49:
547:
it would threaten national security. The debate is polarized around two opposing views. Those who see strong encryption as a problem making it easier for criminals to hide their illegal acts online and others who argue that encryption keep digital communications safe. The debate heated up in 2014, when Big Tech like Apple and Google set encryption by default in their devices. This was the start of a series of controversies that puts governments, companies and internet users at stake.
185:. The Enigma Machine was more complex because unlike the Jefferson Wheel and the M-94, each day the jumble of letters switched to a completely new combination. Each day's combination was only known by the Axis, so many thought the only way to break the code would be to try over 17,000 combinations within 24 hours. The Allies used computing power to severely limit the number of reasonable combinations they needed to check every day, leading to the breaking of the Enigma Machine.
2115:
2502:
2648:
2129:
229:(configurable up to 512-bit). Cipher suites that use a 128-bit or higher key, like AES, will not be able to be brute-forced because the total amount of keys is 3.4028237e+38 possibilities. The most likely option for cracking ciphers with high key size is to find vulnerabilities in the cipher itself, like inherent biases and
95:. It is possible to decrypt the message without possessing the key but, for a well-designed encryption scheme, considerable computational resources and skills are required. An authorized recipient can easily decrypt the message with the key provided by the originator to recipients but not to unauthorized users.
124:, who lived in 1900 BC Egypt. Symbol replacement encryption is “non-standard,” which means that the symbols require a cipher or key to understand. This type of early encryption was used throughout Ancient Greece and Rome for military purposes. One of the most famous military encryption developments was the
546:
The question of balancing the need for national security with the right to privacy has been debated for years, since encryption has become critical in today's digital society. The modern encryption debate started around the '90s when US government tried to ban cryptography because, according to them,
463:
in order to process large amounts of data simultaneously. Quantum computing has been found to achieve computing speeds thousands of times faster than today's supercomputers. This computing power presents a challenge to today's encryption technology. For example, RSA encryption uses the multiplication
420:
Conventional methods for permanently deleting data from a storage device involve overwriting the device's whole content with zeros, ones, or other patterns – a process which can take a significant amount of time, depending on the capacity and the type of storage medium. Cryptography offers a way of
441:
Encryption is used in the 21st century to protect digital data and information systems. As computing power increased over the years, encryption technology has only become more advanced and secure. However, this advancement in technology has also exposed a potential limitation of today's encryption
481:
While quantum computing could be a threat to encryption security in the future, quantum computing as it currently stands is still very limited. Quantum computing currently is not commercially available, cannot handle large amounts of code, and only exists as computational devices, not computers.
583:
are widely available, but successfully using encryption to ensure security may be a challenging problem. A single error in system design or execution can allow successful attacks. Sometimes an adversary can obtain unencrypted information without directly undoing the encryption. See for example
292:
schemes, the encryption key is published for anyone to use and encrypt messages. However, only the receiving party has access to the decryption key that enables messages to be read. Public-key encryption was first described in a secret document in 1973; beforehand, all encryption schemes were
468:
for its public key. Decoding this key without its private key requires this semiprime number to be factored, which can take a very long time to do with modern computers. It would take a supercomputer anywhere between weeks to months to factor in this key. However, quantum computing can use
98:
Historically, various forms of encryption have been used to aid in cryptography. Early encryption techniques were often used in military messaging. Since then, new techniques have emerged and become commonplace in all areas of modern computing. Modern encryption schemes use the concepts of
354:
reported that in 2007, 71% of companies surveyed used encryption for some of their data in transit, and 53% used encryption for some of their data in storage. Encryption can be used to protect data "at rest", such as information stored on computers and storage devices (e.g.
359:). In recent years, there have been numerous reports of confidential data, such as customers' personal records, being exposed through loss or theft of laptops or backup drives; encrypting such files at rest helps protect them if physical security measures fail.
141:– which was an attempt to crack ciphers systematically, including the Caesar cipher. This technique looked at the frequency of letters in the encrypted message to determine the appropriate shift. This technique was rendered ineffective after the creation of the
128:, which was a system in which a letter in normal text is shifted down a fixed number of positions down the alphabet to get the encoded letter. A message encoded with this type of encryption could be decoded with the fixed number on the Caesar cipher.
502:
of sensitive information throughout its lifetime. Most applications of encryption protect information only at rest or in transit, leaving sensitive data in clear text and potentially vulnerable to improper disclosure during processing, such as by a
473:
to factor this semiprime number in the same amount of time it takes for normal computers to generate it. This would make all data protected by current public-key encryption vulnerable to quantum computing attacks. Other encryption techniques like
293:
symmetric-key (also called private-key). Although published subsequently, the work of Diffie and
Hellman was published in a journal with a large readership, and the value of the methodology was explicitly described. The method became known as the
284:
schemes, the encryption and decryption keys are the same. Communicating parties must have the same key in order to achieve secure communication. The German Enigma
Machine used a new symmetric-key each day for encoding and decoding messages.
