403:
235:
251:
444:
31:
221:
need pollinators to consistently choose flowers of the same species, so they have evolved different lures to encourage specific pollinators to maintain fidelity to the same species. The attractions offered are mainly nectar, pollen, fragrances and oils. The ideal pollinating insect is hairy (so that pollen adheres to it), and spends time exploring the flower so that it comes into contact with the reproductive structures.
2205:
42:
495:
on the inner surface. A female wasp enters through a narrow aperture, fertilizes these pistillate flowers, and lays its eggs in some ovaries, with galls being formed by the developing larvae. In due course, staminate flowers develop inside the syconium. Wingless male wasps hatch and mate with females
339:
which can probe deep into tubular flowers. Butterflies mostly fly by day and are particularly attracted to pink, mauve and purple flowers. The flowers are often large and scented, and the stamens are so-positioned that pollen is deposited on the insects while they feed on the nectar. Moths are mostly
348:
Inflorescences pollinated by beetles tend to be flat with open corollas or small flowers clustered in a head with multiple, projecting anthers that shed pollen readily. The flowers are often green or pale-coloured, and heavily scented, often with fruity or spicy aromas, but sometimes with odours of
364:
can visit more advanced blooms, but their purpose is to nourish themselves, and any transfer of pollen from one flower to another happens haphazardly. The small size of many flies is often made up for by their abundance, however they are unreliable pollinators as they may bear incompatible pollen,
220:
Wind and water pollination require the production of vast quantities of pollen because of the chancy nature of its deposition. If they are not to be reliant on the wind or water (for aquatic species), plants need pollinators to move their pollen grains from one plant to another. They particularly
371:
orchids are pollinated by midges unique to each species. Due to mutual specialisation, pollinators are highly dependent on floral diversity. Therefore, losses in plant diversity, such as those carried on by increasing land use, may be linked to extinctions of pollinators. A decline, for whatever
384:
will cling on to a flower while vibrating its flight muscles, and this dislodges the pollen. Because bees care for their brood, they need to collect more food than just to maintain themselves, and therefore are important pollinators. Other bees are nectar thieves and bite their way through the
344:
tend to visit larger flowers and hover as they feed; they transfer pollen by means of the proboscis. Other moths land on the usually smaller flowers, which may be aggregated into flowerheads. Their energetic needs are not so great as those of hawkmoths and they are offered smaller quantities of
375:
Flowers pollinated by bees and wasps vary in shape, colour and size. Yellow or blue plants are often visited, and flowers may have ultra-violet nectar guides, that help the insect to find the nectary. Some flowers, like sage or pea, have lower lips that will only open when sufficiently heavy
548:-bearing plants. Other flowering plants are mostly pollinated by insects (or birds or bats), which seems to be the primitive state, and some plants have secondarily developed wind pollination. Some plants that are wind pollinated have vestigial nectaries, and other plants like
99:
of insects and flowering plants in the development of pollination behaviour by the insects and pollination mechanisms by the flowers, benefiting both groups. Both the size and the density of a population are known to affect pollination and subsequent reproductive performance.
435:
in the
Mediterranean area. The plant attracts these insects by producing a scent that mimics the scent of the female bee. In addition, the lip acts as a decoy, as the male bee confuses it with a female that is visiting a pink flower. Pollen transfer occurs during the ensuing
203:
from 125 to 90 Ma, would displace many of the gymnosperm lineages and cause the extinction of many of their pollinators, while some would transition to angiosperms and some new families would form pollination associations with angiosperms. Traits such as
496:
in the galls before tunnelling their way out of the developing fruit. The winged females, now laden with pollen, follow, flying off to find other receptive syconia at the right stage of development. Most species of fig have their own unique
332:(wind-pollinated) plants, which has to be produced in much larger quantities because such a high proportion is wasted. This is energetically costly, but in contrast, entomophilous plants have to bear the energetic costs of producing nectar.
