Engineer's degree - Knowledge (XXG)

526:(e.g. MEng or MSc) is awarded. These can often, however, still be combined into a single 'integrated' degree programme in many countries, normally lasting five or six years (although only four years in England, Wales and Northern Ireland). But in the UK when one considers the whole formation of a fully qualified Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer it is a minimum of eight years. Countries have varied in the implementation of the Bologna process, meaning the combination of first (bachelor's) and second (master's) cycles, even when taken as a single degree, can last from four to six years, although many countries have set five years as the minimum. 1952:(Technical Engineer), which is a three to four years degree (involving also a Final Degree Project) and is equivalent to a Bachelor of Engineering, the Technical Engineer in Spain has full competencies and legal authority in their field; however, certain engineering professions require by law a master's degree in their respective field, a degree called "master habilitante" or "habilitating master's degree". A distinctive characteristic of Spanish engineering degrees is that the average duration of studies up to graduation is about 40 percent above the nominal duration and that the drop-out rate is considerable due to stricter examination standards. 957:, after completing five years of study and a written thesis. Originally there were "inżynier" studies that lasted for four years and afterward one could obtain the "magister" title in two years of studies—the total of six years resulted in two degrees, "magister" and "inżynier". In the early 1960s a new track of studies was developed to speed up education and the "magister inżynier" five-year track was created. Whichever way one obtained the education the "magister inżynier" (mgr inż. before the name) was the equivalent degree with "inżynier" designating the professional level and "magister" designating the academic level. After the 2158:, the engineering degree is referred to as BSc Engineering (Bachelor of Science in Engineering) at the undergraduate level or AMIE(Sec: A & Sec: B). Likewise, a master's degree is referred to as Master of Engineering (M.Engg.) and Master of Science in Engineering (MSc.Engg.). At the undergraduate level, the course takes four years, only except being in the case of Urban and Regional Planning discipline, where it usually takes five years. In postgraduate education, pursuing a master's degree in any engineering discipline usually takes one to one and a half years. Graduated engineers who are members of either 2208:) or AMIE. All courses are almost similar but differs with slight differences. Also the duration of both these courses is same i.e 4 years with 8 semesters i.e and each year has 2 semesters and both these courses implements the Theoretical Knowledge as well as Practical Knowledge to the students. Admission is usually through an engineering entrance examination as well as direct admissions are also made through management quota in some engineering colleges. Apart from that BCA and BSc IT/CS also get appointed to Software Engineer role in IT Industries. 2869:"Real Decreto 1837/2008, de 8 de noviembre, por el que se incorporan al ordenamiento jurídico español la Directiva 2005/36/CE, del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 7 de septiembre de 2005, y la Directiva 2006/100/CE, del Consejo, de 20 de noviembre de 2006, relativas al reconocimiento de cualificaciones profesionales, así como a determinados aspectos del ejercicio de la profesión de abogado." 2378: 1810: 1701: 1564: 1116: 976: 801: 619: 171: 153:, a degree or title of "Ingeniero" is awarded after completing five years of college. This may be translated as "Engineer", however, its international academic equivalence depends on each country's educational system and can be compared to a six-year post-master's degree. Its award may imply obtaining a state 961:

the first level is "inżynier," obtainable after nominally three years of studies (although some are longer) with the same professional privileges as before and "masters" after one or two years gives the same academic and professional designation as before. But the ultimate shortening of the period of

258:

As in other countries, students only need to obtain the bachelor's degree to enter a master's degree or doctoral program, which commonly take two and three years, respectively. Since a professional title will take six years of study, after obtaining this title the graduate can enroll directly into a

604:

Names are traditionally prefixed with the ir. and/or Ing. titles, although this practice is not as widespread as in the Netherlands. Use of these titles is regulated and protected by law. Belgium is noteworthy as having a system under which demands made on students of engineering are particularly

1887:- "engineer at specialty" (where specialty's name is mentioned), currently awarded after five or six years of study, may also contain clarification on the nature of engineering field, such as "engineer-ecologist at specialty Rational usage of natural resources and protection of the environment" 1359:

with the newly introduced MSc degrees. Since 2009, most universities in Germany offer bachelor's degree programmes (BSc, BEng and others) and master's programmes that lead to the academic degrees such as Master of Science, Master of Engineering, Master of Business Administration and others.

1939:

and Germany-UK in relation to the Technical Engineering Degrees. Long cycle Engineer's degrees (Ingenieros) traditionally used to be (at least nominally) six-year programs but the tendency since the mid-1990s has been to reduce them to five years. The last step to get the degree is the

78:

accredits Canadian undergraduate engineering programs that meet the standards of the profession. Graduates of those programs are deemed by the profession to have the required academic qualifications to pursue further training towards becoming a licensed professional engineer in Canada.

2232:

or some work experience in an engineering field. The MTech and ME degrees are same and of two years' duration. MTech/ME usually has coursework in the first year and a project in the second year. The MSc (Eng) degree is usually research oriented and may requires two or more years to

2007:

established the first school of engineering in the UK in 1837, which awarded the academic rank of Civil Engineer between 1840 and 1852. After the school was re-established in Newcastle, the title of Civil Engineer was again awarded between 1887 and 1894. The supplemental charter of

1429:

The title of "Graduate Engineer"(Greek translation: "Πτυχιούχος Μηχανικός", English explanation: "Bachelor of Engineering Degree Holder"), is awarded after completion of a four-year (three and a half years from 1983 to 1995) undergraduate engineering degree programme at a

254:

status is a general denomination for a person who has a professional title in engineering (Título Profesional en Ingeniería). The title is obtained after six years of study; in this way including a bachelor's degree in science, which is obtained after four years of study.

