu Pi finally abandoned Ye for
1026:
420:
The prefix "Later" to distinguish them from the Former Yan before them and other Yan states from the period. Historiographers also consider the Former Yan and Later Yan as separate states despite both being ruled by the same imperial family, and the Later Yan's founder,
1149:
694:
and consolidated their rule over captured territory. When a rebellion broke out near the Wei capital, Gui negotiated peace, but Bao refused to accept it. He attacked the Wei army as they prepare to retreat, but the Yan army was severely defeated at the
1115:
1081:
546:
treated him favourably, Chui harboured ambitions to restore his state. He fought for Qin in campaigns against the
Eastern Jin and was one of the few officials who supported the ill-fated invasion of 383, which saw the Qin's disastrous defeat at the
1063:
792:
and a descendant of the
Goguryeo royal family. Upon ascending, he changed his name back to Gao Yun. Depending on one's interpretation, he was either the last ruler of Later Yan or the first ruler of a separate regime known as the
682:, with Bao barely escaping with his life. In 396, Murong Chui personally led a campaign against Wei, but despite early success, became extremely ill and was forced to withdraw. He soon died and was succeeded by Murong Bao.
685:
Bao's rule was immediately troubled by conflict between him and his family members, along with his sudden and unpopular attempt at rectifying the state's household registry. Shortly after Bao's ascension, the Wei ruler,
979:
The family name of Gao Yun was changed to Murong when he was adopted by the royal family. If Gao Yun was counted as a ruler of the Later Yan, the state would end in 409. It ended in 407 otherwise.
690:
invaded Yan. Bao concentrated his forces to
Zhongshan and other major cities, believing that Wei would besiege them and withdraw once their supply ran out. Instead, Wei forces quickly overran the
718:
held out against Wei and declared himself emperor, but was soon killed and replaced by Murong Lin. However, Zhongshan then fell to Wei, and Lin fled to Ye, where he convinced his uncle,
797:(hence, Later Yan ending with Murong Xi's death in 407). Gao Yun established friendly relations with Goguryeo before he was assassinated in 409. His Han Chinese general,
1714:
582:. To distinguish between Former Yan and other Yan states of the period, historiographers refer to Chui's state as the Later Yan. He led his forces to besiege Fu Pi at
1768:
1763:
627:
and declared himself emperor. By now, both Murong Wei and Fu Jian had died, so Chui also changed his title to emperor. The
Dingling rebels under
734:
Supplanted by the
Northern Wei, the Later Yan ceased to be a major player on the Central Plains as their territory was reduced to present-day
1234:
578:
Initially, Murong Chui only took the title of Prince of Yan, as the last Former Yan emperor, Murong Wei, was still alive at the Qin capital,
810:
746:, shortly after. Sheng demoted his imperial title from Emperor to Commoner Heavenly King in 400. He had success in waging war against the
710:, Bao decided to abandon Zhongshan for Longcheng. Hereafter, more infighting ensued; at Longcheng, Bao survived rebellions by his son,
570:
rebelled around
Luoyang. Fu Pi sent Chui to attack them, but during the campaign, Chui finally rebelled, joining forces with Zhai Bin.
1282:
1001:
1416:
1277:
1200:
527:. On the other hand, he was also a subject of suspicion within the imperial family. After defeating Huan Wen, the regent, his uncle
1462:
1297:
1257:
346:
332:
318:
293:
1753:
1365:
388:
765:
Murong Xi is described in records as a remarkably cruel and wasteful ruler, acting on the whims of his lovers, the sisters
1692:
1687:
380:
68:
56:
562:, under mutual suspicion while secretly contacting the old Yan families and officials to join his movement. In 384, the
406:
1172:
1136:
1102:
1050:
554:
Sensing weakness, Chui began carrying out his restoration. Rather than kill Fu Jian, he requested to be transferred to
1758:
1748:
1272:
472:
The Later Yan rulers initially declared themselves "emperors", but towards the end they adopted the lesser title of "
558:, where Former Yan once ruled, ostensibly to maintain order in the region. There, he cooperated with Fu Jian's son,
433:, Hebei) became the first capital of the Later Yan. The Later Yan managed to recover most of their old territory in
1586:
1601:
1431:
1227:
754:
but was also very strict and suspicious of his own officials. In 401, he was killed during a coup, and his uncle
619:, Hebei) his capital, as the city underwent significant development during the war. Later that year, his cousin,
30:
This article is about the Later Yan established by Murong Chui. For the Later Yan established by Shi Siming, see
519:, and a key military general; in 369, he saved the state from ruin by defeating an Eastern Jin invasion led by
551:. As Chui's army remained mostly intact after the battle, he escorted the injured Fu Jian back to the north.
