19:
887:. At the same cost, Bhutan also hoped to reimport some of that power through the Indian power grid into southern districts. The Chukha project was important not only because it supplied electric power to western and southern districts but also because it provided a major source of income for the government. In 1981 Bhutan generated 22 million kilowatt-hours of energy from hydroelectric sources. The project's gross annual income was projected at
3979:
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126:: the Department of Energy, its subsidiary Bhutan Electricity Authority, and the Bhutan Power Corporation. While the Department of Energy formulates policy, planning, and coordination, the Bhutan Electricity Authority is the main regulatory agency of the energy sector. Since 2006, the Electricity Authority has had the ability to impose differential tariff structures on low, medium, and high voltage consumers.
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2715:
955:
323:. Tala has a generative capacity of 1,020 MW, sourced by some 40 kilometers of tunnel and a net drop of 860 meters in elevation. The facility also contains a 92 meter high concrete dam and underground power house. Since full operations began in 2007, it has surpassed Chukha as Bhutan's leading power site. Like Chukha, Tala was wholly financed by
2533:
904:. The project not only halved domestic electricity costs, but also generated revenues from electricity sold to India nearly equal to the total government revenue from all domestic sources. Smaller enterprises, such as the 1.5-megawatt Gyetsha Mini-Hydel, which was inaugurated in 1989, brought badly needed power to
891:
380 million in 1989. Another major plant in southwest Bhutan — the 18,000-kilowatt
Jaldhaka hydroelectric plant — furnished electricity locally and exported the balance to India's West Bengal. In 1989 nearly 95 percent of Bhutan's government-installed power generation — a total of 355 megawatts — was
129:
Through 2011, the Bhutan Power
Corporation remained a publicly held corporation, comprising about 9 percent of the nation's civil service, though its long-term goals included privatization. In December, 2009, Bhutan Power Corporation had 91,770 customers across the country, out of which 47,846 were
927:
was used for a variety of purposes, including heating dwellings and greenhouses and lighting hospitals. Despite the potential solar energy that might be produced, Bhutan's mountainous terrain prevents maximum use. The same mountains are funnels for powerful winds, however, providing another viable
867:
9.5 billion, the sixth plan was considerably more expensive than its predecessors. The goals included strengthening Bhutan's self-reliance, as it was hoped that Bhutan would begin exploiting markets in neighboring countries with manufacturing, mining, and hydroelectric projects. Faced with rising
133:
In
January 2008, the government amalgamated its three wholly owned hydroelectric companies—Chukha Hydro Power Corporation, Basochhu Hydro Power Corporation, and Kurichhu Hydro Power Corporation—into Druk Green Power Corporation. In addition to its first three plants, Druk Green assumed control of
430:
As of
September 2014, the 1,020 MW (6 x 170 MW) Punatsangchhu-II project is under construction. Like other recent projects, it is funded wholly by India, 40 percent by grants and 60 percent by loans. Construction began in 2013 and completion was expected in 2022, but it seems to be put on hold.
203:
Bhutan's installed hydropower capacity stands at 1,615 megawatts as of 2016, out of an estimated hydropower potential of 30,000 megawatts (23,760 megawatts of which is considered technologically and economically feasible). Hydropower generation drops significantly in the winter due to mountain
67:
More than 99.97 percent of households have access to electricity. As of 2011, the
Bhutanese government supplied electricity to 60 percent of rural households, a significant increase from about 20 percent in 2003. About 2,500 people use solar power throughout Bhutan. Even where electricity was
211:, several small and mini hydroelectric generators, and has a handful of further sites in development. Many of the small and mini hydropower plants in Bhutan serve remote villages that remain disconnected from the power grid. Almost all of hydroelectric plants in Bhutan generate power through
141:
Both the Bhutan Power
Corporation and Druk Green are owned by Druk Holding and Investments, which exercises oversight in the investment and development activities of the energy companies. Both companies faced decreased profit margins largely because of losses due to increased energy price on
879:. Known as the Chukha Hydel Project, it helped boost the nation's fledgling industrial development. The 336-megawatt Chukha Hydropower Station came on line in 1986 and was synchronized with the Indian grid that same year, and additional capacity became available in 1988. The
448:, under the aegis of Bhutan-India Friendship Project. Like other recent projects, it is funded wholly by India, 40 percent by grants and 60 percent by loans. The power equipments and electro-mechanical machineries were supplied by BHEL from their various locations in India.
230:, have also funded and developed Bhutan's hydroelectric projects. In the early 2010s, Bhutan began to shift its focus to public-private partnerships for future development, however the process and requirements have operated to exclude many Bhutanese contracting firms.
238:
The Chukha
Hydropower Project, or Chukha Hydel, was Bhutan's first mega power project. Construction started in the 1970s with commissioning in 1986 and the government assuming full control in 1991. During the summer, the plant generates 336 MW from four
406:
technical and financial assistance. Basochhu I has a capacity of 24 MW and
Basochhu II has a capacity of 40MW. The plant is fully computerized. The plant's turbines are powered by water on a fall. Basochhu is operated by Druk Green.