611:
along its full transmission path; otherwise, any node between the sender and the encryption agent could potentially tamper with it. Encrypting at the time of creation is only secure if the encryption device itself has correct
169:, although never actually built, was theorized as a spool that could jumble an English message up to 36 characters. The message could be decrypted by plugging in the jumbled message to a receiver with an identical cipher.
628:
by network operators represents a controlled and institutionally sanctioned form of such an attack, but countries have also attempted to employ such attacks as a form of control and censorship.
555:
Encryption, by itself, can protect the confidentiality of messages, but other techniques are still needed to protect the integrity and authenticity of a message; for example, verification of a
1584:
Sharma, Moolchand; Choudhary, Vikas; Bhatia, R. S.; Malik, Sahil; Raina, Anshuman; Khandelwal, Harshit (3 April 2021). "Leveraging the power of quantum computing for breaking RSA encryption".
433:
storage'. Because the key is stored on the same device, this setup on its own does not offer full privacy or security protection if an unauthorized person gains physical access to the device.
486:(NSA) is currently preparing post-quantum encryption standards for the future. Quantum encryption promises a level of security that will be able to counter the threat of quantum computing.
153:(in 1465), which incorporated different sets of languages. For frequency analysis to be useful, the person trying to decrypt the message would need to know which language the sender chose.
522:
In response to encryption of data at rest, cyber-adversaries have developed new types of attacks. These more recent threats to encryption of data at rest include cryptographic attacks,
538:
data protection technologies attempt to counter some of these attacks, by distributing, moving, or mutating ciphertext so it is more difficult to identify, steal, corrupt, or destroy.
2482:
2312:
670:
is a broad class of techniques that often employs message lengths to infer sensitive implementation about traffic flows by aggregating information about a large number of messages.
402:. There have been numerous reports of data in transit being intercepted in recent years. Data should also be encrypted when transmitted across networks in order to protect against
1318:
735:
449:(Data Encryption Standard), was 56 bits, meaning it had 2^56 combination possibilities. With today's computing power, a 56-bit key is no longer secure, being vulnerable to
2075:
1361:
676:
a message's payload before encrypting it can help obscure the cleartext's true length, at the cost of increasing the ciphertext's size and introducing or increasing
2542:
2165:
1663:
165:
theorized a cipher to encode and decode messages to provide a more secure way of military correspondence. The cipher, known today as the Wheel Cipher or the
1388:
72:) information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can decode. This process converts the original representation of the information, known as
1762:
3086:
1559:
1738:
2042:
SUPER SECRETO – The Third Epoch of
Cryptography: Multiple, exponential, quantum-secure and above all, simple and practical Encryption for Everyone
1115:
350:
to facilitate secret communication. It is now commonly used in protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems. For example, the
3063:
2088:
2049:
2018:
1476:
1098:
607:
must be applied to the ciphertext when it is first created, typically on the same device used to compose the message, to protect a message
1192:
Bellare, Mihir. "Public-Key
Encryption in a Multi-user Setting: Security Proofs and Improvements." Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. p. 1.
910:
178:, was developed in 1917 independently by US Army Major Joseph Mauborne. This device was used in U.S. military communications until 1942.
3094:
1326:
2535:
2065:
1984:
1248:
765:
2133:
445:
The length of the encryption key is an indicator of the strength of the encryption method. For example, the original encryption key,
3026:
2158:
2035:
2004:
979:
80:. Despite its goal, encryption does not itself prevent interference but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor.
2077:
Concealing for
Freedom: The Making of Encryption, Secure Messaging and Digital Liberties (Foreword by Laura DeNardis)(open access)
2822:
801:
1044:
294:
3076:
1139:
2361:
816:
512:
206:
2095:
30:
This article is about algorithms for encryption and decryption. For an overview of cryptographic technology in general, see
642:
Even when encryption correctly hides a message's content and it cannot be tampered with at rest or in transit, a message's
197:
for security and commerce. As computing power continues to increase, computer encryption is constantly evolving to prevent
2889:
2528:
1624:"The Potential of Quantum Computing and Machine Learning to Advance Clinical Research and Change the Practice of Medicine"
1415:
620:
that an attacker controls, for example, then the attacker can both inspect and tamper with encrypted data by performing a
2151:
856:
737:
214:
265:. The two main types of keys in cryptographic systems are symmetric-key and public-key (also known as asymmetric-key).
3081:
3002:
2802:
2477:
2432:
2245:
1202:
600:
556:
475:
351:
1671:
1535:
213:, which required 22 hours and 15 minutes to do so. Modern encryption standards often use stronger key sizes, such as
107:. Modern encryption techniques ensure security because modern computers are inefficient at cracking the encryption.