320:. On the other hand, some plants are generalists, being pollinated by insects in several orders. Entomophilous plant species have frequently evolved mechanisms to make themselves more appealing to insects, e.g., brightly coloured or scented
1517:
Goffinet, Bernard; Shaw, A. Jonathan; Cox, Cymon J. (2004). "Phylogenetic inferences in the dung-moss family
Splachnaceae from analyses of cpDNA sequence data and implications for the evolution of entomophily".
776:
Labandeira, Conrad C.; Yang, Qiang; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; Hotton, Carol L.; Monteiro, Antónia; Wang, Yong-Jie; Goreva, Yulia; Shih, ChungKun; Siljeström, Sandra; Rose, Tim R.; Dilcher, David L. (2016-02-10).
901:
Khramov, Alexander V.; Yan, Evgeny; Kopylov, Dmitry S. (December 2019). "Nature's failed experiment: Long-proboscid
Neuroptera (Sisyridae: Paradoxosisyrinae) from Upper Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar".
1209:
Raddi (Anacardiaceae) in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil = Entomofauna associada à floração de
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil | Somavilla
376:
insects, such as bees, land on them. With the lip depressed, the anthers may bow down to deposit pollen on the insect's back. Other flowers, like tomato, may only liberate their pollen by
266:
Insect-pollinated flowers are usually more striking than wind-pollinated flowers, as they need to advertise themselves to insects. Compare the flowers of the insect-pollinated sedge
394:
and in certain desert plants with small blossoms near the ground with little fragrance or visual attraction, small quantities of nectar and limited quantities of sticky pollen.
1137:
95:
have adaptations for their role, such as lapping or sucking mouthparts to take in nectar, and in some species also pollen baskets on their hind legs. This required the
1649:
1269:
Oliveira, P.E.; Gibbs, P.E.; Barbosa, A.A. (2004). "Moth pollination of woody species in the
Cerrados of Central Brazil: a case of so much owed to so few?".
187:
relationships with specific insect species (typically beetles) which pollinate them. Such relationships extend back to at least the late
Mesozoic, with both
945:
Peñalver, Enrique; Arillo, Antonio; Pérez-de la Fuente, Ricardo; Riccio, Mark L.; Delclòs, Xavier; Barrón, Eduardo; Grimaldi, David A. (July 2015).
1933:
587:
1572:
1501:
1463:
1394:
1315:
1253:
1113:
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Unspecialised flies with short proboscides are found visiting primitive flowers with readily accessible nectar. More specialised flies like
608:"Consequences of plant population size and density for plant-pollinator interactions and plant performance: Plant-pollinator interactions"
340:
nocturnal and are attracted by night-blooming plants. The flowers of these are often tubular, pale in colour and fragrant only at night.
1141:
556:
is primarily wind pollinated, but is also visited by insects which pollinate it. In general, showy, colourful, fragrant flowers like
644:
Peris, David; Pérez-de la Fuente, Ricardo; Peñalver, Enrique; Delclòs, Xavier; Barrón, Eduardo; Labandeira, Conrad C. (March 2017).
402:
200:
135:, developed flower-like structures that were likely insect pollinated. Insects pollination for gymnosperms likely originated in the
1642:
1658:
2048:
2243:
2131:
1724:
719:
Zhao, Xiangdong; Wang, Bo; Bashkuev, Alexey S.; Aria, Cédric; Zhang, Qingqing; Zhang, Haichun; et al. (March 2020).
1002:
Khramov, Alexander V.; Lukashevich, Elena D. (2019). "A Jurassic dipteran pollinator with an extremely long proboscis".
834:
Liu, Qing; Lu, Xiumei; Zhang, Qingqing; Chen, Jun; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhang, Weiwei; Liu, Xingyue; Wang, Bo (2018-09-17).
