Root canal treatment - Knowledge (XXG)

947:, there is more than a 50% chance that the tooth has four canals instead of just three, but the fourth canal, often called a "mesio-buccal 2", tends to be very difficult to see and often requires special instruments and magnification in order to see it (most commonly found in first maxillary molars; studies have shown an average of 76% up to 96% of such teeth with the presence of an MB2 canal). This infected canal may cause a continued infection or "flare-up" of the tooth. Any tooth may have more canals than expected, and these canals may be missed when the root canal procedure is performed. Sometimes canals may be unusually shaped, making them impossible to clean and fill completely; some infected material may remain in the canal. Sometimes the canal filling does not fully extend to the apex of the tooth, or it does not fill the canal as densely as it should. Sometimes a tooth root may be perforated while the root canal is being treated, making it difficult to fill the tooth. The perforation may be filled with a root repair material, such as one derived from natural cement called 927: 646:(i.e. contamination of the root canal by bacteria); their presence over the entire time-period to fill the root canal and restore the tooth crown is mandatory, for increasing the probability of the endodontic-treatment success. However, these temporary filling-materials create coronal seals which only remain hermetic during less than 30 days in average (mainly because of the bacteria the saliva contains). Some temporary filling-materials may remain hermetic during 40–70 days. However the estimated standard-deviations of these higher average-durations are important and their computations used 846:

would risk damage to the tooth. While potentially disconcerting to the patient, having metal inside of a tooth is relatively common, such as with metal posts, amalgam fillings, gold crowns, and porcelain fused to metal crowns. The occurrence of file separation depends on the narrowness, curvature, length, calcification and number of roots on the tooth being treated. Complications resulting from incompletely cleaned canals, due to blockage from the separated file, can be addressed with surgical root canal treatment. The risk of endodontic files fracturing can be minimised by:

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complications. The X-ray in the right margin shows two adjacent teeth that had received bad root canal therapy. The root canal filling material (3, 4, and 10) does not extend to the end of the tooth roots (5, 6 and 11). The dark circles at the bottom of the tooth roots (7 and 8) indicated infection in the surrounding bone. Recommended treatment is either to redo the root canal therapy or extract the tooth and place dental implants. Poor quality filling material or sealant may also cause root canal treatment to fail.

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almost certainly fracture in the future without cuspal coverage. Anterior teeth typically do not require full coverage restorations after a root canal procedure, unless there is extensive tooth loss from decay or for esthetics or unusual occlusion. Placement of a crown or cusp-protecting cast gold covering is recommended also because these have the best ability to seal the treated tooth. There is insufficient evidence to assess the effects of crowns compared to conventional fillings for the

125: 38: 1058:. In a comparison of initial nonsurgical endodontic treatment and single-tooth implants, both were found to have similar success rates. While the procedures are similar in terms of pain and discomfort, a notable difference is that patients who have implants have reported "the worst pain of their life" during the extraction, with the implantation itself being relatively painless. The worst pain of endodontic therapy was reported with the initial 420:" and, if necessary, prepares the foramen with a size 25 K-file; the last phase is divided in two refining passages: the first with a 1-mm staggered instrument, the second with 0.5-mm staggering. From the early nineties engine-driven instrumentation were gradually introduced including the ProFile system, the Greater Taper files, the ProTaper files, and other systems like Light Speed, Quantec, K-3 rotary, Real World Endo, and the Hero 642. 454: 811:

machine-driven rotary technology and more advanced root canal filling methods. Many root canal procedures are done in one dental visit which may last for around 1–2 hours. Newer technologies are available (e.g. cone-beam CT scanning) that allow more efficient, scientific measurements to be taken of the dimensions of the root canal, however, the use of CT scanning in endodontics has to be justified. Many dentists use dental

602:). The standard endodontic technique involves inserting a gutta-percha cone (a "point") into the cleaned-out root canal along with a sealing cement. Another technique uses melted or heat-softened gutta-percha which is then injected or pressed into the root canal passage(s). However, since gutta-percha shrinks as it cools, thermal techniques can be unreliable and sometimes a combination of techniques is used. Gutta-percha is 260: 147: 1033:, a fixed partial denture (commonly referred to as a 'bridge'), or a removable denture. There are risks to forgoing treatment, including pain, infection and the possibility of worsening dental infection such that the tooth will become irreparable (root canal treatment will not be successful, often due to excessive loss of tooth structure). If extensive loss of tooth structure occurs, extraction may be the only option. 312:

the tooth. To cure the infection and save the tooth, the dentist drills into the pulp chamber and removes the infected pulp. To eliminate bacteria from the pulp chamber and root canals, the use of efficient antiseptics and disinfectants is necessary. The soft tissues are either drilled out of the root canal(s) with engine driven rotary files, or with long needle-shaped hand instruments known as hand files (

758: 466: 442: 981: 78: 1021:(bacteria in the bloodstream) can be caused by many everyday activities, e.g. brushing teeth, but may also occur after any dental procedure which involves bleeding. It is particularly likely after dental extractions due to the movement of the tooth and force needed to dislodge it, but endodontically treated teeth alone do not cause bacteremia or systemic disease. 408:

introduced by Fava where the canal is explored using a small file. The canal is prepared in crown down manner using K-files then follows a "step back" preparation with 1 mm increments with increasing file sizes. With early coronal enlargement, also described as "three times technique", apical canals are prepared after a working length assessment using an

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direction, shearing off tissue previously meshed. From the balanced forces stem two other techniques: the reverse balanced force (where GT instruments are rotated first anti-clockwise and then clockwise) and the gentler "feed and pull" where the instrument is rotated only a quarter of a revolution and moved coronally after an engagement, but not drawn out.

