834:. The combustion of a stoichiometric mixture of fuel and oxidizer (e.g. two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen) in a steel container at 25 Β°C (77 Β°F) is initiated by an ignition device and the reactions allowed to complete. When hydrogen and oxygen react during combustion, water vapor is produced. The vessel and its contents are then cooled to the original 25 Β°C and the higher heating value is determined as the heat released between identical initial and final temperatures.
686:) indicates the upper limit of the available thermal energy produced by a complete combustion of fuel. It is measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance. The HHV is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature, including condensing any vapor produced. Such measurements often use a standard temperature of 25 Β°C (77 Β°F; 298 K). This is the same as the thermodynamic heat of combustion since the
3390:
3404:
732:) is another measure of available thermal energy produced by a combustion of fuel, measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance. In contrast to the HHV, the LHV considers energy losses such as the energy used to vaporize water - although its exact definition is not uniformly agreed upon. One definition is simply to subtract the
873:). For hydrogen, the difference is much more significant as it includes the sensible heat of water vapor between 150 Β°C and 100 Β°C, the latent heat of condensation at 100 Β°C, and the sensible heat of the condensed water between 100 Β°C and 25 Β°C. In all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 18.2% above its lower heating value (142
1096:
Engine manufacturers typically rate their engines fuel consumption by the lower heating values since the exhaust is never condensed in the engine, and doing this allows them to publish more attractive numbers than are used in conventional power plant terms. The conventional power industry had used
1100:
The difference between HHV and LHV definitions causes endless confusion when quoters do not bother to state the convention being used. since there is typically a 10% difference between the two methods for a power plant burning natural gas. For simply benchmarking part of a reaction the LHV may be
235:
By convention, the (higher) heat of combustion is defined to be the heat released for the complete combustion of a compound in its standard state to form stable products in their standard states: hydrogen is converted to water (in its liquid state), carbon is converted to carbon dioxide gas, and
1026:
856:
The difference between the two heating values depends on the chemical composition of the fuel. In the case of pure carbon or carbon monoxide, the two heating values are almost identical, the difference being the sensible heat content of carbon dioxide between 150 Β°C and 25 Β°C
1097:
HHV (high heat value) exclusively for decades, even though virtually all of these plants did not condense exhaust either. American consumers should be aware that the corresponding fuel-consumption figure based on the higher heating value will be somewhat higher.
3723:
707:
used for space heat). In other words, HHV assumes all the water component is in liquid state at the end of combustion (in product of combustion) and that heat delivered at temperatures below 150 Β°C (302 Β°F) can be put to use.
802:
The definition in which the combustion products are all returned to the reference temperature is more easily calculated from the higher heating value than when using other definitions and will in fact give a slightly different answer.
690:
change for the reaction assumes a common temperature of the compounds before and after combustion, in which case the water produced by combustion is condensed to a liquid. The higher heating value takes into account the
762:
and other reaction products is not recovered. It is useful in comparing fuels where condensation of the combustion products is impractical, or heat at a temperature below 150 Β°C (302 Β°F) cannot be put to use.
898:
1113:
Both HHV and LHV can be expressed in terms of AR (all moisture counted), MF and MAF (only water from combustion of hydrogen). AR, MF, and MAF are commonly used for indicating the heating values of coal:
3584:
It gives 545 kJ/mole, whereas the value calculated from heats of formation is around 1561 kJ/mole. For glycerine trinitrate (nitroglycerine) it gives 0, though nitroglycerine does not actually combust.
1068:
Most applications that burn fuel produce water vapor, which is unused and thus wastes its heat content. In such applications, the lower heating value must be used to give a 'benchmark' for the process.
3724:"The difference between LCV and HCV (or Lower and Higher Heating Value, or Net and Gross) is clearly understood by all energy engineers. There is no 'right' or 'wrong' definition. - Claverton Group"
3176:
There is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combustion of carbon, carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed during the combustion of those substances.