643:) in 388. Rebellions frequently broke out in Yan territory, and the Yan was in a constant state of warfare.
1672:
1561:
1337:
962:
711:
1667:
706:
started a coup in
Zhongshan but failed and escaped the city. Worried that Lin may occupy the key city of
543:
679:
650:
At this point, Murong Chui was already at an advanced age, and so he began empowering his Crown Prince,
524:
425:, had intended his state to be a restoration. Due to the devastation inflicted on the old Yan capital,
1611:
1347:
1220:
696:
532:
531:
became apprehensive of his newfound reputation and wanted to kill him, prompting Chui to flee to the
1642:
1637:
1292:
1262:
828:
548:
722:
to abandon the city for Huatai. There, De declared himself the Prince of Yan in 398, founding the
1743:
1697:
991:
778:
773:. Xi engaged in several costly construction projects and launched repeated campaigns against the
707:
536:
466:
458:
457:
invasion in 396, they were reduced to
Liaoning and parts of northeastern Hebei, where they made
781:
to Goguryeo in 404. Taking advantage of Fu Xunying's funeral in 407, Murong Bao's adopted son,
1196:
789:
567:
485:
1192:
1186:
542:
In the next few years, Qin conquered Yan and reunified northern China. Although Qin's ruler,
31:
1243:
414:
996:
823:
607:
in late 385. Later Yan captured the city, and at this point had occupied most of Hebei.
1332:
1167:
801:
replaced him on the throne, thus ending the Later Yan and beginning the Northern Yan.
1737:
774:
759:
477:
17:
1566:
1467:
1457:
1421:
1302:
913:
832:
794:
743:
723:
715:
675:
655:
509:
454:
339:
325:
311:
152:
766:
647:
to capture Shandong from the Eastern Jin dynasty, bringing the state to its peak.
777:
and Goguryeo. However, he was largely unsuccessful in his campaigns, even losing
1721:
1677:
1504:
1449:
1411:
854:
818:
670:
Previously in 386, to counter Western Yan, Later Yan allied themselves with the
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591:
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422:
221:
116:
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1383:
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1360:
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651:
587:
by the non-Chinese and had a large degree of autonomy over their strongholds.
583:
516:
426:
298:
176:
128:
461:
their new capital. Their territory was further reduced during their war with
1519:
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632:
599:
clan that surrendered were also welcomed and allowed to serve under him.
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and his general Duan Sugu (段速骨). Meanwhile, at Zhongshan, a cousin,
1212:
1535:
671:
658:, who established the Yan Ministry to manage the tribes, and then
640:
559:
555:
450:
438:
364:
1216:
484:
the last ruler of Later Yan, while others consider it to be
738:. In 398, Murong Bao was assassinated by his granduncle,
1706:
1630:
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1528:
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134:
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78:
39:
615:In 386, Murong Chui made Zhongshan (中山, in modern
1715:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
662:, who set up the Grand Chanyu Administration.
488:, an adopted member of the imperial family of
27:Dynastic state in Northeast China (384-409 CE)
1228:
210:• Establishment of Zhongshan as capital
8:
1484:
1315:
1235:
1221:
1213:
67:
55:
36:
1303:Northern Wei's unification of North China
1042:
1040:
814:
785:, launched a coup and killed Murong Xi.
702:After the loss at Baisi, Bao's brother,
1018:
429:, the city of Zhongshan (中山, in modern
1191:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
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169:
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97:
7:
1288:Fu Jian's unification of North China
742:, who was then killed by Bao's son,
1769:4th-century establishments in China
1764:Former countries in Chinese history
1002:List of past Chinese ethnic groups
726:and splitting the state into two.
611:Wars with Zhai Wei and Western Yan
25:
590:Soon after Chui's rebellion, the
375:, known in historiography as the
1268:Shi Le's conquest of North China
788:Murong Yun was originally named
344:
330:
316:
291:
1258:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
635:state at Huatai (滑台, in modern
234:• Evacuation of Zhongshan
843:and their according durations
401:
392:
384:
1:
480:). Some historians consider
453:by 394. However, after the
405:; 384 – 407 or 409), was a
224:'s claim of imperial title
1785:
808:
29:
1188:The Empire of the Steppes
975:
413:people during the era of
270:
266:
194:
182:
106:
66:
54:
49:
1417:Southern Liang (397–414)
1333:Northern Liang (397–460)
623:of Western Yan occupied
1463:Western Liang (400–421)
1185:Grousset, Rene (1970).