1100: 383:. These include the step-back, circumferential filing, incremental, anticurvature filing, step-down, double flare, crown-down-pressureless, balanced force, canal master, apical box, progressive enlargement, modified double flare, passive stepback, alternated rotary motions, and apical patency techniques. 1071:

is significantly stronger in endodontically treated teeth as compared to implants. Initial success rates after single tooth implants and endodontic microsurgery are similar the first 2 to 4 years following surgery, though after this the success rate of endodontic microsurgery is decreased as compared

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Another common complication of root canal therapy is when the entire length of the root canal is not completely cleaned out and filled (obturated) with root canal filling material (usually gutta percha). On the other hand, the root canal filling material may be extruded from the apex leading to other

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Pain control can be difficult to achieve at times because of anesthetic inactivation by the acidity of the abscess around the tooth apex. Sometimes the abscess can be drained, antibiotics prescribed, and the procedure reattempted when inflammation has been mitigated. The tooth can also be unroofed to

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If a tooth is considered so threatened (because of decay, cracking, etc.) that future infection is considered very likely or inevitable, a pulpectomy (removal of the pulp tissue) is advisable to prevent such infection. Usually, some inflammation and/or infection is already present within and/or below

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Before endodontic therapy is carried out, a correct diagnosis of the dental pulp and the surrounding periapical tissues is required. This allows the endodontist to choose the most appropriate treatment option, allowing preservation and longevity of the tooth and surrounding tissues. Treatment options

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Implants also take longer, with a typically 3- to 6-month gap between the tooth implantation and receiving the crown, depending on the severity of infection. With regard to gender, women tend to report higher psychological disability after endodontic therapy, and a higher rate of physical disability

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to perform root canal therapy, and the consensus is that procedures performed using loupes or other forms of magnification (e.g. a surgical microscope) are more likely to succeed than those performed without them. Although general dentists are becoming versed in these advanced technologies, they are

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of the root canal. This may be due to poor endodontic access, missed anatomy or inadequate shaping of the canal, particularly in the apical third of the root canal, also due to the difficulty of reaching the accessory canals which are minute canals that extend in from the pulp to the periodontium in

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There is a hybrid procedure combining step back and crown down: after the canal's patency check, the coronal third is prepared with hand or Gates Glidden drills, then the working length is determined and finally the apical portion is shaped using step back techniques. The double flare is a procedure

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temporary filling to the tooth. This is called a pulpectomy. The dentist may also remove just the coronal portion of the dental pulp, which contains 90% of the nerve tissue, and leave intact the pulp in the canals. This procedure, called a "pulpotomy", tends to essentially eliminate all the pain. A

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reaches the working length; in the second, the remaining canal is prepared with manual or rotating instrumentation. This procedure, however, has some disadvantages, such as the potential for inadvertent apical transportation. Incorrect instrumentation length can occur, which can be addressed by the

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The survival or functionality of the endodontically treated tooth is often the most important aspect of the endodontic treatment outcomes, rather than its apical healing alone. One issue was about the commonly used sanitising substances which incompletely sanitised the root-canal space. A properly

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Molars and premolars that have had root canal therapy should be protected with a crown that covers the cusps of the tooth. This is because the access made into the root canal system removes a significant amount of tooth structure. Molars and premolars are the primary teeth used in chewing and will

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Root canal irrigation systems are divided into two categories: manual agitation techniques and machine-assisted agitation techniques. Manual irrigation includes positive-pressure irrigation, which is commonly performed with a syringe and a side vented needle. Machine-assisted irrigation techniques

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Currently, there is no strong evidence favoring surgical or non-surgical retreatment of periapical lesions. However, studies have reported that patients experience more pain and swelling after surgical retreatment compared to non-surgical. When comparing surgical techniques, the use of ultrasonic

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of root-filled teeth, decision of restoration should rely on the clinical experience of the practitioner and the preference of the patients. If the tooth is not perfectly sealed, the canal may leak, causing eventual failure. A tooth with a root canal treatment still has the ability to decay, and

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injection. Some patients receiving implants also describe a dull nagging pain after the procedure, while those with endodontic therapy describe "sensation" or "sensitivity" in the area. Other studies have found that endodontic therapy patients report the maximum pain the day following treatment,

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Instruments may separate (break) during root canal treatment, meaning a portion of the metal file used during the procedure remains inside the tooth. The file segment may be left behind if an acceptable level of cleaning and shaping has already been completed and attempting to remove the segment

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Exposure of the obturation material to the oral environment may mean the gutta-percha is contaminated with oral bacteria. If complex and expensive restorative dentistry is contemplated then ideally the contaminated gutta percha would be replaced in a retreatment procedure to minimise the risk of

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is left in place for a week or more to disinfect and reduce inflammation in surrounding tissue, requiring the patient to return for a second or third visit to complete the procedure. There appears to be no benefit from this multi-visit option, however, and single-visit procedures actually show

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A root treated tooth may be eased from the occlusion as a measure to prevent tooth fracture prior to the cementation of a crown or similar restoration. Sometimes the dentist performs preliminary treatment of the tooth by removing all of the infected pulp of the tooth and applying a dressing and

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The primary aim of chemical irrigation is to kill microbes and dissolve pulpal tissue. Certain irrigants, such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine, have proved to be effective antimicrobials in vitro and are widely used during root canal therapy worldwide. According to a systematic review,

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There are two slightly different anti-curvature techniques. In the balanced forces technique, the dentist inserts a file into the canal and rotates clockwise a quarter of a turn, engaging dentin, then rotates counter-clockwise half/ three-quarter of a revolution, applying pressure in an apical

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to help preserve the longevity and function of the tooth. The treatment option chosen involves taking into account the expected prognosis of the tooth, as well as the patient's wishes. A full history is required (which includes the patient's symptoms and medical history), along with a clinical

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Since 2000, there have been great innovations in the art and science of root canal therapy. Dentists now must be educated on the current concepts in order to optimally perform a root canal procedure. Root canal therapy has become more automated and can be performed faster thanks in part to

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restored tooth following root canal therapy yields long-term success rates near 97%. In a large-scale study of over 1.6 million patients who had root canal therapy, 97% had retained their teeth 8 years following the procedure, with most untoward events, such as re-treatment,

622:. The pulpectomy and pulpotomy procedures aim to eliminate pain until the follow-up visit for finishing the root canal procedure. Further occurrences of pain could indicate the presence of continuing infection or retention of vital nerve tissue. 230:

resin is employed to bind gutta-percha in some root canal procedures. Another option is to use an antiseptic filling material containing paraformaldehyde like N2. Endodontics includes both primary and secondary endodontic treatments as well as

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is common following root canal treatment; however, the exact causes for this are not completely understood. Failure to completely clean out the necrotic soft tissue of the pulp system may cause staining, and certain root canal materials (e.g.

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Marciano MA, Ordinola-Zapata R, Cunha TV, Duarte MA, Cavenago BC, Garcia RB, Bramante CM, Bernardineli N, Moraes IG (April 2011). "Analysis of four gutta-percha techniques used to fill mesial root canals of mandibular molars".

