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158:, Germany was highly dependent on Russian energy, accounting for half of its natural gas, a third of heating oil, and half of its coal imports from Russia. Due to this reliance, Germany blocked, delayed or watered down EU proposals to cut Russian energy imports amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, the Russian invasion resulted in a radical shift in Germany's energy policy, with the goal of being almost completely independent of Russian energy imports by mid-2024.
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139:(completed in 2023) and progressive replacement of fossil fuels by renewables. The nuclear electricity production lost in Germany's phase-out was primarily replaced with coal electricity production and electricity importing. One study found that the nuclear phase-out caused $ 12 billion in social costs per year, primarily due to increases in mortality due to exposure to pollution from fossil fuels. Germany has been called "the world's first major
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938:. However, being an integral part of the EU's internal electricity market, Germany will continue to consume foreign nuclear electricity even after 2022. In September 2010, Merkel's government reached a late-night deal which would see the country's 17 nuclear plants run, on average, 12 years longer than planned, with some remaining in production until well into the 2030s. Then, following
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plants and coal-fired power plants. New coal-fired power plants have a minimum load capability of approximately 40%, with further potential to reduce this to 20–25%. The reason is that the output of the coal boiler is controlled via direct fuel combustion and not, as is the case with a gas combined-cycle power plant, via a heat recovery steam generator with an upstream gas turbine.
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German coal-fired power plants are being designed and modified so they can be increasingly flexible to support the fluctuations resulting from increased renewable energy. Existing power plants in
Germany are designed to operate flexibly. Load following is achieved by German natural gas combined cycle
898:
bottom-up index for the whole economy (ODEX) in
Germany decreased by 18% between 1991 and 2006, which is equivalent to an energy efficiency improvement by 1.2% per annum on average based on the ODEX, which calculates technical efficiency improvements. Since the beginning of the new century, however,
697:
In 2020, renewable energy reached a share of 50.9% on the German public grid. Wind power made up 27% of total generation, and solar made up 10.5%. Biomass made up 9.7%, and hydro power made up 3.8%. The largest single non-renewable source was brown coal, with 16.8% of generation, followed by nuclear
544:
Germany has been opening new coal power plants until recently, following a 2007 plan to build 26 new coal plants. This has been controversial in light of
Germany's commitment to curbing carbon emissions. By 2015, the growing share of renewable energy in the national electricity market (26% in 2014,
508:
Coal is the second-largest source of electricity in
Germany. As of 2020, around 24% of the electricity in the country is generated from coal. This was down from 2013, when coal made up about 45% of Germany's electricity production (19% from hard coal and 26% from lignite). Nonetheless, in the first
328:
In 2021, Germany was the world's largest importer of natural gas, which covered more than a quarter of primary energy consumption in
Germany. Around 95% of Germany's natural gas was imported, of which around half is re-exported. 55% of gas imports came from Russia, 30% from Norway and 13% from the
689:
In end of 2011, the cumulative installed total of renewable power was 65.7GW. Although
Germany does not have a very sunny climate, solar photovoltaic power made up 4% of annual electricity consumption. On 25 May 2012, a Saturday, solar power reached a new record, injecting 22 GW of power into the
392:
685:
The share of electricity produced from renewable energy in
Germany has increased from 6.3 per cent of the national total in 2000 to 46.2 per cent in 2022. Germany renewable power market grew from 0.8 million residential customers in 2006 to 4.9 million in 2012, or 12.5% of all private
340:
Due to its rich coal deposits, Germany has a long tradition of using coal. It was the fourth-largest consumer of coal in the world as of 2016. Domestic hard coal mining has been completely phased out in 2018, as it could not compete with cheaper sources elsewhere and had survived only through
309:
In 2019, Germany was the sixth largest consumer of energy in the world. The country also had the largest national market of electricity in Europe. Germany is the fifth-largest consumer of oil in the world, with oil accounting for 34.3% of all energy use in 2018, with another 23.7% coming from
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subsidies. As of 2022, only lignite is still mined in
Germany. After ending domestic production in 2018, Germany imported all 31.8 million tonnes of the hard coal it consumed in 2020. The biggest suppliers were Russia (45.4%), the United States (18.3%) and Australia (12.3%).
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In 2023, Germany's natural gas imports declined by 32.6%, to 968 terawatt hours (TWh). This was attributed to greater energy saving and a decrease in gas exports. The top sources for the import natural gas were Norway (43%), the
Netherlands (26%), and Belgium (22%).
874:
occurred in
Germany. Protests continued and, on 29 May 2011, Merkel's government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by 2022. Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following Fukushima in 2011.
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the efficiency improvement measured by the ODEX has slowed down. While a continuous decrease by 1.5%/y could be observed between 1991 and 2001, the decrease in the period from 2001 to 2006 only amounted to 0.5%, which is below the EU-27 level.
