Matrilineality - Knowledge

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among some hunter-gatherers, patrilocality is less common than among farmers. So for example, among the pygmies of Aka, which includes Biaka and Benzene, a young couple usually settles in her husband's camp after the birth of their first child. However, the husband can stay in the wife's community, where one of his brothers or sisters can join him. This can happen in societies where the bride's service is practiced. Or in any other societies. According to the data above, some scientists also say that kinship and residence in hunter-gatherer societies are complex and multifaceted. For example, when re-checking past data (which were not very reliable), the researchers note that about 40% of the groups were bilocal, 22.9% were matrilocal and 25% were patrilocal. A number of scientists also advocate multilocality, refuting the concepts of exceptional matrilocality (matrilineality) or patrilocality (patrilineality).

1892:, had as its "gender ideology ... one of female superiority, and it operated within a social actuality of sexual equality." According to LeBow (based on Schlegel's work), in the Hopi, "gender roles ... are egalitarian .... either sex is inferior." LeBow concluded that Hopi women "participate fully in ... political decision-making." According to Schlegel, "the Hopi no longer live as they are described here" and "the attitude of female superiority is fading". Schlegel said the Hopi "were and still are matrilinial" and "the household ... was matrilocal". 1500:"The principles governing inheritance stress sex, generation and age – that is to say, men come before women and seniors before juniors." When a woman's brothers are available, a consideration of generational seniority stipulates that the line of brothers be exhausted before the right to inherit lineage property passes down to the next senior genealogical generation of sisters' sons. Finally, "it is when all possible male heirs have been exhausted that the females" may inherit. 2620:

welfare of female-heads depends upon networks" ("of kin and community"), "networks that mediate the patriarchal-ideological nexus." She wrote that "some female heads possessed" "feminist consciousness" and, at the same time, that "in many cases female-heads are not vociferous feminists ... but rather 'victims' of patriarchal relations and structures that place them in precarious positions.... they have held their ground ... provided for their children".

1788:. Most women could read and write, while most men were illiterate, concerning themselves mainly with herding livestock and other male activities. The livestock and other movable property were owned by the women, whereas personal property is owned and inherited regardless of gender. In contrast to most other Muslim cultural groups, men wear veils but women do not. This custom is discussed in more detail in the Tuareg article's 1930:, a constitution by which women retained matrilineal-rights and participated in the League's political decision-making, including deciding whether to proceed to war, through what may have been a matriarchy or "gyneocracy". The dates of this constitution's operation are unknown: the League was formed in approximately 1000–1450, but the constitution was oral until written in about 1880. The League still exists. 5309:)), p. 125 and see p. 126 (single quotation marks so in original) (author Chiricosta philosopher & historian of religions, esp. intercultural philosophy, religious & cultural dialogue, gender, & anthropology, & taught at La Sapienza (univ.), Urbaniana (univ.), & Roma Tre (univ.), all in Italy, School of Oriental & African Studies, & Univ. of Ha Noi). 54: 1416:, a man will exercise guardianship rights not over the children he fathers but over his sisters' children, who are viewed as 'his own flesh'. These children's biological father – unlike an uncle who is their mother's brother and thus their caregiver – is in some sense a 'stranger' to them, even when affectionate and emotionally close. 1896:"had no standing army" so that "the Hopi lacked the spur to masculine superiority" and, within that, as that women were central to institutions of clan and household and predominated "within the economic and social systems (in contrast to male predominance within the political and ceremonial systems)", the 2619:

region, despite "patriarchal institutional laws that ... are likely to work against the interests of women," which is a "co-operative conflict" between women and these laws. (Clearly "female-heads have no legal recourse" from these laws which state "patriarchal interests".) For example, "the economic

2392:

Besides Minangkabau, several other ethnics in Indonesia are also matrilineal and have similar culture as the Minangkabau. They are Suku Melayu Bebilang, Suku Kubu and Kerinci people. Suku Melayu Bebilang live in Kota Teluk Kuantan, Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi (also known as Kuansing), Riau. They have

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The Upper Kuskokwim people are the original inhabitants of the Upper Kuskokwim River basin. They speak an Athabaskan language more closely related to Tanana than to the language of the Lower Kuskokkwim River basin. They were traditionally hunter-gatherers who lived in matrilineal semi-nomadic bands.

2042:

The Navajo people of the American southwest are a matrilineal society in which kinship, children, livestock and family histories are passed down through the female. In marriage the groom moved to live with the brides family. Children also came from their mother's clan living in hogans of the females

1895:

Schlegel explains why there was female superiority as that the Hopi believed in "life as the highest good ... the female principle ... activated in women and in Mother Earth ... as its source" and that the Hopi "were not in a state of continual war with equally matched neighbors" and

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or practice multilocality, which in turn leads to a more egalitarian society, since both men and women have the right to choose with whom to live. According to some data, pastoralists and farmers strongly gravitate towards patrilocality, so patrilocality is a common phenomenon among non-Pygmies. But

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headed by a chief and a council of elders, each of whom is the elected head of a lineage – which itself may include multiple extended-family households. Public offices are thus vested in the lineage, as are land tenure and other lineage property. In other words, lineage property is inherited only

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In the United States, the offspring of enslaved women inherited their mother's status. A significant consequence of this is that children resulting from rape or unions between enslaved women and their owners did not have any of the rights of the father as they would have had under the patrilineal

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in Indonesia and about 4 million elsewhere, mostly in Indonesia. The Minang people are well known within their country for their tradition of matrilineality and for their "dedication to Islam" – despite Islam being "supposedly patrilineal". This well-known accommodation, between their traditional

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is an enatic clan, meaning members of the clan can only inherit their mothers last name and are considered to be a part of the mothers family. The entire Mokri tribe may have also practiced this form of enaticy before the collapse of their emirate and its direct rule from the Iranian or Ottoman

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passed a resolution waiving the need for formal conversion for anyone with at least one Jewish parent, provided that either (a) one is raised as a Jew, by Reform standards, or (b) one engages in an appropriate act of public identification, formalizing a practice that had been common in Reform

2000:"Early Europeans who first wrote about these Indians found matrilineal social organization to be unfamiliar and perplexing. As a result, the early records are full of 'clues' about early Lenape society, but were usually written by observers who did not fully understand what they were seeing." 857:

hunter-gatherers have chosen to reside postmaritally not with their husbands' family but with their own mother and other natal kin. Another line of argument is that when sisters and their mothers help each other with childcare, the descent line tends to be matrilineal rather than patrilineal.

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would be of the maternal side. All family property was jointly owned. In the event of a partition, the shares of the children were clubbed with that of the mother. The karanavar's property was inherited by his sisters' sons rather than his own sons. (For further information see the articles

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Biological anthropologists are now widely agreed that cooperative childcare was a development crucial in making possible the evolution of the unusually large human brain and characteristically human psychology. Although others refute the claims of supporters of the universality of

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uses "matriname" and states that women adding their own matriname to men's patriname (or "surname" as Sykes calls it) would really help in future genealogy work and historical record searches. Sykes also states (p. 292) that a woman's matriname will be handed down with her

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meet total strangers who share the same clan name, anywhere in Indonesia, they could theoretically expect to feel that they are distant relatives. Minang people do not have a family name or surname; neither is one's important clan name included in one's name; instead one's

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name is important in their marriage and their other cultural-related events. Two totally unrelated people who share the same clan name can never be married because they are considered to be from the same clan mother (unless they come from distant villages). Likewise, when

1843:

The social organization of the Cabécar people of Costa Rica is predicated on matrilineal clans in which the mother is the head of household. Each matrilineal clan controls marriage possibilities, regulates land tenure, and determines property inheritance for its members.

2999:—have been held to reflect a transition between a matrilineal society, where a man's loyalty was to his mother, and a patrilineal one, where his wife could claim it, although this interpretation is predicated on such a transition being a normal development in societies. 2663:

is said to be evidence of "the presence of an original 'matriarchy' ... and led to the double kinship system, which developed there .... combined matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of family structure and assigned equal importance to both lines."

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society in which the mother/child bond is likely to be much stronger than the father/child bond. As a result, in inheritance, a man's nephew (sister's son) will have priority over his own son. Uncle-nephew relationships therefore assume a dominant position."

2615:, "and the ways in which patriarchal interests are promoted through religious practice" in Eastern Sri Lanka (but without being as repressive as classical patriarchy). Thus, "feminists have claimed that Sri Lankan women are relatively well positioned in the" 2168:

culture, whose multiple other collective burials imply a matrilineal clan culture. Toward the late Neolithic period, when burials were apparently of couples, "a reflection of patriarchy", an increasing elaboration of presumed chiefs' burials is reported.