814:
accounts for water in the exhaust leaving as vapor, as does LHV, but gross heating value also includes liquid water in the fuel prior to combustion. This value is important for fuels like
848:
Note: Higher heating value (HHV) is calculated with the product of water being in liquid form while lower heating value (LHV) is calculated with the product of water being in vapor form.
791:
of all combustion products minus the enthalpy of the fuel at the reference temperature (API research project 44 used 25 Β°C. GPSA currently uses 60 Β°F), minus the enthalpy of the
3687:
Hosokai, Sou; Matsuoka, Koichi; Kuramoto, Koji; Suzuki, Yoshizo (1 November 2016). "Modification of Dulong's formula to estimate heating value of gas, liquid and solid fuels".
115:
There are two kinds of enthalpy of combustion, called high(er) and low(er) heat(ing) value, depending on how much the products are allowed to cool and whether compounds like
758:
Another definition of the LHV is the amount of heat released when the products are cooled to 150 Β°C (302 Β°F). This means that the latent heat of vaporization of
148:
of the products and reactants (though this approach is somewhat artificial since most heats of formation are typically calculated from measured heats of combustion)..
445:
Zwolinski and
Wilhoit defined, in 1972, "gross" and "net" values for heats of combustion. In the gross definition the products are the most stable compounds, e.g.
3568:
Dlugogorski, B. Z.; Mawhinney, J. R.; Duc, V. H. (1994). "The
Measurement of Heat Release Rates by Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry in Fires Under Suppression".
1131:
indicates that the fuel heating value has been measured after the fuel has been dried of all inherent moisture but still retaining its ash-forming minerals.
3642:
602:
The heating value of a fuel can be calculated with the results of ultimate analysis of fuel. From analysis, percentages of the combustibles in the fuel (
3767:
787:
Another definition, used by Gas
Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) and originally used by API (data collected for API research project 44), is the
3835:
3657:
1141:(dry and ash-free) indicates that the fuel heating value has been measured in the absence of inherent moisture- and ash-forming minerals.
3881:
3857:
743:
LHV calculations assume that the water component of a combustion process is in vapor state at the end of combustion, as opposed to the
1021:{\displaystyle \mathrm {HHV} =\mathrm {LHV} +H_{\mathrm {v} }\left({\frac {n_{\mathrm {H_{2}O,out} }}{n_{\mathrm {fuel,in} }}}\right)}
1071:
However, for true energy calculations in some specific cases, the higher heating value is correct. This is particularly relevant for
841:(LHV) is determined, cooling is stopped at 150 Β°C and the reaction heat is only partially recovered. The limit of 150 Β°C is based on
3896:
82:
3359:
The lower heating value of natural gas is normally about 90% of its higher heating value. This table is in
Standard cubic metres (1
614:) are known. Since the heat of combustion of these elements is known, the heating value can be calculated using Dulong's Formula:
133:
889:
the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10% and 7%, respectively, and for natural gas about 11%.
132:. Low heat values are calculated from high heat value test data. They may also be calculated as the difference between the
3423:
1121:(as received) indicates that the fuel heating value has been measured with all moisture- and ash-forming minerals present.
3438:
767:
3418:
3189:
1102:
655:
are the contents of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur on any (wet, dry or ash free) basis, respectively.
3363:
503:(l). In the net definition the products are the gases produced when the compound is burned in an open flame, e.g.
404:
Chlorine and sulfur are not quite standardized; they are usually assumed to convert to hydrogen chloride gas and
3663:
799:) at the reference temperature, minus the heat of vaporization of the vapor content of the combustion products.
3906:
3901:
755:) which assumes that all of the water in a combustion process is in a liquid state after a combustion process.
733:
692:
3802:
740:
O formed as a vapor that is released as a waste. The energy required to vaporize the water is therefore lost.
1105:
calculations if only to avoid confusion, and in any case, the value or convention should be clearly stated.
2638:
2061:
432:, respectively, when the combustion is conducted in a bomb calorimeter containing some quantity of water.
191:
usually to a good approximation (Β±3%), though it gives poor results for some compounds such as (gaseous)
3483:
3428:
2305:
1084:
1087:
that condense the water vapor produced by combustion, recovering heat which would otherwise be wasted.
