301:(EPC) is more specialized than an ESC, and an EC is more specialized than an EPC. The further specialized a cell is, the more differentiated it is and as a result it is considered to be more committed to a certain cellular lineage. Stem cell self-renewal is an extremely important process that is a way for organisms to replace the cells that are no longer working properly. Self-renewal is essential to keep the organism functioning properly and efficiently. The process of self-renewal occurs because of the signals the cells receive from the environment and the things the cell expresses to the environment (Fuchs & Chen 2013) . The signals and receptors must function properly at all times so the cells will know what they are supposed to do (Fuchs & Chen 2013). As stated before, proper functioning of the self-renewal system is essential for the organism to live a long healthy life.
549:. When there is any dysfunction in the endothelium, the body aims to repair the damage. Resident ESCs can generate mature ECs that replace the damaged ones. However, the intermediate progenitor cell cannot always generate functional ECs. This is because some of the differentiated cells may just have angiogenic properties. The employs many different protective mechanisms when there is endothelium dysfunction that occurs. The reason so many mechanisms are employed is so that the body is protected the best it can, and will be able to respond to any type of pathogen that should happen to invade the body during this dysfunction.
610:, which regulates cell growth and cell mobility. With uncontrolled beta-catenin, the cell loses its adhesive properties. As ECs get packed together to create the lining of a new blood vessel, a single cancer cell is able to travel through the vessel to a distant site. If that cancer cell implants itself and begins forming a new tumor, the cancer has metastasized. The cancer cells also do not have to travel to a distant site, they can also stay in one location and this is known as the tumor being benign.
1957:
38:
627:. Scientists are still trying to find a way to definitely distinguish the stem cell from the progenitor. In the case of endothelial cells, it is even difficult to distinguish a mature EC from an EPC. However, because of the multipotency of the ESC, the discoveries made about EPCs will parallel or understate the powers of the ESC.
1491:
Deanfield J, Donald A, Ferri C, Giannattasio C, Halcox J, Halligan S, Lerman A, Mancia G, Oliver JJ, Pessina AC, Rizzoni D, Rossi GP, Salvetti A, Schiffrin EL, Taddei S, Webb DJ (2005). "Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part I: Methodological issues for assessment in the different vascular beds:
516:
gene is deleted then both HPC and EC differentiation comes to a halt in embryos. VEGF promotes angioblast differentiation; whereas, VEGFR-1 stops the hemangioblast from becoming an EC. In addition, basic fibroblast growth factor FGF-2 is also involved in promoting angioblasts from the mesoderm. After
511:
by both lineages. The fact that this expression was seen in both EC and HPC lineages led researchers to propose a common origin. However, endothelial markers like Flk1/VEGFR-2 are exclusive to ECs but stop HPCs from progressing into an EC. It is accepted that VEGFR-2+ cells are a common precursor for
178:
ECs were first thought to arise from extraembryonic tissues because blood vessels were observed in the avian and mammalian embryos. However, after histological analysis, it was seen that ECs were found just in the embryo. This meant that blood vessels come from an intraembryonic source, the mesoderm.
622:
Stem cells have always been a huge interest for scientists due to their unique properties that make them unlike any other cell in the body. Generally, the idea boils down to harnessing the power of plasticity and the ability to go from an unspecialized cell to a highly specialized differentiated
635:
There are a number of models used to study vasculogenesis. Avian embryos, Xenopus laevis embryos, are both fair models. However, zebrafish and mouse embryos have widespread use for easily observed development of vascular systems, and the recognition of key parts of molecular regulation when ECs
494:
each and every day. If the cells were not able to do this, humans would not be able to survive. There was an experiment that was done involving quail embryos on chicken yolk sacs that found complete opposite results of the experiment done by Sabin. In this experiment, it was found that yolk-sac
503:
compared to the embryo. This experiment also showed that blood cells that were made by the yolk sac were not present when the bird hatched. Over time there have been experiments done that add to the confusion if the blood cells and red blood cells are related in the yolk sac and embryo.
574:
The use of stem cells for treatment has become a growing interest in the scientific community. Distinguishing between an ESC and its intermediate progenitor is nearly impossible, so research is now being done broadly on EPCs. One study showed that brief exposure to
471:. Even though there is evidence that corroborates a hemangioblast, the isolation and exact location in the embryo has been difficult to pinpoint. Some researchers have found that cells with hemangioblast properties have been located in the posterior end of the
517:
angioblasts commit to becoming an EC, the angioblasts gather and rearrange to assemble in a tube similar to a capillary. Angioblasts can travel during the formation of the circulatory system to configure the branches to allow for directional blood flow.