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have been reassessing the issues, many citing genetic and other evidence that early human kinship may have been matrilineal after all. One crucial piece of indirect evidence has been genetic data suggesting that over thousands of years, women among

2962:—has been explained as his wish to prolong his reign, which he would lose after his wife's death to his son-in-law. More mildly, the hostility of kings to their daughter's suitors is explained by hostility to their successors. In such tales as 2685:

In Pictish society, succession in leadership (later kingship) was matrilineal (through the mother's side), with the reigning chief succeeded by either his brother or perhaps a nephew but not through patrilineal succession of father to son.

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Schlebusch, C.M. (2010) Genetic variation in Khoisan-speaking populations from southern Africa. Dissertation, University of Witwatersrand this is available online, see pages following p.68, Fig 3.18 and p.180-81, fig 4.23 and p.243,

1992:

Villages were established and relocated as the clans farmed new sections of the land when soil fertility lessened and when they moved among their fishing and hunting grounds by seasons. The area was claimed as a part of the Dutch

2164:) in China, Chinese matrilineal clans evolved into the usual patrilineal families by passing through a transitional patrilineal clan phase. Evidence includes some "richly furnished" tombs for young women in the early Neolithic 2294:

has stated that, although there were numerous other matrilineal succession systems in communities of the south Indian coast, the Nairs "achieved an unparalleled eminence in the anthropological literature on matrilineality".

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synagogues for at least a generation. This 1983 resolution departed from the Reform Movement's previous position requiring formal conversion to Judaism for children without a Jewish mother. However, the closely associated

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have criticized a romanticized view of women's lives in Sri Lanka put forward by Yalman, and mentioned the Sri Lankan case "where young women raped (usually by a man) are married-off/required to cohabit with the rapists!"

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households, as follows. The traditional Akan economic, political and social organization is based on maternal lineages, which are the basis of inheritance and succession. A lineage is defined as all those related by

1536:

According to this source of further information about the Akan, "A man is strongly related to his mother's brother (wɔfa) but only weakly related to his father's brother. This must be viewed in the context of a

1985:, who farmed, fished, and hunted upon it. The pattern of their culture was that of a matrilineal agricultural and mobile hunting society that was sustained with fixed, but not permanent, settlements in their 2393:

similar culture as the Minang. Suku Kubu people live in Jambi and South Sumatera. They are around 200 000 people. Suku Kerinci people mostly live in Kabupaten Kerinci, Jambi. They are around 300 000 people

2098:, and Catataugh; and after their decease to his sisters. First to the eldest sister, then to the rest: and after them to the heires male and female of the eldest sister; but never to the heires of the males. 3446:

Verdu, Paul; Becker, Noémie S. A.; Froment, Alain; Georges, Myriam; Grugni, Viola; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Hombert, Jean-Marie; Van der Veen, Lolke; Le Bomin, Sylvie; Bahuchet, Serge; Heyer, Evelyne (2013).

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Each lineage controls the lineage land farmed by its members, functions together in the veneration of its ancestors, supervises marriages of its members, and settles internal disputes among its members.

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as Scheduled Tribes, "some ... matriarchal and matrilineal" "and thus have been known to be more egalitarian." Several Hindu communities in South India practiced matrilineality, especially the

1900:, for example, being empowered to overturn land distribution by men if she felt it was unfair, since there was no "countervailing ... strongly centralized, male-centered political structure". 5793: 4193:, vol. VIII, no. 4, 1984, p. 44 and see pp. 44–52 (essay based partly on "seventeen years of fieldwork among the Hopi", per p. 44 n. 1) (author of Dep't of Anthropology, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson). 3504:

Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Donati, Francesco; Coia, Valentina; Boschi, Ilaria; Verginelli, Fabio; Caglià, Alessandra; Tofanelli, Sergio; Spedini, Gabriella; Capelli, Cristian (1 September 2004).

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In Serer culture, inheritance is both matrilineal and patrilineal. It all depends on the asset being inherited – i.e. whether the asset is a paternal asset – requiring paternal inheritance (

2083:, favoring brothers over sisters in the current generation (but allowing sisters to inherit if no brothers remained), but passing to the next generation through the eldest female line. In 1829:

The clan system of the Bribri people of Costa Rica and Panama is matrilineal; that is, a child's clan is determined by the clan his or her mother belongs to. Only women can inherit land.

4002:(see p. 116). The book also deals in depth about the Serer matriclans and means of succession through the matrilineal line. See also pages : 38, 95–99, 104, 119–20, 123, 160, 172–4 2258:. This system was exceptional in the sense that it was one of the few traditional systems in western historical records of India that gave women some liberty and the right to property. 821: 2028:

The Naso (Teribe or Térraba) people of Panama and Costa Rica describe themselves as a matriarchal community, although their monarchy has traditionally been inherited in the male line.

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Hill, Kim R.; Walker, Robert S.; Bozicević, Miran; Eder, James; Headland, Thomas; Hewlett, Barry; Hurtado, A. Magdalena; Marlowe, Frank; Wiessner, Polly; Wood, Brian (11 March 2011).

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or clan, especially in the city. The above taboo on marriage within one's abusua is sometimes ignored, but "clan membership" is still important, with many people still living in the

3329: 1997:

province dating from 1614, where active trading in furs took advantage of the natural pass west, but the Lenape prevented permanent settlement beyond what is now Jersey City.

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of Panama and Colombia, families are matrilinear and matrilocal, with the groom moving to become part of the bride's family. The groom also takes the last name of the bride.

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and was the head of the household, managing the family estate. Lineage was traced through the mother, and the children belonged to the mother's family. In earlier days,

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normally takes care of her own children in all cultures, in some matrilineal cultures an "uncle-father" will take care of his nieces and nephews instead: in other words

714: 3841:, Vol. 1, p. 477. (This Akan article was written by Kofi Abrefa Busia, formerly professor of Sociology and Culture of Africa at the University of Leiden, Netherlands.) 5737:

Knight, C. 2008. Early human kinship was matrilineal. In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), Early Human Kinship. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82.

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here are uncles. There is not a necessary connection between the role of father and genitor. In many such matrilineal cultures, especially where residence is also

837:. In reaction, most 20th century social anthropologists considered the theory of matrilineal priority untenable, although during the 1970s and 1980s, a range of 5459:

See Rabbi Moses Feinstein's re-affirmation of matrilineal descent, Elberg, Rabbi S., September, 1984, HaPardes Rabbinical Journal, Hebrew, vol.59, Is.1, p. 21.

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While men held positions of religious and political power, the Spartan constitution mandated that inheritance and proprietorship pass from mother to daughter.

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This page 51 of the Ruwanpura book is accessible online via Google Books (books.google.com). The book's TOC and pages 1–11 and 50–62 are currently accessible.

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The Tanana Athabaskan people, the original inhabitants of the Tanana River basin in Alaska and Canada, traditionally lived in matrilineal semi-nomadic bands.

5037:(1989). "Households in Akkaraipattu: Dowry and Domestic Organization among Matrilineal Tamils and Moors of Sri Lanka," in J. N. Gray and D. J. Mearns (eds.) 2592:

need to be cautious in applauding Sri Lanka's gender-based achievements and/or matrilineal communities", because these matrilineal communities coexist with "

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and the Siuai, are characterized by matrilineal descent. The sister's sons or the brothers of the decedent are commonly the successors in these societies.

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and places a greater number of men than women in positions of religious and political power. Inheritance and proprietorship pass from mother to daughter.

645: 1307:– i.e., any matrilineal clan might be descended from one or several or many unrelated female ancestors. Also, each such descent group might have its own 1989:

territories. Leadership by men was inherited through the maternal line, and the women elders held the power to remove leaders of whom they disapproved.

4824: 1423:, attributing to Kristen Hawkes, among foraging groups matrilocal societies are less likely to commit female infanticide than are patrilocal societies. 2952: 5722: 2318:

have a long tradition of a largely matrilinear system in which the youngest daughter inherits the wealth of the parents and takes over their care.

5500: 1677: 2839:, power devolution often came through women, and the future king inherited power through marrying the queen heiress. This is illustrated in the 1731:). The actual handling of these maternal assets (such as jewelry, land, livestock, equipment or furniture, etc.) is discussed in the subsection 2539:

are the third ethnic group in eastern Sri Lanka, and have a kinship system which is "intermediate" between that of matrilineality and that of

5306: 5009: 4747: 4695: 3792: 3759: 3722: 2784: 1970: 707: 5741: 4431: 3877: 3175: 5567:, "History of Herodotus". Graves's notation is "i.173" meaning in Book 1 – Scroll down to paragraph 173 to find the (matrilineal) Lycians. 657: 4961: 1955:

The Kogi people of northern Colombia practice bilateral inheritance, with certain rights, names or associations descending matrilineally.