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On 26 January 2019, a group of federal and state leaders as well as industry representatives, environmentalists, and scientists made an agreement to close all 84 coal plants in the country by 2038. The move is projected to cost
693:
In 2016, renewable energy based electricity generation reached 29.5%, but coal remained a factor at 40.1% of total generation. Wind was the leading renewable source at 12.3%, followed by biomass at 7.9% and solar PV at 5.9%.
1166:
The German ecological tax reform was adopted in 1999. After that, the law was amended in 2000 and in 2003. The law grew taxes on fuel and fossil fuels and laid the foundation for the tax for energy. In December 2019, the
536:
is mined in Nordrhein-Westfalen and Saarland. Most power plants burning bituminous coal operate on imported material, therefore, the plants are located not only near to the mining sites, but throughout the country.
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near the mining areas to produce electricity and transporting lignite over far distances is not economically feasible; therefore, the plants are located near the extraction sites.
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on oil and gas companies. The law came into effect in January 2021. The tax will increase to 55 Euros per tonne by 2025. From 2026 onwards, the price will be decided at auction.
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National energy policy has shifted towards utilizing natural gas to replace coal and serve as a complementary fuel source as green energy projects are developed. The seaports of
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emission reduction targets (40% below 1990 levels by 2020; 80% below 1990 levels by 2050) have increasingly curtailed previous plans for new, expanded coal power capacity.
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40 billion in compensation alone to closed businesses. Coal was used to generate almost 40% of the country's electricity in 2018 and is expected to be replaced by
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Nuclear power has been a topical political issue in recent decades, with continuing debates about when the technology should be phased out. A coalition government of
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Fossil fuel consumption in Germany, including combined former East and West from 1980 to 2011 from EIA data. Use of coal declined significantly after reunification.
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took the decision in 2002 to phase out all nuclear power by 2022. The topic received renewed attention at the start of 2007 due to the political impact of the
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and natural gas. 24 coal plants are planned to be closed by 2022 with all but 8 closed by 2030. The final date is expected to be assessed every 3 years.
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About 98% of oil consumed in Germany is imported. In 2021, Russia supplied 34.1% of crude oil imports, the US 12.5%, Kazakhstan 9.8% and Norway 9.6%.
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by 2021, as a result of an initiative with a vote result of 513 Yes, 79 No and 8 Empty. The seven oldest reactors were permanently closed after the
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In 2022 Germany had 66.5 GW of solar power capacity, which generated 62 terawatt hours of power from 2.65 million individual installations.
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1998:
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124:, making it the ninth largest global primary energy consumer. The total consumption has been steadily declining from its peak of 14,845
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1973:
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800:
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976:(the amount of energy required to produce a unit of gross domestic product) has been improving since the beginning of the 1970s.
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155:
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in 2006. In 2023 Germany's gross electricity production reached 508.1 TWh, down from 569.2 TWh in 2022, and 631.4 TWh in 2013.
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1322:
942:, the government changed its mind again, deciding to proceed with the plan to close all nuclear plants in the country by 2022.
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Increasing the relative share of renewable energy in gross energy consumption to 18% by 2020, 30% by 2030 and 60% by 2050
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with 12.5%, then hard coal at 7.3%. Gas mainly provides peaking services, allowing for a generation share of 11.6%.
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Increasing the relative share of renewable energy in gross electrical consumption to 35% by 2020 and 80% by 2050
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1616:"German chancellor Scholz pushes back against Russian energy import ban, as oil and gas climb – as it happened"
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847:
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367:
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1614:
Wearden, Graeme; Rankin, Jennifer; Elliott, Larry; Neate, Rupert; Jolly, Jasper; Davies, Rob (7 March 2022).
811:
In March 2023 there were around 28,500 turbines in operation in Germany with a combined capacity of 58.5 GW.
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by 2045, saying, "The technologies are there: wind power, photovoltaics, electric motors, green hydrogen."
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Germany was the fourth-largest producer of nuclear power in the world, but in 2000, the government and the
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Netherlands. As of 2022, Germany does not have LNG terminals, so all gas imports use pipelines. After the
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Increasing the national energy efficiency by cutting electrical consumption 50% below 2008 levels by 2050
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4451:
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992:
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571:) was brought forward in 2023 by 8 years to 2030, there is no agreement yet on phasing out brown coal (
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Vera Eckert, Barbara Lewis and Jan Harvey. (22 June 2023). "Germany builds up LNG import terminals".
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2708:"Germany has shut down its last three nuclear power plants, and some climate scientists are aghast"
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1008:
621:
828:) (DBFZ) launched an online biomass atlas for researchers, investors and the interested public.
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utilize floating liquefied natural gas floating storage and regasification units to import gas.