379:, was developed by Ingle in 1961, and had disadvantages such as the potential for loss of working length and inadvertent ledging, zipping or perforation. Subsequent refinements have been numerous, and are usually described as 2598:

Nogueira BM, Silva LG, Mesquita CR, Menezes SA, Menezes TO, Faria AG, Porpino MT (May 2018). "Is the Use of Dexamethasone Effective in Controlling Pain Associated with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis? A Systematic Review".

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Research comparing endodontic therapy with implant therapy is considerable, both as an initial treatment and in retreatment for failed initial endodontic approaches. Endodontic therapy allows avoidance of disruption of the

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technique, also known as telescopic or serial root canal preparation, is divided in two phases: in the first, the working length is established and then the apical part of the canal is delicately shaped since a size 25

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Several randomized clinical trials concluded that the use of rotary instruments is associated with a lower incidence of pain following the endodontic procedure when compared to the use of manual hand instruments.

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margins that encircles the tooth which lead to the ingress of bacteria, and to a lesser extent to endodontic-related reasons such as endodontic failure, vertical root fracture, or perforation (procedural error).

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and root canal sealer cements) can also cause staining. Another possible factor is that the lack of pulp pressure in dentinal tubules once the pulp is removed leads to incorporation of dietary stains in dentin.

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To an extent, the criteria for success due to the inherent differences in the procedure have historically limited comparisons, with success of endodontic therapy defined as the absence of periapical lucency on

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Woodmansey KF, Ayik M, Buschang PH, White CA, He J (January 2009). "Differences in masticatory function in patients with endodontically treated teeth and single-implant-supported prostheses: a pilot study".

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It provides an aseptic operating field, isolating the tooth from oral and salivary contamination. Root canal contamination with saliva introduces new microorganisms to the root canal which compromise the

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pulps or which had received endodontic treatment could cause chronic or local infection in areas distant from the tooth through the transfer of bacteria through the bloodstream. This was called the "

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G Tang; LP Samaranayake; H-K Yip (2004), "Molecular evaluation of residual endodontic microorganisms after instrumentation, irrigation and medication with either calcium hydroxide or Septomixine",

1088:. Endodontically treated teeth have significantly less requirement for follow up treatment after final restoration, while implants need more appointments to finish treatment and more maintenance. 731:

implants have been proposed to achieve thorough disinfection of the dentine. There is no evidence that the use of antibiotics after endodontic retreatment prevents post-operative infection.

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Gatten DL, Riedy CA, Hong SK, Johnson JD, Cohenca N (July 2011). "Quality of life of endodontically treated versus implant treated patients: a University-based qualitative research study".

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destruction is the main reason for extraction of teeth after root canal therapy, accounting for up to two-thirds of these extractions. Therefore, it is very important to have regular

1080:, or the absence of visible cavity at the root of the tooth on imaging. Implant success, on the other hand, is defined by osseointegration, or fusion of the implant to the adjacent 299:

Tooth Slooth (this is where the patient is asked to bite down upon a plastic instrument; useful if the patient complains of pain on biting as this can be used to localise the tooth)

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Raab D, Ma A: Preparation of contaminated root canal systems – the importance of antimicrobial irrigants. 经感染的根管系统的修复— 化学冲洗对根管治疗的重要性DENTAL INC. Chinese Edition 2008: August 18–20.

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Laser root canal procedures are a controversial innovation. Lasers may be fast but have not been shown to thoroughly disinfect the whole tooth, and may cause damage to the tooth.

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Doyle SL, Hodges JS, Pesun IJ, Law AS, Bowles WR (June 2007). "Retrospective cross sectional comparison of initial nonsurgical endodontic treatment and single-tooth implants".

2103: 1575: 1730:"Ultrasonic Technique to Retrieve a Rotary Nickel-Titanium File Broken Beyond the Apex and a Stainless Steel File from the Root Canal of a Mandibular Molar: A Case Report" 1000:(ADA) asserts that any risks can be adequately controlled. A properly performed root canal treatment effectively removes the infected part of the pulp from the tooth. 1842:

Fedorowicz Z, Nasser M, Sequeira-Byron P, de Souza RF, Carter B, Heft M (September 2012). "Irrigants for non-surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth".

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Kim SG, Solomon C (March 2011). "Cost-effectiveness of endodontic molar retreatment compared with fixed partial dentures and single-tooth implant alternatives".

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Root canal procedure: unhealthy or injured tooth, subsequent creation of an access cavity with a dental handpiece, cleaning and shaping the root canals with an

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source the tooth structure can become severely decayed (often without the patient's knowledge since the nerve has been removed, leaving the tooth without any

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of these structures, disinfection and the subsequent shaping, cleaning, and decontamination of the hollows with small files and irrigating solutions, and the

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Torabinejad M, White SN (March 2016). "Endodontic treatment options after unsuccessful initial root canal treatment: Alternatives to single-tooth implants".

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however, there is a lack of good quality evidence to support the use of one irrigant over another in terms of both short and long term prognosis of therapy.

2549:"Post endodontic pain following single-visit root canal preparation with rotary vs reciprocating instruments: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials" 2504:

Sun C, Sun J, Tan M, Hu B, Gao X, Song J (March 2018). "Pain after root canal treatment with different instruments: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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The alternatives to root canal therapy include no treatment or tooth extraction. Following tooth extraction, options for prosthetic replacement may include

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Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Kimbrough WF, Potter BJ (December 2001). "Measurement of endodontic file lengths: calibrated versus uncalibrated digital images".

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Root-canal-treated teeth may fail to heal—for example, if the dentist does not find, clean and fill all of the root canals within a tooth. On a maxillary

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There have been a number of progressive iterations to the mechanical preparation of the root canal for endodontic therapy. The first, referred to as the

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Del Fabbro, Massimo; Corbella, Stefano; Sequeira-Byron, Patrick; Tsesis, Igor; Rosen, Eyal; Lolato, Alessandra; Taschieri, Silvio (October 19, 2016).

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Jha D, Guerrero A, Ngo T, Helfer A, Hasselgren G (January 2006). "Inability of laser and rotary instrumentation to eliminate root canal infection".

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Turek T, Langeland K (October 1982). "A light microscopic study of the efficacy of the telescopic and the Giromatic preparation of root canals".