3541:
3448:
3713:
Air
Quality Engineering, CE 218A, W. Nazaroff and R. Harley, University of California Berkeley, 2007
3628:"Theoretical Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery from an Internal Combustion Engine in a Hybrid Vehicle"
3886:
3453:
2042:
3488:
2104:
2023:
870:
43:
3514:
3831:
3653:
2142:
1076:
3784:
3749:
3696:
3607:
3549:
3395:
866:
129:
3473:
3458:
3433:
3107:
3007:
2864:
2657:
2453:
2004:
881:
MJ/kg). For hydrocarbons, the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For
196:
3545:
699:
in the combustion products, and is useful in calculating heating values for fuels where
3891:
3443:
3327:
2926:
2888:
2245:
90:
17:
3875:
3409:
3337:
3192:
reports the following typical higher heating values per
Standard cubic metre of gas:
3026:
2348:
1411:
1080:
858:
792:
429:
3748:. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. NIST Office of Data and Informatics.
3317:
3307:
2988:
2969:
2945:
2907:
2820:
2619:
2410:
2391:
2223:
2085:
1345:
1309:
700:
192:
3700:
128:
are allowed to condense. The high heat values are conventionally measured with a
3554:
3529:
3493:
3468:
3257:
2760:
2123:
1721:
1533:
1363:
1185:
1072:
886:
862:
831:
102:
86:
55:
3515:"Effect of structural conduction and heat loss on combustion in micro-channels"
3530:"Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O 2"
3385:
3347:
3207:
2842:
2801:
2741:
1985:
1572:
1385:
74:
3478:
3403:
3237:
2779:
2491:
2434:
2286:
2267:
2185:
1966:
1702:
1696:
1636:
1588:
1529:
1517:
1451:
1181:
1169:
236:
nitrogen is converted to nitrogen gas. That is, the heat of combustion, Ξ
3612:
3595:
3277:
3179:
BTU/lb values are calculated from MJ/kg (1 MJ/kg = 430 BTU/lb).
3088:
3069:
2703:
2597:
2575:
2553:
2472:
2367:
2324:
2204:
2166:
1942:
1923:
1652:
1540:
1327:
1195:
882:
842:
788:
687:
607:
3627:
1075:, whose high hydrogen content produces much water, when it is burned in
3197:
3126:
3045:
2722:
2534:
2515:
1847:
1809:
1771:
1733:
1620:
1604:
1556:
1407:
1290:
1252:
1214:
3851:
3297:
3267:
3217:
3145:
2679:
1904:
1885:
1866:
1828:
1790:
1752:
1668:
1271:
1233:
704:
611:
603:
78:
70:
3753:
822:, which will usually contain some amount of water prior to burning.
3287:
3227:
1717:
1706:
759:
696:
94:
3858:"Lower and Higher Heating Values of Gas, Liquid and Solid Fuels"
3463:
3247:
1487:
1469:
1429:
1403:
1381:
819:
815:
59:
51:
47:
27:
Amount of heat released by combustion of a quantity of substance
1711:
1523:
1175:
736:
of the water from the higher heating value. This treats any H
552:(g). In both definitions the products for C, F, Cl and N are
703:
of the reaction products is practical (e.g., in a gas-fired
62:
released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.
3184:
Higher heating values of natural gases from various sources
869:
at constant temperature. Examples: heat of vaporization or
830:
The higher heating value is experimentally determined in a
97:
and release heat. It may be expressed with the quantities:
428:
gas, respectively, or to dilute aqueous hydrochloric and
1684:
1505:
1149:
89:
or other organic molecule reacting with oxygen to form
766:
One definition of lower heating value, adopted by the
244:, is the heat of reaction of the following process:
901:
73:
released as heat when a substance undergoes complete
3768:"CDP Technical Note: Conversion of fuel data to MWh"
3370:Β°C), to convert to values per Normal cubic metre (1
770:(API), uses a reference temperature of 60 Β°F (
1020:
3830:. Publication de l'Institut Français du Pétrole.