482:
In 1917, Florence Sabin first observed that blood vessels and red blood cells in the yolk sac of chick embryos occur in close proximity and time. Then, in 1932, Murray detected the same event and created the term "hemangioblast" for what Sabin had seen.
459:. A study found that in the beginning stages of mouse embryogenesis, commencing at embryonic day 7.5, HPCs are produced close to the emerging vascular system. In the yolk sac's blood islands, HPCs and EC lineages emerge from the extraembryonic
991:
Gehling U, Ergun S, Schumacher U, Wagener C, Pantel K, Otte M, Schuch G, Schafhausen P, Mende T, Kilic N, Kluge K, Schafer B, Hossfeld D, Fiedler W (2000). "In vitro differentiation of endothelial cells from AC133-positive progenitor cells".
571:. Further, there is an inverse relationship between age and levels of EPCs. Inverse of endothelial dysfunction also occurs when other risk factors are treated. With a decline in EPCs the body loses its ability to repair the endothelium.
588:, the EPCs were able to adhere to endothelial cells better. When combining the results from both of the studies, results show that sevoflurane was able to improve the function of EPCs significantly in three different areas of interest.
605:
induce angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels. These cancerous cells do this by secreting factors such as VEGF and by reducing the amount of PGK, an anti-VEGF enzyme. The result is an uncontrolled production of
346:. The former requires differentiation of endothelial cells from hemangioblasts and then the further organization into a primary capillary network. The latter occurs when new vessels are built from preexisting blood vessels.
329:
occurs the cells transform into different versions throughout the process to eventually become the earliest blood vessels. The cells going through stages from one form to another form is one of the major differences between
357:
Both parts consist of ECs that show differential expression of various genes. A study showed that ectopic expression of Prox-1 in blood vascular ECs (BECs) induced one-third of LEC specific gene expression. Prox-1is a
579:
promoted growth and proliferation of EPCs. Sevoflurane is used in general anesthesia, but this finding shows the potential to induce endothelial progenitors. Using stem cells for cell replacement therapies is known as
296:
is the process by which a cell becomes more specialized. For stem cells, this usually occurs through several stages, when a cell proliferates giving rise to daughter cells that are further specialized. For example, an
278:
of VEGF. Not only is VEGF critical for mesoderm cells to become an EC, but also for EPCs to differentiate into mature endothelium. Understanding this process can lead to further research in vascular regeneration.
623:
cell. ESCs play an incredibly important role in establishing the vascular network that is vital for a functional circulatory system. Consequently, EPCs are under study to determine the potential for treatment of
556:. CEPs are derived from EPCs within the bone marrow, and the bone marrow is a reservoir of stem and progenitor cells. These cell types accelerate the healing process and prevent further complications such as
143:
cells, which are intermediate stem cells that lose potency. Progenitor stem cells are committed to differentiating along a particular cell developmental pathway. ESCs will eventually produce
1710:
Kovina MV, Krasheninnikov ME, Dyuzheva TG, Danilevsky MI, Klabukov ID, Balyasin MV, et al. (March 2018). "Human endometrial stem cells: High-yield isolation and characterization".
584:", which is a booming field that is now working on transplanting cells as opposed to bigger tissues or organs. There was another study done that also showed that after exposure to
1581:"Stem cell-like human endothelial progenitors show enhanced colony-forming capacity after brief sevofluorane exposure: preconditioning of angiogenic cells by volatile anesthetics"
525:
cells encircle ECs when they are differentiating into arterial or venous arrangements. Surrounding the ECs creates a brace to help stabilize the vessels known as the pericellular
651:
223:, all of which promote pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into mesoderm, endothelial progenitor cells, and then into mature endothelium. It is important to talk more about
1210:"Preliminary note on the differentiation of angioblasts and the method by which they produce blood-vessels, blood-plasma and red blood-cells as seen in the living chick"
1937:
552:
Studies have shown that when vascular trauma occurs, EPCs and circulating endothelial progenitors (CEPs) are attracted to the site due to the release of specific
1683:
Fan CL, Li Y, Gao PJ, Liu JJ, Zhang XJ, Zhu DL (2003). "Differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells from human umbilical cord blood CD 34+ cells in vitro".
372:
for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). The ligand-receptor interaction is essential for normal development of lymphatic tissues.