1909:

Anything but "bachelor" is considered "second-level" higher education and gives access to postgraduate education for "candidate of sciences" degree, "bachelor" is considered "first-level" higher education degree and gives access to study for master's (magister) degree.

2268:) was used as an academic title, for a bachelor degree in engineering who graduated from a university in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and sometimes used in the field of applied science. However, after the academic title of Bachelor of Engineering ( 1385:

2017) specifies the criteria for obtaining the title: graduation from a technical high school (HTL), verifiable practical experience of three years, and an oral examination with a certified committee to prove advanced skills and knowledge in their field. Since 2017,

108:

the thesis is required to be "more extensive and complete in problem scope and solution than a master's thesis", although "not necessarily meeting the test of original research and contribution to fundamental knowledge that is applied to PhD dissertations." At

1410:. There are two types of engineer. The title "Diplomate Engineer" (Diplomate in Greek: Διπλωματούχος; Kάτοχος ενός Διπλώματος/Δίπλωμα/Diploma; Diploma holder) is awarded after completion of a five-year undergraduate engineering degree (diploma) programme at a 562:

In German, the traditional engineer's degree is called Diplom-Ingenieur (Dipl. -Ing.; in Austria DI is also used). This degree is generally equivalent to a combined bachelor's and Master's degree, which is not to be confused with the old Magister degree.

1905:- "magister (master) at area" (where area's name is mentioned), currently awarded after two years of study to those already having any higher-education degree and "area" is an engineering area, corresponding to one or more of former "specialties" 2715: 2239:(three to five years): PhD (Doctor of Philosophy). Admission requirements vary across universities but usually include a master's degree in engineering or a bachelor's degree in engineering with an exceptionally good academic record. 1277:). Universities in France are comprehensive institutions composed of several faculties covering various fields (natural sciences, engineering, law, economics, medicine, humanities, etc.) with a large student body. On the other hand, 1058:. It is possible to obtain after five years of studying or even faster, but the average is around six years. Under the Bologna process, this is split into two parts, the first being one where the students can get the intermediate 2446:, the first degree after five years of study. The Ministry of Education of Vietnam has also issued separate regulations for the naming of degrees not in accordance with international regulation. The Engineer's degree is named " 120:

was empowered by its 1824 charter to award Civil Engineer and Topographical Engineer degrees alongside the Bachelor in Science, and awarded the first Civil Engineer degrees in 1835. Civil Engineer degrees were also awarded by

533:

in Sweden, that is distinct from the 3+2 scheme that awards the bachelor's and master's degrees but a student who has done both at a Swedish technical university will in most cases also fulfill the requirements for the

1485:(abbrev. "dott.") can be obtained. After a "state exam" one becomes "Ingegnere" (abbrev. Ing). In Italy the state accreditation system, degrees and titles are regulated by state law. See regulations (in Italian) 1546:

titles. Use of these titles is regulated and protected by Dutch law. Under the Bologna agreement, the titles are increasingly interchanged with the English-language degrees (B.Sc. for ing., M.Sc. for ir.).

1281:

in engineering are much smaller and recruit their students through a more selective process (typically a few hundred students per year per institution, and a few thousand students per year country-wide).

304:(Engineer) degree is awarded depending on the nature of the studies pursued. In order to be called an Engineer, one must have passed certain courses related to engineering and been awarded a professional 378:, universities specializing in technical fields traditionally awarded their students an engineer's degree after five years. This degree was typically the first university-awarded degree after finishing 1944:(Degree Project), which involves a combination of application development and some research work. Students submit a dissertation that they have to defend. The Spanish official name for the degree is 1980:, typical length of study for bachelor's degree at any engineering program is four years. Owner of a valid degree which is given by an engineering faculty at Turkish universities, can be called 1881:- "engineer", which was formerly awarded after four, five, six years of study, may also contain clarification on the nature of engineering field, such as "mining engineer" or "systems engineer". 2360:(PEC) is the responsible government body for accreditation of undergraduate engineering degrees, registration of engineers and regulation of engineering profession. PEC is a full signatory of 2719: 1899:- "bachelor at area" (where area's name is mentioned), currently awarded after four years of study and "area" is an engineering area, corresponding to one or more of former "specialties" 1524:

or WO). It is at academic level and the highest engineer qualification. - five years study (3 B.Sc. + 2 M.Sc.), or 6 years for engineers that graduated prior to the Bologna agreement.

141:

in 1916 found that this was the case in over two-thirds of the universities surveyed. The committee recommended that engineer's degrees be reserved for study beyond master's level.

2105:

is recognized as equivalent to a combined Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in engineering in the United States and in the countries of the European Union (also in France).

2012:

in 1852 also specified that it could award the academic rank of Civil Engineer. The Birmingham school of engineering was wound down when the institution was reconstituted in 1867.

312:) that certifies him or her as an engineer. The graduate has different abilities and capabilities related to the nature of the title Engineer. In this case, having a professional 1988:

title is limited by law to people with a valid engineering degree and the use of the title by others (even persons with much more work experience) is illegal. (Law No: 3458

2272:) (S.T.) was conformed, the title of Engineer (Ir.) was no longer used by universities as an academic title but as a professional title stipulated in the Regulation of the 3427: 3211: 3173: 3136: 3099: 2163: 1226:

is recognized as equivalent to a combiner Bachelor and Master of Science in Engineering in the United States and in the countries of the European Union (also in France).