3648:. In Dwight E., Gray; Billings, Bruce H. (eds.).
3641:Zwolinski, Bruno J; Wilhoit, Randolf C. (1972).
1101:appropriate, but HHV should be used for overall
1686:Lower heating value for some organic compounds
861:exchange causes a change of temperature, while
1057:is the number of moles of water vaporized and
8:
3643:"Heats of formation and Heats of Combustion"
1433:
1151:Higher (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values
892:A common method of relating HHV to LHV is:
3596:"Heats of combustion of organic compounds"
1064:is the number of moles of fuel combusted.
3611:
3553:
987:
986:
958:
953:
952:
946:
935:
934:
916:
902:
900:
744:
838:
228:
224:
220:
216:
3739:
3737:
3600:Bureau of Standards Journal of Research
3528:Schmidt-Rohr, Klaus (8 December 2015).
3506:
85:. The chemical reaction is typically a
3650:American Institute of Physics Handbook
1038:is the heat of vaporization of water,
3378:Β°C), multiply above table by 1.0549.
175:, the (higher) heat of combustion is
7:
3803:"Key World Energy Statistics (2016)"
213:, such as for glycerine dinitrate,
3867:. U.S. Department of Energy. 2011.
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
991:
988:
976:
973:
970:
964:
955:
936:
923:
920:
917:
909:
906:
903:
199:, and can be significantly off if
25:
3652:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 316β342.
3594:Kharasch, M.S. (February 1929).
3402:
3388:
852:Relation between heating values
663:The higher heating value (HHV;
3517:. Taylor & Francis Online.
1153:of some common fuels at 25 Β°C
716:The lower heating value (LHV;
1:
3534:Journal of Chemical Education
3424:Cost of electricity by source
3701:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.06.040
3439:Energy conversion efficiency
1137:(moisture- and ash-free) or
768:American Petroleum Institute
3555:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00333
3419:Adiabatic flame temperature
3190:International Energy Agency
865:is added or subtracted for
693:latent heat of vaporization
151:For a fuel of composition C
3923:
3882:Engineering thermodynamics
3689:Fuel Processing Technology
1667:
1651:
1635:
1619:
1603:
1587:
1571:
1555:
1539:
1509:of some less common fuels
1486:
1468:
1450:
1428:
1402:
1380:
1362:
1344:
1326:
1308:
1289:
1270:
1251:
1232:
1213:
1194:
3063:
2963:
2882:
2697:
2509:
2428:
2385:
2342:
2160:
2079:
1960:
1727:
1160:
1157:
1146:Heat of combustion tables
111:energy/volume of the fuel
3897:Thermodynamic properties
3865:Biomass Energy Data Book
3744:Linstrom, Peter (2021).
3728:www.claverton-energy.com
826:Measuring heating values
1109:Accounting for moisture
3852:NIST Chemistry WebBook
3826:Guibet, J.-C. (1997).
3746:NIST Chemistry WebBook
3434:Energy content of fuel
2964:Aldehydes and ketones
2639:1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
2062:2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
1022:
680:higher calorific value
18:Enthalpy of combustion
3828:Carburants et moteurs
3484:Mechanical efficiency
3429:Electrical efficiency
1507:Higher heating value
1085:flue-gas condensation
1023:
749:gross calorific value
726:lower calorific value
673:gross calorific value
436:Ways of determination
3613:10.6028/jres.002.007
3449:Energy value of coal
899:
745:higher heating value
734:heat of vaporization
659:Higher heating value
58:), is the amount of
3570:Fire Safety Science
3546:2015JChEd..92.2094S
3454:Exothermic reaction
2043:2,3-Dimethylpentane
1689:
1510:
1154:
1127:(moisture-free) or
839:lower heating value
812:Gross heating value
807:Gross heating value
718:net calorific value
712:Lower heating value
669:upper heating value
592:(g), respectively.
108:energy/mass of fuel
83:standard conditions
3489:Thermal efficiency
2306:2-Methyl-1-pentene
2105:Methylcyclopentane
2024:2,3-Dimethylbutane
1685:
1506:
1150:
1077:condensing boilers
1018:
3837:978-2-7108-0704-9
3659:978-0-07-001485-5
3540:(12): 2094β2099.