267:, 60 percent under grants and 40 percent under a fifteen-year loan at 5 percent interest. In 2009, two diversion pipes from neighboring rivers were built to make up for the Wangchhu's decreased river flow during dry winter months.
783:
from 2011 to 2015. Bhutan had previously explored generating biogas in an identical fashion in the 1980s, but the program was abandoned after failures in training of masons and users, after-sales service, and site follow-up.
895:
By 1991, besides the Chukha project, government installations included seven mini hydroelectric plants, each averaging 7,350 kilowatt capacity; 12 micro hydroelectric plants, each averaging 340 kilowatts capacity; and 8
194:
in the early 21st century. Climate change also poses risks to Bhutan as the country could suffer weather extremes causing more floods, intense monsoons, and glacier dam bursts in the summer and drought in the winter.
855:
475.2 million development budget (17.8 percent). Despite amounts budgeted for planned development, there were additional capital expenditures outside the formal development plan, including road construction and
722:
21 million for electrification of rural homes, aiming to provide power both on-grid and off-grid. The Bhutan Power
Corporation provided solar electrification training for villagers from rural eastern areas of
158:
in particular accounted for between 70 and 90 percent of total energy consumption and virtually 100 percent of household energy consumption. In contrast, commercial activities in Bhutan were fueled mostly by
439:
The project was conceived and designed by NHPC Ltd. (A Govt. of India
Enterprise) and the major works were executed by Indian contractors. The project was commissioned by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
707:
As of 2015 there are approximately 4,600 solar power systems operating in Bhutan, with 2,750 on-grid systems and 1,848 off-grid systems. The development potential is estimated at around 12,000 megawatts.
840:
production. Bhutan's steep mountains, deep gorges, and fast-flowing rivers create abundant hydroelectric potential, which the government began to develop in the early 1960s with India's assistance.
943:
equivalent of 982,000 tons of wood for fuel per year to meet domestic needs. Some 1.3 million tons of coal reserves are located in the country, but recovery was difficult and the quality was poor.
390:. The plant became operational on a staggered basis between April 2001 and May 2002. It generates 60 MW of electricity, much of which is exported to India. Druk Green operates the Kurichhu plant.
939:. Although Bhutan had greater access to electric power than they had previously, traditional methods of cooking and heating required readily available fuel. In the mid-1980s, Bhutan produced a
900:, each averaging 6,000 kilowatts capacity. Because domestic consumption was low (just over 16 megawatts, more than 80 percent of which was consumed by industry), ample power was exported to
892:
supplied by Chukha, and a total of some 20 principal towns and 170 villages had been electrified. By 1990 Thimphu's commercial district had an underground cable system for its power supply.
883:
2.44 billion Chukha project was 60 percent paid for by India and budgeted outside the normal development plan process. It was planned that Bhutan would sell at low cost all excess power to
95:
reserves, but extracts only about 1,000 tonnes of coal yearly, entirely for domestic consumption. Bhutan also imports oil at some 1,000 barrels per day. Most oil imports supplied fuel for
868:
costs, Bhutan postponed some projects requiring large inputs of capital until the Seventh Development Plan (1992–96), which presented no major changes in overall sectoral development.
792:
The theoretical development potential for wind power in Bhutan is an estimated 761 megawatts. Potential is highest at Wangdue Phodrang at 141.7 megawatts and Chukha at 91.8 megawatts.
1091:
2250:
422:
Bridge is under construction. It is funded wholly by India, 40 percent by grant and 60 percent by loan. Construction began in November 2009 and completion is expected in 2025.
806:
Bhutan launched its first wind turbines in 2016 in Rubesa gewog in Wangdue Phodrang. It consists of two wind turbines with an estimated production capacity of 600 kilowatts.
460:. Construction began in 2009 and the first generator was commissioned in February 2015. The Dagachhu plant is the first commercial power generation project in Bhutan.
118:
Until 2002, Bhutan's energy sector was overseen by the Department of Power under the Ministry of Trade and Industry. In 2002, reforms in the executive body, the
2275:
1822:
110:. As Bhutan develops and modernizes, however, its domestic demand for energy in household, commercial, and industrial sectors has been steadily increasing.
1371:
294:
was commissioned in 2007. Between 2005 and 2006, Chukha alone contributed over 30 percent to Bhutan's total revenue. The plant is operated by Druk Green.
2380:
1710:
53:
provide energy far in excess of its needs in the summer, dry winters and increased fuel demand makes the kingdom a marginal net importer of energy from
1445:
1006:
1341:
863:
The Sixth Five Year Plan (1987–92) was the first to allot power generation projects a significant portion of the national budget (13.1 percent). At
824:
has been a very important aspect of Bhutan's economic development as a low-cost energy source supporting more capital-intensive industries, such as
3893:
3488:
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1953:
1559:
60:
Bhutan’s installed power generation capacity is approximately 1.6 gigawatts (GW). Over 99 percent of the country's installed capacity comes from
2460:
1983:
1529:
1777:
1311:
1175:
123:
2204:
3620:
3213:
1923:
1619:
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182:. Due to the vulnerability of the water supply amid climate change, the Bhutanese government began exploring alternative energies such as
3944:
444:) in early August 2019, and was formally inaugurated by the Indian and Bhutanese Prime Ministers on 17 August 2019 from the capital city
2940:
2430:
1500:
908:. Another major plant, a proposed 60-megawatt plant at Kurichu in eastern Bhutan, was included in the Sixth Development Plan (1987–92).