951:(MTA). A specialist can often re-treat failing root canals, and these teeth will then heal, often years after the initial root canal procedure. 400:

is a procedure in which the dentist prepares the canal beginning from the coronal part after exploring the patency of the whole canal with the

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Salehrabi R, Rotstein I (December 2004). "Endodontic treatment outcomes in a large patient population in the USA: an epidemiological study".

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surgery or extraction, occurring during the first 3 years after the initial endodontic treatment. Endodontically treated teeth are prone to

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Raab D: Preparation of contaminated root canal systems – the importance of antimicrobial irrigants. Dental Inc. 2008: July / August 34–36.

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Zadik Y, Sandler V, Bechor R, Salehrabi R (August 2008), "Analysis of factors related to extraction of endodontically treated teeth",

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intra-oral injections were found to alleviate pain in the first 24 hours in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulp inflammation.

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Palpation (this is where the tip of the root is felt from the overlying tissues to see if there is any swelling or tenderness present)

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All of these procedures involve frequent irrigation and recapitulation with the master apical file, a small file that reaches the

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There are several diagnostic tests that can aid in the diagnosis of the dental pulp and the surrounding tissues. These include:

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Endodontic retreatment is technically demanding; it can be a time-consuming procedure, as meticulous care is required by the

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based techniques have also been described. These can be useful in particular for cases with complex anatomy, or for retained

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An infected tooth may endanger other parts of the body. People with special vulnerabilities, such as a recent prosthetic

272:. Partial pulp amputation (pulpotomy) is the treatment of choice to preserve the pulp in teeth with open apical foramen. 3421: 743: 401: 392: 313: 243:

The procedure is often complicated, depending on circumstances, and may involve multiple visits over a period of weeks.

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which is intended to result in the elimination of infection and the protection of the decontaminated tooth from future

3426: 3268: 1305:(Venuti P. 2014) A dynamic prospective cohort study of initial endodontic treatments of 627 teeth: Long term results. 1139: 997: 747: 2705:

Torabinejad, Mahmoud, Richard Walton. Endodontics, 4th Edition.Page 265. W.B. Saunders Company, 2008. VitalBook file

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by binding or excessive pressure on the irrigant syringe or it may occur if the tooth has an unusually large apical

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taken of the root canal to ensure that the tooth is not having any problems that the patient would not be aware of.

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for an irreversibly inflamed pulp (irreversible pulpitis) include either extraction of the tooth or removal of the

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Hannahan JP, Eleazer PD (November 2008). "Comparison of success of implants versus endodontically treated teeth".

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to numb the area around a tooth. More novocaine is required for a root canal treatment than for a simple filling.

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Hülsmann M, Hahn W (May 2000). "Complications during root canal irrigation--literature review and case reports".

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Khayat A, Lee S, Torabinejad M (1993). "Human saliva penetration of coronally unsealed obturated root canals".

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Primary tooth pulpectomy overfilling by different placement techniques: A systematic review and meta-analysis

3127:"Choice of Treatment Plan Based on Root Canal Therapy versus Extraction and Implant Placement: A Mini Review" 3414: 1055: 688:

Endodontic treatment may fail for many reasons: one common reason for failure is inadequate chemomechanical

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include sonics and ultrasonics, as well as newer systems which deliver apical negative-pressure irrigation.

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while extraction and implantation patients reported maximum pain the end of the week after the operation.

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McGuigan MB, Louca C, Duncan HF (April 2013). "Endodontic instrument fracture: causes and prevention".

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The use of a rubber dam for tooth isolation is mandatory in endodontic treatment for several reasons:

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after tooth implantation, while men do not show a statistically significant difference in response.

3479: 3454: 2420:"Role of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Dentistry: An Update" 909: 878: 510: 296:

Transillumination (shining a light through the tooth to see if there are any noticeable fractures)

3298: 2865: 2688: 2649: 2624: 2529: 2400: 2048:"Bacterial microleakage of temporary filling materials used for endodontic access cavity sealing" 1811:

Raab D: Die Bedeutung chemischer Spülungen in der Endodontie. Endodontie Journal 2010: 2; 22–23.

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modified step back. Obstructing debris can be dealt with by the passive step back technique. The

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Hargreaves KM (2006), "Single-visit more effective than multiple-visit root canal treatment?",

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Percussion (TTP, tender to percussion; the tooth is tapped to see if there is any tenderness)

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Mobility (this is assessing if there is more than normal movement of the tooth in the socket)

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The type of bacteria found within a failed canal may differ from the normal infected tooth.

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Friedman S, Mor C (2004), "The success of endodontic therapy: healing and functionality",

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It facilitates the use of the strong medicaments necessary to clean the root canal system.

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Temporary filling-materials allow the creation of hermetic coronal-seals preventing from

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Dasgupta, Debayan; Peddi, Shanmukh; Saini, Deepak Kumar; Ghosh, Ambarish (May 4, 2022).

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Endodontics, Chapter 3: Microbiology of endodontics and asepsis in endodontic practice

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better (though not statistically significant) patient outcomes than multi-visit ones.

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United States Patent 4,746,292: Tool and method for removing a parted endodontic file

2404: 2225: 2127:"Single crowns versus conventional fillings for the restoration of root-filled teeth" 1706: 1594: 1552: 1284: 1154: 1149: 1054:, a reflex important in preventing patients from chewing improperly and damaging the 1003:

In the early 1900s, several researchers theorized that bacteria from teeth which had

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6% sodium hypochlorite with surface modifiers for better flow into nooks and crannies

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Sequeira-Byron P, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, Nasser M, Alrowaili EF (September 2015).

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Using rotary instruments at the manufacturer's recommended speed and torque setting

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It protects the patient from the inhalation or ingestion of endodontic instruments.

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examination (both inside and outside the mouth), and the use of diagnostic tests.

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Vertucci FJ (November 1984). "Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth".

1164: 1124: 1068: 901:. It is usually self-resolving and may take two to five weeks to fully resolve. 757: 716: 705: 689: 669: 647: 557: 553: 337: 276: 207: 177: 103: 3223: 3188: 3098: 3033: 2612: 1671: 1321:"Comparison of long-term survival of implants and endodontically treated teeth" 816:

still more likely to be used by root canal specialist (known as endodontists).