3168:
3167:
3151:
3070:Carbon (graphite)
2143:Methylcyclohexane
1688:(at 25 Β°C )
1683:
1682:
1504:
1503:
1103:energy efficiency
1012:
867:phase transitions
134:heat of formation
16:(Redirected from
3914:
3868:
3862:
3841:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3789:webbook.nist.gov
3781:
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3758:
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3732:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3705:
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3684:
3678:
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3675:
3674:
3668:
3662:. Archived from
3647:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3566:
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3396:Chemistry portal
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3213:
3203:
3149:
2386:Nitrous derived
1690:
1511:
1155:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
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1013:
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876:
832:bomb calorimeter
783:
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775:
597:Dulong's Formula
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127:
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21:
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3921:
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3911:
3907:Thermochemistry
3902:Nuclear physics
3872:
3871:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3838:
3825:
3822:
3820:Further reading
3817:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3754:10.18434/T4D303
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3504:
3499:
3474:Internal energy
3459:Figure of merit
3408:
3401:
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3389:
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3384:
3375:
3371:
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3291:
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3251:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3186:
3108:Carbon monoxide
3008:Propionaldehyde
2865:Isoamyl alcohol
2454:Methylacetylene
2005:2-Methylpentane
1687:
1508:
1152:
1148:
1111:
1094:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1047:
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1037:
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197:carbon monoxide
176:
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156:
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67:calorific value
40:calorific value
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11:
5:
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3884:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3854:
3847:
3846:External links
3844:
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3842:
3836:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3794:
3776:
3759:
3733:
3715:
3706:
3679:
3658:
3633:
3619:
3586:
3577:
3561:
3520:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:: heat density
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:Energy density
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3399:
3383:
3380:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3335:
3328:United Kingdom
3325:
3315:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3205:
3194:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3064:Other species
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2927:Propoxypropane
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:Methoxymethane
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:-Propylbenzene
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1110:
1107:
1093:
1092:Usage of terms
1090:
1089:
1088:
1069:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
985:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
961:
957:
951:
945:
938:
933:
929:
925:
922:
919:
915:
911:
908:
905:
871:heat of fusion
853:
850:
827:
824:
808:
805:
796:
793:stoichiometric
747:(HHV) (a.k.a.
737:
713:
710:
660:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
626:
622:
618:
596:
586:
574:
558:
546:
534:
522:
509:
497:
488:
476:
464:
451:
442:
439:
437:
434:
430:sulfuric acids
422:
410:
402:
401:
394:
366:
343:
328:
286:
275:
264:
253:
241:
177:419 kJ/mol Γ (
170:
164:
158:
152:
143:
121:
113:
112:
109:
106:
91:carbon dioxide
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3866:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3680:
3669:on 2021-08-06
3665:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3614:
3609:
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3601:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3410:Energy portal