292:
Stem cells have the unique ability make identical copies of themselves. This property maintains unspecialized and undifferentiated cells within the body.
614:
are much harsher form of cancer because the tumors must be treated at many different locations, compared to just one location when the tumor is benign.
365:
found in lymphatic ECs (LECs). For example, specific mRNAs such as VEGFR-3 and p57Kip2 were expressed by the BEC that was induced to express Prox-1.
467:, and together they give rise to mature ECs. This observation gave rise to the hypothesis that the two lineages come from the same precursor, termed
1942:
1030:
Stratman, Amber N.; Yu, Jianxin A.; Mulligan, Timothy S.; Butler, Matthew G.; Sause, Eric T.; Weinstein, Brant M. (2015), "Blood Vessel
Formation",
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491:
313:, blood vessels play a critical role in transporting blood throughout the body. Consequently, ECs have unique functions such as fluid filtration,
1047:
916:
1628:
Munteanu Vlad, Adelina; Isvoranu, Gheorghita; Gilca, Marilena; Ceafalan, Laura; Surcel, Mihaela; Stoian, Irina; Manda, Gina (1 April 2015).
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and hormone trafficking. ECs are the most differentiated form of an ESC. Formation of new blood vessels occurs by two different processes:
199:, which is the creation of new capillaries from vessels that already exist through the process of splitting or sprouting. This can occur "
415:(HPC) form the blood circulatory system. Hematopoietic stem cells can undergo self-renewal, and are multipotent cells that give rise to
179:
Since these cells come from the mesoderm, it can become a wide variety of different things found in many different parts of the body.
1062:
Petrova TV, Makinen T, Makela TP, Saarela J, Virtanen I, Ferrell RE, Finegold DN, Kerjaschki D, Y, a-Herttuala S, Alitalo K (2002).
95:
1630:"Sevoflurane Increases Proliferation, Adhesion on HUVEC and Incorporation in Tubular Structures of Endothelial Progenitor Cells"
858:
958:
861:(2008). "Endothelial Progenitor Cells, Angioblasts, and Angiogenesis- Old terms Reconsidered from a new current perspective".
251:. There is also differences that occur in the signaling pathways of these two pathways that makes them noticeably different.
1448:
Rafil S, Lyden D (2003). "Therapeutic stem and progenitor cell transplantation for organ vascularization and regeneration".
239:
which is essentially the extension of this. Another difference major difference between the two formation processes is that
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is actually required for vascular remodeling of the capillary network, rather than early endothelial development itself.
167:. Endothelial cells can be found throughout the whole vascular system and they also play a vital role in the movement of
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298:
20:
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Fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1) is a cell surface receptor protein that is commonly used as a marker for ESCs and EPCs.
645:
255:
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a statement by the
Working Group on Endothelin and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension".
192:
1912:
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1064:"Lymphatic endothelial reprogramming of vascular endothelial cells by the Prox-1 homeobox transcription factor"
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Endothelium dysfunction is a prototypical characteristic of vascular disease, which is common in patients with
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Further evidence to corroborate hemangioblasts come from the expression of various genes such as CD34 and
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136:
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Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002).
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ESCs and EPCs eventually differentiate into ECs. The endothelium secretes soluble factors to regulate
227:
because this is what makes ECs different from other types of cells that are found in the body. During
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529:. It is suggested pericytes and smooth muscle cells come from neural crest cells and the surrounding
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1983:
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gene is specifically found in the vascular endothelium and developing brain. This gene encodes the
673:"Generation of functional blood vessels from a single c-kit+ adult vascular endothelial stem cell"
1610:
1579:
Lucchinetti E, Zeisberger SM, Baruscotti I, Wacker J, Feng J, Dubey R, Zisch AH, Zaugg M (2009).
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character
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is another marker that can be found on the surface of ESCs and EPCs. It is characteristic of
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increase the production of ECs in EB. A method that IGF employs to increase vasculogenesis is
156:
144:
135:
stem cell can give rise to all types. ESCs have the characteristic properties of a stem cell:
965:. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
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Fang S, Wei J, Pentinmikko N, Leinonen H, Salven P (16 October 2012). Goodell MA (ed.).
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The vascular system is made up of two parts: 1) Blood vasculature 2) Lymphatic vessels
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in near unison. This creates a formation in which early erythrocytes are enveloped by
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Lymphatic-specific vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D function as
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process forms new blood vessels form blood vessels that have already been through
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are able to undergo self-renewal because the human body needs billions of new
452:
428:
140:
120:
1655:
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648:, also known as endometrial stem cells, derived from mammalian uterus lining.