101:, the engineer's degree requires a year of study beyond a master's degree or two years from a bachelor's degree and often includes a requirement for a research thesis. 1415: 1334:", which was previously awarded by universities of applied sciences and engineering schools after three years of study. A requirement for the degree was to write a 3422: 3387: 89:

A graduate of a non-CEAB-accredited program must demonstrate that his or her education is at least equivalent to that of a graduate of a CEAB-accredited program.

1550:

Completion of Dutch engineering qualifications has historically demanded a lot of effort and talent. On average the four-year course takes 4.5 years to finish.

2273: 2137:

Egypt and South Africa do not follow the French education system and offer the traditional bachelor's and master's programs, which can be taken separately. The

1776:. These five years of study are equivalent to a Bologna Master (M.Sc/M.Eng/MCA). The five-year course concludes with a comprehensive set of specialising exams ( 1446:

In Italy there was the engineering degree obtained after 5 years university and then one had to pass a state examination to be a professional engineer by law.

589:"Bio-ingenieur" / "Bioingénieur" or "Master of Science in Bioscience Engineering" (abbrev. "ir.") - 5 years study (3 BSc. + 2 MSc.), delivered by universities. 2454:). Since 30/12/2019, The Degree of Engineer, Doctor and architecture has been classified at 7th rank, it means having the same rank with a master's degree. 1438:. TEIs existed from 1983 to 2019; they were reformed between 2013 and 2019 and their departments incorporated into existing higher education institutions. 920:

is given for complete university studies in technical (like engineering), economic or agricultural fields. In one of these cases it can be equivalent to a

137:

awarded Engineer of Mines degrees from 1867. By the early 20th-century engineer's degrees were commonly at graduate level – a survey by a committee of the

3072: 75: 1667:(five-year) degree in engineering was a previous condition to be able to be admitted to the OE. Presently, admission to the OE requires a post-Bologna 113:, the engineer degree is explicitly set at the level of the preliminary PhD examination, i.e. not including the contribution to fundamental knowledge. 3045: 2179: 1237:

graduates can pursue a selective Ph.D. after their engineering studies and later join academia or an industrial research and development department.

320:) in engineering allows you to undertake various engineering-only activities and certifies the ability of the engineer to exercise their profession. 2612: 2116:

graduates can pursue a selective PhD after their engineering studies and later join academia or an industrial research and development department.

1250: 582:"Burgerlijk Ingenieur" / "Ingénieur civil" or "Master of Science in Engineering" (abbrev. "ir.") - 5 years study (3 BSc. + 2 MSc.), delivered by 2688:. Library of education, a project of the Center for Applied Research in Education. Center for Applied Research in Education. pp. 102–104. 2399: 2229: 2175: 1831: 1722: 1585: 1133: 997: 822: 640: 192: 110: 2956: 2159: 962:

studies resulted in some professional groups (e.g. architects) demanding that "magister inżynier" be made a basis for professional rights.

231:

In Chile, the educational system does not strictly follow that of the United States. University education is structured in four cycles, as

138: 2303:(Psi.). In other words, currently not all university graduates who hold an S.T. degree immediately have the right to be called engineers. 263:. In this manner, the international academic equivalence of a professional title in Chile corresponds to a six-year post-master's degree. 592:"Industrieel Ingenieur" / "Ingénieur industriel" or "Master of Science in Engineering Technology" (abbrev. "Ing.") - five years study in 2656: 2125: 1256: 354:

Degrees in engineering require four to five years to complete. After this, the graduate may enroll in a postgraduate program, such as a

2800:"Décret exécutif n° 16-176 du 9 Ramadhan 1437 correspondant au 14 juin 2016 fixant le statut type de l'école supérieure (Pages 9 à 16)" 1968:(Bachelor of Science in Engineering), which amounts to three years. Both programmes admit students directly from secondary education. 2856: 2743: 1921:- "doctor of technical sciences". Sometimes in English translations "...of technical sciences" is exchanged for "...of engineering". 2425: 1857: 1748: 1611: 1391: 1155: 1023: 848: 666: 218: 2511: 1768:

followed the French system. One needs a baccalaureate diploma to be accepted at the university. The engineering degree was called

522:, three to four years) and the second optional part (one to two years), after which either the traditional engineer's degree or a 339:

attached to the name of the degree. It is the case that many people finish all courses in an engineering program, they obtain the

2899: 2844: 2279:

The status of Engineer (Ir.) was thus raised to a professional title similar to the professional titles of Medical Doctor (dr.),

2225: 1656:, despite the title being used informally to refer to anyone who has a degree in engineering, even a nonmember of the OE or OET. 1377: 953: 922: 117: 1493:

for "laurea specialistica" (BEng (Hon)-master). Chartered professions (including engineering) are regulated by state law 328/01

3126: 2361: 2183: 583: 559:

is officially considered to be at the level of a master's degree, equivalent to an integrated bachelor's and master's degree.

2045:

is officially considered to be at the level of a master's degree, equivalent to an integrated bachelor's and master's degree.