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140:
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113:
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Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany – New record in wind power production
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4023:
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1965:
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1209:
575:) although the EU gave approval in late 2023 for a €2.6 billion compensation payment to
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German power grid. This met 50% of the nation's mid-day electricity demand on that day.
17:
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4135:
4013:
4000:
3663:
3421:
2775:"Wirtschaftsministerium rechnet mit 658 TWh Stromverbrauch 2030 - ERNEUERBARE ENERGIEN"
2681:
2291:
2032:
1028:
475:
334:
148:
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The price will increase to 55 euros by 2025, and will be decided at auction from 2026.
1185:
842:
97:
4608:
4562:
3376:
2726:"After scrapping nuclear reactors, Germany to spend billions on new gas power plants"
2650:
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1020:
946:
600:
333:, Germany announced that it wanted to build an LNG terminal at the North Sea port of
117:
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3300:
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2909:
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1199:
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625:
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132:
2626:
2221:"It'll cost $ 45 billion, but Germany proposes to eliminate coal in 19 years"
755:
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617:
1945:(in German). Freiburg, Germany: Fraunhofer-Institut fĂĽr Solare Energiesysteme ISE
4569:
3771:
3485:
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2814:
1004:
988:
529:
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is extracted in the extreme western and eastern parts of the country, mainly in
311:
109:
2999:
2573:
2513:
2470:"German solar power capacity in 2022 sees fast growth, still well below target"
135:", meaning "energy turnaround" or "energy transformation". The policy includes
3980:
3601:
1172:
1059:
961:
682:
Renewable energy includes wind, solar, biomass and geothermal energy sources.
568:
2642:
2273:"Europe in brief: Germany plans to build hydrogen and gas-fired power plants"
1999:"The Flexibility of German Coal-Fired Power Plants Amid Increased Renewables"
1627:
1525:
4557:
3591:
3239:
3092:
1000:
953:, but the policy of energy imports did not change significantly afterwards.
911:
804:
125:
121:
1401:
1349:"Bruttostromerzeugung in Deutschland von 1990 bis 2013 nach Energieträgern"
902:
By 2030 the German Federal Ministry of the Economy projects an increase in
2939:
Dependence on Russian gas worries some – but not all – European countries
2890:
1736:"New wind turbine installations in Germany grow almost 50% in early 2023"
1034:
emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050
915:
509:
half of 2021, coal was the largest source of electricity in the country.
1589:"EU's full ban on Russian coal to be pushed back to mid-August -sources"
112:, accounting for 77.6% of total energy consumption in 2023, followed by
3870:
3290:
3234:
3156:
2131:"Germany to mothball largest coal power plants to meet climate targets"
1857:"Ukraine war: Tracking the impacts on German energy and climate policy"
1477:"EU ministers approve landmark climate measures, but tough talks await"
1055:
965:
572:
521:
513:
1831:"Germany and the EU remain heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels"
1654:"Germany resists EU ban on Russian gas as bloc prepares new sanctions"
754:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
717:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2743:
1047:
588:
2060:
GĂĽrtler, Detlef: Wirtschaftsatlas Deutschland. Rowohlt Berlin, 2010.
1019:
In September 2010, the German government announced a new aggressive
4146:
3125:
120:. As of 2023, German primary energy consumption amounted to 10,791
3229:
2442:[BMWi - Renewable Energy - Renewable Energy Time Series].
1184:
1130:
984:
906:
to 658 TWh. The expected increase is due to an expected uptick in
885:
841:
799:
616:
596:
497:
300:
96:
88:
956:
Government policy emphasises conservation and the development of
3119:
2247:"Germany's 2019 hard coal imports seen rising after mining ends"
1883:"Germany Coal Reserves and Consumption Statistics - Worldometer"
996:
878:
The last operational German reactors closed down in April 2023.
4150:
3129:
2440:"BMWi - Erneuerbare Energien - Zeitreihen Erneuerbare Energien"
1386:"The Private and External Costs of Germany's Nuclear Phase-Out"
293:
The plan for 2030 aims for 80% of electricity from renewables.
2965:"COP28: Germany's Scholz calls to phase out coal, oil and gas"
1680:"Germany Targets End to Russian Gas Imports by Middle of 2024"
814:
Offshore wind in Germany is expected to reach 115 GW by 2030.
740:
703:
636:
Years in which the last three renewable power levels achieved
576:
28:
3250:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
1934:Ă–ffentliche Nettostromerzeugung in Deutschland im Jahr 2023
1438:"Germany: The World's First Major Renewable Energy Economy"
1115:
733:
Renewables as a percentage of gross electricity consumption
93:
Wind turbines and solar panels at Lisberg Castle in Germany
1384:
Jarvis, Stephen; Deschenes, Olivier; Jha, Akshaya (2019).