328:, or appealing shapes and patterns. Pollen grains of entomophilous plants are generally larger than the fine pollens of
1411:
2253:
2181:
1635:
2161:
2141:
1520:
1483:
167:
flies, as well as some extant families that specialised on gymnosperms before switching to angiosperms, including
1565:
552:
that are regularly pollinated by insects, produce clouds of pollen and some wind pollination is inevitable. The
2126:
2121:
1165:"Transition from wind pollination to insect pollination in sedges: experimental evidence and functional traits"
410:
mimics bees in appearance and scent, implying close coevolution of a species of flower and a species of insect.
1045:
Cai, Chenyang; Escalona, Hermes E.; Li, Liqin; Yin, Ziwei; Huang, Diying; Engel, Michael S. (September 2018).
2238:
2028:
2005:
1918:
1493:
1487:
646:"False Blister Beetles and the Expansion of Gymnosperm-Insect Pollination Modes before Angiosperm Dominance"
268:
241:
152:
1164:
2093:
353:, include traps designed to retain the beetles in contact with the reproductive parts for longer periods.
195:
beetles (which still pollinate cycads today) from the
Cretaceous being found with preserved cycad pollen.
76:
79:
with bright colours, sometimes with conspicuous patterns (honey guides) leading to rewards of pollen and
2186:
2078:
1868:
1863:
1714:
1204:
234:
2233:
2033:
1827:
1814:
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1479:
1344:
1140:. University of California, Davis: College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Archived from
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Ants are not well adapted to pollination but they have been shown to perform this function in
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corolla in order to raid the nectary, in the process bypassing the reproductive structures.
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2018:
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to attract flies) have evolved independently in several unrelated angiosperm families.
156:
45:
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624:
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1977:
1747:
1614:
1438:
705:
575:
497:
427:
1627:
923:
779:"The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies"
2151:
1982:
1953:
1878:
1848:
1802:
1752:
1581:
571:
561:
415:
367:
293:
188:
176:
109:
96:
60:
860:
721:"Mouthpart homologies and life habits of Mesozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies"
1928:
1923:
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1592:
1282:
1071:
1046:
971:
946:
670:
645:
557:
537:
480:
341:
329:
285:
199:(flowering plants) first appeared during the Early Cretaceous, and during the
192:
128:
1364:
1184:
1023:
869:
802:
689:
2146:
1762:
606:
Mustajärvi, Kaisa; Siikamäki, Pirkko; Rytkönen, Saara; Lammi, Antti (2001).
541:
476:
381:
372:
reason, to one side of this partnership can be catastrophic for the other.
361:
336:
297:
172:
160:
140:
127:
from one plant to another. Prior to the appearance of flowering plants some
88:
1541:
1203:
Köhler, Andreas; Sühs, Rafael
Barbizan; Somavilla, Alexandre (2010-11-11).
1080:
980:
887:
820:
794:
762:
744:
697:
41:
17:
2043:
1948:
1790:
1785:
1604:
1533:
1333:"Pollinator diversity and specialization in relation to flower diversity"
566:
484:
458:
454:
2204:
1412:"Reproductive Assurance And The Evolution Of Pollination Specialization"
365:
and lack of suitable breeding habitats may limit their activities. Some
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1994:
1960:
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680:
549:
533:
357:
209:
136:
84:
1972:
1673:
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Fründ, Jochen; Linsenmair, Karl Eduard; Blüthgen, Nico (2010-09-14).
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431:
325:
321:
317:
80:
72:
64:
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beetles (which today are exclusively found on flowering plants) and
1430:
1943:
570:
are insect pollinated. The only entomophilous plants that are not
467:
442:
401:
180:
40:
29:
1987:
305:
301:
1631:
1554:
947:"Long-Proboscid Flies as Pollinators of Cretaceous Gymnosperms"
1550:
313:
309:
289:
92:
34:
532:
Wind pollination is the reproductive strategy adopted by the
83:; they may also have an attractive scent which in some cases
836:"High niche diversity in Mesozoic pollinating lacewings"
139:
period. Candidates for pollinators include extinct long
1410:
Fenster, Charles B.; Marten-Rodriguez, Silvana (2007).
783:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1163:
Wragg, Peter D.; Johnson, Steven D. (September 2011),
2172:
2114:
2066:
2017:
1902:
1841:
1813:
1771:
1740:
1683:
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1105:Convergent Evolution: Limited Forms Most Beautiful
418:with a particular pollinator species, such as the
1171:, vol. 191, no. 4, pp. 1128–1140,
426:in its northern ranges, but is pollinated by the
335:Butterflies and moths have hairy bodies and long
516:"cut in pieces, segmented", hence "insect"; and
1307:The Earth Under Threat: A Christian Perspective
1047:"Beetle Pollination of Cycads in the Mesozoic"
272:and the closely related, but wind-pollinated,
1643:
1566:
8:
1205:"Entomofauna associated to the floration of
123:(seed plants) were largely dependent on the
1680:
1650:
1636:
1628:
1573:
1559:
1551:
508:The word is artificially derived from the
75:. Flowers pollinated by insects typically
1378:
1376:
1374:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1070:
970:
877:
859:
810:
752:
679:
669:
623:
487:, formed by an enlarged, fleshy, hollow
349:decaying organic matter. Some, like the
1419:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1310:. Wild Goose Publications. p. 14.
1237:
1235:
598:
67:of plants, especially but not only of
1934:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
588:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
1492:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom:
1452:Faegri, K.; Van Der Pijl, L. (2013).
1383:Faegri, K.; Van Der Pijl, L. (2013).
1242:Faegri, K.; Van Der Pijl, L. (2013).
7:
639:
637:
635:
422:. The species is almost exclusively
574:are the dung-mosses of the family
25:
1455:Principles of Pollination Ecology
1386:Principles of Pollination Ecology
1245:Principles of Pollination Ecology
1138:"Pollinators We Never Talk About"
2203:
1357:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18450.x
1177:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03762.x
625:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x
249:
233:
1271:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1108:. MIT Press. pp. 118–120.
2049:Home-stored product entomology
1458:. Elsevier. pp. 176–177.
1389:. Elsevier. pp. 102–110.
475:arrangement with certain tiny
27:Form of pollination by insects
1:
2132:Decline in insect populations
1725:List of insect-inspired songs
924:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.07.010
91:. Insect pollinators such as
1304:Prance, Ghillean T. (1996).
1248:. Elsevier. pp. 34–36.
2270:
2162:Pesticide toxicity to bees
2142:List of endangered insects
1521:American Journal of Botany
1102:McGhee, George R. (2011).
861:10.1038/s41467-018-06120-5
125:wind to carry their pollen
107:
2200:
1588:
1283:10.1007/s00606-003-0120-0
1072:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.036
972:10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.062
671:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.009
483:, the inflorescence is a
380:, a technique in which a
143:insect groups, including
2127:Colony collapse disorder
2122:Bees and toxic chemicals
1207:Schinus terebinthifolius
1024:10.1016/j.gr.2019.02.004
453:(fig) fruit showing the
2029:Insect bites and stings
2006:Drosophila melanogaster
1919:Biological pest control
1494:Oxford University Press
1489:A Greek-English Lexicon
269:Cyperus sphaerocephalus
242:Cyperus sphaerocephalus
208:(emitting the odour of
2094:Rats, Lice and History
795:10.1098/rspb.2015.2893
745:10.1126/sciadv.aay1259
462:
411:
49:
38:
2079:Alfred Russel Wallace
1864:Entomological warfare
1715:Insects in literature
1480:Liddell, Henry George
840:Nature Communications
446:
405:
398:Plant-insect pairings
215:
153:Pseudopolycentropodid
108:Further information:
44:
33:
2244:Evolutionary biology
2034:Insect sting allergy
1828:Cicadas in mythology
1534:10.3732/ajb.91.5.748
1057:(17): 2806–2812.e1.