1772:
1529:"Endothelial Dysfunction: Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Therapy, and Outcome"
797:"Insulin-like growth factors promote vasculogenesis in embryonic stem cells"
518:
424:
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1323:"From hemangioblast to hematopoietic stem cell: An endothelial connection?"
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Cheek D, Graulty R, Bryant S (2002). "Meet the multitasking endothelium".
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207:(EB) derived from embryonic stem cells; this process in EB is similar to "
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131:, which describes the ability to give rise to many cell types, whereas a
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1119:
101:
45:+ endothelial cell among a population of bovine aortic endothelial cells
1461:
795:
Piecewicz SM, Pandey A, Roy B, Xiang SH, Zetter BR, Sengupta S (2012).
751:"Mechanisms of endothelial differentiation in embryonic vasculogenesis"
602:
369:
208:
1527:
Hadi, Hadi AR; Carr, Cornelia S; Al
Suwaidi, Jassim (September 2005).
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fail to develop past embryonic day 9.5. However, the study found that
211:" vasculogenesis. Important signaling factors for vasculogenesis are
1834:
1824:
232:
1669:
Enzyme eliminated by cancer cells holds promise for cancer treatment
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by gathering the cellular materials to reconstruct the endothelium.
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structure and functions as a transcription factor. Embryos lacking
1829:
183:
Role of insulin-like growth factors in endothelium differentiation
71:
1249:"The development in vitro of the blood of the early chick embryo"
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and differentiation. These parent stem cells, ESCs, give rise to
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396:
271:
267:
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42:
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903:. Cancer Treatment and Research. Vol. 117. pp. 3–32.
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Understanding more about ESCs is important in cancer research.
1396:"Endothelial progenitor cells: what use for the cardiologist?"
1161:"Hematopoietic stem cell: self-renewal versus differentiation"
309:
Blood vessels are made of a thin layer of ECs. As part of the
191:. Vasculogenesis is new production of a vascular network from
1741:
16:
Stem cell in bone marrow that gives rise to endothelial cells
1289:"Bone Marrow (Hematopoietic) Stem Cells | stemcells.nih.gov"
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258:(IGF) signaling is important for cell responses such as
235:
form while the organism is still an embryo, compared to
652:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
266:, proliferation, angiogenesis, and differentiation.
1905:
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70:
65:
55:
50:
30:
187:ECs derived from stem cells are the beginning of
1394:Siddique A, Shantsila E, Lip G, Varma C (2010).
1938:Stem cell laws and policy in the United States
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411:The two lineages arising from the EPC and the
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8:
749:Ferguson JW, Kelley RW, Patterson C (2005).
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1120:"The bloody fate of endothelial stem cells"
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731:Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition
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1943:Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation
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499:only contributed on a small amount to
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857:, Moore J, Herbert A, Ma D, Boehm M,
727:"Blood Vessels and Endothelial Cells"
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1647:10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.lb590
1032:Principles of Developmental Genetics
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407:Role in formation of vascular system
147:(ECs), which create the thin-walled
1533:Vascular Health and Risk Management
1376:10.1097/01.nme.0000324934.19114.e0
1040:10.1016/b978-0-12-405945-0.00024-7
768:10.1161/01.atv.0000183609.55154.44
77:cellula endothelialis praecursoria
14:
863:Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
195:. This can be distinguished from
1956:
1955:
1506:10.1097/00004872-200501000-00004
1400:Journal of Angiogenesis Research
403:, as well as muscle stem cells.
288:Self-renewal and differentiation
151:that lines the inner surface of
96:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
1802:Induced pluripotent stem cells
1034:, Elsevier, pp. 421–449,
646:endometrial regenerative cells
1:
1364:Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!
1159:Seita J, Weissman IL (2010).
957:Bethesda MD. (6 April 2009).
413:hematopoietic progenitor cell
1598:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181b5a277
1340:10.1016/j.exphem.2005.06.005
1165:Systems Biology and Medicine
901:Angiogenesis in Brain Tumors
822:10.1371/journal.pone.0032191
690:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001407
569:systemic lupus erythematosus
254:It is well established that
159:. The blood vessels include
119:) are one of three types of
909:10.1007/978-1-4419-8871-3_1
486:It is important that these
299:endothelial progenitor cell
193:mesodermal progenitor cells
21:Endothelial progenitor cell
2000:
1724:10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.012
1685:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
1585:Anesthesia & Analgesia
1118:Kubo H, Alitalo K (2003).