3058:
3016:
2672:
2356:
1866:
1848:
2919:
2637:
2472:
826:
360:
3125:
2904:
2782:
2677:
2462:
2452:
2307:
1881:
971:
625:
621:
593:
572:
483:
446:
399:
202:
1910:
Nikitin, Kirill; Barman, Ludovic; Lueks, Wouter; Underwood, Matthew; Hubaux, Jean-Pierre; Ford, Bryan (2019).
1458:
Fiber Optic
Networks Vulnerable to Attack, Information Security Magazine, November 15, 2006, Sandra Kay Miller
1837:
is the first technology to continuously move, mutate, and re-encrypt ciphertext as a form of data protection.
1168:
363:
systems, which prevent unauthorized use or reproduction of copyrighted material and protect software against
2992:
2944:
2607:
2457:
2447:
2250:
2210:
2203:
2193:
2188:
281:
104:
100:
53:
2198:
1968:
791:
760:
685:
681:
673:
637:
576:
508:
1911:
1830:
1804:
1389:"Health Care Group News: $ 3.5 M OCR Settlement for Five Breaches Affecting Fewer Than 500 Patients Each"
3120:
3033:
2767:
2505:
2351:
2297:
995:
851:
482:
Furthermore, quantum computing advancements will be able to be used in favor of encryption as well. The
289:
150:
1063:
3053:
2965:
2914:
2859:
2727:
2700:
2682:
2647:
2580:
2551:
2467:
2391:
1692:
Yan Li; Nakul Sanjay Dhotre; Yasuhiro Ohara; Thomas M. Kroeger; Ethan L. Miller; Darrell D. E. Long.
677:
608:
495:
250:
230:
1222:
Foundations of
Cryptography: Volume 2, Basic Applications. Vol. 2. Cambridge university press, 2004.
699:
575:
algorithms are designed to provide both encryption and integrity protection together. Standards for
120:
One of the earliest forms of encryption is symbol replacement, which was first found in the tomb of
2837:
2612:
2570:
2230:
1992:
846:
841:
821:
811:
689:
663:
580:
568:
523:
516:
499:
387:
364:
323:
234:
1468:
3021:
2949:
2854:
2336:
2320:
2267:
1946:
1926:
1601:
781:
613:
589:
450:
300:
269:
262:
138:
88:
35:
939:
3069:
2827:
2762:
2712:
2659:
2617:
2565:
2396:
2386:
2257:
2084:
2061:
2045:
2031:
2014:
2000:
1980:
1645:
1094:
975:
918:
771:
604:
560:
470:
460:
456:
391:
308:
222:
1714:
965:
3038:
2978:
2742:
2732:
2627:
2331:
1936:
1635:
1593:
1517:
1508:
Abood, Omar G.; Guirguis, Shawkat K. (24 July 2018). "A Survey on
Cryptography Algorithms".
1297:
1086:
755:
667:
617:
585:
465:
422:
383:
375:
356:
226:
162:
48:
1259:
374:
Encryption is also used to protect data in transit, for example data being transferred via
2929:
2909:
2632:
2622:
1834:
1348:
776:
504:
368:
327:
210:
688:, with each approach having different tradeoffs. Encrypting and padding messages to form
650:
that can still leak sensitive information about the message. For example, the well-known
241:, a stream cipher, was cracked due to inherent biases and vulnerabilities in the cipher.
205:, used a 56-bit key with 72,057,594,037,927,936 possibilities; it was cracked in 1999 by
1019:
3099:
2997:
2847:
2797:
2772:
2737:
2717:
2597:
2585:
2406:
2326:
2287:
2235:
2220:
2023:
1640:
1623:
1560:"Quantum computers vastly outperform supercomputers when it comes to energy efficiency"
1490:
1219:
1090:
806:
786:
535:
527:
331:
182:
166:
146:
142:
42:
2119:
2114:
3114:
3009:
2970:
2939:
2934:
2787:
2777:
2747:
2487:
2442:
2401:
2381:
2277:
2240:
2215:
1605:
1249:"The RSA Algorithm: A Mathematical History of the Ubiquitous Cryptological Algorithm"
836:
831:
616:
and has not been tampered with. If an endpoint device has been configured to trust a
564:
403:
312:
258:
198:
181:
In World War II, the Axis powers used a more advanced version of the M-94 called the
125:
121:
84:
1950:
515:
are emerging techniques to compute encrypted data; these techniques are general and
3043:
2899:
2602:
2437:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2225:
2174:
2010:
1897:
Summarizing Known
Attacks on Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram TLS (DTLS)
1147:
796:
750:
415:
316:
304:
61:
31:
1973:
1882:"Kazakhstan Begins Intercepting HTTPS Internet Traffic Of All Citizens Forcefully"
1597:
1521:
1362:"Why stolen laptops still cause data breaches, and what's being done to stop them"
887:
1693:
2983:
2817:
2792:
2757:
2592:
2416:
2013:(2000), "Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT 2000", Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
1284:
Prasetyo, Deny; Widianto, Eko Didik; Indasari, Ike
Pratiwi (6 September 2019).