1893:
1589:
3463:
154:
In the early 21st century, about 70 percent of all energy consumption in Bhutan was in the household sector. Heating and cooking with
1680:
1201:
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rural domestic users. It planned and built hydroelectric plants under a licensure scheme regulating the size and output of projects.
2945:
2775:
2577:
2140:
2110:
1263:
1133:
212:
1797:
3954:
3539:
2013:
1474:
1073:
673:; it operated until 1988. Until the 1970s, Bhutan constructed many other small hydroelectric plants. During the 1970s, Bhutan and
3508:
3164:
2673:
441:
303:
661:
In 2008, there were 24 even smaller mini-macro hydropower plants generating about 4 MW altogether. The largest of these were in
222:, though later projects became majority loan-based. Other sovereign and multinational contributors, including the government of
3868:
2689:
803:
to alleviate hydropower drops during the dry winter seasons. It is located at Wangdue Phodrang in the western part of Bhutan.
677:
began to partner on larger projects aimed at electrifying larger regions of Bhutan and addressing transnational energy needs.
3913:
2750:
973:
2301:
3549:
1764:
418:
As of September 2014, the 1,200 MW (6 x 200 MW) Punatsangchhu-I project between 7 km and 18.5 km downstream from
138:
in 2009. Druk Green operates as a holding company to oversee and accelerate hydropower and alternative energy development.
3828:
2236:
2085:
308:
291:
135:
2190:
3703:
2994:
2745:
2402:
3949:
3908:
3873:
3848:
3813:
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3663:
3298:
2976:
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2653:
658:
Bhutan also operates several small hydroelectric projects, with output capacities ranging between 12 MW and 0.36 MW.
3918:
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3838:
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2933:
2855:
2735:
2704:
686:
3753:
3748:
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2045:
1859:
1092:"Bhutan: Can progress in household electrification provide relief from expensive fossil fuel imports? - Firstpost"
4013:
3853:
3808:
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3693:
3653:
3408:
3080:
2928:
2913:
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929:
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30:
3959:
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3713:
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1379:
3903:
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3613:
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3673:
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3513:
1400:
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3858:
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3823:
3818:
3798:
3738:
3733:
3698:
3118:
1453:
1014:
77:
3803:
3768:
1349:
3708:
3683:
3458:
3423:
3378:
3100:
2896:
2881:
2646:
715:
360:
227:
2325:
3723:
3718:
3498:
3348:
3343:
3238:
2971:
2901:
2624:
2355:
1961:
1238:. Thimpu, Bhutan: Department of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan. 2009.
386:
The Kurichhu facility consists of a dam, its 1 million cubic meter capacity cement reservoir, and four
1567:
763:
In order to shift household dependence on firewood, Bhutan began re-exploring biogas development from
327:, 60 percent by grant and 40 percent through loans. Druk Green assumed control of Tala in April 2009.
68:
available for lighting, most rural households cooked by wood fire. Rural homes were often heated with
3468:
3443:
3358:
3338:
3288:
3258:
3248:
2923:
2053:
1867:
736:
546:
534:
364:
2468:
1991:
1537:
3933:
3606:
3554:
3528:
3433:
3428:
3308:
3199:
3128:
3113:
3090:
3004:
2886:
2829:
2770:
2740:
2723:
2699:
916:
857:
848:
821:
662:
612:
474:
356:
344:
264:
208:
50:
3988:
3583:
1319:
3448:
3403:
3383:
3373:
3273:
3133:
3035:
2986:
2918:
2869:
2790:
2760:
2211:
888:
880:
864:
852:
825:
696:
260:
119:
64:
plants, accounting for 1,614 megawatts (MW) of the country’s total capacity of 1,623 MW in 2018.
1931:
1627:
695:
and growing energy demands, Bhutan has sought additional energy security through developing its
18:
2498:
871:
The first major expansion of hydroelectric facilities started in 1975 on the Wang Chhu between
3473:
3388:
3368:
3253:
3243:
3157:
3045:
3018:
2999:
2959:
2813:
2785:
2681:
2573:
2276:"Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi inaugurates Mangdechhu HEP Bhutan commissioned by BHEL"
1773:
1711:"Unstoppable Rivers: Bhutan's Quest for Energy Security and Development in a Changing Climate"
1259:
1171:
1129:
968:
905:
728:
724:
666:
644:
494:
376:
352:
2438:
1508:
3518:
3453:
3418:
3353:
3333:
3323:
3283:
3268:
3123:
3085:
3055:
3040:
2845:
2714:
1901:
1597:
897:
780:
776:
744:
624:
602:
592:
580:
419:
399:
372:
160:
42:
714:
in Bhutan has received direct investment from domestic and international sources. In 2010,
3559:
3478:
3438:
3413:
3393:
3328:
3303:
3293:
3278:
3180:
3138:
3108:
3070:
3065:
2765:
2494:
2464:
2434:
2144:
2114:
2017:
1987:
1957:
1927:
1897:
1688:
1684:
1623:
1593:
1563:
1533:
1504:
1449:
1375:
1345:
1315:
1209:
1205:
1046:
1010:
837:
772:
768:
732:
556:
504:
484:
457:
348:
340:
320:
248:
2148:
2118:
244:
1285:
1255:
Climate Policy Assessment for India: Applications of Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM)
3398:
3363:
3318:
3313:
3222:
3060:
3049:
2021:
1772:. Thimphu, Bhutan: Department of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. 2016.