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The root canal is flushed with an irrigant. Some common ones are listed below:

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Inspecting the file thoroughly every time before inserting it inside the canal

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Ensuring access cavity allows straight-line introduction of files into canals

3336: 3142: 2676: 1576:"Mechanical preparation of root canals: shaping goals, techniques and means" 1174: 1129: 886: 728: 615: 495: 170: 77: 3231: 3196: 3160: 3106: 3068: 3041: 2938: 2904: 2861: 2826: 2739: 2684: 2620: 2584: 2525: 2490: 2455: 2396: 2355: 2298: 2272: 2198: 2160: 2081: 1949: 1940: 1859: 1755: 1714: 1679: 1560: 1479:

Safavi K, Spngberg L, Langeland K (1990). "Root canal dentinal infection".

1465: 1456: 1439: 1405: 1354: 1292: 693:

a random direction. They are mostly found in the apical third of the root.

416:

and middle third). For the eponymic third time the dentist "arrives at the

2241: 2027: 1986: 1644: 1500: 980: 192:, are the physical hollows within a tooth that are naturally inhabited by 1085: 1004: 868:

Avoiding the use of rotary files in severely curved or dilacerated canals

665: 491: 235:

which is generally used for teeth that still have potential for salvage.

129: 1813:

http://www.oemus.com/archiv/pub/sim/ej/2010/ej0210/ej0210_22_23_raab.pdf

1539:

Wakefield BG (June 1950). "Root canal therapy and resection technique".

2002:"Coronal leakage as a cause of failure in root-canal therapy: a review" 1307:

International Journal of Dental and Health Sciences Volume 01, Issue 03

1081: 898: 782: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 712: 650:

from dye-based tests, which are less reliable than saliva-based tests.

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Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry

2387: 2371:"Factors that influence the outcomes of surgical endodontic treatment" 2370: 1370:"Advances in endodontics: Potential applications in clinical practice" 881:

incident results in an immediate reaction of severe pain, followed by

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Kishen A, Peters OA, Zehnder M, Diogenes AR, Nair MK (May 1, 2016).

979: 925: 882: 812: 258: 245: 227: 145: 123: 3253: 2257:"Mobile Nanobots for Prevention of Root Canal Treatment Failure" 3257: 1222:

Ten Cate's Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function

82:

Tooth #13, the upper left second premolar, after excavation of

751: 727:

devices may improve healing after retreatment. Application of

629:

paste in order to thoroughly sterilize the site. This strong

596:, a natural polymer prepared from latex from the percha tree ( 412:; then progressively enlarged with Gates Glidden drills (only 31: 2314:"Endodontic procedures for retreatment of periapical lesions" 1514:

John I. Ingle; Leif K. Bakland; J. Craig Baumgartner (2008).

988:

is a benefit of endodontic over implant therapy (labeled I–K)

859:

Adopting a single-use file policy to prevent overuse of files

625:

Some dentists may decide to temporarily fill the canal with

204:

entities. Together, these items constitute the dental pulp.

853:

Creating a glide path before use of larger taper NiTi files

715:. Retreatment cases are typically referred to a specialist 86:

decay. There was a carious exposure into the pulp chamber

27:

Procedure to disinfect and fortify the interior of a tooth

275:

Removing the infected/inflamed pulpal tissue enables the

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destruction, other times due to the improper fit of the

513:(NaClO) in concentrations ranging between 0.5% and 5.25% 1960: 1958: 1440:"Endodontics: Part 2 Diagnosis and treatment planning" 618:

may be a relatively definitive treatment for infected

2791:"Failure of endodontic treatment: The usual suspects" 1874:"Endodontic Irrigants and Irrigant Delivery Systems" 150:

Removing infected pulp during a root canal procedure

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retrieval from a failed prior endodontic procedure.