2864:
2812:
2695:
2575:
2376:
2346:
2302:
1786:
531:
379:
371:), is another somewhat different example of using encryption on data at rest.
347:
77:
1941:
1912:"Reducing Metadata Leakage from Encrypted Files and Communication with PURBs"
2924:
2879:
2874:
2722:
2690:
2366:
1763:"New cloud attack takes full control of virtual machines with little effort"
1081:
Johnson, Leighton (2016). "Security Component Fundamentals for Assessment".
395:
92:
73:
1649:
1302:
1285:
1206:
253:. Since data may be visible on the Internet, sensitive information such as
249:
In the context of cryptography, encryption serves as a mechanism to ensure
2128:
1286:"Short Message Service Encoding Using the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Algorithm"
494:
Encryption is an important tool but is not sufficient alone to ensure the
17:
2884:
2842:
2705:
2411:
2371:
1236:, vol. 22, IEEE transactions on Information Theory, pp. 644–654
693:
647:
343:
254:
194:
134:
1739:"Researchers crack open unusually advanced malware that hid for 5 years"
666:
that relied on information leakage via the length of encrypted content.
430:
330:, and distributed free of charge with source code. PGP was purchased by
2894:
2869:
2832:
2520:
1694:"Horus: Fine-Grained Encryption-Based Security for Large-Scale Storage"
478:
and symmetric key encryption are also vulnerable to quantum computing.
218:
1896:
530:, data corruption or integrity attacks, data destruction attacks, and
2807:
2752:
2667:
2292:
1510:
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP)
1347:
Robert Richardson, 2008 CSI Computer Crime and Security Survey at 19.
655:
307:. Created in 1978, it is still used today for applications involving
193:
Today, encryption is used in the transfer of communication over the
1931:
1172:
1703:. Discussion of encryption weaknesses for petabyte scale datasets.
659:
651:
1441:
1867:"What is a Trojan Virus – Malware Protection – Kaspersky Lab US"
696:
about its cleartext's content, and leaks asymptotically minimal
175:
69:
2524:
2147:
421:
making the erasure almost instantaneous. This method is called
319:, which help generate both the encryption and decryption keys.
1790:
1083:
Security Controls Evaluation, Testing, and Assessment Handbook
426:
322:
A publicly available public-key encryption application called
238:
1827:
429:
devices, where the cryptographic key is kept in a dedicated '
261:. The process of encrypting and decrypting messages involves
2646:
1622:
Solenov, Dmitry; Brieler, Jay; Scherrer, Jeffrey F. (2018).
425:. An example implementation of this method can be found on
83:
For technical reasons, an encryption scheme usually uses a
624:
anywhere along the message's path. The common practice of
1416:"Protect Your Company from Theft: Self Encrypting Drives"
692:
is a practice guaranteeing that the cipher text leaks no
519:
but incur high computational and/or communication costs.
1895:
Sheffer, Y.; Holz, R.; Saint-Andre, P. (February 2015).
268:
Many complex cryptographic algorithms often use simple
257:
and personal communication may be exposed to potential
2313:
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
1919:
Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PoPETS)
1715:"The Padding Oracle Attack – why crypto is terrifying"
702:
2139:
1975:
Cryptanalysis: A Study of Ciphers and Their Solution
1785:
Examples of data fragmentation technologies include
1319:"Symantec buys encryption specialist PGP for $ 300M"
2958:
2658:
2558:
2425:
2181:
1203:"Public-Key Encryption – how GCHQ got there first!"
68:is the process of transforming (more specifically,
2094:
1972:
729:
201:attacks. One of the first "modern" cipher suites,
2028:Elementary Cryptanalysis: A Mathematical Approach
56:, one of the most widely used forms of encryption
1849:"The Modern Encryption Debate: What's at Stake?"
233:or by exploiting physical side effects through
2074:Ermoshina, Ksenia; Musiani, Francesca (2022),
1997:The Codebreakers - The Story of Secret Writing
967:Passwords: Philology, Security, Authentication
2536:
2159:
27:Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
8:
174:A similar device to the Jefferson Disk, the
41:"Encrypt" redirects here. For the film, see
1232:Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin (1976),
2543:
2529:
2521:
2166:
2152:
2144:
2140:
406:of network traffic by unauthorized users.
3087:Security information and event management
1940:
1930:
1639:
1301:
701:
2056:Lindell, Yehuda; Katz, Jonathan (2014),
599:Integrity protection mechanisms such as
464:of very large prime numbers to create a
47:
2030:, Mathematical Association of America.