1323:"Primary energy consumption worldwide in 2022, by country"
2627:"The implications of Fukushima: The European perspective"
2194:"Germany to invest in gas-fired plants in coming decades"
564:
In 2019 the import of coal rose 1.4% compared with 2018.
385:
3058:"Bund und Länder einigen sich im Streit über Klimapaket"
2744:"Energy Efficiency Trends & Policies - ODYSSEE-MURE"
2164:"Green and brown clash as Germany struggles to end coal"
1514:"Why Germany Can't Just Pull the Plug on Russian Energy"
770:
Renewables as a percentage of primary energy consumption
628:
at the Schneebergerhof wind farm in the German state of
2056:
2054:
2029:"Germany: Coal tops wind as primary electricity source"
1914:"Germany cut gas imports by a third in 2023 -regulator"
1495:"Germany's Habeck Hopeful on Switching Off Coal Plants"
52:
1297:"Germany's energy consumption and power mix in charts"
131:
Key to Germany's energy policies and politics is the "
4546:
3029:
Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection.
2351:"Germany sets new solar power record, institute says"
1966:"Renewable Energy Germany - German Energy Transition"
3088:"Germany rings in 2021 with CO2 tax, coal phase-out"
2841:"Energiewende: Bundestag besiegelt den Atomausstieg"
2287:"EU approves Germany's payments for early coal exit"
1939:
Public Net Electricity Generation in Germany in 2023
822:
In October 2016 the German Biomass Research Center (
545:
up from 4% in 1990) and the government's mandated CO
4528:
4480:
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4184:
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3832:
3706:
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3505:
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3207:
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371:Germany renewable electricity production by source
1993:
1991:
2910:"Germany: Nuclear power plants to close by 2022"
2600:"Germany: Nuclear power plants to close by 2022"
2544:"The history behind Germany's nuclear phase-out"
1422:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1058:, as the richest person in the energy business (
3031:"§2 of the "Energy-Taxation-Law" (EnergieStrG)"
1786:"Germany's dependence on imported fossil fuels"
1553:"The Energy Entanglement of Germany and Russia"
1404:. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022
1272:Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft
389:
322:In 2021, Germany imported 63.7% of its energy.
972:power. As a result of energy saving measures,
4162:
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1559:, Oxford University Press, pp. 238–266,
8:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1390:Journal of the European Economic Association
1261:"Die Energieversorgung 2023 – Jahresbericht"
1007:, and reiterated Germany's commitment to be
3260:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
2799:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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2871:Europeanising the German energy transition
2678:"Merkel shuts down seven nuclear reactors"
2518:Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum (DBFZ)
1730:
1728:
1726:
1255:
1253:
579:to phase out lignite in the Rhine region.
512:Germany is also a major producer of coal.
2434:
2432:
2071:"Germany Plans Boom in Coal Power Plants"
850:was taken out of service on 15 April 2023
143:economy". German governments support the
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1074:
866:in Japan. Within days of the March 2011
634:
366:
363:Germany electricity production by source
358:
247:
214:
165:
4620:Energy by country in the European Union
4553:
3056:Traufetter, Gerald (16 December 2019).
1249:
1189:Development of carbon dioxide emissions
285:emissions in 2020: 603.35 million tons
108:is obtained for the vast majority from
2792:
2516:[Bioenergy data: potentials].
2039:from the original on 16 September 2021
1415:
945:After becoming Chancellor of Germany,
3068:from the original on 16 December 2019
2869:Severin Fischer/Oliver Geden (2011),
2851:from the original on 30 December 2017
2781:from the original on 17 November 2021
2777:(in German). Erneuerbareenergien.de.
2377:"Germany's Power Generation Mix 2016"
2200:from the original on 30 November 2020
2162:Christian Schwägerl (5 August 2015).
2081:from the original on 29 December 2017
1908:
1906:
1904:
1863:from the original on 28 February 2022
1587:Guarascio, Francesco (7 April 2022).
1329:from the original on 24 November 2023
1291:
1289:
528:. Considerable amounts are burned in
7:
3116:from the International Energy Agency
2754:from the original on 13 January 2014
2524:from the original on 8 November 2016
2494:from the original on 8 November 2016
2490:. Berlin, Germany. 17 October 2016.