391:Polygonum cascadense
201:angiosperm radiation
77:advertise themselves
71:, is distributed by
37:pollinating a flower
2137:Habitat destruction
1889:Insects in religion
1349:2010Oikos.119.1581F
1063:2018CBio...28E2806C
1016:2019GondR..71..210K
963:2015CBio...25.1917P
916:2019CrRes.10404180K
904:Cretaceous Research
852:2018NatCo...9.3793L
737:2020SciA....6.1259Z
662:2017CBio...27..897P
447:Cross section of a
414:Some plant species
48:covered with pollen
2254:Insects in culture
2210:Insects portal
2182:Insects and humans
1710:Arthropods in film
1659:Human interactions
1214:Bioscience Journal
789:(1824): 20152893.
612:Journal of Ecology
465:Figs in the genus
463:
412:
275:Cyperus esculentus
258:Cyperus esculentus
57:insect pollination
50:
39:
2216:
2215:
2105:Insect Literature
2062:
2061:
1961:Carmine/Cochineal
1914:Beneficial insect
1884:Insects in ethics
1833:Scarab (artifact)
1823:Bees in mythology
1732:Insects on stamps
1625:
1624:
1503:978-0-19-910207-5
1465:978-1-4832-9303-5
1396:978-1-4832-9303-5
1343:(10): 1581–1590.
1317:978-0-947988-80-7
1255:978-1-4832-9303-5
1115:978-0-262-01642-1
1004:Gondwana Research
957:(14): 1917–1923.
500:species of wasp.
457:with pollinating
284:Many insects are
216:The plant's needs
16:(Redirected from
2261:
2208:
2207:
2084:Jean-Henri Fabre
1859:Cricket fighting
1854:Cockroach racing
1720:Insects in music
1681:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1629:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1449:
1443:
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1416:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1380:
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1328:
1322:
1321:
1301:
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1294:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1239:
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1200:
1194:
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1192:
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1160:
1154:
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1151:
1149:
1144:on 10 April 2016
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992:
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898:
892:
891:
881:
863:
831:
825:
824:
814:
773:
767:
766:
756:
731:(10): eaay1259.
725:Science Advances
716:
710:
709:
683:
673:
641:
630:
629:
627:
603:
438:pseudocopulation
424:self-pollinating
378:buzz pollination
351:giant water lily
253:
237:
161:Paradoxosisyrine
69:flowering plants
21:
2269:
2268:
2264:
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2020:
2013:
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1809:
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1676:
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1621:
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1515:
1511:
1504:
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1414:
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1404:
1397:
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1303:
1302:
1298:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1169:New Phytologist
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1051:Current Biology
1044:
1043:
1039:
1001:
1000:
996:
951:Current Biology
944:
943:
939:
900:
899:
895:
833:
832:
828:
775:
774:
770:
718:
717:
713:
650:Current Biology
643:
642:
633:
605:
604:
600:
596:
584:
530:
528:Taxonomic range
506:
450:Ficus glomerata
400:
288:, particularly
282:
281:
280:
279:
263:
262:
261:
254:
246:
245:
238:
227:
218:
155:scorpionflies,
145:Aneuretopsychid
117:
112:
106:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2251:
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2239:Insect ecology
2236:
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2221:
2220:
2214:
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2144:
2139:
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2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
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2109:
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2101:Lafcadio Hearn
2098:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Jan Swammerdam
2070:
2068:
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2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2000:Model organism
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Insect farming
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:Artificial fly
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1691:Insects in art
1687:
1685:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1528:(5): 748–759.
1509:
1502:
1471:
1464:
1444:
1431:10.1086/509647
1425:(2): 215–228.
1402:
1395:
1370:
1323:
1316:
1296:
1277:(1–2): 41–54.
1261:
1254:
1231:
1195:
1155:
1121:
1114:
1094:
1037:
994:
937:
893:
826:
768:
711:
656:(6): 897–904.
631:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
583:
580:
554:hoary plantain
550:common heather
529:
526:
505:
502:
491:with multiple
479:wasps. In the
399:
396:
265:
264:
255:
248:
247:
239:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
226:
223:
217:
214:
179:flies. Living
163:lacewings and
157:Kalligrammatid
121:spermatophytes
116:
113:
105:
102:
46:Soldier beetle
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2266:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Neonicotinoid
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:Other aspects
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
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1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1702:Musca depicta
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
897:
894:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
827:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
769:
764:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
638:
636:
632:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
599:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:
460:
456:
452:
451:
445:
441:
439:
434:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
409:
404:
397:
395:
393:
392:
386:
383:
379:
373:
370:
369:
363:
359:
354:
352:
346:
343:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
276:
271:
270:
260:
259:
252:
244:
243:
236:
224:
222:
213:
211:
207:
206:sapromyophily
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:Bennettitales
130:
126:
122:
114:
111:
103:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:is a form of
58:
54:
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
2187:Insecticides
2104:
2092:
2089:Hans Zinsser
2054:Clothes moth
2004:
1815:In mythology
1748:Fishing bait
1700:
1615:Ornithophily
1609:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1488:
1484:Robert Scott
1474:
1454:
1447:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1385:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1306:
1299:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1244:
1222:. Retrieved
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1188:, retrieved
1168:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1104:
1097:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1007:
1003:
997:
954:
950:
940:
907:
903:
896:
843:
839:
829:
786:
782:
771:
728:
724:
714:
653:
649:
618:(1): 80–87.
615:
611:
601:
576:Splachnaceae
565:
531:
521:
513:
507:
466:
464:
448:
430:
428:solitary bee
413:
389:
387:
374:
366:
355:
347:
334:
330:anemophilous
283:
273:
267:
256:
240:
219:
118:
56:
52:
51:
2234:Pollination
2173:Categories,
2152:Insecticide
1983:Sericulture
1954:Royal jelly
1879:Flea circus
1869:Entomophagy
1803:Cantharidin
1798:Spanish fly
1773:In medicine
1753:Fly fishing
1684:In the arts
1610:Entomophily
1582:Pollination
1136:Kimsey, L.
1010:: 210–215.
846:(1): 3793.
681:2445/163381
572:seed plants
524:, "loved".
512:: εντομο-,
473:mutualistic
368:Pterostylis
337:proboscides
298:butterflies
294:Lepidoptera
286:pollinators
197:Angiosperms
185:mutualistic
169:Nemestrinid
165:Zhangsolvid
149:Mesopsychid
129:gymnosperms
110:Coevolution
104:Coevolution
97:coevolution
61:pollination
53:Entomophily
2223:Categories
2192:Pesticides
1929:Bee pollen
1924:Beekeeping
1906:entomology
1849:Biomimicry
1781:Apitherapy
1741:In fishing
1696:Beetlewing
1677:in culture
1598:Hydrophily
1593:Anemophily
1190:2024-05-30
910:: 104180.
594:References
558:sunflowers
489:receptacle
481:common fig
420:bee orchid
416:co-evolved
408:bee orchid
225:Mechanisms
131:, such as
119:The early
89:pheromones
18:Entomogamy
2175:templates
2147:Pesticide
1763:Fly tying
1365:0030-1299
1185:0028-646X
1032:134847380
932:199111088
870:2041-1723
803:0962-8452
690:0960-9822
504:Etymology
498:commensal
459:fig wasps
382:bumblebee
342:Hawkmoths
189:oedemerid
177:Acrocerid
141:proboscis
2115:Concerns
2067:Pioneers
2044:Woodworm
1949:Propolis
1904:Economic
1791:Melittin
1786:Apitoxin
1605:Zoophily
1542:21653429
1486:(1980).
1291:21936259
1224:18 April
1148:25 March
1089:52038878
1081:30122529
989:13022302
981:26166781
888:30224679
821:26842570
763:32181343
698:28262492
582:See also
567:Buddleja
485:syconium
455:syconium
362:Tabanids
358:syrphids
345:nectar.