256:insulin-like growth factor
18:
1951:
1006:10.1182/blood.V95.10.3106
875:10.1016/j.tcm.2007.12.002
231:, the heart and vascular
94:
35:
1913:Cellular differentiation
963:In Stem Cell Information
488:hematopoietic stem cells
401:hematopoietic stem cells
19:Not to be confused with
1873:Hematopoietic stem cell
1640:(1_supplement): LB590.
1494:Journal of Hypertension
1327:Experimental Hematology
1321:Jaffredo, Jeff (2005).
1124:Genes & Development
1274:10.1098/rspb.1932.0070
625:ischemic heart disease
380:basic helix-loop-helix
305:Blood vessel formation
247:, which come from the
113:Endothelial stem cells
1923:Stem cell controversy
1878:Mesenchymal stem cell
1868:Endothelial stem cell
1413:10.1186/2040-2384-2-6
1226:10.1002/ar.1090130403
1214:The Anatomical Record
592:Clinical significance
582:regenerative medicine
512:HPCs and ECs. If the
31:Endothelial stem cell
1787:Embryonic stem cells
1247:Murray PDF. (1932).
1080:10.1093/emboj/cdf470
445:natural killer cells
363:transcription factor
1847:Embryonic stem cell
1265:1932RSPSB.111..497M
1137:10.1101/gad.1071203
813:2012PLoSO...732191P
612:Metastasized tumors
565:autoimmune diseases
492:hematopoietic cells
419:(red blood cells),
1462:10.1038/nm0603-702
959:"Stem Cell Basics"
311:circulatory system
89:H2.00.01.0.00003
1971:
1970:
1918:Stem cell therapy
1797:Cancer stem cells
1634:The FASEB Journal
1293:stemcells.nih.gov
1208:Sabin F. (1917).
1074:(17): 4593–4599.
1049:978-0-12-405945-0
1000:(10): 3106–3112.
918:978-1-4613-4699-9
761:(11): 2246–2254.
169:white blood cells
157:lymphatic vessels
145:endothelial cells
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1883:Neural stem cell
1792:Adult stem cells
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1153:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1029:
1028:
1021:
990:
989:
982:
972:
970:
956:
955:
942:
919:
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897:
890:
853:
852:
848:
794:
793:
784:
748:
747:
738:
724:
723:
716:
670:
669:
665:
660:
642:
636:differentiate.
633:
620:
599:
594:
539:
441:dendritic cells
409:
352:
307:
294:Differentiation
290:
285:
205:embryoid bodies
185:
176:
106:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:Stem cell laws
1930:
1928:Stem cell line
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:Precursor cell
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1856:
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1854:
1849:
1839:
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1808:
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1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1718:(3): 361–374.
1702:
1691:(3): 212–218.
1672:
1661:
1620:
1591:(4): 1117–26.
1568:
1539:(3): 183–198.
1519:
1483:
1437:
1381:
1354:
1310:
1299:on 15 May 2021
1280:
1239:
1220:(4): 199–204.
1200:
1171:(6): 640–653.
1151:
1130:(3): 322–329.
1103:
1054:
1048:
1019:
980:
940:
917:
888:
846:
807:(17): e32191.
782:
736:
714:
662:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
649:
641:
638:
632:
629:
619:
616:
598:
597:Role in cancer
595:
593:
590:
543:vasodilatation
538:
535:
421:megakaryocytes
408:
405:
351:
348:
344:vasculogenesis
332:vasculogenesis
327:vasculogenesis
319:vasculogenesis
306:
303:
289:
286:
284:
281:
245:hemangioblasts
241:vasculogenesis
229:vasculogenesis
225:vasculogenesis
189:vasculogenesis
184:
181:
175:
172:
108:
107:
98:
92:
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68:
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63:
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57:
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48:
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33:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1953:
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1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
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1780:Sources/types
1778:
1774:
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1762:
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1503:
1499:
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1487:
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1479:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:(6): 702–12.
1455:
1451:
1444:
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1424:
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774:
769:
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732:
728:
721:
719:
715:
710:
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691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
664:
657:
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
639:
637:
631:Animal models
630:
628:
626:
617:
615:
613:
609:
604:
596:
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587:
583:
578:
572:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
523:smooth muscle
520:
515:
510:
505:
502:
501:hematopoiesis
498:
493:
489:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:hemangioblast
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:B-lymphocytes
434:
433:T-lymphocytes
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
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391:
389:
385:
381:
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373:
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349:
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328:
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304:
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295:
287:
282:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:anigiogenesis
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
173:
171:
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154:
153:blood vessels
150:
146:
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114:
103:
97:
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78:
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73:
69:
64:
61:
58:
54:
49:
44:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1960:
1889:
1867:
1858:
1841:
1819:
1812:Cell potency
1715:
1711:
1705:
1688:
1684:
1664:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1588:
1584:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1453:
1449:
1403:
1399:
1370:(4): 18–25.