869:
2083:, Manchester, UK: matteringpress.org,
1664:"Post-Quantum Cybersecurity Resources"
1469:"Data Encryption in Transit Guideline"
1116:"Classification of Cryptographic Keys"
3064:Host-based intrusion detection system
1617:
1615:
7:
1979:, New York: Dover Publications Inc,
1473:Berkeley Information Security Office
1387:Castricone, D.M. (2 February 2018).
905:
903:
901:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
690:padded uniform random blobs or PURBs
76:, into an alternative form known as
3095:Runtime application self-protection
2058:Introduction to modern cryptography
1256:Swarthmore College Computer Society
1169:"Symmetric-key encryption software"
886:Kessler, Gary (November 17, 2006).
551:Integrity protection of Ciphertexts
1805:"What does 'Active Defense' mean?"
1091:10.1016/B978-0-12-802324-2.00011-7
1045:"How did the Enigma machine work?"
766:Cyberspace Electronic Security Act
334:in 2010 and is regularly updated.
133:Around 800 AD, Arab mathematician
25:
3027:Security-focused operating system
1536:"Encryption methods: An overview"
1479:from the original on Dec 5, 2023.
1247:Kelly, Maria (December 7, 2009).
342:Encryption has long been used by
34:. For the album by Pro-jekt, see
2823:Insecure direct object reference
2501:
2500:
2127:
2113:
802:Indistinguishability obfuscation
534:attacks. Data fragmentation and
315:, the RSA algorithm selects two
3077:Information security management
1317:Kirk, Jeremy (April 29, 2010).
1140:"Chapter 3. Modular Arithmetic"
1043:Hern, Alex (14 November 2014).
940:"Caesar Cipher in Cryptography"
2362:Information-theoretic security
1847:Catania, Simone (2022-11-02).
1803:Burshteyn, Mike (2016-12-22).
1446:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1234:New directions in cryptography
1062:Newton, Glen E. (7 May 2013).
730:{\displaystyle O(\log \log M)}
724:
706:
581:hardware to perform encryption
526:, attacks on encryption keys,
513:secure multi-party computation
303:is another notable public-key
1:
2118:The dictionary definition of
1598:10.1080/23335777.2020.1811384
1522:10.29322/IJSRP.8.7.2018.p7978
1422:. Western Digital Corporation
1360:Keane, J. (13 January 2016).
1205:. gchq.gov.uk. Archived from
1064:"The Evolution of Encryption"
888:"An Overview of Cryptography"
632:Ciphertext length and padding
326:(PGP) was written in 1991 by
857:Tokenization (data security)
542:The debate around encryption
3082:Information risk management
3003:Multi-factor authentication
2559:Related security categories
2478:Message authentication code
2433:Cryptographic hash function
2246:Cryptographic hash function
557:message authentication code
490:Attacks and countermeasures
476:elliptic curve cryptography
352:Computer Security Institute
301:RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman)
295:Diffie-Hellman key exchange
137:developed the technique of
3142:
3059:Intrusion detection system
3017:Computer security software
2673:Advanced persistent threat
2357:Harvest now, decrypt later
1880:Kumar, Mohit (July 2019).
635:
413:
272:in their implementations.
245:Encryption in cryptography
40:
29:
2644:
2638:Digital rights management
2496:
2473:Post-quantum cryptography
2143:
1368:. IDG Communications, Inc
1290:Jurnal Online Informatika
911:"History of Cryptography"
827:Post-quantum cryptography
817:Physical Layer Encryption
680:. Messages may be padded
524:stolen ciphertext attacks
400:automatic teller machines
361:Digital rights management
52:A simple illustration of
2783:Denial-of-service attack
2678:Arbitrary code execution
2463:Quantum key distribution
2453:Authenticated encryption
2308:Random number generation
2134:Cryptographic algorithms
1942:10.2478/popets-2019-0056
1395:. National Law Forum LLC
972:Harvard University Press
622:man-in-the-middle attack
573:Authenticated encryption
484:National Security Agency
2993:Computer access control
2945:Rogue security software
2608:Electromagnetic warfare
2458:Public-key cryptography
2448:Symmetric-key algorithm
2251:Key derivation function
2211:Cryptographic primitive
2204:Authentication protocol
2194:Outline of cryptography
2189:History of cryptography
1414:Bek, E. (19 May 2016).
1393:The National Law Review
54:public-key cryptography
3039:Obfuscation (software)
2768:Browser Helper Objects
2652:
2199:Cryptographic protocol
1586:Cyber-Physical Systems
1303:10.15575/join.v4i1.264
964:Lennon, Brian (2018).
792:Export of cryptography
761:Cryptography standards
731:
638:Padding (cryptography)
577:cryptographic software
509:Homomorphic encryption
57:
3034:Data-centric security
2915:Remote access trojans
2650:
2352:End-to-end encryption
2298:Cryptojacking malware
2040:Tenzer, Theo (2021):
852:Television encryption
732:
507:service for example.