5470: 2543:, along with "bilateral inheritance", intermediate between matrilineal and patrilineal inheritance. While the first two groups speak the 5521: 4006: 666: 2569:

are mixed with the matrilineal features summarized in the paragraph above and described more completely in the following subsection:

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The Bororo people of Brazil and Bolivia live in matrilineal clans, with husbands moving to live with their wives' extended families.

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Schneider, D. M. 1961. The distinctive features of matrilineal descent groups. Introduction. In Schneider, D. M. and K. Gough (eds)

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Holden, C. J. & Mace, R. (2003). Spread of cattle led to the loss of matrilineal descent in Africa: a coevolutionary analysis.

4769: 4055: 3876:, "Ghana: The Akan Group". This source, "Ghana", is one of the Country Studies available from the US Library of Congress. Archived 3391:

Dyble, M.; Salali, G. D.; Chaudhary, N.; Page, A.; Smith, D.; Thompson, J.; Vinicius, L.; Mace, R.; Migliano, A. B. (15 May 2015).

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are one of the world's largest matrilineal societies/cultures/ethnic groups, with a population of 4 million in their home province

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The Social and Political Position of Women Among the Huron-Iroquois Tribes, Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology

1553:(which means spirit) groups, and everyone belongs to their father's Ntoro group but not to his (matrilineal) family lineage and 1533:, mother and children living and working in one household and their husband/father living and working in a different household. 6437: 2813:

Certain ancient myths have been argued to expose ancient traces of matrilineal customs that existed before historical records.

1568:. Housing, childcare, education, daily work, and elder care etc. are then handled by that individual family rather than by the 4079: 2014:

The Mandan people of the northern Great Plains of the United States historically lived in matrilineal extended family lodges.

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are united by their belief that they are all descended from the same ancient ancestress. Marriage between members of the same

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Sinha Mukherjee, Sucharita (2013). "Women's Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India".

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which was composed of a mother, her brothers and younger sisters, and her children. The oldest male member was known as the

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Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer", Dakar (1993), CNRS – ORS TO M.

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of one's mother, regardless of one's gender and/or marriage. Note that members and their spouses thus belong to different

442: 5538: 5323: 3449:"Sociocultural behavior, sex-biased admixture, and effective population sizes in Central African Pygmies and non-Pygmies" 2724:

descent through the maternal line. Close to all Jewish communities have followed matrilineal descent from at least early

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His kingdome descendeth not to his sonnes nor children: but first to his brethren, whereof he hath 3 namely Opitchapan,

1941:, that were never part of the Iroquois League, nevertheless have traditionally possessed a matrilineal family structure. 1483:.) Many but not all of the Akan still (2001) practice their traditional matrilineal customs, living in their traditional 6642: 6632: 5683:

Goldberg, Stephen (1973). "Review of Male Dominance and Female Autonomy: Domestic Authority in Martrilineal Societies".

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Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 10 and see p. 6 ("prevalence of patriarchal structures and ideologies"). Accessible online as above.

4629:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 298–384 is the whole "Nayar: Central Kerala" chapter, for example. 36: 6627: 6271: 5914: 2970: 2573: 2566: 531: 4825:

https://archive.today/20130202004556/http://www.roamingtales.com/2009/10/21/a-matrilineal-islamic-society-in-sumatra/

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The Wayuu people of Colombia and Venezuela live in matrilineal clans, with paternal relationships in the background.

5615:"thanks to the practise of matrilineal descent followed by the Picts, and a large number of eligible would-be kings" 3809: 961:

In some traditional societies and cultures, membership in their groups was – and, in the following list, still

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who is the real power, and she needs to affirm her equality to her husband by owning chattels as great as he does.

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counterparts and with other Berber tribes: Tuareg social status is transmitted through women, with residence often

1338:, which is important in their lives although not included in the member's name. Instead, one's name is just one's 157: 4127:"Review of Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg, with Particular Reference to the Tuareg of Ahaggar and Ayr" 3551:

Dyble, M. (2016). "The behavioural ecology and evolutionary implications of hunter-gatherer social organisation".

2920:, both as a piece of furniture and as concerns the majority of knights belonging to it, was a gift to Arthur from 1315:, as one possible cultural pattern. The following two example cultures each follow a different pattern, however: 773:

as their mother. This ancient matrilineal descent pattern is in contrast to the currently more popular pattern of

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Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution: How the Founding Fathers Ignored the Clan Mothers

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For instance, the widespread motif of a father who wishes to marry his own daughter—appearing in such tales as

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Burkart, J. M.; Hrdy, S. B.; van Schaik, C. P. (2009). "Cooperative breeding and human cognitive evolution".

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In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), Early Human Kinship. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82.

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are a prime example of a matrilineal culture with female inheritance. With Islamic religious background of

2087: 581: 3873: 3782: 3506:"Variation of Female and Male Lineages in Sub-Saharan Populations: the Importance of Sociocultural Factors" 5794:"Evolutionary contributions to solving the "Matrilineal Puzzle": A test of Holden, Sear, and Mace's model" 5400:

Hogbin, H. Ian (1950). "Studies in the Anthropology of Bougainville, Solomon Islands. Douglas L. Oliver".

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structures and ideologies" and the two "can be strange but ultimately compatible bedfellows", as follows:

2449: 2402: 2108: 1681: 951: 886: 845: 739: 576: 507: 364: 77: 5753:"Kin and child survival in rural Malawi: Are matrilineal kin always beneficial in a matrilineal society?" 3878:

https://archive.today/20120710173040/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+gh0048)

3712: 2887: 6556: 6515: 5874: 3564: 3072: 2964: 2917: 2759: 2743:(c. 1310 BCE). According to some modern academic opinions, it was likely instituted in either the early 2420: 2199: 1689: 1665: 690: 650: 2457: 6596: 6576: 6566: 6503: 6459: 6369: 6301: 5847: 5013: 3341: 2769: 2645: 2641: 1785: 1732: 1649: 1615: 863: 859: 849: 333: 317: 246: 3927:

An Archaeology of the Margins: Colonialism, Amazighity and Heritage Management in the Canary Islands

3294: 6637: 6536: 6493: 6486: 6188: 6145: 5624: 5612: 5436: 5034: 2080: 1701: 1661: 1557:. Each patrilineal Ntoro group has its own surnames, taboos, ritual purifications, and etiquette. 1489: 774: 766: 686: 411: 359: 182: 177: 4452: 3953: 2580:"for the relatively favourable position of its women, reflected" in women's equal achievements in 6622: 5821: 5780: 5738: 5700: 5319: 4928: 4872: 4644: 4600: 4532: 4497: 4489: 4455:, "Naming practices". A PDF file with a section on "Chinese naming practices (Mak et al., 2003)". 4428: 4148: 3612: 3552: 3428: 3373: 3307: 3172: 2695: 2628: 2577: 2476: 2382: 2327: 2052: 1927: 1657: 1560:

A recent (2001) book provides this update on the Akan: Some families are changing from the above

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has rejected this resolution and requires formal conversion for anyone without a Jewish mother.

1517:), named Aduana, Agona, Asakyiri, Asenie, Asona, Bretuo, Ekuona and Oyoko. The members of each 4965: 4078:, "New exhibition highlights the 'artful' Tuareg of the Sahara," Stanford University. Archived 3393:"Human behavior. Sex equality can explain the unique social structure of hunter-gatherer bands" 1792:, which mentions it may be the protection needed against the blowing sand while traversing the 1525:

is forbidden. One inherits or is a lifelong member of the lineage, the political unit, and the

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is not included in their name. However, members' names do commonly include second names which

6581: 6469: 6296: 6266: 6019: 5904: 5813: 5772: 5644: 5636: 5587: 5302: 5005: 4899: 4803: 4743: 4715: 4691: 4630: 4103: 4031: 4008: 3983: 3965: 3931: 3834: 3788: 3755: 3718: 3636: 3533: 3525: 3486: 3468: 3420: 3412: 3365: 3357: 3262: 3041: 2867: 2585: 1838: 1013: 621: 601: 312: 241: 231: 172: 167: 4737: 4442:. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Vol. 1, pp. 305–63. 2079:, also known as the Powhatan Confederacy, practiced a version of male-preference matrilineal 6571: 6233: 6223: 6218: 6193: 6024: 6003: 5899: 5805: 5764: 5692: 5409: 5295:

Following the Trail of the Fairy-Bird: The Search For a Uniquely Vietnamese Women's Movement

4864: 4781: 4592: 4524: 4481: 4138: 3925: 3604: 3517: 3476: 3460: 3404: 3349: 3299: 3252: 3244: 2859: 2765: 2732: 2624: 2548: 2536: 2283: 2244: 2219: 1881: 1246: 1114: 834: 816: 606: 406: 401: 381: 227: 112: 4080:

https://archive.today/20121210143001/http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2007/pr-tuareg-052307.html

805:

In the late 19th century, almost all prehistorians and anthropologists believed, following

6601: 6364: 6213: 6208: 6198: 6088: 5894: 5889: 5840: 5745: 5581: 5545: 4679: 4656: 4435: 3957: 3577: 3233:"Communal breeding promotes a matrilineal social system where husband and wife live apart" 3179: 2996: 2773: 2494: 2486: 2461:

state, or perhaps the tradition started because of depopulation in the area due to raids.