95: 70: 2753: 2751: 2749: 1767: 1765: 2970:, Hamilton, Ontario: BC Becker, pp. 63–94, 2179:Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1773:"How long does numbness last after the dentist?" 3057:Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 2758:Hargreaves KM; Berman LH (September 23, 2015). 2418:Shukla, S; Chug, A; Afrashtehfar, K. I (2017). 1541:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 250:Dentist performing root canal treatment process 2961:Baumgartner JC, Bakland LK, Sugita EI (2002), 1518:(6th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker. 3269: 3080: 3078: 2713: 2711: 2172: 2170: 1015:. In the 1930s, this theory was discredited. 723:or other magnification may improve outcomes. 704:and/or other facultative enteric bacteria or 8: 3125:Parirokh M, Zarifian A, Ghoddusi J (2015). 3120: 3118: 3116: 2789:Tabassum, Sadia; Khan, Farhan Raza (2016). 2761:Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp Expert Consult 2318:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2214:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 2131:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1844:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 930:X-ray explanation of bad root canal therapy 865:Using ample amounts of irrigation solutions 3316: 3276: 3262: 3254: 2764:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2212. 2471:Journal of the American Dental Association 1728:Agrawal V, Kapoor S, Patel M (July 2015). 1660:Journal of the American Dental Association 610:allow drainage and help relieve pressure. 76: 3150: 2816: 2806: 2574: 2564: 2445: 2435: 2386: 2345: 2288: 2150: 2071: 2017: 1939: 1745: 1455: 1395: 1385: 1344: 1037:Implant therapy versus endodontic therapy 798:Learn how and when to remove this message 664:without proper home care and an adequate 459:An example of passive step back technique 324:The dentist makes an opening through the 1574:Hülsmann M, Peters O, Dummer PM (2005). 1011:", and it led some dentists to advocate 2778:from the original on November 10, 2017. 1187: 437: 2106:from the original on November 10, 2017 332:tissues of the tooth, usually using a 67: 1822: 1820: 1604:from the original on January 12, 2017 7: 2997:Fundamentals of Fixed Prosthodontics 2977:from the original on August 16, 2011 2046:Kriznar I, Seme K, Fidler A (2016). 1115:American Association of Endodontists 780:adding citations to reliable sources 477:Operative techniques for instruments 110: 2999:. Quintessence Publishing Co Inc. 2931:10.1097/01.don.0000145031.04236.ca 2019:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1994.tb00533.x 1775:. Medical News Today. May 22, 2018 1419:Teeuwen, Robert (April 26, 2018). 672:perception). Thus, non-restorable 471:An example of crown down technique 263:An x-ray of a root canal operation 169:) is a treatment sequence for the 25: 2547:Hou XM, Su Z, Hou BX (May 2017). 1374:Journal of Conservative Dentistry 1319:Setzer FC, Kim S (January 2014). 708:sp. are found in this situation. 592:The standard filling material is 447:An example of step back technique 2897:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01015.x 2732:10.1046/j.1365-2591.2000.00303.x 2720:International Endodontic Journal 2375:International Endodontic Journal 1903:Clinical Endodontics: A Textbook 1707:10.1097/00004770-200112000-00017 1595:10.1111/j.1601-1546.2005.00152.x 1285:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01832.x 1273:International Endodontic Journal 1098: 756: 464: 452: 440: 36: 2483:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0023 2000:Saunders W, Saunders E (1994). 767:needs additional citations for 537:ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 2854:10.1080/19424396.2004.12223997 2330:10.1002/14651858.CD005511.pub3 2143:10.1002/14651858.CD009109.pub3 1852:10.1002/14651858.CD008948.pub2 1145:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 738:Instruments and equipment used 1: 2795:European Journal of Dentistry 2261:Advanced Healthcare Materials 2191:10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.06.017 1979:10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80533-9 1829:The Principles of Endodontics 1637:10.1016/s0099-2399(82)80147-7 1493:10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81670-5 1438:Carrotte P (September 2004). 1247:The Principles of Endodontics 963:mainly due to non-restorable 2437:10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_516_16 2226:10.1016/0030-4220(84)90085-9 1553:10.1016/0030-4220(50)90273-8 1425:Dental Tribune International 873:Sodium hypochlorite accident 744:Endodontic files and reamers 3427:Nickel titanium rotary file 2642:Johnson WB (May 24, 1988), 2369:Ng Y, Gulabivala K (2023). 1140:Nickel titanium rotary file 998:American Dental Association 748:Nickel titanium rotary file 3517: 3224:10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.011 3189:10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.016 3131:Iranian Endodontic Journal 3099:10.1016/j.joen.2011.03.026 3034:10.1016/j.joen.2010.11.035 2613:10.1016/j.joen.2018.02.006 2052:Journal of Dental Sciences 1672:10.1016/j.adaj.2015.11.017 1325:Journal of Dental Research 949:mineral trioxide aggregate 741: 255:Diagnostic and preparation 2566:10.1186/s12903-017-0355-8 2064:10.1016/j.jds.2016.06.004 922:Poor-quality root filling 494:is most commonly used in 111: 75: 45:This article needs to be 2808:10.4103/1305-7456.175682 1928:Evidence-Based Dentistry 1387:10.4103/0972-0707.181925 1337:10.1177/0022034513504782 1160:Regenerative endodontics 3415:Electronic apex locator 3143:10.7508/iej.2015.03.001 2995:Shillingberg H (1997). 2677:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.324 2096:"Root Canals Explained" 1056:temporomandibular joint 527:chlorhexidine gluconate 521:chlorhexidine gluconate 188:, and their associated 132:, and restoration with 3212:Journal of Endodontics 3177:Journal of Endodontics 3087:Journal of Endodontics 3022:Journal of Endodontics 2919:Journal of Endodontics 2665:British Dental Journal 2601:Journal of Endodontics 2430:(Suppl 3): S125–S136. 