2450:from the original on 28 October 2014
2387:from the original on 11 October 2022
2357:from the original on 29 October 2020
2253:from the original on 18 January 2019
2227:from the original on 30 January 2019
1976:from the original on 11 October 2022
987:in December 2023, German Chancellor
379:German electricity by source in 2023
3114:Electricity/Heat in Germany in 2005
2580:from the original on 14 August 2015
2174:from the original on 14 August 2015
2143:from the original on 12 August 2015
2009:from the original on 2 January 2015
1837:from the original on 2 October 2019
1796:from the original on 2 October 2019
1690:from the original on 24 August 2022
1365:from the original on 2 January 2020
1224:German Renewable Energy Sources Act
825:Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum
3037:from the original on 12 April 2019
3010:from the original on 16 April 2019
2920:from the original on 31 March 2020
2821:from the original on 19 March 2011
2606:from the original on 31 March 2020
2417:from the original on 16 April 2021
1889:from the original on 25 March 2022
1565:10.1093/oso/9780197667712.003.0010
1085:Gas oil (>50 mg/kg sulfur)
940:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
914:, and production of batteries and
868:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
25:
3120:Statistical Energy Yearbook, 2012
2815:"Germany split over green energy"
2773:Heft 02-2022 (17 November 2021).
2631:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2574:"Germany renounces nuclear power"
2554:from the original on 26 June 2021
2219:Technica, Ars (28 January 2019).
1660:from the original on 6 April 2022
1634:from the original on 7 April 2022
1595:from the original on 7 April 2022
1532:from the original on 7 April 2022
4592:
4580:
4568:
4556:
2891:Government Adopts Energy Concept
2688:from the original on 15 May 2020
2657:from the original on 15 May 2020
2320:"Erneuerbare Energien in Zahlen"
1931:Burger, Bruno (3 January 2024).
910:, more heating through electric
890:German Energy Efficiency Targets
745:
708:
331:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
156:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
33:
3352:German revolutions of 1848–1849
3321:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
2520:(in German). Leipzig, Germany.
1717:"Energy consumption in Germany"
567:The phasing out of black coal (
424:Natural gas: 45.79 TWâ‹…h (10.5%)
147:. Germany made a commitment to
3337:Early modern period, 1500–1800
3225:List of early Germanic peoples
1512:Eddy, Melissa (5 April 2022).
1088:Gas oil(≤50 mg/kg sulfur)
951:overreliance on Russian energy
1:
3460:History of Germany since 1990
2951:The Christian Science Monitor
2676:Knight, Ben (15 March 2011).
2625:Caroline Jorant (July 2011).
2514:"Bioenergiedaten: Potenziale"
1205:Electricity sector in Germany
928:German nuclear power industry
864:Fukushima I nuclear accidents
860:Russia-Belarus energy dispute
412:Brown coal: 77.5 TWâ‹…h (17.7%)
355:Electricity sector in Germany
2309:Retrieved 24 September 2023.
2249:. Reuters. 18 January 2019.
1215:Energy transition in Germany
1023:with the following targets:
418:Hard coal: 36.05 TWâ‹…h (8.3%)
337:to improve energy security.
1233:Renewable energy in Germany
1228:Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz
1175:of 25 Euros per tonne of CO
686:households in the country.
613:Renewable energy in Germany
503:Grafenrheinfeld Power Plant
4636:
3367:North German Confederation
3347:Confederation of the Rhine
1551:Gross, Stephen G. (2023),
835:
793:
779:
610:
442:Biomass: 42.25 TWâ‹…h (9.7%)
352:
4101:
3841:
3715:
3587:
3514:
2817:. BBC. 25 February 2005.
1656:. Reuters. 4 April 2022.
993:phase-out of fossil fuels
807:in North Rhine-Westphalia
448:Nuclear: 6.72 TWâ‹…h (1.5%)
436:Solar: 53.48 TWâ‹…h (12.2%)
430:Wind: 139.77 TWâ‹…h (32.0%)
3519:Administrative divisions
2986:14 December 2010 at the
2876:30 December 2017 at the
2643:10.1177/0096340211414842
2488:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW)
2353:. Reuters. 26 May 2012.
1100:Liquefied petroleum gas
930:agreed to phase out all
922:Government energy policy
848:Isar Nuclear Power Plant
838:Nuclear power in Germany
466:Other: 12.59 TWâ‹…h (2.9%)
454:Hydro: 19.48 TWâ‹…h (4.5%)
47:may need to be rewritten
18:Energy policy of Germany
2944:8 November 2011 at the
904:electricity consumption
4227:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3780:Science and technology
3481:History of Brandenburg
3372:Unification of Germany
3362:Frankfurt Constitution
2748:Odyssee-indicators.org
2484:"Online biomass atlas"
2446:(in German). Table 2.
1466:, p.2 15 December 2014
1190:
1077:2019 fossil fuel taxes
1062:) in Germany in 2013.
949:expressed concern for
891:
862:and in 2011 after the
851:
808:
782:Solar power in Germany
632:
505:
402:
372:
364:
349:Electricity production
306:
149:phasing out coal power
102:
94:
3417:Flight and expulsions
2896:26 April 2015 at the
2576:. BBC. 15 June 2000.
2550:. 25 September 2014.