2453: 2386: 2299: 2231: 2185: 2142: 1484: 1066: 811: 806: 747: 640: 596: 591: 571: 566: 561: 536: 452: 447: 307: 206: 198: 162: 6464: 6444: 6432: 5050:

Humphries, Jane (1993). "Gender Inequality and Economic Development," in Dieter Bos (ed)

4075: 2985: 2828:

of their times "still reckoned" by matrilineal descent, or were matrilineal, as were the

3861:

https://web.archive.org/web/20070626101235/http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html

3345: 2755: 1777:, but mixed with a "heavy dose" of their pre-existing beliefs including matrilineality. 6396: 6344: 6311: 6228: 6168: 6078: 6048: 5884: 5576: 5447: 5388: 4182: 4171:

https://archive.today/20120720193456/http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/tuareg/index.php

4027: 3481: 3448: 3330:"Co-residence patterns in hunter-gatherer societies show unique human social structure" 3257: 3232: 3121:

Marriage: Past and Present. A debate between Robert Briffault and Bronislaw Malinowski,

3084: 2836: 2788: 2544: 2540: 2095: 1994: 1934: 1889: 1697: 1641: 1599: 1565: 1464: 1219: 1004: 546: 484: 396: 328: 287: 82: 5727:

Holden, C.J., Sear, R. & Mace, R. (2003) Matriliny as daughter-biased investment.

5039:

Society From the Inside Out: Anthropological Perspectives on the South Asian Household

1753:(Arabic:طوارق, sometimes spelled Touareg in French, or Twareg in English) are a large 765:

in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothers. In a matrilineal

6616: 6591: 6531: 6326: 6243: 6173: 6073: 5752: 5128:

Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Caste, Kinship, and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon.

4892: 4560:

Women's Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India

4536: 4501: 4166: 3616: 3556: 2991: 2909: 2875: 2844: 2821: 2703: 2656: 2531:

and social organization, inheritance and property rights. For example, "the mother's

2481: 2470: 2424: 2146: 2076: 2066: 1923: 1824: 1789: 1750: 1744: 1546: 1420: 1299: 1263: 1153: 1048: 1019: 1008: 1000: 946:

A modern example from South Africa is the order of succession to the position of the

825:. The Morgan-Engels thesis that humanity's earliest domestic institution was not the 770: 735: 586: 551: 391: 272: 251: 147: 87: 5825: 5784: 3311: 958:

descent reckoned through the female line, but only females are eligible to inherit.

6454: 6416: 6411: 6238: 6083: 5432: 4411: 3987: 3432: 2958: 2940: 2871: 2366: 2307: 2291: 2239: 2189: 2123: 1621: 1595: 1476: 1269: 1237: 1179: 1139: 1127: 1075: 1058: 1043: 984: 386: 277: 236: 202: 192: 97: 5413: 4143: 4126: 4030:, "La Civilisation Sereer – Cosaan", p 200, Nouvelles Editions africaines (1983), 3592: 2374:, and their religion, was actually worked out to help end the Minangkabau 1821–37 5052:

Economics in a Changing World, Volume 3: Public Policy and Economic Organization.

4709: 4668: 4528: 3377: 2855:

weds the recently widowed queen at the same time he assumes the Theban kingship.

2758:" via descent in different ways. All denominations of Judaism have protocols for 1396:

for one's descent group (as well as for all other descent groups in one's clan).

815:, that early human kinship everywhere was matrilineal. This idea was taken up by 6546: 6336: 6291: 6135: 6029: 5984: 4821:

http://www.roamingtales.com/2009/10/21/a-matrilineal-islamic-society-in-sumatra/

3991: 3890: 3644: 3008: 2925: 2913: 2883: 2740: 2731:

The origins and date-of-origin of matrilineal descent in Judaism are uncertain.

2660: 2649: 2616: 2562: 2315: 2311: 2023: 1950: 1877: 1871: 1859: 1853: 1472: 1460: 1452: 1442: 1346: 1308: 1225: 1213: 1204: 1037: 1031: 1025: 902: 897:

are names transmitted from mother to daughter, in contrast to the more familiar

794: 778: 743: 611: 489: 142: 132: 5627:"the Picts are known as strong adherents to the concept of matrilineal descent" 5377: 4585:

The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

1507:

The political units above are likewise grouped into eight larger groups called

6551: 6481: 6354: 6316: 6178: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6105: 6093: 6033: 5989: 5809: 5768: 5329: 3036: 2946: 2932: 2720:

Matrilineality in Judaism or matrilineal descent in Judaism is the tracing of

2355: 2279: 1974: 1713: 1633: 1538: 1413: 1369:

routinely passed down from either father or mother to all their children as a

1339: 1282: 1278: 1148: 947: 867: 556: 541: 256: 5471:"A Standard of Rabbinic Practice Regarding Determinati·on of Jewish Identity" 3529: 3472: 3416: 3361: 2983:

Fairy tales with hostility between the mother-in-law and the heroine—such as

2588:"inheritance patterns and property rights". She also conversely argues that " 1757:

ethnic confederation found across several nations in north Africa, including

6541: 6253: 6130: 5879: 5556: 5002:

Matrilineal Communities, Patriarchal Realities: A Feminist Nirvana Uncovered

4868: 3856: 3521: 3464: 3408: 3392: 3353: 2921: 2817: 2520: 2375: 2341: 2303: 2262: 2227: 2193: 2157: 1673: 1159: 1144: 1118: 1106: 1062: 940: 919: 880: 137: 5817: 5776: 4785: 4235: 4233: 3537: 3490: 3424: 3369: 3266: 3248: 935:, in a very limited number of the Arabian peoples (first of all among the 53: 6349: 6286: 6281: 6258: 6203: 6163: 5949: 5564: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4255: 4253: 2895: 2863: 2736: 2699: 2608: 2604: 2556: 2552: 2438: 2165: 2072: 1938: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1780:

Tuareg women enjoy high status within their society, compared with their

1712:, whose historical account is enshrined in Serer religion, mythology and 1685: 1603: 1585: 1188: 1070: 992: 970: 936: 838: 754: 127: 122: 117: 102: 92: 3874:

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+gh0048%29

3505: 2527:, India via Muslim traders before 1200 CE. Matrilineality here includes 1293:

Most of the example cultures in this article are based on (matrilineal)

931:

There appears to be some evidence for the presence of matrilineality in

738:

in which each person is identified with their matriline, their mother's

6276: 6183: 6153: 6066: 5961: 5956: 5704: 4876: 4604: 4493: 3961: 3303: 3231:

Wu, J-J; He, Q-Q; Deng, L-L; Wang, S–C; Mace, R; Ji, T; Tao, Y (2013).

3193:

Grandmothering and Female Coalitions. A basis for matrilineal priority?

2916:

legends have been interpreted in this light by some. For example, the

2879: 2852: 2776:, which rejects the Oral Law, generally practices patrilineal descent. 2744: 2725: 2721: 2528: 2512: 2490: 2406: 2362: 2350: 2333: 2287: 2270: 2250: 2223: 1885: 1773:-based, and are (still, in 2007) "largely matrilineal". The Tuareg are 1766: 1754: 1625: 1591: 1274: 1250: 1192: 1133: 1110: 1098: 979: 974: 955: 894: 758: 731: 107: 45: 5343: 4932: 4191:

Quarterly Journal of Ideology: "A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom"

4152: 3147:

Myths of Male Dominance. Collected articles on women cross-culturally.

2935:

plots which may contain the vestiges of folk traditions not recorded.

2603:

by beginning with a brief overview of the main religious traditions,"

17: 6586: 6406: 6401: 6056: 6038: 5966: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5863: 4855:

Peletz, Michael G. (2005). "The King Is Dead; Long Live the Queen!".

