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380:-speaking living some 60 miles to the northwest. Like the Iraqw, they are known for their use of irrigation systems in agriculture. The Sonjo also maintain terraced village sites, albeit of considerably more rudimentary form than what is found at Engaruka. New studies have also revealed new information about the
365:. This population movement is reportedly consistent with the date of the Engaruka site's desertion, which is estimated at somewhere between 1700 and 1750. It also roughly coincides with the start of the diminishment of the Engaruka River's flow as well as those of other streams descending from the
313:
Sometime in the 15th century, an Iron Age farming community built a large continuous village area on the footslopes of the Rift Valley escarpment, housing several thousand people. They developed an intricate irrigation and cultivation system, involving a stone-block canal channeling water from the
369:; water sources around which Engaruka's irrigation practices were centered. According to the Maasai, who are the present-day occupants of Engaruka, the Iraqw also already inhabited the site when their own ancestors first entered the region during the 18th century.
400:, who passed them on 5 July 1883, and compared them to the tumbled-down walls of ancient castles. Scoeller and Kaiser mentioned the ruins of "Ngaruku" including great stone circles and dams in 1896–97. The first detailed and archaeological investigation was by
1844:
Westerberg, L.-O., Holmgren, K., Börjeson, L., Håkansson, N.T., Laulumaa, V., Ryner, M., and Öberg, H., 2010: The development of the ancient irrigation system at
Engaruka, Northern Tanzania: Physical and societal factors. The Geographical Journal, doi:
330:
of stall fed cattle. For an unknown reason
Engaruka was abandoned at latest in the mid-18th century. The site still poses many questions, including the identity of the founders, how they developed their farming system, and why they left.
423:. In 2001–2004, studies were conducted by Daryl Stump of University College London as part of his PhD thesis work. In 2006, the University of Helsinki resumed Siiriainen's work, concentrating on the connections between Engaruka and the
353:, dams and furrows that are found at Engaruka. Iraqw historical traditions likewise relate that their last significant migration to their present area of inhabitation occurred about two or three centuries ago after conflicts with the
1280:
553:
Stump, Daryl. 2003. The soils of
Engaruka: preliminary soil exhaustion tests on a pre-colonial agricultural landscape in Tanzania’, in P. Mitchell, A. Haour and J. Hobart (eds.)
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investigated the site in 1935, but were disappointed by the lack of burial sites. They estimated a population of 30,000, but this figure is now considered exaggerated.
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of northern
Tanzania. The modern Iraqw practice an intensive form of self-contained agriculture that bears a remarkable similarity to the ruins of
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later conducted excavations at
Engaruka, and in 2002–2005 Ari Siiriainen led a research team from the Department of Archaeology at the
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Stump, Daryl (2006). "The development and expansion of the field and irrigation systems at
Engaruka, Tanzania".
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Collection of excerpts from different sources, by the nTZ, Northern
Tanzania Information Resource
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Nurse, Derek & Franz
Rottland. 1991. ‘Sonjo: Description, Classification, History’, in
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Laulamaa, Vesa (2006). "Estimation of the population of ancient
Engaruka—a new approach".
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Engaruka is also the name of a modern village not far from the archaeological site.
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rift escarpment to stone-lined cultivation terraces. Measures were taken to prevent
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Construction of
Engaruka has traditionally been credited to the ancestors of the
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Seitsonen, Oula. 2005. ‘Stone Age observations in the Engaruka area’, in
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Researching Africa's past: new contributions from British archaeologists
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Maps, Weather, and Airports for Engaruka, Tanzania, United Rep. of
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557:. pp. 101–109. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology.
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Antiquities Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
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The first European to record the existence of these ruins was
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structures. It is considered one of the most important
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is an abandoned system of ruins located in northwest
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297:in Tanzania. The site is located in the ward of
342:-speaking group of cultivators residing in the
438:The Maasai conduct tourist tours of the site.
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270:. The site is in geographical range of the
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1879:Archaeological history of Eastern Africa
326:of the plots was increased by using the
142:20 km (215,278,208 sq ft)
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301:. The site is registered as one of the
1874:Archaeological sites of Eastern Africa
1101:Vasco da Gama and Portuguese expansion
604:. Penguin Classics. pp. 275–277.
1869:Archaeological sites in Arusha Region
372:Engaruka has also been linked to the
240:
231:
7:
388:occupational histories of the area.
1864:Former populated places in Tanzania
1297:National Historic Sites of Tanzania
1197:1998 United States embassy bombings
417:British Institute in Eastern Africa
303:National Historic Sites of Tanzania
235:National Historic Sites of Tanzania
576:. Rough Guides. pp. 437–438.
392:History of archaeological research
16:National Historic Site of Tanzania
14:
1859:Archaeological sites in Tanzania
1845:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00370.x
1839:Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika
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704:Arusha District Council, Arusha
1612:Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site
1:
1207:COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania
1025:Mumba Cave hunter-gatherers
877:National Parks and Reserves
699:Arusha City Council, Arusha
602:The Tree Where Man Was Born
600:Matthiessen, Peter (2010).