290:public-key encryption
151:Leon Battista Alberti
143:polyalphabetic cipher
51:
2966:Application security
2860:Privilege escalation
2728:Cross-site scripting
2581:Cybersex trafficking
2552:Information security
2468:Quantum cryptography
2392:Trusted timestamping
2136:at Wikimedia Commons
1969:Fouché Gaines, Helen
1420:Western Digital Blog
1120:www.cryptomathic.com
1085:. pp. 531–627.
1024:www.cryptomuseum.com
892:Princeton University
700:
664:side-channel attacks
388:wireless microphones
378:(e.g. the Internet,
235:Side-channel attacks
2613:Information warfare
2571:Automotive security
2231:Cryptographic nonce
1540:IONOS Digital Guide
1329:on January 31, 2020
847:Substitution cipher
842:Side-channel attack
822:Pretty Good Privacy
812:Multiple encryption
459:uses properties of
451:brute force attacks
365:reverse engineering
324:Pretty Good Privacy
3022:Antivirus software
2890:Social engineering
2855:Polymorphic engine
2808:Fraudulent dialers
2713:Hardware backdoors
2653:
2337:Subliminal channel
2321:Pseudorandom noise
2268:Key (cryptography)
1884:. The Hacker News.
1833:2021-02-06 at the
1000:www.monticello.org
782:Encrypted function
727:
678:bandwidth overhead
605:digital signatures
563:usually done by a
471:quantum algorithms
309:digital signatures
270:modular arithmetic
139:frequency analysis
58:
36:Encryption (album)
3108:
3107:
3070:Anomaly detection
2975:Secure by default
2828:Keystroke loggers
2763:Drive-by download
2651:vectorial version
2618:Internet security
2566:Computer security
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2397:Key-based routing
2387:Trapdoor function
2258:Digital signature
2132:Media related to
2090:978-1-912729-22-7
2050:978-3-755-76117-4
2019:978-3-540-67517-4
1869:. 3 October 2023.
1701:www.ssrc.ucsc.edu
1628:Missouri Medicine
1265:on March 31, 2022
1100:978-0-12-802324-2
772:Dictionary attack
686:deterministically
565:hashing algorithm
561:digital signature
461:quantum mechanics
457:Quantum computing
398:devices and bank
392:wireless intercom
384:mobile telephones
223:ChaCha20-Poly1305
157:19th–20th century
16:(Redirected from
3133:
2979:Secure by design
2910:Hardware Trojans
2743:History sniffing
2733:Cross-site leaks
2628:Network security
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2504:
2503:
2332:Insecure channel
2168:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2117:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2093:, archived from
2082:
2070:
1989:
1978:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1838:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1670:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1325:. Archived from
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1258:. Archived from
1253:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1220:Goldreich, Oded.
1217:
1211:
1210:
1209:on May 19, 2010.
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1171:. Archived from
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1146:. Archived from
1144:www.doc.ic.ac.uk
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
992:
986:
985:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
917:. Archived from
907:
896:
895:
883:
756:Cold boot attack
740:via its length.
736:
734:
733:
728:
668:Traffic analysis
658:attacks against
626:TLS interception
618:root certificate
586:traffic analysis
466:semiprime number
423:crypto-shredding
357:USB flash drives
217:(256-bit mode),
163:Thomas Jefferson
149:(1355–1418) and
91:generated by an
21:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3126:Data protection
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
2954:
2654:
2642:
2633:Copy protection
2623:Mobile security
2554:
2549:
2519:
2510:
2492:
2421:
2177:
2172:
2110:
2099:
2091:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2055:
2044:, Norderstedt,
2024:Sinkov, Abraham
1987:
1967:
1964:
1962:Further reading
1959:
1958:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1835:Wayback Machine
1826:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1002:
994:
993:
989:
982:
963:
962:
958:
949:
947:
938:
937:
933:
924:
922:
915:Binance Academy
909:
908:
899:
885:
884:
871:
866:
861:
777:Disk encryption
746:
698:
697:
640:
634:
553:
544:
528:insider attacks
517:Turing complete
492:
439:
418:
412:
369:copy protection
340:
328:Phil Zimmermann
278:
251:confidentiality
247:
237:. For example,
191:
159:
145:, described by
118:
113:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3100:Site isolation
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2998:Authentication
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:Email spoofing
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:DOM clobbering
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:Code injection
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Cyberterrorism
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2586:Computer fraud
2583:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2483:Random numbers
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Garlic routing
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:Secure channel
2324:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Key stretching
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2236:Cryptovirology
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:Cryptocurrency
2218:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2109:
2108:External links
2106:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2071:
2067:978-1466570269
2066:
2053:
2038:
2021:
2008:
1990:
1986:978-0486200972
1985:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1902:
1887:
1872:
1858:
1839:
1820:
1795:
1778:
1754:
1730:
1706:
1684:
1655:
1634:(5): 463–467.