805:Rulers of the Later Yan
407:dynastic state of China
1567:Northern Wei (386–535)
1468:Northern Yan (407–436)
1458:Former Liang (318–376)
1422:Southern Yan (398–410)
1283:Huan Wen's Expeditions
1278:Conquest of Wei by Yan
971:Zhengshi (正始) 407–409
883:Yongkang (永康) 396–398
864:Jianxing (建興) 386–396
258:• Disestablished
1754:409 disestablishments
1505:Western Yan (384–394)
1412:Western Qin (385–431)
1366:Later Liang (386–403)
943:Guangshi (光始) 401–406
923:Changle (長樂) 399–401
902:Qinglong (青龍/青龙) 398
862:Yanwang (燕王) 384–386
680:Battle of Canhe Slope
666:War with Northern Wei
512:, the founder of the
1707:Histories of the Era
1402:Former Yan (337–370)
1384:Later Zhao (319–351)
1361:Former Qin (351–394)
1298:Liu Yu's Expeditions
811:Emperors family tree
18:Empress of Later Yan
1440:Later Qin (384–417)
1407:Later Yan (384–409)
1356:Cheng-Han (304–347)
1293:Battle of Fei River
1263:Disaster of Yongjia
837:Durations of reigns
549:Battle of Fei River
389:traditional Chinese
200:• Established
84:Longcheng (397–409)
82:Zhongshan (386–397)
73:Later Yan in 400 AD
61:Later Yan in 391 AD
1759:Dynasties of China
1749:384 establishments
1520:Qiao Shu (405–413)
1515:Huan Chu (403–404)
1510:Zhai Wei (388–392)
1328:Han-Zhao (304–329)
992:Battle of Canhebei
730:Rule from Liaoning
674:-Xianbei state of
537:Former Qin dynasty
517:Former Yan dynasty
467:Liaodong Peninsula
381:simplified Chinese
1731:
1730:
1631:Key personalities
1575:
1574:
1557:Chouchi (296–580)
1500:Duan Qi (350–356)
1495:Ran Wei (350–352)
1476:
1475:
1154:www.sinica.edu.tw
1120:www.sinica.edu.tw
1086:www.sinica.edu.tw
1068:www.sinica.edu.tw
1031:www.sinica.edu.tw
983:
982:
945:Jianshi (建始) 407
921:Jianping (建平) 398
574:Restoring the Yan
525:Battle of Fangtou
465:as they lost the
370:
369:
356:
355:
352:
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304:
303:
16:(Redirected from
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1316:
1244:Sixteen Kingdoms
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824:Posthumous names
815:
758:replaced him as
415:Sixteen Kingdoms
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252:16 September 407
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1312:The 16 Kingdoms
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863:
813:
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732:
697:Battle of Baisi
668:
613:
576:
564:Dingling people
508:was the son of
503:
498:
345:
331:
317:
292:
259:
249:
235:
228:15 February 386
225:
211:
201:
173:
172:• 407–409
161:
160:• 401–407
149:
148:• 398–401
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125:
124:• 396–398
113:
112:• 384–396
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1168:Zizhi Tongjian
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1099:Zizhi Tongjian
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1047:Zizhi Tongjian
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907:Zhongzong (中宗)
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262:6 November 409
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1562:Dai (310–376)
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1339:
1338:Xia (407–431)
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760:Heavenly King
757:
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749:
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727:
725:
721:
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478:Heavenly King
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418:
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409:ruled by the
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361:Today part of
359:
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48:
38:
33:
19:
1720:
1713:
1481:Other states
1406:
1273:Wei–Zhao War
1187:
1180:
1166:
1162:
1153:
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1132:
1128:
1119:
1110:
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1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1046:
1030:
1021:
976:
932:Zhaowen (昭文)
914:Murong Sheng
869:Liezong (烈宗)
851:Chengwu (成武)
829:Family names
819:Temple names
795:Northern Yan
787:
764:
744:Murong Sheng
733:
724:Southern Yan
716:Murong Xiang
701:
684:
676:Northern Wei
669:
656:Murong Sheng
649:
645:
631:founded the
614:
601:
589:
577:
553:
541:
510:Murong Huang
504:
473:
471:
455:Northern Wei
419:
400:
376:
372:
371:
340:Northern Yan
326:Southern Yan
312:Northern Wei
281:Succeeded by
280:
275:
238:27 April 397
153:Murong Sheng
32:Yan (An–Shi)
1722:Book of Jin
1678:Murong Chui
1587:Jin dynasty
1488:Short-lived
910:Zhaowu (昭武)
872:Huimin (惠愍)
855:Murong Chui
621:Murong Yong
592:Western Yan
529:Murong Ping
506:Murong Chui
492:ethnicity.
