437:
420:
507:. Bauer et al. speculated that the teliospore tetrad in entorrhizomycetes might represent the ancestral state of dikaryan meiosporangia. This is based on the observation that the septa in the tetrads have pores, and that the tetrad compartments germinate into hyphae terminating in propagules. The basidial cells separated by pored septa in basidiomycete phragmobasidia represent meiospores that in turn release vegetative propagules (that are usually characterised as
63:
511:). It is possible that an ancestral structure similar to the teliospore tetrad evolved into phragmobasidia which in turn evolved into holobasidia on multiple occasions during the transition from water-dispersal to air-dispersal. If entorrhizomycetes are sister to Dikarya, it is also possible that the teliospore tetrad is homologous to the meiospore tetrads of early-diverging ascomycetes.
739:"Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota)"
403:. Teliospores germinate into tetrads through internal septation, and each tetrad compartment produce hyphae that terminate in sigmoid propagules. Bauer et al. noted that young teliospores have two nuclei, older teliospores have only one nucleus, and each tetrad compartment has one nucelus each. This indicates that
542:
epochs. Given that these divergence estimates are incongruent or only slightly congruent with the estimated stem ages of the host plant lineages, and incongruence in the co-phylogeny between
Entorrhizales and host plants, host-shift speciation is more likely to have occurred than co-speciation during
411:
occurs in the teliospore. It has been observed that teliospores are liberated when the host plant dies and the galls disintegrate, and that the number of galls is higher in waterlogged soils compared to well-drained soils. These observations might support the hypothesis that entorrhizomycetes
551:
in the past. Another explanation is that much of the diversity in this phylum remains undiscovered. The latter explanation is supported by the fact that host plants don't show any aboveground symptoms of infection, and there might be species that don't cause galls on their hosts.
546:
Entorrhizomycetes have much lower number of species and more limited host range than their estimated age would indicate. One possible explanation is that many lineages have gone extinct along with their hosts during
436:
503:
as a whole. Entorrhizomycetes share many traits with basidiomycetes such as dikaryotic vegetative mycelium, fibrillate cell walls, hyphal septa with a tripartite profile, and similarities in the
879:"The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae"
395:. Younger segments of the galls are pale in color whilst older segments turn brown. Mycelium consists of dikaryotic and septate hyphae with fibrillate walls that lack
1079:
1118:
1169:
1014:
399:. Initially, the mycelium grows intercellularily before producing coiled intracellular hyphae terminating in globose cells that detach and develop into
273:. A 2015 study did a "comprehensive five-gene analyses" of Entorrhiza and concluded that the former class Entorrhizomycetes is possibly either a close
1053:
1092:
569:
Begerow D, Stoll M, Bauer R (2006). "A phylogenetic hypothesis of
Ustilaginomycotina based on multiple gene analyses and morphological data".
479:
is distinguished from species in
Entorrhizales by hyphal septa with simple pores that lack caps or membranes (species in Entorrhizales have
463:
sensu stricto is diagnosed by teliospores with longitudinally ridged or cerebriform ornamentation and infecting plants belonging to
31:
781:"Identification of a new order of root-colonising fungi in the Entorrhizomycota: Talbotiomycetales ord. nov. on eudicotyledons"
738:
62:
1097:
518:
era. Divergence between
Talbotiomycetales and Entorrhizales is estimated to approximately 50 Mya, and divergence between
1123:
686:
Bauer R, Oberwinkler F, Vanky K (1997). "Ultrastructural markers and systematics in smut fungi and allied taxa".
387:
on the roots of hosts. Galls are tubercular with a globoid, irregular or elongated shape and are composed of
1174:
837:
Vánky K, Bauer R, Begerow D (2007). "Talbotiomyces, a new genus for
Entorrhiza calospora (Basidiomycota)".
49:
967:
548:
126:
Tedersoo, Sánchez-Ramírez, Kõljalg, Bahram, M. Döring, Schigel, T.W. May, M. Ryberg & Abarenkov (2018)
1005:
737:
Wijayawardene NN, Pawłowska J, Letcher PM, Kirk PM, Humber RA, Schüßler A, et al. (September 2018).
713:
471:
is diagnosed by teliospores with verrucose-tuberculate ornamentation and infecting plants belonging to
291:
188:
1133:
1045:
890:
640:
267:
312:
916:
846:
761:
514:
The stem age of the
Entorrhizomycota has been estimated to approximately 560 Mya during the late
424:
345:
270:
198:
57:
43:
356:
158:
1141:
1027:
908:
810:
668:
586:
504:
376:
1146:
947:
898:
800:
792:
753:
695:
658:
648:
578:
396:
224:
1084:
419:
629:"Entorrhizomycota: A New Fungal Phylum Reveals New Perspectives on the Evolution of Fungi"
388:
220:
894:
644:
1040:
805:
780:
663:
628:
515:
484:
936:"Inoculation studies of Juncus articulatus with Entorrhiza casparyana (Ustilaginales)"
1163:
1019:
508:
496:
413:
239:
181:
935:
920:
850:
796:
765:
877:
Riess K, Schön ME, Ziegler R, Lutz M, Shivas RG, Piątek M, Garnica S (2019-03-01).