1478:
692:
107:
103:
4007:
3982:
3577:
3030:
2537:
1734:
1167:
960:
561:
524:
514:
283:
256:
179:
164:
319:
hydroelectric facility located a few kilometers downstream from the Chukha plant in
924:
876:
796:
711:
168:
410:
The construction for Basochhu II was started in 1997, and operation began in 2004
2567:
2169:
1253:
1161:
1121:
3992:
3587:
2908:
884:
800:
271:
183:
88:
2089:
204:
streams freezing over. On-grid hydropower is the country's main energy source.
2694:
950:
379:) in eastern Bhutan. Like the Chukha project, Kurichhu was wholly financed by
187:
96:
61:
2351:
1648:
2824:
954:
336:
279:
84:
669:(Chhumey). Bhutan's first mini-hydroelectric facility was built in 1967 in
1230:
178:
To date, the Bhutanese electric energy supply has been virtually entirely
2835:
2543:
936:
920:
764:
649:
617:
573:
539:
316:
155:
73:
69:
3598:
2381:"Bhutan's 126-MW Dagachhu hydroelectric project begins generating power"
2359:
2057:
1871:
872:
670:
585:
403:
387:
312:
252:
240:
223:
751:
Solar powered lighting is also available to many nomads living within
3171:
2800:
2669:
1122:"Asia & Pacific Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report"
928:
renewable energy source. High-technology windmills were installed in
912:
833:
829:
445:
287:
191:
46:
38:
2251:"PM Modi inaugurates Mangdechhu hydroelectric power plant in Bhutan"
1821:
Mackres, Eric; Mentis, Dimitrios; Qehaja, Anila (15 February 2019).
1649:"Regional Hydro-power Resources: Status of Development and Barriers"
2638:
1655:
1404:
901:
799:
programs were implemented to investigate the feasibility of using
674:
468:
Below is a table of other major hydroelectric projects in Bhutan:
380:
324:
275:
219:
172:
143:
54:
34:
17:
3191:
2536:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
29:
has been a primary focus of development in the kingdom under its
940:
92:
3602:
3195:
2642:
290:. Chukha was the kingdom's greatest source of income until the
2302:"PM Modi's visit marks five decades of hydropower cooperation"
719:
45:
projects whose output is traded between the countries. Though
1418:
2609:
171:. As a result, Bhutan sold much of its hydroelectricity to
1403:. Bhutan Electricity Authority. 2011-11-29. Archived from
218:
Earlier international aid efforts were mostly grants from
1823:"Bhutan has achieved 100% electricity access. Here's how"
1342:"Bhutan to Submit its Climate Issues to UNFCCC in Durban"
932:
in 1987 to produce electricity to run irrigation pumps.
2205:"Status of Hydro Electric Projects in Bhutan (page 16)"
2088:. Indian Embassy in Thimphu. 2010-07-20. Archived from
2542:
Worden, Robert L (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.).
2403:"One Way to Achieve 100 Percent Rural Electrification"
1798:"Bhutan diversifies its renewables with wind turbines"
919:
for lighting and cooking and primarily generated from
2594:
91:
reserves. The kingdom has some 1.3 million tonnes of
3932:
3892:
3634:
3527:
3487:
3229:
3099:
3017:
2958:
2868:
2799:
2722:
2680:
1074:"Renewable Readiness Assessment: Kingdom of Bhutan"
398:The Basochhu power plants I and II, located near
167:(about 3 percent), and a minimal amount of other
2046:"1986 – Chhukha Hydropower Project Commissioned"
456:The 126 MW (CDM) Dagachhu project is located in
383:, 60 percent in grants and 40 percent in loans.
335:The Kurichhu Hydropower Project, located on the
2625:"Bhutan's Hydropower Sector: 12 Things to Know"
1007:"ADB Grants $ 21.6 M for Rural Electrification"
851:, continued to take a significant share of the
2237:"Punatsangchhu II Hydroelectric Power Project"
935:Still another source of fuel in the 1980s was
3614:
3207:
2654:
2191:"Punatsangchhu I Hydroelectric Power Project"
767:. This included a five-year trial program in
8:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2040:
2038:
1674:
1672:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1439:
1437:
1435:
163:(about 97 percent), some fossil-fuel based
3621:
3607:
3599:
3214:
3200:
3192:
3023:
2964:
2874:
2728:
2661:
2647:
2639:
2425:
2423:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
1128:(21 ed.). Kogan Page Publishers: 31.