2035:. 13 September 2021.
1356:Ag-energiebilanzen.de
1188:
889:
872:anti-nuclear protests
845:
803:
796:Wind power in Germany
620:
501:
460:Oil: 3.15 TWâ‹…h (0.7%)
401:
370:
362:
304:
101:Energy mix of Germany
100:
92:
4089:World Heritage Sites
3767:German states by GDP
3357:German Confederation
3096:. 31 December 2020.
2602:. BBC. 30 May 2011.
2444:Erneuerbare Energien
2383:. 13 February 2017.
2337:8 April 2011 at the
1402:10.1093/jeea/jvac007
1226:, also known as the
1217:, also known as the
981:COP28 climate summit
932:nuclear power plants
216:Natural gas in 2020
167:Electricity in 2020
4443:States with limited
3725:Automobile industry
3311:Carolingian dynasty
3245:History of the Huns
2889:German Energy Blog
2548:Cleanenergywire.org
2295:. 11 December 2023.
2111:on 6 September 2008
1766:on 2 September 2014
1750:"Free publications"
1079:
1054:($ 3B), founder of
637:
518:Nordrhein-Westfalen
478:electricity in 2023
252:
219:
170:
145:European Green Deal
116:at 19.6%, and 0.7%
3795:Telecommunications
3476:History of Prussia
3392:Revolution of 1918
3387:War guilt question
3306:Carolingian Empire
3275:Sack of Rome (410)
3184:History of Germany
2971:. 2 December 2023.
2732:. 5 February 2024.
2472:. 3 February 2023.
2411:energy-charts.info
2196:. Anadolu Agency.
2003:Cornerstonemag.net
1518:The New York Times
1501:. 3 November 2023.
1303:. 22 December 2023
1274:. 18 December 2023
1238:Economy of Germany
1191:
1075:
1015:Sustainable energy
936:Fukushima accident
892:
852:
809:
635:
633:
622:Photovoltaic array
506:
403:
373:
365:
307:
297:Energy consumption
249:Crude Oil in 2020
248:
215:
166:
103:
95:
4615:Energy in Germany
4544:
4543:
4178:Energy in Europe
4144:
4143:
4097:
4096:
3828:
3827:
3742:Chemical Triangle
3702:
3701:
3689:Political parties
3637:Foreign relations
3574:
3573:
3501:
3500:
3412:Allied occupation
3316:Holy Roman Empire
2880:, SWP Comments 55
2077:. 21 March 2007.
1920:. 4 January 2024.
1859:. 18 March 2022.
1833:. 14 March 2022.
1790:Clean Energy Wire
1686:. 25 March 2022.
1574:978-0-19-766771-2
1301:Clean Energy Wire
1169:German Government
1159:
1158:
1071:Fossil fuel taxes
974:energy efficiency
960:, such as solar,
958:renewable sources
908:electric mobility
896:energy efficiency
882:Energy efficiency
767:
766:
730:
729:
680:
679:
279:
278:
246:
245:
213:
212:
162:Energy statistics
106:Energy in Germany
85:
84:
77:
57:lead layout guide
16:(Redirected from
4627:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4575:Renewable energy
4573:
4572:
4561:
4560:
4552:
4481:Dependencies and
4185:Sovereign states
4171:
4164:
4157:
4148:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4074:Prussian virtues
3839:
3747:Economic history
3713:
3607:
3585:
3536:Cities and towns
3512:
3492:Baden Revolution
3296:Treaty of Verdun
3265:Marcomannic Wars
3220:Migration Period
3215:Germanic peoples
3199:Military history
3174:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3101:
3100:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2996:
2990:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2955:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2906:
2900:
2887:
2881:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2847:. 30 June 2011.
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2714:. 18 April 2023.
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2275:. 4 August 2023.
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2223:. Ars Technica.
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2107:. Archived from
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1827:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1792:. 22 June 2015.
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1759:. Archived from
1754:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1557:Energy and Power
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1462:Fraunhofer ISE,
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1444:on 29 March 2015
1440:. Archived from
1434:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1396:(3): 1311–1346.
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1257:
1080:
979:Speaking at the
856:Gerhard Schröder
749:
748:
741:
712:
711:
704:
638:
607:Renewable energy
559:renewable energy
556:
484:Sources of power
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
388:
253:
220:
171:
141:renewable energy
137:nuclear phaseout
80:
73:
69:
66:
60:
53:improve the lead
37:
36:
29:
21:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4524:
4482:
4476:
4462:Northern Cyprus
4444:
4438:
4359:North Macedonia
4180:
4175:
4145:
4140:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4093:
3957:
3908:Life expectancy
3824:
3698:
3669:Law enforcement
3605:
3570:
3497:
3464:
3443:
3427:Divided Germany
3397:Weimar Republic
3325:
3291:Frankish Empire
3279:
3203:
3169:
3163:
3154:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2988:Wayback Machine
2980:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2948:David Francis,
2946:Wayback Machine
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2916:. 30 May 2011.