1611:
1576:
1551:
1527:
1500:
1482:
1460:
1451:
1433:
1406:
1379:
1352:
1340:
1309:
1276:
1239:
1224:
1212:
1194:
1185:
1160:
1131:
1106:
1099:
1073:
1054:
1035:
1011:
996:"Wheel Cipher"
987:
980:
974:. p. 26.
956:
931:
897:
868:
867:
865:
862:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
807:Key management
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Enigma machine
784:
779:
774:
769:
763:
758:
753:
747:
745:
742:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
636:Main article:
633:
630:
552:
549:
543:
540:
536:active defense
491:
488:
438:
435:
414:Main article:
411:
408:
339:
336:
277:
274:
246:
243:
190:
187:
183:Enigma Machine
167:Jefferson Disk
158:
155:
147:Al-Qalqashandi
117:
114:
112:
109:
43:Encrypt (film)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3138:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:Authorization
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Secure coding
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:SQL injection
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Vulnerability
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Trojan horses
2903:
2901:
2900:Software bugs
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Eavesdropping
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Data scraping
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Cryptojacking
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2488:Steganography
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Stream cipher
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Onion routing
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Shared secret
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Key generator
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:Hash function
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Cryptanalysis
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2124:at Wiktionary
2123:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2102:on 2022-06-02
2097:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:0-88385-622-0
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:Preneel, Bart
2009:
2006:
2005:0-684-83130-9
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1720:
1719:Robert Heaton
1716:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1674:on 2021-01-18
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1565:
1564:Physics World
1561:
1555:
1552:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1495:Apple Support
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1323:Computerworld
1320:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1175:on 2022-03-10
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1150:on 2021-10-11
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1114:Stubbs, Rob.
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
983:
981:9780674985377
977:
973:
969:
968:
960:
957:
945:
944:GeeksforGeeks
941:
935:
932:
921:on 2020-04-26
920:
916:
912:
906:
904:
902:
898:
893:
889:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
870:
863:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:Rotor machine
835:
833:
832:Rainbow table
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
743:
741:
739:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
703:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:is a form of
645:
639:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:PGP signature
566:
562:
558:
550:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
479:
477:
472:
467:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
417:
409:
407:
405:
404:eavesdropping
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
317:prime numbers
314:
313:number theory
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:
291:
286:
283:
282:symmetric-key
275:
273:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:eavesdropping
196:
188:
186:
184:
179:
177:
172:
171:
168:
164:
161:Around 1790,
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
130:
127:
126:Caesar cipher
123:
122:Khnumhotep II
115:
110:
108:
106:
105:symmetric-key
102:
96:
94:
90:
86:
85:pseudo-random
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
50:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3121:Cryptography
3048:
3044:Data masking
2603:Cyberwarfare
2438:Block cipher
2341:
2283:Key schedule
2273:Key exchange
2263:Kleptography
2226:Cryptosystem
2175:Cryptography
2120:
2096:the original
2076:
2060:, Hall/CRC,
2057:
2041:
2027:
1996:
1974:
1922:
1918:
1905:
1890:
1875:
1861:
1852:
1842:
1823:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1798:
1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1767:Ars Technica
1766:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1743:Ars Technica
1742:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:
1709:
1700:
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:the original
1667:
1658:
1631:
1627:
1592:(2): 73–92.
1589:
1585:
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1566:. 2020-05-01
1563:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1419:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1392:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1365:
1355:
1349:i.cmpnet.com
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1322:
1312:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1260:the original
1255:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1215:
1207:the original
1197:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:the original
1143:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1109:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1049:The Guardian
1048:
1038:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
990:
966:
959:
948:. Retrieved
946:. 2016-06-02
943:
934:
923:. Retrieved
919:the original
914:
891:
797:Geo-blocking
751:Cryptosystem
672:
643:
641:
598:
594:Trojan horse
554:
545:
521:
493:
480:
455:
444:
440:
419:
416:Data erasure
410:Data erasure
373:
341:
321:
305:cryptosystem
299:
287:
279:
267:
259:interceptors
248:
209:brute-force
192:
180:
173:
170:
160:
132:
129:
119:
97:
82:
65:
62:cryptography
59:
32:Cryptography
2984:Misuse case
2818:Infostealer
2793:Email fraud
2758:Data breach
2593:Cybergeddon
2426:Mathematics
2417:Mix network
1993:Kahn, David
1925:(4): 6–33.