423:Murong Chui
276:Preceded by
222:Murong Chui
136:• 398
117:Murong Chui
1738:Categories
1013:References
958:Murong Yun
954:Huiyi (惠懿)
876:Murong Bao
848:Shizu (世祖)
833:given name
809:See also:
783:Murong Yun
771:Fu Xunying
712:Murong Hui
704:Murong Lin
652:Murong Bao
501:Background
474:Tiān Wáng"
299:Former Qin
177:Murong Yun
129:Murong Bao
89:Government
1744:Later Yan
1693:Tuoba Tao
1688:Tuoba Gui
1673:Wang Meng
1150:"中央研究院網站"
1116:"中央研究院網站"
1082:"中央研究院網站"
1064:"中央研究院網站"
1027:"中央研究院網站"
936:Murong Xi
841:Era names
767:Fu Song'e
756:Murong Xi
720:Murong De
708:Longcheng
688:Tuoba Gui
660:Murong Xi
629:Zhai Liao
596:Later Qin
482:Murong Xi
459:Longcheng
377:Later Yan
248:'s death
246:Murong Xi
165:Murong Xi
1683:Yao Xing
1663:Huan Wen
1643:Liu Cong
1638:Liu Yuan
1622:Goguryeo
1617:Dingling
1580:Involved
1173:vol. 115
1137:vol. 114
1103:vol. 109
1051:vol. 106
986:See also
779:Liaodong
752:Goguryeo
736:Liaoning
633:Zhai Wei
580:Chang'an
568:Zhai Bin
521:Huan Wen
490:Goguryeo
463:Goguryeo
447:Shandong
435:Liaoning
93:Monarchy
1668:Fu Jian
1658:Ran Min
1607:Xianbei
1597:Xiongnu
1394:Xianbei
1320:Xiongnu
1251:History
1007:Xianbei
968:407–409
963:Gao Yun
940:401–407
918:398–401
895:Lan Han
880:396–398
859:384–396
799:Feng Ba
790:Gao Yun
748:Kumo Xi
740:Lan Han
617:Baoding
605:Jinyang
566:led by
544:Fu Jian
523:at the
514:Xianbei
496:History
486:Gao Yun
443:Shaanxi
431:Baoding
411:Xianbei
402:Hòu Yān
244:•
220:•
187:History
141:Lan Han
99:Emperor
79:Capital
50:384–409
1698:Liu Yu
1653:Shi Hu
1648:Shi Le
1550:States
1529:Tribes
1199:
775:Khitan
637:Anyang
625:Shanxi
399::
397:pinyin
391::
383::
190:
102:
1602:Qiang
1536:Yuwen
1432:Qiang
997:Wu Hu
672:Tuoba
641:Henan
560:Fu Pi
556:Hebei
535:-led
451:Henan
439:Hebei
365:China
1541:Duan
1197:ISBN
831:and
769:and
750:and
594:and
449:and
1592:Jie
1450:Han
1376:Jie
961:or
899:398
469:.
373:Yan
204:384
41:Yan
1740::
1612:Di
1348:Di
1195:.
1193:59
1171:,
1152:.
1135:,
1118:.
1101:,
1084:.
1066:.
1049:,
1039:^
1029:.
762:.
699:.
639:,
584:Ye
539:.
533:Di
445:,
441:,
437:,
427:Ye
417:.
395:;
393:後燕
387:;
385:后燕
1236:e
1229:t
1222:v
1205:.
1175:.
1156:.
1139:.
1122:.
1105:.
1088:.
1070:.
1053:.
1033:.
977:1
951:–
929:–
891:–
888:–
476:(
379:(
44:燕
34:.
20:)
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