2908:
2907:
2903:
2898:Wayback Machine
2888:
2884:
2878:Wayback Machine
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2407:"Energy Charts"
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2339:Wayback Machine
2331:
2327:
2322:. 10 June 2013.
2318:
2317:
2313:
2307:Reuters website
2304:
2300:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2139:. 2 July 2015.
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2105:The Independent
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1970:Strom-report.de
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1483:. 29 June 2022.
1475:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1196:
1182:
1178:
1164:
1073:
1068:
1032:
1017:
1009:climate neutral
924:
884:
840:
834:
820:
798:
792:
784:
778:
773:
772:
771:
768:
763:
750:
746:
736:
735:
734:
731:
726:
713:
709:
630:Rheinland-Pfalz
615:
609:
585:
554:
548:
534:Bituminous coal
496:
491:
486:
481:
480:
479:
473:
472:
471:
470:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
405:
404:
400:
386:
380:
357:
351:
320:
299:
291:
284:
250:
217:
168:
164:
81:
70:
64:
61:
50:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4599:European Union
4589:
4577:
4565:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4536:European Union
4532:
4530:
4529:Other entities
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4483:other entities
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4434:United Kingdom
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4247:Czech Republic
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:Cultural icons
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3785:Stock exchange
3782:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
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3422:Denazification
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3404:
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3194:Historiography
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3108:External links
3106:
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3000:"Aloys Wobben"
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2969:Deutsche Welle
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2020:
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1964:Girl, Energy.
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3948:Social issues
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3876:Ethnic groups
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3455:Reunification
3453:
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3122:from Enerdata
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2075:Bloomberg.com
2072:
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2008:
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1684:BNN Bloomberg
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1021:energy policy
1014:
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1006:
1002:
998:
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991:called for a
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
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968:, water, and
967:
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948:
947:Angela Merkel
943:
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897:
888:
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849:
844:
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832:Nuclear power
831:
829:
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815:
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806:
802:
797:
789:
787:
783:
775:
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626:wind turbines
623:
619:
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601:Wilhelmshaven
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154:Prior to the
152:
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129:
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123:
119:
118:nuclear power
115:
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99:
91:
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79:
76:
68:
65:December 2023
58:
55:and read the
54:
48:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4472:Transnistria
4276:
4122:Bibliography
3996:Coat of arms
3976:Architecture
3953:Trade unions
3933:Prostitution
3893:Homelessness
3856:Demographics
3805:Trade unions
3772:
3762:German model
3751:
3735:Central bank
3679:Conservatism
3642:Human rights
3627:Court system
3622:Constitution
3602:
3448:Contemporary
3437:West Germany
3432:East Germany
3407:World War II
3402:Nazi Germany
3342:18th-century
3301:East Francia
3255:Cimbrian War
3097:
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3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3061:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3003:
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2922:. Retrieved
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2853:. Retrieved
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2823:. Retrieved
2809:
2783:. Retrieved
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
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2690:. Retrieved
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2608:. Retrieved
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2582:. Retrieved
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2556:. Retrieved
2547:
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2526:. Retrieved
2517:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
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2452:. Retrieved
2443:
2419:. Retrieved
2410:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2381:Strom-Report
2380:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2345:
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2168:GreenBiz.com
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1267:
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1219:Energiewende
1218:
1210:Ende Gelände
1200:Dunkelflaute
1181:
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489:Fossil fuels
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275:628,020,000
259:856,470,000
218:(billion m)
153:
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26:
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3382:World War I
3284:Middle Ages
3270:Gothic Wars
3072:16 December
3062:Der Spiegel
3014:29 December
2855:29 December
2825:29 December
2758:29 December
2391:13 February
2204:17 November
2115:29 December
2085:29 December
2013:29 December
1770:29 December
1591:. Reuters.
1369:29 December
1097:Natural Gas
1005:natural gas
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776:Solar power
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719:Phabricator
653:Achievement
647:Achievement
641:Achievement
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530:coal plants
526:Brandenburg
335:BrunsbĂĽttel
312:natural gas
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267:49,280,000
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182:Consumption
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4309:Kazakhstan
4212:Azerbaijan
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4069:Philosophy
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3606:(military)
3603:Bundeswehr
2661:11 October
2528:8 November
2498:8 November
2454:6 December
2257:18 January
2231:29 January
1980:10 January
1949:12 January
1448:24 January
1333:11 January
1278:11 January
1244:References
1173:carbon tax
1162:Carbon tax
1094:Other oils
1060:wind power
970:geothermal
912:heat-pumps
805:Wind farms
790:Wind power
569:anthracite
494:Coal power
264:Production
251:(barrels)
231:Production
190:Production
151:by 2030.