470:
2627:. Asian Development Bank. 31 January 2014
1924:"More PPP Projects Expected in 11th Plan"
1560:"Hydropower, Spirituality, Ecology Nexus"
1195:
1193:
1047:"Bhutan: Green Power Development Project"
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
1984:"Bhutanese Contractors at PHPA Cry Foul"
1954:"DCPG Draws Up 10-Year Investment Plans"
1160:Brown, Lindsay; Armington, Stan (2007).
122:, produced three new agencies under the
984:
270:Most of Chukha's energy is exported to
2326:"Himalayan quest for alternate energy"
1115:
1113:
1111:
1052:. Asian Development Bank. October 2008
426:Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project
2461:"21 Villagers Trained to Light Homes"
1791:
1789:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1530:"DHI Companies Sign Compact for 2010"
1446:"BPCL's First Small Hydropower Plant"
1247:
1245:
1232:Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
414:Punatsangchhu-I Hydroelectric Project
7:
1739:International Hydropower Association
1155:
1153:
1151:
1068:
1066:
2352:"Geological Glitches Delay Dagachu"
2300:Dorji, Tshering (August 16, 2019).
1312:"Report Underlines Climate Threats"
1258:. Universities Press. p. 146.
263:2.46 billion, wholly funded by the
2437:online. 2010-12-17. Archived from
2117:online. 2009-11-25. Archived from
2014:"Local Contractors Still Left Out"
1536:online. 2010-07-31. Archived from
898:diesel-powered generation stations
820:Since the late twentieth century,
114:Government agencies and operations
14:
1766:Bhutan Energy Data Directory 2015
1620:"Cheap Domestic Power Not Viable"
911:Other sources of energy included
213:run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
3987:
3978:
3977:
3582:
3573:
3572:
2713:
2569:Bhutan and its Natural Resources
2531:
2491:"Nomads-Parks Coexistence Vital"
1892:Gyeltshen, Kuenga (2010-01-28).
1286:"Bhutan- Climate Action Tracker"
953:
847:, public works, still primarily
435:Mangdechhu Hydroelectric Project
343:, provides electricity to eight
304:Tala Hydroelectric Power Station
2690:Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong
2012:Chhetri, Pushkar (2011-10-01).
1922:Chhetri, Pushkar (2011-11-19).
1005:Chhetri, Pushkar (2010-11-10).
3945:British Indian Ocean Territory
3540:British Indian Ocean Territory
2612:. Druk Green Power Company Ltd
2431:"ADB Grant for Lighting Homes"
1894:"Bhutan, Water and Hydropower"
1501:"DHI Companies Exceed Targets"
1372:"Challenge of Powering Growth"
1170:. pp. 24, 151, 167, 198.
974:Environmental issues in Bhutan
1:
1658:. September 2002. p. 1.2
1590:"All is not Aplenty with BPC"
1444:Rinchen, Sonam (2008-11-28).
489:(several sites in the south)
22:Bhutan electricity production
2489:Pelden, Sonam (2010-01-19).
2459:Pelden, Sonam (2010-01-02).
2170:"Tala Hydroelectric Project"
2139:Pelden, Sonam (2009-11-17).
2056:. 2011-11-21. Archived from
1982:Pelden, Sonam (2011-08-13).
1952:Pelden, Sonam (2010-11-12).
1870:. 2011-11-20. Archived from
1709:Johnson, Emma (2019-10-28).
1679:Pelden, Sonam (2010-04-02).
1618:Pelden, Sonam (2010-05-29).
1588:Pelden, Sonam (2010-07-14).
1558:Dahal, Rabi C (2010-04-09).
1499:Pelden, Sonam (2010-06-15).
1477:. Druk Green. Archived from
1370:Pelden, Sonam (2010-10-03).
1340:Pelden, Sonam (2011-10-11).
1310:Pelden, Sonam (2011-09-05).
1200:Pelden, Sonam (2010-08-31).
124:Ministry of Economic Affairs
2383:. HydroWorld. 11 March 2015
2350:Gyelmo, Dawa (2011-11-21).
1796:Gyelmo, Dawa (2016-02-16).
1681:"Looking beyond Hydropower"
1202:"From Dung to Clean Energy"
452:Dagachhu Hydropower Project
394:Basochhu Hydropower Project
331:Kurichhu Hydropower Project
207:Bhutan operates four major
4030:
2597:. Bhutan Power Corporation
2595:"Bhutan Power Corporation"
2566:Sherubtse College (1991).