3417: 3065: 2816: 2403: 1835: 1726: 1589: 1431: 1407: 1137: 1001: 826: 644: 196: 2914: 2009: 1893:- "engineer-researcher at specialty" (where specialty's name is mentioned), was formerly awarded after seven years of study 1098:

or Master of Engineering has been introduced. It carries a requirement of two years of work experience after the degree of

2357: 597: 2070: 2055: 1355:. However, some universities continue to hand out so-called equivalence certificates that certify the equivalence of a 1191: 1175: 3122: 2978: 2590: 593: 570:(EUR ING) which is obtained through peer review after seven years of education, training and professional experience. 2683: 2388: 1820: 1711: 1574: 986: 811: 629: 181: 1434:(TEI). These are 240 (previously 210, 1983–1995) ECTS credits leading to an award at ISCED level 6, equivalent to a 2882: 1996:(meaning Higher Engineer). Most Turkish engineering programs are accredited to European system by Bologna process. 2407: 2392: 1839: 1824: 1730: 1715: 1593: 1578: 1126: 1005: 990: 830: 815: 648: 633: 200: 185: 3412: 3058: 105: 2086:. It is considered more prestigious by recruiters than a master's degree due to the electricity of the program. 1207:. It is considered more prestigious by recruiters than a Master's degree due to the electricity of the program. 86:) anywhere in Canada and the standard against which all other engineering academic qualifications are measured. 3191: 2543: 1494: 82:

In Canada, a CEAB-accredited engineer degree is the minimum academic requirement for registration as a P.Eng (

1273:, which is differentiated from bachelor's and master's degrees in engineering issued by public universities ( 30:

This article is about a specific type of postgraduate degree. For the education of engineers in general, see

3118: 2468: 2201: 1042: 529:

Most traditional universities continue to have a primary academic degree program, for example, a five-year

3164: 2447: 2205: 2197: 1992:

Publish no:3945) A person may earn a master's degree in the same field as the bachelor's and be called as

416: 126: 2767: 3225: 2463: 2217: 1641: 1477:(abbrev. "dott.") can be obtained. After two additional years of engineering studies, the degree called 83: 31: 1071: 502:, universities divide higher-education studies in three cycles, corresponding to a three to four-year 3339: 3295: 3187: 3145: 3090: 2221: 1435: 1411: 515: 503: 2828: 3353: 3330: 3315: 2253: 2112:

allow their students to join a double degree with a university (in France or abroad). Furthermore,

1765: 1625: 1233:

allow their students to join a double degree with a university (in France or abroad). Furthermore,

379: 272: 157:

to legally practice in the field or a professional certification outside the academic environment.

134: 2020:

Most countries follow the French system of higher education, the engineer's degree was called the

3257: 1077: 375: 3182: 1423: 1307: 523: 507: 355: 2718:(Report). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. pp. 54–56. Archived from 1960:

There are two different engineering degrees that belong to the so called professional degrees:

1469:(abbrev. "LS"). Accordingly, today after three years of engineering studies, the degree called 3349: 3113: 3015: 2930: 2249: 2076: 2065:(or some technical universities), or have a master's degree in engineering from a University. 2061: 2033: 2004: 1935: 1312: 1265: 1197: 1181: 772: 736: 567: 547: 122: 116:

The engineer's degree was originally a first degree at the same level as a bachelor's degree.

2660: 2568: 1185:(or some technical universities), or have a Master's degree in Engineering from a University. 3379: 3335: 3252: 3108: 2979:"Queen's College and its predecessor institution, Birmingham School of Medicine, Records of" 2700: 1037: 756: 3374: 3358: 3320: 3305: 3272: 3082: 2886: 2799: 2038: 1785: 1660: 1352: 1291: 958: 874: 866: 552: 511: 499: 371: 359: 260: 130: 42: 2082: 1203: 2318:

with the S.T. degree. Use of these titles is regulated and protected by Indonesian law.

2080:

in engineering. It is generally obtained after five to seven years of studies after the

1874:, following degrees correspond to the "engineer's degree" in the sense of this article: 1201:

in engineering. It is generally obtained after five to seven years of studies after the

343:

and title of Engineer and the professional credential, after getting their professional

3344: 3300: 3150: 3029: 2519: 2261: 1398:

does not entitle holders to direct admission to university master's degree programmes.

1318: 1083: 909: 898: 882: 787:) in abbreviated versions are used without full stop as a punctuation mark at the end. 428: 1457:(MEng level, title abbrev. "ing."). Since 2001 reform, the bachelor's level is called 3406: 2315: 2166:(ITET) are legally and formally allowed to use the title "Engr." before their names. 282: 150: 98: 58: 54: 695:

Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia (former Yugoslavia)

3262: 2300: 2248:

Prior to 2014, Indonesia still uses the Dutch degree classification inherited from

2488: 2053:

In Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, the main way to become an engineer is to have a

389:

Following German custom in higher education, the engineer's degree was called the

17: 2716:

The European Higher Education Area in 2015: Bologna Process Implementation Report

2174:

The engineering courses in India are regulated and set up under the aegis of the

711:) which was awarded by university faculties and a lower ranked engineer's degree 566:

Europe has the international professional engineering qualification and title of

3325: 2868: 2377: 1809: 1700: 1679:

degree are now classified as E1 grade engineers, while holders of a pre-Bologna

1563: 1506: 1115: 975: 800: 720: 618: 492: 448: 170: 46: 2778: 2123:

must be accredited by the state. The best institutions are usually part of the

719:) which was awarded by polytechnics, in a similar vein to the situation in the 2296: 2292: 2155: 1784:

which was a three-year course equivalent with a college degree. Following the

1780:). Marks nine and 10 are considered exceptional. Some universities had called 752: 444: 344: 313: 305: 61:. The degree may require a thesis but always requires a non-abstract project. 2857:"Vooral bij techniek, industrie en bouwkunde is de wo-studieduur veel langer" 2634: 3220: 3050: 3002: 1490: 939: 784: 748: 514:. Accordingly, engineering studies are now divided in two parts: first, the 383: 1964:(Master of Science in Engineering), which requires five years of study and 1486: 2931:"Archives and Special Collections: Durham University Records: Information" 2276:

Number 154 of 2014 concerning Graduate Degree in Science and Technology.