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4500:Gibraltar
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4039:Libraries
4019:Festivals
3866:Education
3810:Transport
3775:companies
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3632:Elections
3597:Bundesrat
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3561:Mountains
3529:Districts
3507:Geography
3240:Visigoths
3177:Overviews
3093:France 24
2651:144198768
2637:(4): 15.
2584:17 August
2558:17 August
2178:17 August
2147:17 August
1694:24 August
1628:0261-3077
1526:0362-4331
1499:Bloomberg
1307:8 January
1091:Heavy oil
1027:Reducing
818:Bioenergy
126:Petajoule
122:Petajoule
4520:Svalbard
4505:Guernsey
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3035:Archived
3008:Archived
2984:Archived
2942:Archived
2918:Archived
2914:BBC News
2894:Archived
2874:Archived
2849:Archived
2845:Die Zeit
2819:Archived
2795:cite web
2785:12 April
2779:Archived
2752:Archived
2730:Politico
2712:NBC News
2692:15 March
2686:Archived
2655:Archived
2604:Archived
2578:Archived
2552:Archived
2522:Archived
2492:Archived
2448:Archived
2421:16 April
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2079:Archived
2037:Archived
2007:Archived
1974:Archived
1893:18 March
1887:Archived
1867:18 March
1861:Archived
1841:24 April
1835:Archived
1800:24 April
1794:Archived
1688:Archived
1658:Archived
1632:Archived
1593:Archived
1530:Archived
1481:Politico
1360:Archived
1327:Archived
1194:See also
1137:Taxation
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870:, large
174:Category
4587:Germany
4549:Portals
4429:Ukraine
4379:Romania
4339:Moldova
4297:Ireland
4292:Iceland
4287:Hungary
4277:Germany
4272:Georgia
4262:Finland
4257:Estonia
4252:Denmark
4237:Croatia
4222:Belgium
4217:Belarus
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3963:Culture
3928:Poverty
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3834:Society
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3708:Economy
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3235:Teutons
3208:Ancient
3170:History
3157:Germany
2924:20 June
2361:10 July
1918:Reuters
1757:Iea.org
1719:. 2020.
1664:7 April
1638:7 April
1599:7 April
1536:7 April
1408:7 April
1268:bdew.de
1120:€/liter
1111:€/liter
1108:€/liter
1056:Enercon
966:biomass
758:and on
721:and on
573:lignite
522:Sachsen
514:Lignite
193:545.20
185:500.35
177:Amount
4563:Energy
4515:Jersey
4457:Kosovo
4424:Turkey
4414:Sweden
4394:Serbia
4384:Russia
4369:Poland
4364:Norway
4344:Monaco
4314:Latvia
4282:Greece
4267:France
4242:Cyprus
4136:Portal
3991:Cinema
3971:Anthem
3938:Racism
3752:Energy
3566:Rivers
3524:States
3494:, 1848
3330:Modern
3159:
3004:Forbes
2649:
2610:30 May
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1626:
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1149:0.6135
1143:0.6135
1140:0.7635
1048:Forbes
599:, and
589:Lubmin
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242:83.12
239:Import
226:87.55
209:66.93
206:Export
201:48.05
198:Import
169:(TWh)
4490:Ă…land
4409:Spain
4334:Malta
4304:Italy
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4079:Sport
4064:Names
4059:Music
4054:Media
4009:Dance
3881:Women
3846:Crime
3820:Women
3556:Lakes
3230:Goths
3041:6 May
2647:S2CID
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1937:[
1764:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1363:(PDF)
1352:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1131:tonne
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676:2017
656:Year
597:Stade
234:5.13
4029:Flag
3986:Arts
3652:LGBT
3074:2019
3043:2019
3016:2017
2926:2018
2857:2017
2827:2017
2801:link
2787:2022
2760:2017
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2663:2013
2612:2011
2586:2015
2560:2015
2530:2016
2500:2016
2456:2016
2423:2021
2393:2017
2363:2021
2259:2019
2233:2019
2206:2020
2180:2015
2149:2015
2117:2017
2101:"US"
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2015:2017
1982:2020
1951:2024
1895:2022
1869:2022
1843:2018
1802:2018
1772:2017
1696:2022
1666:2022
1640:2022
1624:ISSN
1601:2022
1569:ISBN
1538:2022
1522:ISSN
1450:2012
1424:link
1410:2022
1371:2017
1335:2024
1309:2024
1280:2024
1152:5.50
1146:0.25
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997:coal
962:wind
894:The
846:The
670:2007
664:2003
650:Year
644:Year
624:and
524:and
3981:Art
3664:Law
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