1367:
1363:
1357:
1330:
1326:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:the original
1292:
1283:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1127:
1123:
1071:
1068:EMBO Journal
1067:
1057:
1031:
997:
993:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
962:
900:
869:(2): 45–51.
866:
862:
849:
804:
800:
758:
754:
730:
680:
677:PLOS Biology
676:
666:
634:
621:
608:beta-catenin
600:
573:
562:
551:
540:
527:basal lamina
513:
506:
485:
481:
477:gastrulation
457:granulocytes
417:erythrocytes
410:
395:
392:
387:
383:
375:
374:
367:
356:
353:
340:angiogenesis
336:angiogenesis
323:angiogenesis
308:
291:
276:upregulation
253:
197:angiogenesis
186:
177:
137:self-renewal
116:
112:
111:
76:
25:
1859:Multipotent
1842:Pluripotent
1712:Cytotherapy
1500:(1): 7–17.
586:sevoflurane
577:sevoflurane
547:homeostasis
497:progenitors
465:angioblasts
315:homeostasis
264:cell growth
260:mitogenesis
174:Development
149:endothelium
133:pluripotent
129:multipotent
127:. They are
125:bone marrow
66:Identifiers
60:Bone marrow
1984:Stem cells
1820:Totipotent
1773:Stem cells
855:Kovacic JC
658:References
554:chemokines
531:mesenchyme
453:macrophage
429:mast cells
141:progenitor
121:stem cells
1890:Unipotent
1656:0892-6638
1545:1176-6344
1234:221400744
927:0927-3042
859:Graham RM
519:Pericytes
425:platelets
123:found in
1978:Category
1962:Category
1732:29397307
1697:12617768
1615:23763818
1607:19762739
1563:17319104
1514:15643116
1478:10294635
1470:12778169
1432:20298532
1406:(6): 6.
1349:16140151
1303:14 April
1195:20890962
1146:12569121
1098:12198161
1014:10807776
935:15015550
883:18308194
841:22363814
801:PLOS ONE
777:16123328
709:23091420
640:See also
618:Research
567:such as
461:mesoderm
449:monocyte
360:homeobox
283:Function
249:mesoderm
201:in vitro
161:arteries
56:Location
1554:1993955
1423:2834645
1261:Bibcode
1186:2950323
973:6 March
832:3283730
809:Bibcode
700:3473016
603:Tumours
558:hypoxia
475:during
370:ligands
350:Markers
325:. When
209:in vivo
51:Details
1852:Callus
1835:Morula
1825:Zygote
1730:
1695:
1654:
1613:
1605:
1561:
1551:
1543:
1512:
1476:
1468:
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925:
915:
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775:
707:
697:
514:Vegfr3
455:, and
338:. The
233:plexus
219:, and
1830:Spore
1611:S2CID
1474:S2CID
1230:S2CID
994:Blood
213:TGF-β
203:" in
165:veins
100:[
72:Latin
1728:PMID
1693:PMID
1652:ISSN
1603:PMID
1559:PMID
1541:ISSN
1510:PMID
1466:PMID
1428:PMID
1345:PMID
1305:2020
1191:PMID
1142:PMID
1094:PMID
1044:ISBN
1010:PMID
975:2012
931:PMID
923:ISSN
913:ISBN
879:PMID
837:PMID
773:PMID
705:PMID
521:and
509:Tie2
397:CD34
388:Tal1
384:Tal1
376:Tal1
334:and
321:and
272:IGF2
270:and
268:IGF1
221:VEGF
217:BMP4
163:and
155:and
117:ESCs
43:CD34
1720:doi
1642:doi
1593:doi
1589:109
1549:PMC
1502:doi
1458:doi
1418:PMC
1408:doi
1372:doi
1335:doi
1269:doi
1257:111
1222:doi
1181:PMC
1173:doi
1132:doi
1084:PMC
1076:doi
1036:doi
1002:doi
905:doi
871:doi
827:PMC
817:doi
763:doi
695:PMC
685:doi
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