193:boganiid
63:whereby
2039:Bed bug
2021:insects
2019:Harmful
1995:Shellac
1939:Beeswax
1894:Jingzhe
1674:insects
1670:Aspects
1663:insects
1439:1890083
1345:Bibcode
1210:|"
1059:Bibcode
1012:Bibcode
959:Bibcode
912:Bibcode
879:6141599
848:Bibcode
812:4760178
754:7056314
733:Bibcode
706:3967504
658:Bibcode
562:orchids
534:grasses
514:entomo-
493:ovaries
477:agaonid
471:have a
461:inside.
322:flowers
318:beetles
210:carrion
173:Tabanid
137:Permian
115:History
87:insect
73:insects
2249:Plants
2229:Botany
1978:Kermes
1973:Chitin
1966:Polish
1540:
1500:
1462:
1437:
1393:
1363:
1314:
1289:
1252:
1183:
1112:
1087:
1079:
1030:
987:
979:
930:
886:
876:
868:
819:
809:
801:
761:
751:
704:
696:
688:
546:catkin
542:rushes
538:sedges
432:Eucera
326:nectar
181:cycads
85:mimics
81:nectar
65:pollen
1944:Honey
1661:with
1435:S2CID
1415:(PDF)
1337:Oikos
1287:S2CID
1085:S2CID
1028:S2CID
985:S2CID
928:S2CID
702:S2CID
522:phile
510:Greek
468:Ficus
310:flies
306:wasps
302:moths
183:have
1988:Silk
1538:PMID
1498:ISBN
1482:and
1460:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1361:ISSN
1312:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1226:2014
1181:ISSN
1150:2016
1110:ISBN
1077:PMID
977:PMID
884:PMID
866:ISSN
817:PMID
799:ISSN
759:PMID
694:PMID
686:ISSN
564:and
544:and
518:φίλη
406:The
360:and
316:and
314:ants
300:and
290:bees
175:and
159:and
151:and
93:bees
1672:of
1530:doi
1427:doi
1423:168
1353:doi
1341:119
1279:doi
1275:245
1220:(6)
1173:doi
1067:doi
1020:doi
967:doi
920:doi
908:104
874:PMC
856:doi
807:PMC
791:doi
787:283
749:PMC
741:doi
676:hdl
666:doi
620:doi
304:),
55:or
35:Bee
2225::
1536:.
1526:91
1524:.
1496:.
1433:.
1421:.
1417:.
1373:^
1359:.
1351:.
1339:.
1335:.
1285:.
1273:.
1234:^
1218:26
1216:.
1212:.
1179:,
1167:,
1124:^
1083:.
1075:.
1065:.
1055:28
1053:.
1049:.
1026:.
1018:.
1008:71
1006:.
983:.
975:.
965:.
955:25
953:.
949:.
926:.
918:.
906:.
882:.
872:.
864:.
854:.
842:.
838:.
815:.
805:.
797:.
785:.
781:.
757:.
747:.
739:.
727:.
723:.
700:.
692:.
684:.
674:.
664:.
654:27
652:.
648:.
634:^
616:89
614:.
610:.
578:.
560:,
540:,
536:,
520:,
440:.
324:,
312:,
308:,
292:,
171:,
147:,
2107:)
2103:(
2097:)
2091:(
1651:e
1644:t
1637:v
1574:e
1567:t
1560:v
1544:.
1532::
1506:.
1468:.
1441:.
1429::
1399:.
1367:.
1355::
1347::
1320:.
1293:.
1281::
1258:.
1228:.
1175::
1152:.
1118:.
1091:.
1069::
1061::
1034:.
1022::
1014::
991:.
969::
961::
934:.
922::
914::
890:.
858::
850::
844:9
823:.
793::
765:.
743::
735::
729:6
708:.
678::
668::
660::
628:.
622::
296:(
278:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