2141:"Dipping Business in Gedu"
2111:"CHP Generates More Power"
1421:. Bhutan Power Corporation
813:
749:Wangdue Phodrang Districts
687:Renewable energy in Bhutan
684:
301:
150:Production and consumption
3973:
3568:
3151:
3026:
2967:
2877:
2731:
2711:
2550:Federal Research Division
2172:. Power Technology online
1860:"Hydro Electricity Power"
816:Five-Year Plans of Bhutan
753:protected areas of Bhutan
718:provided a grant of over
635:Wangdue Phodrang District
569:Samdrup Jongkhar District
234:Chukha Hydropower Project
3694:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3289:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
209:hydroelectric facilities
3955:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3550:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2545:Bhutan: A Country Study
1126:Asia and Pacific Review
298:Tala Hydropower Project
292:Tala Hydropower Project
102:Bhutan remains overall
78:liquefied petroleum gas
41:has undertaken several
2497:online. Archived from
2467:online. Archived from
2147:online. Archived from
2020:online. Archived from
1990:online. Archived from
1960:online. Archived from
1930:online. Archived from
1900:online. Archived from
1687:online. Archived from
1626:online. Archived from
1596:online. Archived from
1566:online. Archived from
1507:online. Archived from
1452:online. Archived from
1378:online. Archived from
1348:online. Archived from
1318:online. Archived from
1290:Climate Action Tracker
1208:online. Archived from
1013:online. Archived from
843:During Bhutan's Third
716:Asian Development Bank
228:Asian Development Bank
175:during summer months.
83:Bhutan has no natural
33:. In cooperation with
23:
3629:Energy policy of Asia
2818:(electoral precincts)
2695:Bhutan War (Duar War)
1252:Shukla, P. R (2004).
1090:Gyelmo, Dawa (2020).
814:Further information:
136:Tala Hydropower Plant
21:
3869:United Arab Emirates
3464:United Arab Emirates
2054:Government of Bhutan
1868:Government of Bhutan
1827:World Economic Forum
1475:"Druk Green at Work"
1120:Page, Kogan (2003).
858:hydroelectric plants
547:Pemagatshel District
535:Pemagatshel District
243:off the flow of the
51:hydroelectric plants
3896:limited recognition
3491:limited recognition
2700:Operation All Clear
822:hydroelectric power
613:Trashigang District
597:Olakha (two sites)
265:Government of India
259:. The project cost
106:and a net sink for
2995:Telecommunications
759:Biomass and biogas
697:alternative energy
681:Alternative energy
402:, were built with
120:Lhengye Zhungtshog
24:
4001:
4000:
3938:other territories
3596:
3595:
3533:other territories
3189:
3188:
3147:
3146:
3013:
3012:
2954:
2953:
2941:Political parties
2934:National Assembly
2892:Foreign relations
2864:
2863:
2282:. August 21, 2019
2257:. August 17, 2019
1779:978-99936-703-2-2
1177:978-1-74059-529-2
969:Economy of Bhutan
781:Tsirang Districts
656:
655:
645:Zhemgang District
495:Lhuentse District
247:river in central
199:Hydropower plants
4021:
4014:Energy in Bhutan
3991:
3981:
3980:
3950:Christmas Island
3636:Sovereign states
3623:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3586:
3576:
3575:
3545:Christmas Island
3231:Sovereign states
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3076:National symbols
3024:
2990:
2965:
2929:National Council
2875:
2851:
2850:(village groups)
2841:
2819:
2729:
2717:
2705:Military history
2663:
2656:
2649:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2583:
2554:
2553:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:Development Asia
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:. March 30, 2016
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2210:. Archived from
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1856:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1793:
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1771:
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1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1441:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1079:. December 2019.
1078:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1002:
963:
958:
957:
930:Wangude Phodrang
741:Samdrup Jongkhar
625:Tsirang District
603:Thimphu District
593:Thimphu District
581:Sarpang District
471:
420:Wangdue Phodrang
400:Wangdue Phodrang
369:Samdrup Jongkhar
161:hydroelectricity
142:repurchase from
108:greenhouse gases
27:Energy in Bhutan
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3969:
3937:
3928:
3909:Northern Cyprus
3895:
3888:
3630:
3627:
3597:
3592:
3564:
3532:
3523:
3504:Northern Cyprus
3490:
3483:
3225:
3223:Energy in Asia
3220:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3143:
3095:
3081:Public holidays
3009:
2988:
2950:
2914:Law enforcement
2860:
2849:
2839:
2817:
2795:
2776:Protected areas
2718:
2709:
2676:
2667:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2580:
2565:
2562:
2560:Further reading
2557:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2495:Bhutan Observer
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2465:Bhutan Observer
2458:
2457:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2435:Bhutan Observer
2429:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2349:
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2344:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2310:
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2299:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2217:on 15 July 2014
2214:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2145:Bhutan Observer
2138:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2115:Bhutan Observer
2109:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2086:"Mega Projects"
2084:
2083:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2018:Bhutan Observer
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1988:Bhutan Observer
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1958:Bhutan Observer
1951:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1928:Bhutan Observer
1921:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1898:Bhutan Observer