274:
97:
779:
Riess K, Bauer R, Kellner R, Kemler M, Piątek M, Vánky K, Begerow D (June 2015).
653:
1066:
1032:
999:
582:
903:
878:
757:
464:
400:
263:
243:
150:
990:
912:
535:
472:
404:
259:
164:
74:
814:
672:
590:
1105:
984:
392:
251:
495:
539:
500:
408:
235:
141:
107:
30:
1071:
627:
Bauer R, Garnica S, Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Weiß M, Begerow D (2015).
1110:
84:
961:
951:
699:
1058:
435:
418:
380:
247:
231:
38:
266:(sedge) families. Prior to 2015 this phylum was placed under the
384:
255:
965:
483:
that lack caps or membranes) and infecting plants belonging to
714:"Subphylum Entorrhizomycotina - Hierarchy - The Taxonomicon"
285:
543:
974:
443:sp. hyphae and teliospores in living host cell.
622:
620:
8:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
526:is estimated to approximately 42 Mya. Both
962:
29:
20:
902:
804:
662:
652:
277:to the rest of Dikarya or Basidiomycota.
250:and is a small group of teliosporic root
561:
534:underwent a major radiation during the
375:All members of Entorrhizomycetes are
7:
1134:c4f1a68f-26d6-4aae-acb7-f8d646909d96
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
1170:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
883:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
391:, parenchymatous cells and fungal
14:
61:
797:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.07
317:Vánky, Bauer & Begerow 2007
1:
654:10.1371/journal.pone.0128183
339:Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
329:Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
208:Bauer & Oberwinkler 1997
1191:
940:Canadian Journal of Botany
688:Canadian Journal of Botany
583:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.906
428:with root galls caused by
934:Fineran JM (2011-01-31).
904:10.1007/s13127-018-0384-4
758:10.1007/s13225-018-0409-5
302:Family Talbotiomycetaceae
204:
197:
177:
172:
156:
149:
58:Scientific classification
56:
37:
28:
23:
455:are segregate taxa from
379:on the roots of plants.
718:taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl
350:Riess & Piątek 2019
549:mass extinction events
444:
433:
430:Juncorrhiza casparyana
499:or a sister group to
439:
422:
335:Family Entorrhizaceae
140:Begerow, Stoll &
50:Entorrhiza casparyana
839:Mycologica Balcanica
246:. It contains three
206:Entorrhizomycetidae
895:2019ODivE..19...13R
645:2015PLoSO..1028183B
326:Order Entorrhizales
445:
434:
425:Juncus articulatus
377:obligate parasites
271:Ustilaginomycotina
44:Juncus articulatus
24:Entorrhizomycetes
1157:
1156:
1142:Open Tree of Life
1006:Entorrhizomycetes
976:Entorrhizomycetes
968:Taxon identifiers
505:spindle pole body
412:disperse through
397:clamp connections
362:
351:
340:
330:
318:
307:
306:Riess et al. 2015
297:
296:Riess et al. 2015
292:Talbotiomycetales
258:on plants in the
217:Entorrhizomycetes
214:
213:
209:
189:Talbotiomycetales
145:
136:Entorrhizomycetes
127:
113:
1182:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1087:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1010:
1009:
1008:
995:
994:
993:
963:
956:
955:
946:(7): 1959–1963.
931:
925:
924:
906:
874:
855:
854:
834:
819:
818:
808:
776:
770:
769:
746:Fungal Diversity
743:
734:
728:
727:
725:
724:
710:
704:
703:
694:(8): 1273–1314.
683:
677:
676:
666:
656:
624:
595:
594:
566:
389:vascular bundles
383:are produced as
360:
349:
338:
328:
316:
305:
295:
228:Entorrhizomycota
207:
139:
125:
122:Entorrhizomycota
111:
66:
65:
41:on the roots of
33:
21:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1160:
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1122:
1117:
1109:
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1083:
1078:
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1052:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1004:
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998:
989:
988:
983:
970:
960:
959:
952:10.1139/b83-211
933:
932:
928:
876:
875:
858:
836:
835:
822:
778:
777:
773:
741:
736:
735:
731:
722:
720:
712:
711:
707:
700:10.1139/b97-842
685:
684:
680:
639:(7): e0128183.
626:
625:
598:
568:
567:
563:
558:
493:
373:
283:
168:
162:
138:
124:
110:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1175:Fungus classes
1172:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1138:
1128:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1050:
1037:
1024:
1011:
996:
980:
978:
972:
971:
966:
958:
957:
926:
856:
820:
791:(1): 129–133.
771:
729:
705:
678:
596:
577:(6): 906–916.