1796:

degree is obtained after an additional one- or two-year graduate program.

1394:

on level 6, the same level as that of the bachelor's degree. However, the

861:

In the western Slavic-speaking countries, the engineer's degree is called

913: 902: 480: 476: 460: 420: 2879: 1675:(five-year) master in engineering. OE members holders of a post-Bologna 1381:), secondary schools with technical focus. The Austrian engineers' law ( 2439: 2284: 2280: 1761: 1140: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 700: 684: 680: 464: 440: 432: 424: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 340: 335:; for this, it depends on the name of the career and having the prefix 328: 154: 1075:

is a bachelor's degree from a Finnish University of Applied Sciences (

3310: 3277: 3267: 3196: 2497: 1977: 1871: 1640:) is a professional degree reserved for the effective members of the 1340: 1336: 930: 890: 691:(specialist engineer), a first degree after five years of education. 488: 472: 468: 456: 452: 436: 391: 278: 50: 751:). The situation was the same in other countries previously part of 605:

severe, especially in the first one or two years of the BSc degree.

2547: 2364:

and International Professional Engineer (IntPE) Agreement (IPEA).

2288: 1930: 1419: 1269:

in engineering that are accredited and are certified to issue the

484: 2880:"National systems of engineering education, QA and accreditation" 2027:

Similar to France, an important part of engineering is taught in

1513:. There are two types of engineers with different abbreviations: 1371:). This is not an academic degree as it is given to graduates of 943:

in non-engineering science) after a final thesis is completed. A

3054: 2326:

In Pakistan, engineering qualifications include the following:

2074:

is a postgraduate degree in engineering usually awarded by the

1195:

is a postgraduate degree in engineering usually awarded by the

2371: 1913:

Post-graduate scientific degrees in engineering areas include

1803: 1792:

degree, after following a four-year program. In this case the

1694: 1557: 1109: 969: 794: 612: 164: 2957:"Engineering and Architecture at Queen's College, Birmingham" 1244:

must be accredited by the state. In France particularly, the

382:

and completing it granted qualifications to further pursue a

74:

Through the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB),

2829:"Government's Gazette. Law 4485/2017 ΦΕΚ Α 114 / Article 46" 2189:

In India, engineering qualifications include the following:

3003:"Undang-undang (UU) No. 11 Tahun 2014 tentang Keinsinyuran" 2916:

Durham University: Earlier Foundations and Present Colleges

1254:. Note that the best institutions are usually part of the 578:

In Belgium, there are three types of engineering degrees:

2097:(graduate engineer). This is distinguished from the term 1453:(BEng level, title abbrev. "dipl. ing.") and a five-year 1390:

titles obtained under these criteria are included in the

1306:

is also used). This degree is generally equivalent to a

1218:(graduate engineer). This is distinguished from the term 1094:

Due to the Bologna process, a new master's degree called

541:

In France, an important part of engineering is taught in

285:. University education is structured in three cycles, as 1648:

and Portuguese Institution of Technical Engineers (OET,

1169:

In France, the main way to become an engineer is :

327:

does not automatically award the graduate the title and

3016:"Signatories » International Engineering Alliance" 2889:, TREE – Teaching and Research in Engineering in Europe 2335:

BS/BSc Engineering (Bachelor of Science in Engineering)

1316:

degree. The German "universities of applied sciences" (

937:

is available after 3.5 or 4 years of studies (like the

2789:

Ivan Klajn, Rečnik jezičkih nedoumica (NOLIT, Beograd)

1449:

Later until 2001 there were two degrees: a three-year

2345:

MS/MSc Engineering (Master of Science in Engineering)

281:, the educational system follows closely that of the 2900:"3458 Sayılı Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Hakkında Kanun" 2119:

In Morocco and Tunisia, any institution issuing the

323:

For engineering, completing all taught courses of a

3367: 3286: 3245: 3238: 3210: 3172: 3163: 3135: 3098: 3089: 3030:"Members » International Engineering Alliance" 2228:). Admission usually requires qualification in the 2544:"Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board - APEGM" 2164:Institution of Textile Engineers and Technologists 1461:(abbrev. "L") and master's degree level is called 1351:as an academic title is phased out because of the 1087:, but it is not interchangeable with the academic 2196:(four years after Class 12 and three years after 1406:In Greece, the title of "Engineer" is awarded by 905:, which may be written before the person's name. 703:, the old system included the engineer's degrees 2490:Comparability of Engineering Courses and Degrees 2452:The Degree of Engineer in Information Technology 1534:or HBO). - four years study (4 B.Eng. or B.ASc.) 596:(3 BSc. + 2 MSc.) or four years of study in the 3388:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 1509:, somebody holding an engineer's degree is an 1347:degree lead to master's degrees today, as the 1294:, the traditional engineer's degree is called 399:itself, this system was common in states like 3066: 2699:LA H. XLIX LEGISLATURA DEL ESTADO DE MEXICO. 2538: 2536: 1990:Law about Engineers and Architects 28.06.1938 1642:Portuguese Institution of the Engineers (OE, 1322:) awarded the traditional engineering degree 600:(3 BSc. + 1 MSc.), delivered by universities. 57:, North Africa and a few institutions in the 8: 3046:Database of regulated professions in the EU. 2738: 2736: 2216:(two or more years after BE and BTech): ME ( 1530:is obtained by graduates from polytechnics ( 2779:Ingenieur is slimste student – De Standaard 2714:European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice (2015). 2406:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1838:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1729:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1592:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1310:, which is not to be confused with the old 1263:France is unusual in that it is mainly the 1004:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 829:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 647:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 199:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3242: 3169: 3095: 3073: 3059: 3051: 2845:"Artikel 435 lid 3 Wetboek van strafrecht" 2306:Names are traditionally prefixed with the 1933:is very similar to France but without the 1538:Names are traditionally prefixed with the 3428:Professional certification in engineering 2426:Learn how and when to remove this message 2180:All India Council for Technical Education 1858:Learn how and when to remove this message 1749:Learn how and when to remove this message 1612:Learn how and when to remove this message 1156:Learn how and when to remove this message 1024:Learn how and when to remove this message 849:Learn how and when to remove this message 667:Learn how and when to remove this message 358:or in exceptional cases, directly into a 219:Learn how and when to remove this message 2101:(engineer) which is less regulated. The 1917:- "candidate of technical sciences" and 1222:(engineer) which is less regulated. The 2768:Welke studies zijn het slimst? – HLN.be 2659:. UCLA. Engineer Degree. Archived from 2479: 1418:credits, leading to a qualification at 1343:. Most programs that used to lead to a 1240:In France, any institution issuing the 27:Advanced academic degree in engineering 2591:"Degree of Engineer — Post MS Program" 1891:Инженер-исследователь по специальности 1687:are classified as E2 grade engineers. 1652:). There is not an academic degree of 3423:Academic degrees of the United States 2230:Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering 2176:University Grants Commission of India 1520:is obtained by university graduates ( 1422:level 7, equivalent to an integrated 7: 2635:"Electrical Engineer Degree Program" 2404:adding citations to reliable sources 2160:Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh 1836:adding citations to reliable sources 1727:adding citations to reliable sources 1590:adding citations to reliable sources 1138:adding citations to reliable sources 1002:adding citations to reliable sources 827:adding citations to reliable sources 727:degree could later be upgraded to a 645:adding citations to reliable sources 197:adding citations to reliable sources 139:Association of American Universities 1432:technological educational institute 791:Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia 2748:Swedish Higher Education Authority 2442:, the engineer's degree is called 1948:(Engineer) or other degree called 1040:, the engineer's degree is called 498:Following the introduction of the 25: 2274:Ministry of Education and Culture 1392:National Qualifications Framework 1363:In Austria there also exists the 1251:Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur 273:Licentiate (degree) § Mexico 2961:The Practical Mechanic's Journal 2376: 2353:- minimum three years' duration. 2226:Master of Science in Engineering 1808: 1699: 1562: 1495:("D.P.R. 5 giugno 2001, n. 328") 1483:dottore magistrale in Ingegneria 1114: 974: 954:Master of Science in Engineering 923:Master of Science in Engineering 799: 617: 169: 118:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 3127:Certificate of Higher Education 2701:"Ley del Ejercicio Profesional" 2337:- four years' duration or AMIE. 2184:National Board of Accreditation 1479:laurea magistrale in ingegneria 1125:needs additional citations for 545:, which are part of the French 2657:"UCLA General Catalog 2017-18" 1772:and the graduate was called a 1650:Ordem dos Engenheiros Técnicos 1481:(MEng level) and the title of 1473:(BEng level) and the title of 1: 2919:. F. E. Robinson. p. 54. 2913:Joseph Thomas Fowler (1904). 2126:Conférence des Grandes écoles 1408:higher education institutions 1378:Höhere Technische Lehranstalt 1257:Conférence des Grandes écoles 2682:Walter Crosby Eells (1963). 2487:Antoly I. Bologomov (1974). 2358:Pakistan Engineering Council 2331:BE (Bachelor of Engineering) 2049:Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria 1489:for "laurea" (bachelor) and 598:Flemish Community of Belgium 3123:Diploma of Higher Education 2685:Degrees in Higher Education 2637:. Naval Postgraduate School 2347:- 1.5 to 2 years' duration. 