1891:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1858:
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1840:
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1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1715:Pulitzer Center
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1685:Bhutan Observer
1678:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1624:Bhutan Observer
1617:
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1603:
1601:
1594:Bhutan Observer
1587:
1586:
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1573:
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1564:Bhutan Observer
1557:
1556:
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1543:
1541:
1534:Bhutan Observer
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1514:
1512:
1505:Bhutan Observer
1498:
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1450:Bhutan Observer
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1412:
1399:
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1376:Bhutan Observer
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1346:Bhutan Observer
1339:
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1323:
1316:Bhutan Observer
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1308:
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1294:
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1206:Bhutan Observer
1199:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1159:
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1136:
1119:
1118:
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1100:
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1071:
1064:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1011:Bhutan Observer
1004:
1003:
986:
982:
959:
952:
949:
915:, used in some
838:calcium carbide
818:
812:
795:In 2010, pilot
790:
761:
705:
691:In the face of
689:
683:
665:(Rangjung) and
557:Samtse District
505:Mongar District
485:Chukha District
466:
458:Dagana District
454:
437:
428:
416:
396:
341:Mongar District
333:
321:Chukha District
306:
300:
249:Chukha District
236:
201:
152:
116:
31:Five-Year Plans
12:
11:
5:
4027:
4025:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3927:
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3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3890:
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3866:
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3836:
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3791:
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3696:
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3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
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3628:
3626:
3625:
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3611:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3580:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
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3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
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3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2946:Prime Minister
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2840:(subdistricts)
2833:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Extreme points
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
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2643:
2637:
2636:
2621:
2606:
2589:
2588:External links
2586:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2511:
2481:
2451:
2419:
2394:
2372:
2342:
2317:
2306:Kuensel Online
2292:
2267:
2242:
2228:
2196:
2182:
2161:
2131:
2102:
2070:
2034:
2004:
1974:
1944:
1914:
1884:
1838:
1813:
1802:The Third Pole
1785:
1778:
1751:
1726:
1701:
1668:
1640:
1610:
1580:
1550:
1521:
1491:
1466:
1431:
1410:
1407:on 2011-09-10.
1392:
1362:
1332:
1302:
1277:
1264:
1241:
1222:
1189:
1176:
1166:(3 ed.).
1147:
1134:
1107:
1082:
1062:
1027:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
971:
965:
964:
948:
945:
845:Five-Year Plan
811:
808:
789:
786:
760:
757:
704:
701:
693:climate change
682:
679:
654:
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497:
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490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
465:
464:Other projects
462:
453:
450:
436:
433:
427:
424:
415:
412:
395:
392:
332:
329:
302:Main article:
299:
296:
235:
232:
200:
197:
151:
148:
115:
112:
104:carbon-neutral
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4026:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3963:
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3948:
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3919:South Ossetia
3917:
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2538:public domain
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2024:on 2011-11-28
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2019:
2015:
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1964:on 2012-10-04
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1396:
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1382:on 2015-06-10
1381:
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1352:on 2011-11-27
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1322:on 2011-11-26
1321:
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1212:on 2011-12-01
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1168:Lonely Planet
1165:
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961:Energy portal
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562:Phuentsholing
560:
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525:Paro District
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165:thermal power
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43:hydroelectric
40:
36:
32:
28:
20:
16:
3934:Dependencies
3864:Turkmenistan
3829:Saudi Arabia
3529:Dependencies
3459:Turkmenistan
3424:Saudi Arabia
3263:
3172:Bibliography
3101:Demographics
3036:Architecture
2981:
2897:Human rights
2882:Constitution
2846:
2836:
2823:
2814:
2801:Subdivisions
2629:. Retrieved
2614:. Retrieved
2610:"Druk Green"
2599:. Retrieved
2568:
2544:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2484:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2454:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:the original
2411:. Retrieved
2409:. 2016-05-18
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2375:
2364:. Retrieved
2345:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:Eco-Business
2329:
2320:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2295:
2284:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2259:. Retrieved
2254:
2245:
2231:
2221:22 September
2219:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2199:
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2174:. Retrieved
2164:
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2134:
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2062:. Retrieved
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2049:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1917:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1863:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1765:
1743:. Retrieved
1738:
1729:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:the original
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1643:
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1628:the original
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
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1583:
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1553:
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1423:. Retrieved
1413:
1405:the original
1395:
1384:. Retrieved
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1254:
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1214:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1181:. Retrieved
1162:
1139:. Retrieved
1125:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1085:
1054:. Retrieved
1019:. Retrieved
1015:the original
934:
925:Solar energy
910:
894:
877:Phuntsholing
870:
862:
842:
819:
805:
797:wind turbine
794:
791:
762:
712:Solar energy
710:
706:
703:Solar Energy
690:
660:
657:
652:(two sites)
467:
455:
438:
429:
417:
409:
397:
385:
334:
307:
269:
237:
217:
206:
202:
177:
169:fossil fuels
153:
140:
132:
128:
117:
101:
82:
66:
59:
26:
25:
15:
3993:Asia portal
3894:States with
3814:Philippines
3754:South Korea
3749:North Korea
3644:Afghanistan
3588:Asia portal
3489:States with
3409:Philippines
3349:South Korea
3344:North Korea
3239:Afghanistan
3124:Health care
2972:Agriculture
2751:Environment
2280:PSU Connect
2050:Bhutan 2008
1864:Bhutan 2008
885:West Bengal
801:wind energy
788:Wind energy
737:Pemagatshel
499:Tangmachhu
365:Pemagatshel
272:West Bengal
97:automobiles
89:natural gas
3874:Uzbekistan
3849:Tajikistan
3764:Kyrgyzstan
3744:Kazakhstan
3664:Bangladesh
3654:Azerbaijan
3469:Uzbekistan
3444:Tajikistan
3359:Kyrgyzstan
3339:Kazakhstan
3259:Bangladesh
3249:Azerbaijan
2989:(currency)
2924:Parliament
2825:Dzongkhags
2746:Ecoregions
2631:2014-03-19
2616:2011-11-29
2601:2011-11-29
2505:2011-11-29
2475:2011-11-29
2445:2011-11-29
2413:2020-03-12
2366:2011-11-30
2336:2019-10-25
2311:2019-10-25
2286:2019-10-25
2261:2019-10-25
2176:2011-11-30
2155:2011-11-29
2125:2011-11-29
2096:2011-11-29
2064:2011-11-30
2028:2011-11-29
1998:2011-11-29
1968:2011-11-29
1938:2011-11-29
1908:2011-11-29
1878:2011-11-30
1832:2020-03-12
1807:2019-02-14
1745:2019-02-14
1741:. May 2016
1720:2020-05-22
1695:2011-11-29
1662:2011-11-29
1634:2011-11-29
1604:2011-11-29
1574:2011-11-29
1544:2011-11-29
1515:2011-11-29
1485:2011-11-29
1460:2011-11-29
1425:2011-11-29
1419:"About Us"
1401:"About Us"
1386:2011-11-29
1356:2011-11-27
1326:2011-11-27
1271:2011-11-29
1216:2011-11-29
1183:2011-11-29
1141:2011-11-29
1101:2020-05-22
1096:First Post
1056:2011-11-29
1021:2011-11-29
980:References
685:See also:
663:Trashigang
357:Trashigang
251:, between
62:hydropower
3960:Hong Kong
3914:Palestine
3839:Sri Lanka
3834:Singapore
3714:Indonesia
3555:Hong Kong
3509:Palestine
3434:Sri Lanka
3429:Singapore
3309:Indonesia
3129:Languages
3114:Education
3091:Squatting
3005:Transport
2987:Ngultrum
2977:Companies
2887:Elections
2837:Dungkhags
2830:districts
2771:Mountains
2724:Geography
2572:. Vikas.
2552:. Energy.
917:districts
699:sources.
509:Kilikhar
345:districts
339:river in
311:is a six-
280:Jharkhand
85:petroleum
4008:Category
3983:Category
3904:Abkhazia
3854:Thailand
3809:Pakistan
3789:Mongolia
3784:Maldives
3779:Malaysia
3679:Cambodia
3578:Category
3499:Abkhazia
3449:Thailand
3404:Pakistan
3384:Mongolia
3379:Maldives
3374:Malaysia
3274:Cambodia
3181:Category
3134:Religion
2919:Military
2870:Politics
2856:Villages
2791:Wildlife
2761:Glaciers
2674:articles
2387:13 March
1735:"Bhutan"
947:See also
937:firewood
921:cow dung
906:Bumthang
826:forestry
765:cow dung
729:Lhuentse
725:Bumthang
667:Bumthang
650:Tingtibi
639:Rurichu
618:Kanglung
574:Deothang
551:Nangkor
540:Nganglam
475:District
404:Austrian
388:turbines
377:Zhemgang
353:Lhuentse
337:Kurichhu
317:penstock
245:Wangchhu
241:turbines
226:and the
156:firewood
74:kerosene
70:firewood
49:'s many
3879:Vietnam
3794:Myanmar
3774:Lebanon
3704:Georgia
3659:Bahrain
3649:Armenia
3474:Vietnam
3389:Myanmar
3369:Lebanon
3299:Georgia
3254:Bahrain
3244:Armenia
3158:Outline
3046:Cuisine
3019:Culture
3000:Tourism
2960:Economy
2815:Chiwogs
2786:Valleys
2741:Climate
2736:Borders
2682:History
2360:Kuensel
1295:29 July
873:Thimphu
810:History
777:Sarpang
745:Sarpang
671:Thimphu
629:Dhalay
607:Gemina
586:Gelephu
519:Chumdo
373:Sarpang
313:turbine
253:Thimphu
224:Austria
3924:Taiwan
3859:Turkey
3824:Russia
3759:Kuwait
3739:Jordan
3729:Israel
3689:Cyprus
3674:Brunei
3669:Bhutan
3519:Taiwan
3454:Turkey
3419:Russia
3354:Kuwait
3334:Jordan
3324:Israel
3284:Cyprus
3269:Brunei
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3884:Yemen
3844:Syria
3819:Qatar
3799:Nepal
3734:Japan
3709:India
3699:Egypt
3684:China
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3304:India
3294:Egypt
3279:China
3165:Index
3139:Women
3109:Crime
3086:Sport
3071:Music
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381:India
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