560:
559:
557:
554:
516:Neoproterozoic
492:
489:
485:Caryophyllales
372:
369:
368:
367:
366:
365:
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352:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
282:
279:
212:
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185:
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133:
129:
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119:
115:
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105:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
35:
34:
26:
25:
16:Class of fungi
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1148:
1143:
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1125:
1120:
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1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1001:
997:
992:
986:
982:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
821:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:(1): 43–129.
751:
747:
740:
733:
730:
719:
715:
709:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
646:
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619:
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592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
562:
555:
553:
550:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
509:basidiospores
506:
502:
498:
497:Basidiomycota
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
477:Talbotiomyces
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Talbotiomyces
442:
438:
431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
415:
414:soil moisture
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
359:
358:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
337:
336:
332:
331:
327:
324:
315:
314:
313:Talbotiomyces
309:
308:
304:
303:
299:
298:
294:
293:
288:
287:
286:
280:
278:
276:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Basidiomycota
237:
233:
230:, within the
229:
226:
222:
218:
210:
203:
200:
196:
191:
190:
186:
184:
183:
182:Entorrhizales
179:
178:
176:
171:
166:
161:
160:
155:
152:
148:
143:
137:
134:
131:
130:
123:
120:
117:
116:
112:Bauer (2015)
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
52:
51:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
975:
943:
939:
929:
889:(1): 13–30.
886:
882:
842:
838:
788:
784:
774:
749:
745:
732:
721:. Retrieved
717:
708:
691:
687:
681:
636:
632:
574:
570:
564:
545:
531:
527:
523:
519:
513:
494:
480:
476:
468:
460:
459:sensu lato.
456:
452:
448:
446:
440:
429:
423:
374:
355:
344:
334:
333:
325:
311:
301:
300:
289:
284:
275:sister group
227:
219:is the sole
216:
215:
205:
187:
180:
157:
135:
121:
104:Subkingdom:
98:Symbiomycota
91:
48:
42:
18:
1067:iNaturalist
1000:Wikispecies
532:Juncorrhiza
524:Juncorrhiza
469:Juncorrhiza
453:Juncorrhiza
441:Juncorrhiza
401:teliospores
346:Juncorrhiza
268:subdivision
262:(rush) and
238:along with
234:subkingdom
47:induced by
1164:Categories
785:IMA Fungus
723:2023-08-21
556:References
528:Entorrhiza
520:Entorrhiza
465:Cyperaceae
461:Entorrhiza
457:Entorrhiza
371:Morphology
361:Weber 1884
357:Entorrhiza
264:Cyperaceae
254:that form
244:Ascomycota
159:Entorrhiza
151:Type genus
118:Division:
913:1618-1077
845:: 11–14.
571:Mycologia
536:Oligocene
491:Evolution
481:dolipores
473:Juncaceae
467:, whilst
432:(arrows).
405:karyogamy
260:Juncaceae
252:parasites
165:C.A.Weber
81:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
1106:MycoBank
1041:Fungorum
1020:60013119
1015:AusFungi
985:Wikidata
921:59945449
851:89569780
815:26203418
766:52303619
673:26200112
633:PLOS ONE
591:17486967
393:mycelium
281:Taxonomy
199:Synonyms
71:Domain:
991:Q137537
891:Bibcode
806:4500077
664:4511587
641:Bibcode
540:Miocene
501:Dikarya
409:meiosis
236:Dikarya
223:in the
142:R.Bauer
132:Class:
108:Dikarya
1147:180326
1131:NZOR:
1111:501482
1098:936302
1072:152041
1046:501482
919:
911:
849:
813:
803:
764:
671:
661:
589:
354:Genus
343:Genus
310:Genus
290:Order
248:genera
225:phylum
173:Order
167:(1884)
144:(2007)
1124:62907
1080:IRMNG
917:S2CID
847:S2CID
762:S2CID
742:(PDF)
447:Both
385:galls
256:galls
232:Fungi
221:class
92:Clade
85:Fungi
39:Galls
1119:NCBI
1093:ITIS
1085:1389
1054:GBIF
909:ISSN
811:PMID
669:PMID
587:PMID
538:and
530:and
522:and
451:and
407:and
381:Sori
242:and
1059:272
1028:CoL
948:doi
899:doi
801:PMC
793:doi
754:doi
696:doi
659:PMC
649:doi
579:doi
1166::
1144::
1121::
1108::
1095::
1082::
1069::
1056::
1043::
1033:B3
1030::
1017::
1002::
987::
944:61
942:.
938:.
915:.
907:.
897:.
887:19
885:.
881:.
859:^
841:.
823:^
809:.
799:.
787:.
783:.
760:.
750:92
748:.
744:.
716:.
692:75
690:.
667:.
657:.
647:.
637:10
635:.
631:.
599:^
585:.
575:98
573:.
487:.
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416:.
94::
954:.
950::
923:.
901::
893::
853:.
843:4
817:.
795::
789:6
768:.
756::
726:.
702:.
698::
675:.
651::
643::
593:.
581::
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