2010:Queen's College, Birmingham 1984:, meaning "Engineers". The 1788:, the graduates obtain the 594:French Community of Belgium 3444: 2341:ME (Master of Engineering) 2093:is conferred the title of 1942:Proyecto de Fin de Carrera 1522:Wetenschappelijk onderwijs 1248:must be accredited by the 1214:is conferred the title of 885:) and the abbreviation is 270: 29: 2935:Durham University Library 2512:"Accreditation Resources" 1915:кандидат технических наук 106:Naval Postgraduate School 2615:. Santa Clara University 2031:, which are part of the 1885:Инженер по специальности 1414:. These degrees are 300 3119:Higher National Diploma 2469:Institute of technology 2252:. The term "engineer" ( 2250:colonial administration 2202:Bachelor of Engineering 1919:доктор технических наук 1897:Бакалавр по направлению 1624:In Portugal, Engineer ( 1532:hoger beroeps onderwijs 1081:), similar to a German 374:, In most countries of 2500:Press. pp. 49–58. 2450:" in the degree (e.g. 2448:The Degree of Engineer 2224:), MCA and MSc (Eng) ( 2206:Bachelor of Technology 2198:Diploma in Engineering 2133:Egypt and South Africa 1903:Магистр по направлению 1782:Diploma de Sub-inginer 1671:(3 years) degree or a 1629: 1412:polytechnic university 1096:Insinööri (ylempi AMK) 759:, the abbreviation is 417:Bosnia and Herzegovina 293:(master's degree) and 243:(master's degree) and 239:(professional title), 127:University of Michigan 49:which is conferred in 3418:Engineering education 3226:Candidate of Sciences 2815:Ingenieurgesetz 2017 2593:. Stanford University 2464:Master of Engineering 2218:Master of Engineering 1644:Ordem dos Engenheiros 1475:dottore in Ingegneria 1451:diploma in ingegneria 1330:). This superseded " 1324:Diplom-Ingenieur (FH) 1102:and further studies. 1089:tekniikan kandidaatti 1060:tekniikan kandidaatti 289:(bachelor's degree), 247:(doctorate or Ph.D). 235:(bachelor's degree), 84:professional engineer 32:Engineering education 3296:Academic certificate 3188:Postgraduate diploma 2400:improve this section 2222:Master of Technology 1832:improve this section 1723:improve this section 1586:improve this section 1471:laurea in ingegneria 1463:laurea specialistica 1455:laurea in ingegneria 1134:improve this article 998:improve this section 823:improve this section 763:. Serbian titles of 705:diplomirani inženjer 641:improve this section 506:, a one to two-year 193:improve this section 53:, some countries of 3331:Professional degree 2817:BGBl. I Nr. 23/2017 2613:"Engineer's degree" 2569:"Engineer's degree" 2139:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 2121:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 2114:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 2103:diplôme d'ingénieur 2091:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 2089:Each holder of the 2071:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 2059:, delivered by the 2056:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 2043:Diplôme d’ingénieur 2029:écoles d’ingénieurs 2022:Diplôme d’ingénieur 1691:Romania and Moldova 1491:DM 28 Novembre 2000 1286:Germany and Austria 1271:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 1246:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 1242:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 1235:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 1224:diplôme d'ingénieur 1212:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 1210:Each holder of the 1192:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 1179:, delivered by the 1176:Diplôme d'Ingénieur 609:Belarus and Ukraine 557:Diplôme d’ingénieur 543:écoles d’ingénieurs 380:secondary education 135:Columbia University 133:(from 1860), while 129:(from 1855) and by 3258:Doctor of Sciences 2885:2008-12-17 at the 2194:Bachelor's degrees 2037:system. Since the 1770:Diploma de inginer 1078:ammattikorkeakoulu 689:спеціаліст інженер 551:system. Since the 376:continental Europe 349:cédula profesional 318:cédula profesional 310:cédula profesional 250:In this case, the 237:Título Profesional 18:Engineering Degree 3400: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3350:Specialist degree 3234: 3233: 3202:Engineer's degree 3159: 3158: 3146:Bachelor's degree 3114:Foundation degree 2436: 2435: 2428: 2362:Washington Accord 2351:PhD (Engineering) 2095:ingénieur diplômé 2005:Durham University 1994:"Yüksek Mühendis" 1950:Ingeniero Técnico 1929:The situation in 1868: 1867: 1860: 1790:Inginer licentiat 1778:examen de diploma 1759: 1758: 1751: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1467:laurea magistrale 1436:bachelor's degree 1216:ingénieur diplômé 1166: 1165: 1158: 1043:diplomi-insinööri 1034: 1033: 1026: 945:magister inżynier 859: 858: 851: 677: 676: 669: 568:European Engineer 516:bachelor's degree 504:bachelor's degree 395:. In addition to 229: 228: 221: 125:(from 1845), the 123:Dartmouth College 39:engineer's degree 16:(Redirected from 3435: 3413:Academic degrees 3336:Graduate diploma 3253:Higher doctorate 3243: 3170: 3109:Associate degree 3096: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3052: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2877: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2744:"Qualifications" 2740: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2546:. Archived from 2540: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2518:. Archived from 2516:Engineers Canada 2508: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2484: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2380: 2372: 2237:Doctoral degrees 2214:Master's degrees 2141:is not offered. 1966:högskoleingenjör 1863: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1812: 1804: 1774:Inginer diplomat 1754: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1703: 1695: 1617: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1566: 1558: 1487:DM 4 Agosto 2000 1367:(abbreviated as 1349:Diplom-Ingenieur 1296:Diplom-Ingenieur 1161: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1118: 1110: 1046:and abbreviated 1029: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1009: 978: 970: 933:, the degree of 916:, the degree of 854: 847: 843: 840: 834: 803: 795: 687:, the degree is 672: 665: 661: 658: 652: 621: 613: 224: 217: 213: 210: 204: 173: 165: 76:Engineers Canada 21: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3392: 3375:Honorary degree 3363: 3359:Terminal degree 3321:Magister degree 3306:External degree 3288: 3282: 3230: 3206: 3183:Master's degree 3155: 3131: 3085: 3083:academic degree 3079: 3042: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3005:(in Indonesian) 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2902:. 4 April 2014. 2898: 2897: 2893: 2887:Wayback Machine 2878: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2663:on 10 July 2017 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2493: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2460: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2397: 2381: 2370: 2324: 2246: 2172: 2152: 2147: 2135: 2051: 2039:Bologna Process 2018: 2002: 1974: 1958: 1927: 1864: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1829: 1813: 1802: 1786:Bologna process 1755: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1720: 1704: 1693: 1661:Bologna Process 1618: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1583: 1567: 1556: 1503: 1444: 1424:master's degree 1404: 1383:Ingenieurgesetz 1353:Bologna Process 1328:Dipl.