4770:"Commentary: Matriarchy and Islam Post-9/11: A Report from Indonesia" 4407: 3664:"Were There Any Truly Matrilineal Lineages in the Arabian Peninsula?" 3160:

Mothers and others. The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding.

3053: 2931:

Arguments also have been made that matrilineality lay behind various

2848: 2524: 2516: 2412: 2215: 2211: 2037: 2009: 1982: 1964: 1810: 1793: 1774: 1629: 1509: 1480: 1446: 1231: 1200: 1164: 1102: 1094: 996: 826: 762: 751: 72: 5696: 4596: 3663: 3162:

London and Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

1688:. The most revered clans tend to be rather ancient and form part of 4485: 3956:, "Médecine traditionnelle religion et divination chez les Seereer 3784:

Long Live the Dead!: Changing Funeral Celebrations in Asante, Ghana

3714:

Long Live the Dead!: Changing Funeral Celebrations in Asante, Ghana

3608: 3075:, a means of raising awareness of a feminist perspective or subject 2980:, kings set dangerous tasks in an attempt to prevent the marriage. 1492:

from a particular ancestress. Several lineages are grouped into a

6391: 5994: 5939: 5522:"Reform Movement's Resolution on Patrilineal Descent (March 1983)" 3649: 2840: 2829: 2825: 2612: 2532: 2506: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2416: 2173: 1758: 1669: 1550: 1468: 1456: 1380:

in one's name and routinely handed it down to all children in the

1258: 1254: 1242: 1208: 1196: 1184: 1174: 1169: 1122: 1090: 152: 4472:

Zhimin, An (1988). "Archaeological Research on Neolithic China".

3685: 6321: 6061: 5998: 5625:

http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandMercia.htm

5613:

http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/GaelsPictland.htm

5072:

New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. (First edition was 1994.)

property and/or house is passed on to the eldest daughter." The

2371: 2345: 2337: 2275: 2255: 2203: 1978: 1781: 1762: 1514: 1294: 1081: 988: 830: 187: 5836: 5299:

Women's Movements in Asia: Feminisms and Transnational Activism

5108:

Ruwanpura, 2006, pp. 3–4(accessible online as above) and p. 39.

4625:

Schneider, David Murray, and Gough, Kathleen (Editors) (1961).

4453:

http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-2004-names.pdf

3833:, 1970. William Benton, publisher, The University of Chicago. 1297:. Any clan might possibly contain from one to several or many 5944: 5560: 4919:

Minorsky, V. (1957). "Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan".

4429:

http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1008

4387:

Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution

4362:

Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution

4341:

Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution

3087:, belonging to the father's lineage, generally for inheritance 2843:

myths where all the noblest men in Greece vie for the hand of

2161: 2150: 901:

transmitted from father to son, the pattern most common among

866:, pointing out that hunter-gatherer societies have a flexible 4810:. Parts of this book are available online at books.google.com 4545:(Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989), & Agarwal, Bina, 2886:, and becomes the lover of her daughter; and the root of the 2878:

cycle that Cúchulainn gets his final secret training with a

5070:

A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia.

2623:

On the other hand, she also wrote that feminists including

1598:

island had developed a matrilineal society by the time the

5438:

Originally published in Judaism 34.1 (Winter 1985), 55–59.

5202:

Ruwanpura, 2006, pp. 4–5. Accessible online as above.

4547:

A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia

3964:", La connaissance de la nuit, L'Harmattan (1997), p 299, 3808:

Studies, University of Ghana Institute of African (1988).

3752:

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined

3195:

In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.),

2475:

A culture similar to lareh bodi caniago, practiced by the

2261:

In the matrilineal system, the family lived together in a

5832: 3762:)), p. 421 (author prof. psychology, Harvard Univ.). 2824:

in his translations of Greek myths as attesting that the

1545:

Certain other aspects of the Akan culture are determined

905:

today. For clarity and for brevity, the scientific terms

4823:, "A matrilineal, Islamic society in Sumatra". Archived 3859:, "Ashanti Home Page: The Ashanti Family unit" Archived 3686:"The Balobedu Queenship Recognised and Dignity Restored" 2739:

from at least the time of the Receiving of the Torah on

2565:

social structures apply to all of Sri Lanka, but in the

2411:

Matrilineality was occasionally practiced by mainstream

2156:

Archaeological data supports the theory that during the

2145:

were derived matrilineally, although by the time of the

1723:) or a maternal asset – requiring maternal inheritance ( 822:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

3901: 3899: 3210:

Engels was Right: Early Human Kinship was Matriliineal.

2780:

has recognized Jews of patrilineal descent since 1968.

2559:. The three groups are about equal in population size. 969: – inherited matrilineally. Examples include the 5004:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, paperback ( 4076:

http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2007/pr-tuareg-052307.html

2805:

succession that applied to everyone but the enslaved.

1345:

Example 2. Members of the (matrilineal) clan culture

1318:

Example 1. Members of the (matrilineal) clan culture

734:

through the female line. It may also correlate with a

5148:

Ruwanpura, 2006, pp. 3–4. Accessible online as above.

4543:

The Cohesive Role of Sanskritization and Other Essays

2599:

She "positions Sri Lankan women within gradations of

2254:

community, and both communities were subdivided into

5565:

http://en.wikisource.org/History_of_Herodotus/Book_1

4688:

Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation

4541:, p. 9, citing Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar, 3930:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. 2659:, according to Alessandra Chiricosta, the legend of 2176:(Na) in southwestern China are highly matrilineal. 1549:

rather than matrilineally. There are 12 patrilineal

769:, an individual is considered to belong to the same 6524: 6425: 6384: 6335: 6252: 6144: 6104: 6047: 6012: 5977: 5913: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5166:

Ruwanpura, (2006), p.1. Accessible online as above.

5090:

Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 53. Accessible online as above.

3741:

Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1–29.