573:The Rough Guide to Tanzania
245:Engaruka Irrigation Furrows
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1136:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty
1010:Oldowan stone tool culture
892:Lake Manyara National Park
681:
541:10.1080/00672700609480436
514:10.1080/00672700609480435
253:
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59:Site location in Tanzania
38:
26:
1111:East African slave trade
115:2.9830000°S 35.9500000°E
33:Old Map of Engaruka Site
887:Tarangire National Park
789:National Historic Sites
1397:Isimila Stone Age Site
1202:East African Community
846:Major Cities and Towns
456:"Antiquities Division"
421:University of Helsinki
376:, a numerically small
282:, it is famed for its
120:-2.9830000; 35.9500000
1714:Zanzibar South Region
1678:Zanzibar North Region
1146:East African Campaign
1116:Sultanate of Zanzibar
174:1913, 1935 & 2002
171:Excavation dates
1348:Dar es Salaam Region
1156:Tanganyika Territory
1121:Zanzibar slave trade
897:Arusha National Park
570:Finke, Jens (2003).
367:Ngorongoro highlands
295:archaeological sites
208:Tanzanian government
1630:Livingstone's Tembe
1524:Lindi Historic Town
1379:Bahi Rock-Art Sites
1223:Tanzania portal
1192:Uganda–Tanzania War
1177:Zanzibar Revolution
1151:British East Africa
1141:Maji Maji Rebellion
1126:Scramble for Africa
1055:History of Zanzibar
1002:Pre-colonial period
729:Ngorongoro District
633:9 June 2007 at the
477:"Antiquities Sites"
415:John Sutton of the
200:On-going excavation
111: /
23:
1780:Pemba South Region
1737:Pemba North Region
1589:Chole Island Ruins
1478:Kilimanjaro Region
1328:Nasera Rockshelter
1131:German East Africa
1050:Indian Ocean trade
1030:Cushitic expansion
1020:Laetoli footprints
906:National Landmarks
811:Nasera Rockshelter
278:. Situated in the
221:Public access
1841:, 12/13, 171–289.
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1770:Kichokochwe Ruins
1468:Uvinza Salt Works
1425:KM2 and KM3 sites
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1045:Nilotic expansion
959:
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918:Monduli Mountains
883:Mount Meru Forest
357:sub-group of the
272:Great Rift Valley
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714:Longido District
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1552:Mtwara Region
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724:Meru District
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242:Official name
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77:Arusha Region
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25:
19:
1838:
1793:Pujini Ruins
1668:Yambe Island
1653:Toten Island
1640:Tanga Region
1604:Rukwa Region
1571:Pwani Region
1496:Lindi Region
1322:
1106:Omani Empire
1084:
938:Mungu Crater
805:
755:Chaga people
626:
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483:. Retrieved
471:
459:. Retrieved
450:
437:
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414:
406:Louis Leakey
395:
371:
348:stone-walled
333:
320:soil erosion
312:
274:of northern
259:
258:
187:Louis Leakey
106:35°57′0.00″E
103:2°58′58.80″S
18:
1788:Mkama Ndume
1760:Msuka Mjini
1727:Kuumbi Cave
1722:Unguja Ukuu
1584:Kaole Ruins
1514:Songo Mnara
1445:Bweranyange
977:History of
951:Lake Natron
837:Lake Duluti
627:Nyame Akuma
410:Mary Leakey
404:, in 1913.
288:cultivation
266:in central
191:Mary Leakey
118: /
94:Coordinates
1853:Categories
1407:Mlambalasi
1333:Mumba Cave
1172:Tanganyika
1060:Menouthias
913:Mount Meru
816:Mumba Cave
637:63, 27–32.
535:: 95–102.
442:References
284:irrigation
213:Management
166:Site notes
134:Settlement
1704:Stonetown
1560:Mikindani
1435:Nyabusora
868:Usa River
692:Districts
683:Capital:
508:: 69–94.
402:Hans Reck
386:Neolithic
324:fertility
205:Ownership
197:Condition
183:Hans Reck
1826:Engaruka
1820:See also
1808:Shamiani
1798:Chambani
1579:Bagamoyo
1542:Luxmanda
1440:Katuruka
1430:Katuruka
1323:Engaruka
1085:Engaruka
1035:Luxmanda
996:Timeline
979:Tanzania
968:a series
966:Part of
806:Engaruka
745:Waarusha
631:Archived
340:Cushitic
322:and the
309:The site
299:Engaruka
292:Iron Age
276:Tanzania
260:Engaruka
152:Cultures
81:Tanzania
68:Location
22:Engaruka
1686:Tumbatu
1658:Pangani
1509:Kivinje
1402:Kalenga
1318:Laetoli
863:Namanga
801:Laetoli
765:Datooga
760:Hadzabe
485:21 July
461:21 July
355:Barbaig
147:History
1765:Mduuni
1745:Chwaka
1374:Kondoa
1338:Peninj
1187:Ujamaa
1065:Rhapta
970:on the
858:Karatu
853:Arusha
821:Peninj
780:Maasai
685:Arusha
608:
580:
529:Azania
502:Azania
427:area.
363:Maasai
359:Datoga
351:canals
328:manure
158:&
86:Region
1750:Tumbe
1663:Vugha
1463:Ujiji
946:Gelai
775:Iraqw
770:Sonjo
480:(PDF)
425:Sonjo
378:Bantu
374:Sonjo
336:Iraqw
189:&
160:Sonjo
156:Iraqw
750:Meru
606:ISBN
578:ISBN
487:2022
463:2022
408:and
338:, a
286:and
139:Area
131:Type
537:doi
510:doi
224:Yes
1855::
592:^
562:^
533:41
531:.
506:41
504:.
305:.
185:,
1282:e
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660:t
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614:.
586:.
543:.
539::
516:.
512::
489:.
465:.
79:,
74:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