-Ing. (FH) 1308:Master's degree 1288: 1168: 1162: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1131: 1119: 1108: 1100:insinööri (AMK) 1072:insinööri (AMK) 1030: 1019: 1013: 1010: 995: 979: 968: 959:Bologna process 855: 844: 838: 835: 820: 804: 793: 773:Magister degree 737:Magister degree 697: 673: 662: 656: 653: 638: 622: 611: 576: 553:Bologna Process 524:master's degree 512:doctoral degree 508:master's degree 500:Bologna process 372:Bologna Process 368: 360:doctoral degree 356:master's degree 275: 269: 261:doctoral degree 225: 214: 208: 205: 190: 174: 163: 147: 131:Yale University 95: 72: 67: 43:academic degree 41:is an advanced 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3441: 3439: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3347: 3345:Higher diploma 3342: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3301:Artist diploma 3298: 3292: 3290: 3289:classification 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3151:Honours degree 3148: 3142: 3140: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3041: 3040:External links 3038: 3036: 3035: 3021: 3007: 2995: 2970: 2948: 2922: 2905: 2891: 2872: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2820: 2808: 2791: 2782: 2771: 2760: 2732: 2706: 2691: 2674: 2648: 2626: 2604: 2582: 2560: 2532: 2503: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2434: 2433: 2384: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2338: 2323: 2320: 2270:Sarjana Teknik 2245: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2210: 2209: 2171: 2168: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2134: 2131: 2110:grandes écoles 2077:grandes écoles 2062:grandes écoles 2050: 2047: 2034:grandes écoles 2017: 2014: 2001: 2000:United Kingdom 1998: 1973: 1970: 1957: 1954: 1936:grandes écoles 1926: 1923: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1870:As of 2012 in 1866: 1865: 1816: 1814: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1794:Inginer Master 1757: 1756: 1707: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1620: 1619: 1570: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1536: 1535: 1525: 1502: 1499: 1443: 1440: 1403: 1400: 1319:Fachhochschule 1287: 1284: 1279:grandes écoles 1266:grandes écoles 1231:grandes écoles 1198:grandes écoles 1187: 1186: 1182:grandes écoles 1164: 1163: 1122: 1120: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1084:Fachhochschule 1069:The degree of 1032: 1031: 982: 980: 973: 967: 964: 951:) refers to a 910:Czech Republic 899:Czech Republic 857: 856: 807: 805: 798: 792: 789: 696: 693: 675: 674: 625: 623: 616: 610: 607: 602: 601: 590: 587: 575: 572: 548:grandes écoles 429:Czech Republic 367: 364: 268: 265: 227: 226: 177: 175: 168: 162: 159: 146: 143: 94: 91: 71: 68: 66: 63: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3440: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3197:Diplom degree 3195: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3091:Undergraduate 3088: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2722:on 2016-08-17 2721: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2675: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2550:on 2014-02-02 2549: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2522:on 2013-10-19 2521: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2496:. Paris: The 2492: 2491: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2430: 2427: 2419: 2416:December 2017 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2385:This section 2383: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962:civilingenjör 1955: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1848:December 2017 1841: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1817:This section 1815: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1750: 1742: 1739:December 2017 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1708:This section 1706: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1616: 1613: 1605: 1602:December 2017 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1571:This section 1569: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1302:; in Austria 1301: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1160: 1157: 1149: 1146:November 2023 1139: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1123:This section 1121: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1028: 1025: 1017: 1014:December 2017 1007: 1003: 999: 993: 992: 988: 983:This section 981: 977: 972: 971: 965: 963: 960: 956: 955: 950: 947:(abbreviated 946: 942: 941: 936: 932: 927: 925: 924: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 853: 850: 842: 839:December 2017 832: 828: 824: 818: 817: 813: 808:This section 806: 802: 797: 796: 790: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 739:) and then a 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 694: 692: 690: 686: 682: 671: 668: 660: 657:December 2017 650: 646: 642: 636: 635: 631: 626:This section 624: 620: 615: 614: 608: 606: 599: 595: 591: 588: 585: 581: 580: 579: 573: 571: 569: 564: 560: 558: 554: 550: 549: 544: 539: 537: 536:civilingenjör 532: 531:Civilingenjör 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 393: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 370:Prior to the 365: 363: 361: 357: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 297:(doctorate). 296: 292: 288: 284: 283:United States 280: 274: 266: 264: 262: 256: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 223: 220: 212: 209:December 2017 202: 198: 194: 188: 187: 183: 178:This section 176: 172: 167: 166: 160: 158: 156: 152: 151:Latin America 145:Latin America 144: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 114: 112: 107: 102: 100: 99:United States 93:United States 92: 90: 87: 85: 80: 77: 69: 65:North America 64: 62: 60: 59:United States 56: 55:Latin America 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 3380: 3263:Habilitation 3246:Postdoctoral 3201: 3165:Postgraduate 3024: 3010: 2998: 2986:. Retrieved 2983:Archives Hub 2982: 2973: 2967:: 286. 1852. 2964: 2960: 2951: 2939:. Retrieved 2934: 2925: 2915: 2908: 2894: 2875: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2823: 2811: 2794: 2785: 2774: 2763: 2751:. Retrieved 2747: 2724:. Retrieved 2720:the original 2709: 2694: 2684: 2677: 2665:. Retrieved 2661:the original 2651: 2639:. Retrieved 2629: 2617:. Retrieved 2607: 2595:. Retrieved 2585: 2573:. Retrieved 2563: 2552:. Retrieved 2548:the original 2524:. 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