2835:In Greek mythology, while the royal function was a 1704:. Some of these proto-Serer matriclans include the 5211:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 4. Accessible online as above. 5184:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 3. Accessible online as above. 5081:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 1. Accessible online as above. 4891: 4726:To access it via GoogleBooks, click on book title. 4167:http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/tuareg/index.php 3029:, "the mother is always certain" – until 1978 and 2794:Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism 2172:Relatively isolated ethnic minorities such as the 5501:"A Reconstructionist View on Patrilineal Descent" 5297:, in Roces, Mina, & Louise P. Edwards, eds., 3123:ed. M. F. Ashley Montagu. Boston: Porter Sargent. 2905:The Picts are widely cited as being matrilineal. 2493:as a product of West Sumatran migration into the 5603:Graves 1955,1960; p. 256 (myth #75, comment #5). 5539:Reform Judaism in Israel: Progress and Prospects 5275:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 4800:Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy 3889:de Witte (2001), p. 55 shows such surnames in a 5247:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 142 (both quotations). 4372:, p. 505 & p. 506 n. 38, quoting Carr, L., 2800:Exception for the enslaved in the United States 2434:, though the practice was much rarer among non- 5064: 5062: 5060: 3811:Research Review - Institute of African Studies 3690:Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs 3668:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 1376:Note well that if a culture did include one's 5848: 1933:Other Iroquoian-speaking peoples such as the 785:of historical nobility was also called their 708: 8: 4440:The Complete Works of John Smith (1580–1631) 2912:stories also illustrate the motif. Even the 4120: 4118: 4116: 3893:, which provides a useful example of names. 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3015:List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies 646:Matrilineal / matrilocal societies 6332: 5855: 5841: 5833: 5229:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 182 (both quotations). 4307:Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority 4283:Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority 4261:Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority 4241:Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority 4187:Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority 4169:, "The Tuareg of the Sahara". Archived at 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4047: 4045: 4043: 3979: 3977: 3924:Jose Farrujia de la Rosa, Augusto (2014). 2754:In practice, Jewish denominations define " 2728:(c. 10–70 CE) times through modern times. 1735:of one of the above-listed main articles. 715: 701: 435: 353: 221: 66: 31: 27:Tracing of kinship through the female line 5469:Rabbis Joel Roth and Akiba Lubow (1988). 5130:Berkeley: University of California Press. 5054:New York: St. Martin's Press; pp. 218–33. 5041:, pp. 192–235. London: Sage Publications. 4763: 4761: 4759: 4736:Sanghamitra Choudhury (5 February 2016). 4662:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4549:(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994). 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4142: 3857:http://ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html 3851: 3849: 3847: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3480: 3293: 3256: 3110:. London and New York: Macmillan, p. 185. 2953:The King who Wished to Marry His Daughter 2762:for those who are not Jewish by descent. 2735:maintains that matrilineal descent is an 2710:Matrilineal identification within Judaism 2230:. The system of inheritance was known as 746:of property and titles. A matriline is a 1918:, combining five to six Native American 1427:Matrilineality in specific ethnic groups 5301:(London or Oxon: Routledge, pbk. 2010 ( 4962:"Negeri Sembilan – History and Culture" 3099: 3064: 2851:), as well as the Oedipian cycle where 2456:tribal confederation and, politically, 1334:below. In contrast, members do have a 841:scholars often attempted to revive it. 498: 475: 372: 299: 264: 215: 43: 5641:Chaucer's Constance and Accused Queens 5368:, esp. or only chaps. I, II, & VI. 5265:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 76 n. 7. 4768:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (December 2002). 4684:Kerala's Identity: Unity and Diversity 4652: 4642: 4102:. University of North Carolina Press. 3573: 3562: 4711:The Imam and the Indian: prose pieces 4165:Bradshaw Foundation (2007 or later). 3323: 3321: 2785:Central Conference of American Rabbis 1463:. (See as well their subgroups, the 7: 4988:"The Minangkabau of Negeri Sembilan" 4742:. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. 3872:Owusu-Ansah, David (November 1994). 3173:Early human kinship was matrilineal. 2874:, most notably the key facts to the 2772:still practice matrilineal descent. 2694:Some oceanic societies, such as the 2584:"(HDIs) as well as matrilineal and" 2572:According to Kanchana N. Ruwanpura, 2194:Meghalaya § Social_institutions 2061:Tsenacommacah (Powhatan Confederacy) 1353:below, also do not have matrilineal 1245:; most groups across the so-called " 658:Sex and Repression in Savage Society 5012:)(fieldwork in 1998–'99 during the 4698:. Retrieved 2011-06-09. P. 30. 4221:Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi 4204:Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi 3134:The Rise of Anthropological Theory. 2858:This trend also is evident in many 2640:Most ethnic groups classified as "( 2551:. The Tamils largely identify with 1656:. Some of these matriarchs include 939:of Yemen, and among some strata of 5729:Evolution & Human Behavior 24: 5330:"The Constitution of the Spartans" 5238:Ruwanpura, 2006, pp. 145–146. 4690:. University of California Press. 4451:linguistics.berkeley.edu (2004). 3593:"Marital Residence among Foragers" 1858:In the traditional culture of the 667:Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship 25: 4714:. Orient Blackswan. p. 193. 4669:Accessible here, via GoogleBooks. 3199:. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 168–186. 2198:Of communities recognized in the 1696:clans hold great significance in 1606:, were conquered by the Spanish. 158:Parallel / cross cousins 5594:; p. 296 (myth #88, comment #2). 5365:Argonauts Of The Western Pacific 4890:Kevin McKiernan (7 March 2006). 4819:Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (21Oct09). 4058:(Retrieved : 4 August 2012) 4015:(Retrieved : 4 August 2012) 3994:, KARTHALA Editions (1994). For 2576:"is highly regarded even among" 2555:, the Sinhalese being primarily 1455:live in Africa, particularly in 52: 5000:Ruwanpura, Kanchana N. (2006). 3814:. Institute of African Studies. 3510:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3453:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3149:New York: Monthly Review Press. 2153:) they had become patrilineal. 1973:, the land that is present-day 1676:or maternal clans form part of 1668:which also became a dynasty in 1249:" of south-central Africa; the 793:ancestry, corresponding to the 6360:Genealogical numbering systems 3855:ashanti.com.au (before 2010). 3787:. Aksant Academic Publishers. 3754:(N.Y.: Viking, hardback 2011 ( 3717:. Aksant Academic Publishers. 1928:The Great Binding Law of Peace 1916:Iroquois Confederacy or League 1331: 1267:of west and north Africa; the 833:soon became incorporated into 1: 6499:International Day of Families 6159:Australian Aboriginal kinship 5414:10.1525/aa.1950.52.2.02a00140 4798:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2004). 4427:Oxford: Joseph Barnes, 1612. 4144:10.1525/aa.1966.68.2.02a00540 3990: : Essais sur la pensée 3652:, the main topic of his book. 3191:Opie, K. and C. Power, 2009. 3011:, advocate for matrilineality 2747:(c. 10–70 CE) or the time of 2547:, the third group speaks the 1969:Occupied for 10,000 years by 1926:became a nation, operated by 1922:nations or tribes before the 1357:and likewise their important 300:Household forms and residence 5526:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5277:"UNHCR – Document Not Found" 5256:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 37. 4802:. Cornell University Press. 4581:"Some Aspects of Nayar Life" 4558:Mukherjee, Sucharita Sinha, 4529:10.1080/13545701.2012.752312 4074:Haven, Cynthia (23 May 07). 1384:then it would automatically 742:, and which can involve the 365:Classificatory terminologies 5643:. New York: Gordian Press. 5099:McGilvray, 1989, pp. 201–2. 4739:Women and Conflict in India 3829:Busia, Kofi Abrefa (1970). 2971:Jesper Who Herded the Hares 2519:in the Eastern Province of 2370:complex of customs, called 1664:(1367) – matriarchs of the 1576:framework presented above. 913:are usually abbreviated as 6659: 5349:World History Encyclopedia 4391:American Indian Law Review 4366:American Indian Law Review 4345:American Indian Law Review 4328:American Indian Law Review 4125:Murphy, Robert F. (1966). 3781:Witte, Marleen de (2001). 3711:Witte, Marleen de (2001). 3632:The Seven Daughters of Eve 3591:Marlowe, Frank W. (2004). 3136:London: Routledge, p. 305. 2713: 2698:and the Trobrianders, the 2504: 2485:practices in the state of 2468: 2400: 2358:is the only name one has. 2325: 2183: 2121: 2106: 2064: 2050: 2035: 2021: 2007: 1962: 1948: 1907: 1869: 1851: 1836: 1822: 1808: 1742: 1644:) as well as matrilineal ( 1613: 1583: 1440: 1332:this culture's own section 884: 878: 6460:National Grandparents Day 5870: 5810:10.1007/s12110-011-9107-7 5769:10.1007/s12110-008-9042-4 5713:Daughters of Copper Woman 5480:. The Rabbinical Assembly 4946:Abdurrahman Sharafkandi. 4577:Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava 3662:Korotayev, A. V. (1995). 3282:Evolutionary Anthropology 2778:Reconstructionist Judaism 2716:Matrilineality in Judaism 2582:Human Development Indices 2511:Matrilineality among the 2452:clan of the, Culturally, 1602:and their people, called 1350: 952:matrilineal primogeniture 5715:. Press Gang Publishers. 5499:Staub, Jacob J. (2001). 5293:Chiricosta, Alessandra, 5220:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 182. 5175:Humphries, 1993, p. 228. 5016:, per p. 45); see p. 51. 4680:Nossiter, Thomas Johnson 3020:Married and maiden names 2075:and other tribes of the 781:is usually derived. The 6562:Sociology of the family 6402:Philia (brotherly love) 5978:Second-degree relatives 5792:Mattison, S.M. (2011). 