2273:10.1002/adhm.202200232 1967:Journal of Endodontics 1941:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400372 1695:Journal of Endodontics 1625:Journal of Endodontics 1481:Journal of Endodontics 1457:10.1038/sj.bdj.4811612 1444:British Dental Journal 1009:focal infection theory 989: 931: 684:Endodontic retreatment 588:Filling the root canal 377:standardized technique 371:Procedures for shaping 366:Removal of pulp tissue 264: 251: 151: 143: 3368:Periradicular surgery 1881:de.dental-tribune.com 984:Nondisruption of the 983: 939:Outcome and prognosis 929: 702:Enterococcus faecalis 262: 249: 233:periradicular surgery 210:therapy involves the 149: 127: 3434:Operating microscope 3327:Root canal treatment 1734:Journal of Dentistry 1197:Pathways of the Pulp 841:Instrument fractures 776:improve this article 721:operating microscope 644:coronal microleakage 531:cetrimonium chloride 320:Opening in the crown 163:endodontic treatment 155:Root canal treatment 71:Root canal treatment 3480:Sodium hypochlorite 2006:Dental Traumatology 1901:Tronstad L (2008). 1046:, which helps with 910:Tooth discoloration 905:Tooth discoloration 879:sodium hypochlorite 511:Sodium hypochlorite 345:Isolating the tooth 314:H files and K files 239:Treatment procedure 3352:Internal bleaching 3299:Dental radiography 2842:J Calif Dent Assoc 990: 932: 823:Postoperative pain 564:(detergent) (MTAD) 486:Use of anesthetics 402:master apical file 265: 252: 224:zinc oxide eugenol 167:root canal therapy 159:endodontic therapy 152: 144: 18:Endodontic therapy 3488: 3487: 3422:Files and reamers 3393: 3392: 3385:Tooth hemisection 3347:Pulp regeneration 3218:(11): 1302–1305. 3006:978-0-86715-201-2 2771:978-0-323-18586-8 2518:10.1111/odi.12854 2388:10.1111/iej.13896 1912:978-3-13-768103-8 1583:Endodontic Topics 1525:978-1-55009-333-9 1256:978-0-19-965751-3 1231:978-0-323-07846-7 1206:978-0-323-03067-0 1072:to implantation. 1052:occlusal feedback 1044:periodontal fiber 1013:dental extraction 994:joint replacement 986:periodontal fiber 808: 807: 800: 654:Final restoration 638:Temporary filling 627:calcium hydroxide 496:dental procedures 427:. High frequency 306:Dental pulp tests 122: 121: 66: 65: 16:(Redirected from 3508: 3317: 3304:Dental pulp test 3278: 3271: 3264: 3255: 3236: 3235: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3154: 3122: 3111: 3110: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2976: 2969: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2755: 2744: 2743: 2715: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2652:on July 13, 2012 2648:, archived from 2639: 2633: 2632: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2578: 2568: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2449: 2439: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2390: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2349: 2324:(12): CD005511. 2309: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2154: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2075: 2043: 2032: 2031: 2021: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1943: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1878: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1827:Patel S (2013). 1824: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1749: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1603: 1580: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1459: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1399: 1389: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1348: 1316: 1310: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1245:Patel S (2013). 1242: 1236: 1235: 1220:Nanci A (2012). 1217: 1211: 1210: 1195:Cohen S (2006). 1192: 1170:Tooth extraction 1135:Gum inflammation 1108: 1103: 1102: 1101: 803: 796: 792: 789: 783: 760: 752: 662: 468: 456: 444: 222:and typically a 115:edit on Wikidata 107: 106: 80: 68: 61: 58: 52: 40: 39: 32: 21: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3443: 3389: 3356: 3308: 3287: 3282: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3124: 3123: 3114: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2772: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2553:BMC Oral Health 2546: 2545: 2541: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2267:(14): 2200232. 2254: 2253: 2249: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2137:(9): CD009109. 2124: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2045: 2044: 2035: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1846:(9): CD008948. 1841: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1207: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1106:Medicine portal 1104: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1039: 1031:dental implants 1027: 978: 976:Systemic issues 941: 924: 907: 875: 843: 838: 825: 804: 793: 787: 784: 773: 761: 750: 740: 734: 686: 660: 656: 640: 599:Palaquium gutta 590: 572:Near anhydrous 504: 488: 479: 472: 469: 460: 457: 448: 445: 373: 368: 346: 322: 257: 241: 226:-based cement. 157:(also known as 130:endodontic file 118: 102: 101: 91: 62: 56: 53: 50: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3419: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3378:Root resection 3375: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3243:External links 3241: 3238: 3237: 3202: 3166: 3112: 3074: 3063:(6): 296–301. 3047: 3012: 3005: 2987: 2953: 2944: 2925:(12): 846–50. 2909: 2891:(6): 389–397, 2875: 2848:(6): 493–503, 2832: 2801:(1): 144–147. 2781: 2770: 2745: 2707: 2698: 2655: 2634: 2607:(5): 703–710. 2590: 2539: 2512:(6): 908–919. 2496: 2461: 2410: 2361: 2304: 2247: 2220:(5): 589–599. 2204: 2166: 2117: 2087: 2058:(4): 394–400. 2033: 2012:(3): 105–108. 1992: 1954: 1918: 1911: 1893: 1865: 1834: 1816: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1761: 1720: 1701:(12): 779–81. 1685: 1650: 1631:(10): 437–43. 1615: 1566: 1531: 1524: 1506: 1487:(5): 207–210. 1471: 1430: 1411: 1380:(3): 199–206. 1360: 1311: 1298: 1262: 1255: 1249:. OUP Oxford. 1237: 1230: 1212: 1205: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1120:Dental implant 1117: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1093: 1090: 1048:proprioception 1038: 1035: 1026: 1023: 977: 974: 940: 937: 923: 920: 906: 903: 895:iatrogenically 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 842: 839: 837: 834: 830:Corticosteroid 824: 821: 806: 805: 764: 762: 755: 739: 736: 685: 682: 655: 652: 639: 636: 589: 586: 577: 576: 570: 565: 562:polysorbate 80 550: 544: 533: 523: 517: 514: 503: 500: 487: 484: 478: 475: 474: 473: 470: 463: 461: 458: 451: 449: 446: 439: 425:apical foramen 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 359: 356: 344: 336:fitted with a 321: 318: 309: 308: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 256: 253: 240: 237: 120: 119: 112: 109: 108: 99: 93: 92: 81: 73: 72: 64: 63: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3513: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3446: 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Use of an 710: 699: 695: 687: 657: 648:observations 643: 641: 624: 612: 608: 597: 594:gutta-percha 591: 582: 578: 505: 490:As of 2018, 489: 480: 433:foreign body 422: 410:apex locator 406: 397: 387: 385: 380: 376: 374: 349: 343: 342: 334:dental drill 323: 310: 282: 274: 266: 242: 220:gutta-percha 215: 211: 206: 194:nerve tissue 190:pulp chamber 166: 162: 158: 154: 153: 134:gutta-percha 87: 54: 46: 29: 3501:Endodontics 3373:Apicoectomy 3183:(1): 10–4. 