1668:www.nsa.gov
1333:January 31,
738:information
559:(MAC) or a
437:Limitations
348:governments
211:DES cracker
87:encryption
3115:Categories
3049:Encryption
2925:Web shells
2865:Ransomware
2813:Hacktivism
2576:Cybercrime
2377:Ciphertext
2347:Decryption
2342:Encryption
2303:Ransomware
2121:encryption
1932:1806.03160
1828:CryptoMove
1814:2016-12-25
1809:CryptoMove
1787:Tahoe-LAFS
1772:2016-12-25
1748:2016-12-25
1724:2016-12-25
1678:2021-01-16
1570:2021-05-02
1545:2022-10-07
1179:2022-02-15
1154:2021-08-15
1125:2021-02-03
1029:2020-04-02
1005:2020-04-02
950:2020-04-02
925:2020-04-02
864:References
609:end-to-end
532:ransomware
431:effaceable
380:e-commerce
367:(see also
344:militaries
101:public-key
78:ciphertext
66:encryption
18:Encrypting
2880:Shellcode
2875:Scareware
2723:Crimeware
2683:Backdoors
2367:Plaintext
1899:(Report).
1606:225312133
1491:"Welcome"
1296:(1): 39.
1269:March 30,
1070:. Unisys.
719:
713:
442:methods.
396:Bluetooth
394:systems,
255:passwords
231:backdoors
93:algorithm
74:plaintext
3054:Firewall
2959:Defenses
2885:Spamming
2870:Rootkits
2843:Phishing
2803:Exploits
2506:Category
2412:Kademlia
2372:Codetext
2315:(CSPRNG)
2026:(1966):
1995:(1967),
1971:(1939),
1951:47011059
1853:CircleID
1831:Archived
1650:30385997
1477:Archived
744:See also
694:metadata
682:randomly
648:metadata
496:security
376:networks
332:Symantec
311:. Using
195:Internet
135:Al-Kindi
70:encoding
2895:Spyware
2838:Payload
2833:Malware
2773:Viruses
2753:Botnets
2660:Threats
2182:General
1641:6205278
1366:PCWorld
674:Padding
590:TEMPEST
500:privacy
227:Serpent
219:TwoFish
116:Ancient
111:History
3089:(SIEM)
3066:(HIDS)
2950:Zombie
2687:Bombs
2668:Adware
2293:Keygen
2087:
2064:
2048:
2034:
2017:
2003:
1983:
1949:
1648:
1638:
1604:
1097:
1020:"M-94"
978:
656:BREACH
644:length
189:Modern
2935:Worms
2930:Wiper
2848:Voice
2696:Logic
2323:(PRN)
2100:(PDF)
2081:(PDF)
1947:S2CID
1927:arXiv
1915:(PDF)
1791:Storj
1697:(PDF)
1602:S2CID
1516:(7).
1442:"DRM"
1426:8 May
1399:8 May
1372:8 May
1263:(PDF)
1252:(PDF)
1068:Wired
662:were
660:HTTPS
652:CRIME
592:, or
567:or a
505:cloud
276:Types
207:EFF's
2701:Time
2691:Fork
2085:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2015:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1923:2019
1789:and
1646:PMID
1428:2018
1401:2018
1374:2018
1335:2020
1271:2022
1095:ISBN
976:ISBN
768:(US)
654:and
614:keys
603:and
601:MACs
579:and
511:and
346:and
338:Uses
263:keys
176:M-94
103:and
2706:Zip
1937:doi
1636:PMC
1632:115
1594:doi
1518:doi
1298:doi
1087:doi
716:log
710:log
684:or
498:or
447:DES
427:iOS
382:),
288:In
280:In
239:RC4
215:AES
203:DES
89:key
60:In
3117::
1945:.
1935:.
1921:.
1917:.
1851:.
1807:.
1765:.
1741:.
1717:.
1699:.
1666:.
1644:.
1630:.
1626:.
1614:^
1600:.
1588:.
1562:.
1538:.
1512:.
1493:.
1475:.
1471:.
1444:.
1418:.
1391:.
1364:.
1321:.
1292:.
1288:.
1254:.
1142:.
1118:.
1093:.
1066:.
1047:.
1022:.
998:.
970:.
942:.
913:.
900:^
890:.
872:^
596:.
588:,
571:.
453:.
390:,
386:,
297:.
225:,
221:,
64:,
2544:e
2537:t
2530:v
2167:e
2160:t
2153:v
2052:.
2007:)
1999:(
1953:.
1939::
1929::
1855:.
1817:.
1793:.
1775:.
1751:.
1727:.
1681:.
1652:.
1608:.
1596::
1590:7
1573:.
1548:.
1524:.
1520::
1514:8
1497:.
1448:.
1430:.
1403:.
1376:.
1337:.
1306:.
1300::
1294:4
1273:.
1182:.
1157:.
1128:.
1103:.
1089::
1051:.
1032:.
1008:.
984:.
953:.
928:.
894:.
725:)
722:M
707:(
704:O
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