5402:American Anthropologist 5363:Malinowski, Bronisław. 5157:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 39. 5139:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 71. 5117:Ruwanpura, 2006, p. 72. 4869:10.1525/ae.2005.32.1.39 4131:American Anthropologist 3914:de Witte (2001), p. 73. 3905:de Witte (2001), p. 53. 3831:Encyclopædia Britannica 3409:10.1126/science.aaa5139 3354:10.1126/science.1199071 3048:Partus sequitur ventrem 2088:John Smith of Jamestown 1289:Clan names vs. surnames 1183:of Southeast Asia, the 1147:in northeast India and 846:evolutionary biologists 797:or "agnatic" ancestry. 6407:Storge (familial love) 6013:Third-degree relatives 5915:First-degree relatives 5685:Contemporary Sociology 5478:rabbinicalassembly.org 5068:Agarwal, Bina (1996). 4898:. St. Martin's Press. 4786:10.1111/an.2002.43.9.7 4708:Ghosh, Amitav (2003). 4579:(July–December 1918). 4098:Spain, Daphne (1992). 3572:Cite journal requires 3249:10.1098/rspb.2013.0010 3026:Mater semper certa est 2894:may wear the crown of 2862:, such as the (Welsh) 2816:The ancient historian 2403:Mangur (Kurdish tribe) 2109:Upper Kuskokwim people 2100: 1467:, also called Asante, 1051:of South America; the 887:Extinction of surnames 675:"The Traffic in Women" 508:Coming of Age in Samoa 6557:Middle child syndrome 6516:National Adoption Day 6392:Agape (parental love) 5711:Cameron, Anne (1981) 5669:Schlauch 1969, p. 34. 5660:Schlauch 1969, p. 45. 3629:Sykes, Bryan (2001). 3522:10.1093/molbev/msh186 3465:10.1093/molbev/mss328 3145:Leacock, E. B. 1981. 3119:Malinowski, B. 1956. 3106:Murdock, G. P. 1949. 3073:consciousness raising 2965:The Three May Peaches 2505:Further information: 2497:in the 15th century. 2200:national Constitution 2160:period (7000 to 2000 2092: 1690:Serer ancient history 1684:history, such as the 1648:). There are several 943:in Northern Arabia); 885:Further information: 850:palaeoanthropologists 691:Cultural anthropology 651:Feminist anthropology 443:Australian Aboriginal 6597:Sibling estrangement 6577:Dysfunctional family 6567:Museum of Motherhood 6504:National Family Week 6370:Quarters of nobility 5744:7 April 2014 at the 5544:4 March 2016 at the 5332:– via YouTube. 5126:Yalman, Nur (1971). 5035:McGilvray, Dennis B. 5014:Sri Lankan civil war 4857:American Ethnologist 4474:Current Anthropology 4434:4 April 2005 at the 4397:, p. 498 & n. 6. 4082:on 10 December 2012. 3739:Matrilineal Kinship. 3597:Current Anthropology 3208:Chris Knight, 2012. 3178:7 April 2014 at the 2770:Conservative Judaism 2652:)" are matrilineal. 1880:(in what is now the 1616:Serer maternal clans 1497:by matrilineal kin. 899:patrilineal surnames 829:but the matrilineal 809:'s influential book 582:Bronisław Malinowski 6643:Order of succession 6633:Kinship and descent 6537:Wedding anniversary 6494:American Family Day 6450:Father–Daughter Day 6397:Eros (marital love) 6146:Kinship terminology 5586:. Penguin Books. 5378:The Palauan culture 4827:on 2 February 2013. 4627:Matrilineal Kinship 4406:This quote is from 3346:2011Sci...331.1286H 3340:(6022): 1286–1289. 3197:Early Human Kinship 2847:(and the throne of 2590:feminist economists 2578:feminist economists 2479:, is the basis for 1490:matrilineal descent 1363:are called surnames 1322:do not even have a 1023:of Costa Rica; the 911:matrilineal surname 907:patrilineal surname 875:Matrilineal surname 855:sub-Saharan African 835:communist orthodoxy 801:Early human kinship 775:patrilineal descent 687:Social anthropology 577:Claude Lévi-Strauss 360:Kinship terminology 183:Joking relationship 178:Posthumous marriage 6628:Jewish marital law 6302:collateral descent 5637:Schlauch, Margaret 5389:The Yapese kinship 5328:Historia Civilis. 4845:Sanday 2004, p.241 4655:has generic name ( 4517:Feminist Economics 4425:A Map of Virginia. 4322:Jacobs, Renée E., 3984:Dupire, Marguerite 3304:10.1002/evan.20222 3243:(1758): 20130010. 3158:Hrdy, S. B. 2009. 2908:A number of other 2629:Kumari Jayawardena 2387:complementarianism 2328:Minangkabau people 2053:Tanana Athabaskans 1733:Role of the Tokoor 1089:of Melanesia; the 933:Pre-Islamic Arabia 848:, geneticists and 730:is the tracing of 617:David M. Schneider 463:Polyandry in Tibet 6610: 6609: 6582:Domestic violence 6380: 6379: 6297:Lineal descendant 6267:Bilateral descent 6020:Great-grandparent 5905:Matrifocal family 5720:The Royal Society 5307:978-0-415-48703-0 5010:978-0-472-06977-4 4836:Sanday 2004, p.67 4774:Anthropology News 4749:978-1-317-55361-8 4696:978-0-520-04667-2 4305:Schlegel, Alice, 4281:Schlegel, Alice, 4259:Schlegel, Alice, 4239:Schlegel, Alice, 3794:978-90-5260-003-1 3760:978-0-670-02295-3 3724:978-90-5260-003-1 3403:(6236): 796–798. 3171:Knight, C. 2008. 3132:Harris, M. 1969. 3042:Matrifocal family 2995:, and Perrault's 2898:, it is his wife 2870:, or the (Irish) 2868:Culhwch and Olwen 2646:Malayo-Polynesian 2574:Eastern Sri Lanka 2458:Bolbas Federation 2226:in the states of 2085:A Map of Virginia 2047:Tanana Athabaskan 1769:. The Tuareg are 1636:are patrilineal ( 1564:structure to the 927:Cultural patterns 844:In recent years, 725: 724: 622:Marilyn Strathern 602:Stephen O. Murray 516: 515: 423: 422: 341: 340: 295: 294: 16:(Redirected from 6650: 6572:Astronaut family 6333: 6234:Iroquois kinship 6224:Sudanese kinship 6219:Hawaiian kinship 6194:Family of choice 6025:Great-grandchild 5900:Immediate family 5857: 5850: 5843: 5834: 5829: 5788: 5751:Sear, R (2008). 5708: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5574: 5568: 5554: 5548: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5505: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5475: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5429: 5418: 5417: 5397: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5316: 5310: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5131: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5066: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5017: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4964:. 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Some 1650:Serer matriclans 1451:Some 20 million 1400:Care of children 1247:matrilineal belt 950:in a culture of 817:Friedrich Engels 717: 710: 703: 635:Related articles 607:Michelle Rosaldo 436: 354: 222: 209: 67: 56: 44:Anthropology of 32: 21: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6602:Sibling rivalry 6520: 6421: 6376: 6365:Seize quartiers 6331: 6272:Common ancestor 6256: 6248: 6214:Chinese kinship 6209:Nurture kinship 6199:Fictive kinship 6140: 6100: 6089:daughter-in-law 6043: 6008: 5973: 5909: 5895:Conjugal family 5890:Extended family 5866: 5861: 5791: 5750: 5746:Wayback Machine 5697:10.2307/2062470 5682: 5679: 5677:Further reading 5674: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5582:The Greek Myths 5579:(1955, 1960). 5575: 5571: 5555: 5551: 5546:Wayback Machine 5537: 5533: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5430: 5421: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5361: 5357: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5324:Wayback Machine 5317: 5313: 5292: 5288: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 4999: 4995: 4990:. 4 April 2016. 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4968:on 28 July 2018 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4818: 4814: 4797: 4793: 4767: 4766: 4757: 4750: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4678: 4674: 4661: 4651: 4641: 4637: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4597:10.2307/2843423 4575: 4574: 4570: 4557: 4553: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4471: 4470: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4436:Wayback Machine 4422: 4418: 4405: 4401: 4385:Jacobs, Renée, 4384: 4380: 4360:Jacobs, Renée, 4359: 4355: 4339:Jacobs, Renée, 4338: 4334: 4321: 4317: 4304: 4293: 4280: 4271: 4258: 4251: 4238: 4231: 4218: 4214: 4201: 4197: 4183:Schlegel, Alice 4181: 4177: 4164: 4160: 4124: 4123: 4114: 4100:Gendered Spaces 4097: 4086: 4073: 4062: 4051: 4050: 4041: 4028:Gravrand, Henry 4024: 4023: 4019: 4003: 3982: 3975: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3854: 3845: 3828: 3819: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3780: 3779: 3766: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3635:. 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Norton. 3628: 3624: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3571: 3561: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3295:10.1.1.724.8494 3279: 3278: 3274: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3190: 3186: 3180:Wayback Machine 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3005: 2997:Sleeping Beauty 2811: 2802: 2774:Karaite Judaism 2718: 2712: 2692: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2638: 2509: 2503: 2495:Malay Peninsula 2487:Negeri Sembilan 2473: 2467: 2409: 2401:Main articles: 2399: 2330: 2324: 2232:Marumakkathayam 2196: 2186:Marumakkathayam 2184:Main articles: 2182: 2139: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2111: 2105: 2103:Upper Kuskokwim 2069: 2063: 2055: 2049: 2040: 2034: 2026: 2020: 2012: 2006: 1967: 1961: 1953: 1947: 1912: 1906: 1874: 1868: 1856: 1850: 1841: 1835: 1827: 1821: 1813: 1807: 1802: 1747: 1741: 1618: 1612: 1594:inhabitants of 1588: 1582: 1485:extended family 1449: 1441:Main articles: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1402: 1351:its own section 1291: 1067:Negeri Sembilan 1035:of Panama; the 929: 889: 883: 877: 812:Ancient Society 807:Lewis H. Morgan 803: 748:line of descent 721: 689: 681: 680: 677: 670: 661: 641:Alliance theory 636: 628: 627: 626: 597:Lewis H. Morgan 592:Henrietta Moore 572:Eleanor Leacock 567:Louise Lamphere 562:Roger Lancaster 537:Tom Boellstorff 526: 525:Major theorists 518: 517: 494: 471: 433: 425: 424: 419: 412:Dravidian 351: 343: 342: 322: 207:Nurture kinship 197: 163:Cousin marriage 64: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6615: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6470:Children's Day 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6352: 6347: 6345:Pedigree chart 6341: 6339: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6312:Patrilineality 6309: 6307:Matrilineality 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6229:Eskimo kinship 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6081: 6079:Sibling-in-law 6076: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6053: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5919: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5885:Nuclear family 5882: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5804:(1–2): 64–88. 