2381:: 116–139. 2100:www.aae.org 1886:January 19, 1516:Endodontics 1165:Smear layer 1125:Dental pulp 1078:radiographs 1069:Mastication 717:endodontist 706:Pseudomonas 690:debridement 661:restoration 558:doxycycline 554:citric acid 552:Mixture of 338:dental burr 302:Radiographs 277:endodontist 186:Root canals 104:endodontics 3465:Eucalyptol 3405:Dental dam 3313:Procedures 2722:(Review). 1905:. Thieme. 1182:References 1060:anesthetic 1019:Bacteremia 961:extraction 891:ecchymosis 742:See also: 604:radiopaque 547:Framycetin 529:plus 0.2% 502:Irrigation 429:ultrasound 398:crown down 381:techniques 355:prognosis. 216:obturation 208:Endodontic 200:and other 184:invasion. 88:(red oval) 3448:Materials 3337:Pulpotomy 2559:(1): 86. 2405:256388534 2338:1469-493X 2281:2192-2640 2234:0030-4220 1831:. Oxford. 1224:. Mosby. 1199:. Mosby. 1175:Toothache 1130:Dentistry 887:haematoma 729:nanomotor 697:failure. 616:pulpotomy 492:novocaine 388:step back 182:microbial 97:Specialty 3495:Category 3361:Surgical 3232:18928836 3197:19084116 3161:26213535 3107:21689542 3069:17682611 3042:21329815 2972:archived 2939:15564861 2905:15533217 2870:11202235 2862:15344440 2827:27011754 2776:Archived 2740:11307434 2693:24071666 2685:23579132 2621:29571913 2585:28545437 2526:29516592 2491:16457001 2456:29285467 2397:36710526 2356:27759881 2299:35481942 2199:18718782 2161:26403154 2104:Archived 2082:30895003 1950:16557250 1860:22972129 1779:July 14, 1756:26877743 1715:11771590 1680:26778004 1599:Archived 1561:15423872 1466:15359316 1406:27217630 1355:24065635 1293:21219361 1092:See also 1086:mandible 1005:necrotic 666:fluoride 202:cellular 171:infected 3455:Amalgam 3152:4509120 2818:4784145 2629:4242424 2576:5445416 2534:3735282 2447:5730974 2347:6461161 2290:7613116 2242:6595621 2152:7111426 2073:6395255 2028:7995237 1987:8263453 1747:4749419 1645:6958781 1501:2074411 1397:4872571 1346:3872851 1082:maxilla 965:carious 899:foramen 713:dentist 674:carious 574:ethanol 549:sulfate 414:coronal 212:removal 137:filling 47:updated 3475:Saline 3230: 3195: 3159: 3149: 3105: 3067: 3040: 3003: 2937: 2903: 2868: 2860: 2825: 2815: 2768: 2738: 2691: 2683: 2627: 2619: 2583: 2573: 2532: 2524: 2489: 2454: 2444: 2403: 2395: 2354: 2344: 2336: 2297: 2287: 2279: 2240: 2232: 2197: 2159: 2149: 2080: 2070: 2026: 1985: 1948: 1909: 1858: 1754: 1744: 1713: 1678: 1643: 1559: 1522: 1499: 1464: 1404: 1394: 1353: 1343: 1291: 1253: 1228: 1203: 957:apical 813:loupes 678:X-rays 568:Saline 560:, and 393:K-file 330:dentin 326:enamel 139:and a 3398:Tools 3292:Tests 2975:(PDF) 2968:(PDF) 2866:S2CID 2689:S2CID 2625:S2CID 2530:S2CID 2401:S2CID 1877:(PDF) 1602:(PDF) 1579:(PDF) 969:crown 945:molar 883:edema 525:0.2% 228:Epoxy 178:tooth 176:of a 165:, or 141:crown 113:[ 3460:EDTA 3228:PMID 3193:PMID 3157:PMID 3103:PMID 3065:PMID 3038:PMID 3001:ISBN 2983:2009 2935:PMID 2901:PMID 2858:PMID 2823:PMID 2766:ISBN 2736:PMID 2681:PMID 2617:PMID 2581:PMID 2522:PMID 2487:PMID 2452:PMID 2393:PMID 2352:PMID 2334:ISSN 2295:PMID 2277:ISSN 2238:PMID 2230:ISSN 2195:PMID 2157:PMID 2135:2015 2112:2017 2078:PMID 2024:PMID 1983:PMID 1946:PMID 1907:ISBN 1888:2019 1856:PMID 1781:2020 1752:PMID 1711:PMID 1676:PMID 1641:PMID 1610:2016 1557:PMID 1520:ISBN 1497:PMID 1462:PMID 1402:PMID 1351:PMID 1289:PMID 1251:ISBN 1226:ISBN 1201:ISBN 1050:for 889:and 746:and 670:pain 631:base 541:EDTA 535:17% 418:apex 386:The 328:and 270:pulp 174:pulp 3220:doi 3185:doi 3147:PMC 3139:doi 3095:doi 3030:doi 2927:doi 2893:doi 2850:doi 2813:PMC 2803:doi 2728:doi 2673:doi 2669:214 2609:doi 2571:PMC 2561:doi 2514:doi 2479:doi 2475:137 2442:PMC 2432:doi 2383:doi 2342:PMC 2326:doi 2285:PMC 2269:doi 2222:doi 2187:doi 2183:106 2147:PMC 2139:doi 2068:PMC 2060:doi 2014:doi 1975:doi 1936:doi 1848:doi 1742:PMC 1703:doi 1668:doi 1664:147 1633:doi 1591:doi 1549:doi 1489:doi 1452:doi 1448:197 1392:PMC 1382:doi 1341:PMC 1333:doi 1281:doi 1084:or 778:by 519:2% 316:). 3497:: 3226:. 3216:34 3214:. 3191:. 3181:35 3179:. 3155:. 3145:. 3135:10 3133:. 3129:. 3115:^ 3101:. 3091:37 3089:. 3077:^ 3061:28 3059:. 3036:. 3026:37 3024:. 2933:. 2923:30 2921:. 2899:, 2889:10 2887:, 2864:, 2856:, 2846:32 2844:, 2821:. 2811:. 2799:10 2797:. 2793:. 2774:. 2748:^ 2734:. 2724:33 2710:^ 2687:. 2679:. 2667:. 2623:. 2615:. 2605:44 2603:. 2579:. 2569:. 2557:17 2555:. 2551:. 2528:. 2520:. 2510:24 2508:. 2485:. 2473:. 2450:. 2440:. 2426:. 2422:. 2399:. 2391:. 2379:56 2377:. 2373:. 2350:. 2340:. 2332:. 2322:10 2320:. 2316:. 2293:. 2283:. 2275:. 2265:11 2263:. 2259:. 2236:. 2228:. 2218:58 2216:. 2193:, 2181:, 2169:^ 2155:. 2145:. 2133:. 2129:. 2102:. 2098:. 2076:. 2066:. 2056:11 2054:. 2050:. 2036:^ 2022:. 2010:10 2008:. 2004:. 1981:. 1971:19 1969:. 1957:^ 1944:, 1930:, 1879:. 1854:. 1819:^ 1764:^ 1750:. 1738:12 1736:. 1732:. 1709:. 1699:27 1697:. 1674:. 1662:. 1639:. 1627:. 1597:. 1587:10 1585:. 1581:. 1555:. 1543:. 1495:. 1485:16 1483:. 1460:. 1446:. 1442:. 1423:. 1400:. 1390:. 1378:19 1376:. 1372:. 1349:. 1339:. 1329:93 1327:. 1323:. 1287:. 1277:44 1275:. 885:, 877:A 556:, 404:. 340:. 196:, 161:, 84:DO 3277:e 3270:t 3263:v 3234:. 3222:: 3199:. 3187:: 3163:. 3141:: 3109:. 3097:: 3071:. 3044:. 3032:: 3009:. 2941:. 2929:: 2895:: 2872:. 2852:: 2829:. 2805:: 2742:. 2730:: 2695:. 2675:: 2631:. 2611:: 2587:. 2563:: 2536:. 2516:: 2493:. 2481:: 2458:. 2434:: 2428:7 2407:. 2385:: 2358:. 2328:: 2301:. 2271:: 2244:. 2224:: 2201:. 2189:: 2163:. 2141:: 2114:. 2084:. 2062:: 2030:. 2016:: 1989:. 1977:: 1938:: 1932:7 1915:. 1890:. 1862:. 1850:: 1783:. 1758:. 1717:. 1705:: 1682:. 1670:: 1647:. 1635:: 1629:8 1612:. 1593:: 1563:. 1551:: 1545:3 1528:. 1503:. 1491:: 1468:. 1454:: 1427:. 1408:. 1384:: 1357:. 1335:: 1309:. 1295:. 1283:: 1259:. 1234:. 1209:. 801:) 795:( 790:) 786:( 772:. 543:) 539:( 117:] 59:) 55:( 49:. 20:)

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