5789: 5763:(3): 277–293. 5748: 5735: 5725: 5716: 5709: 5691:(6): 630–632. 5678: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5596: 5577:Graves, Robert 5569: 5549: 5531: 5513: 5491: 5461: 5452: 5448:Numbers Rabbah 5440: 5419: 5408:(2): 250–251. 5392: 5381: 5370: 5355: 5335: 5311: 5286: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5240: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5074: 5056: 5043: 5027: 5018: 4993: 4979: 4953: 4938: 4911: 4904: 4882: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4812: 4791: 4755: 4748: 4728: 4720: 4700: 4672: 4635: 4617: 4568: 4551: 4507: 4486:10.1086/203698 4480:(5): 753–759. 4457: 4444: 4416: 4399: 4378: 4353: 4351:, pp. 506–507. 4332: 4315: 4291: 4269: 4249: 4229: 4219:LeBow, Diana, 4212: 4202:LeBow, Diana, 4195: 4175: 4158: 4137:(2): 554–556. 4112: 4084: 4060: 4039: 4017: 3973: 3943: 3936: 3916: 3907: 3895: 3882: 3865: 3843: 3817: 3800: 3793: 3764: 3743: 3730: 3723: 3703: 3692:. 27 July 2016 3677: 3654: 3622: 3609:10.1086/382256 3603:(2): 277–283. 3583: 3574:|journal= 3543: 3496: 3459:(4): 918–937. 3438: 3383: 3317: 3288:(5): 175–186. 3272: 3223: 3213: 3201: 3184: 3164: 3151: 3138: 3125: 3112: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3077: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3004: 3001: 2837:male privilege 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2789:Reform Judaism 2751:(c. 460 BCE). 2714:Main article: 2711: 2708: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2673:Ancient Greece 2671: 2669: 2666: 2637: 2634: 2545:Tamil language 2541:patrilineality 2502: 2499: 2469:Main article: 2466: 2463: 2398: 2395: 2326:Main article: 2323: 2320: 2316:Jaintia people 2181: 2178: 2149:(1600 to 1046 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2122:Main article: 2119: 2116: 2107:Main article: 2104: 2101: 2096:Opechancanough 2065:Main article: 2062: 2059: 2051:Main article: 2048: 2045: 2036:Main article: 2033: 2030: 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 2008:Main article: 2005: 2002: 1995:New Netherland 1963:Main article: 1960: 1957: 1949:Main article: 1946: 1943: 1908:Main article: 1905: 1902: 1890:Alice Schlegel 1870:Main article: 1867: 1864: 1852:Main article: 1849: 1846: 1839:Cabécar people 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1823:Main article: 1820: 1817: 1809:Main article: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1743:Main article: 1740: 1737: 1698:Serer religion 1678:Serer medieval 1666:Joos matriclan 1642:Serer language 1614:Main article: 1611: 1608: 1600:Canary Islands 1584:Main article: 1581: 1578: 1566:nuclear family 1494:political unit 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1410:social fathers 1401: 1398: 1365:but which are 1300:descent groups 1290: 1287: 1217:including the 954:: not only is 928: 925: 879:Main article: 876: 873: 802: 799: 767:descent system 728:Matrilineality 723: 722: 720: 719: 712: 705: 697: 694: 693: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 671: 664: 662: 655: 653: 648: 643: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 547:W. D. Hamilton 544: 539: 534: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 514: 513: 512: 511: 501: 500: 496: 495: 493: 492: 487: 481: 478: 477: 473: 472: 470: 469: 460: 455: 450: 445: 439: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 421: 420: 418: 417: 409: 404: 399: 397:Eskimo (Inuit) 394: 389: 384: 378: 375: 374: 370: 369: 368: 367: 362: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 339: 338: 337: 336: 331: 326: 320: 315: 310: 302: 301: 297: 296: 293: 292: 291: 290: 288:Patrilineality 285: 283:Matrilineality 280: 275: 267: 266: 262: 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 218: 217: 213: 212: 211: 210: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 65: 63:Basic concepts 62: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6655: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6592:Sibling abuse 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6532:Single parent 6530: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385:Relationships 6383: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6327:Royal descent 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6244:Omaha kinship 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6174:Consanguinity 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6074:Parent-in-law 6072: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6049:Family-in-law 6046: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5649:0-87752-097-6 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5592:0-14-020508-X 5589: 5585: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5559:, before 425 5558: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5535: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5492: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4948:Çêştî Micêvir 4942: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4912: 4907: 4905:9780312325466 4901: 4896: 4895: 4886: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4808:0-8014-8906-7 4805: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4732: 4729: 4723: 4721:9788175300477 4717: 4713: 4712: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4646: 4638: 4636:9780520025295 4632: 4628: 4621: 4618: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423:Smith, John. 4420: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4247:, p. 44 n. 1. 4246: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108:0-8078-2012-1 4105: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970:2-7384-5196-9 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954:Kalis, Simone 3947: 3944: 3939: 3937:9781461493969 3933: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839:0-85229-135-3 3836: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3707: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3643:; pp. 291–2. 3642: 3641:0-393-02018-5 3638: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2992:The Six Swans 2988: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890:, that while 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822:Robert Graves 2819: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2783:In 1983, the 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2756:Who is a Jew? 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2657:North Vietnam 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523:arrived from 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2489:and parts of 2488: 2484: 2483: 2482:adat perpatih 2478: 2472: 2471:Adat perpatih 2464: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2344:, a person's 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2238:community or 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2147:Shang dynasty 2144: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077:Tsenacommacah 2074: 2068: 2067:Tsenacommacah 2060: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:Haudenosaunee 1917: 1911: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1825:Bribri people 1818: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1794:Sahara desert 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1745:Tuareg people 1738: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:patrilineally 1543: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1421:Steven Pinker 1419:According to 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:descent group 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305:family groups 1302: 1301: 1296: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009:North America 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 926: 924: 922: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 893: 888: 882: 874: 872: 869: 865: 864:patrilocality 861: 860:matrilocality 856: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823: 818: 814: 813: 808: 800: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777:from which a 776: 772: 771:descent group 768: 764: 760: 756: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 736:social system 733: 729: 718: 713: 711: 706: 704: 699: 698: 696: 695: 692: 688: 685: 684: 676: 672: 669: 668: 663: 660: 659: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 632: 631: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 587:Margaret Mead 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Gilbert Herdt 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 522: 521: 510: 509: 505: 504: 503: 502: 497: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 480: 479: 474: 468: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 438: 437: 429: 428: 416: 415: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 377: 376: 371: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 356: 355: 347: 346: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 304: 303: 298: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 273:Ambilineality 271: 270: 269: 268: 263: 258: 255: 253: 252:House society 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223: 220: 219: 214: 208: 204: 200: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 148:Bride service 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 88:Consanguinity 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 70: 69: 68: 60: 59: 55: 51: 50: 47: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 6465:Parents' Day 6455:Siblings Day 6445:Father's Day 6433:Mother's Day 6417:Polyfidelity 6412:Filial piety 6337:Family trees 6306: 6239:Crow kinship 6189:Estrangement 6084:Child-in-law 6004:Niece/Nephew 5801: 5798:Human Nature 5797: 5760: 5757:Human Nature 5756: 5728: 5719: 5712: 5688: 5684: 5665: 5656: 5640: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5599: 5580: 5572: 5552: 5534: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5494: 5482:. Retrieved 5477: 5464: 5455: 5443: 5433:Louis Jacobs 5431:Reviewed by 5405: 5401: 5395: 5384: 5373: 5364: 5358: 5347: 5338: 5320:Ghostarchive 5318:Archived at 5314: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5280: 5270: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5144: 5135: 5127: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5077: 5069: 5051: 5046: 5038: 5030: 5021: 5001: 4996: 4982: 4970:. Retrieved 4966:the original 4956: 4947: 4941: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4893: 4885: 4863:(1): 39–41. 4860: 4856: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4815: 4799: 4794: 4777: 4773: 4738: 4731: 4710: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4653:|first= 4626: 4620: 4608:. 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