3405:
3400:
3397:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3365:
3349:
3346:
3339:
3338:United States
3336:
3329:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Butyraldehyde
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:1,3-Butadiene
2347:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:Isoparaffins
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
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1800:
1797:
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1788:
1784:
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1778:
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1678:
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1640:
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1624:
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1618:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1041:
1034:
1014:
1000:
983:
967:
959:
949:
943:
931:
927:
913:
895:
894:
893:
890:
888:
884:
877:MJ/kg vs. 120
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:sensible heat
851:
849:
846:
844:
840:
835:
833:
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
800:
794:
790:
785:
769:
764:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
666:
658:
656:
633:
615:
613:
609:
605:
600:
599:
593:
441:Gross and net
440:
435:
433:
431:
382:
376:
354:
337:
315:
303:
297:
289:
278:
267:
256:
247:
246:
245:
239:
233:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
188:
184:
180:
173:
167:
161:
155:
149:
139:
135:
131:
110:
107:
104:
100:
99:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:is the total
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:heating value
19:
3864:
3827:
3809:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3762:
3745:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3671:. Retrieved
3664:the original
3649:
3636:
3622:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3580:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3509:
3358:
3318:Turkmenistan
3308:Saudi Arabia
3187:
2989:Acetaldehyde
2970:Formaldehyde
2946:Butoxybutane
2908:Ethoxyethane
2843:
2821:
2780:
2658:
2620:Ethylbenzene
2598:
2576:
2554:
2411:Nitropropane
2392:Nitromethane
2246:
2224:
2161:Monoolefins
2086:Cyclopentane
1346:Jet kerosene
1310:Paraffin wax
1138:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1099:
1095:
1081:power plants
1058:
1039:
1032:
1030:
891:
855:
847:
836:
829:
811:
810:
801:
786:
765:
757:
752:
748:
742:
729:
725:
721:
717:
715:
701:condensation
683:
679:
675:
672:
668:
665:gross energy
664:
662:
634:
617:HHV = 33.87m
616:
601:
595:
594:
444:
403:
380:
374:
352:
335:
313:
301:
295:
287:
276:
265:
254:
237:
234:
209:
205:
201:
193:formaldehyde
186:
182:
178:
171:
165:
159:
153:
150:
137:
114:
66:
64:
46:, usually a
39:
36:energy value
35:
31:
29:
3695:: 399β405.
3494:Wobbe index
3469:Food energy
3258:Netherlands
2761:Isopropanol
2429:Acetylenes
2124:Cyclohexane
2080:Naphthenes
1073:natural gas
863:latent heat
845:dew-point.
784: Β°C).
629:Γ· 8) + 9.4m
87:hydrocarbon
56:food energy
3887:Combustion
3876:Categories
3785:"Methanal"
3673:2021-08-06
3606:(2): 359.
3502:References
3348:Uzbekistan
3208:Bangladesh
2802:Isobutanol
2742:1-Propanol
2510:Aromatics
2343:Diolefins
1986:Isopentane
1573:1-Propanol
1386:anthracite
294:(std.) + (
75:combustion
3479:ISO 15971
3238:Indonesia
2878:2,769.3?
2846:-Pentanol
2698:Alcohols
2492:1-Pentyne
2435:Acetylene
2287:1-Pentene
2268:Isobutene
2249:-2-Butene
2227:-2-Butene
2186:Propylene
2118:3,756.6?
1967:Isobutane
1637:Hydrazine
1589:Acetylene
1452:Wood fuel
837:When the
795:oxygen (O
621:+ 122.3(m
44:substance
3630:. Jstor.
3382:See also
3278:Pakistan
3093:120.971
3089:Hydrogen
2983:570.78
2959:4,922.4
2940:3,568.0
2921:2,510.2
2902:1,322.3
2875:13,509?
2869:31.416?
2859:3,061.2
2837:2,415.3
2824:-Butanol
2815:2,442.9
2796:2,501.6
2783:-Butanol
2774:1,829.9
2755:1,843.9
2736:1,230.1
2704:Methanol
2473:1-Butyne
2368:Isoprene
2325:1-Hexene
2205:1-Butene
2167:Ethylene
2156:4,259.5
2137:3,656.8
2115:19,193?
2109:44.636?
2099:3,129.0
2075:5,061.5
2056:4,458.5
2037:3,848.7
2018:3,850.7
1999:3,264.1
1980:2,651.0
1956:7,519.6
1943:Dodecane
1937:6,908.0
1924:Undecane
1918:6,294.5
1899:5,683.3
1880:5,074.9
1861:4,465.8
1842:3,856.7
1823:3,272.6
1804:2,659.3
1785:2,044.2
1766:1,437.2
1728:Alkanes
1663:4,200.0
1653:Hexamine
1541:Methanol
1328:Kerosene
1196:Hydrogen
883:gasoline
843:acid gas
789:enthalpy
753:gross CV
688:enthalpy
608:hydrogen
580:(g) and
540:(g) and
482:(s) and
3810:iea.org
3542:Bibcode
3350:: 37.89
3340:: 38.42
3330:: 39.71
3320:: 37.89
3310:: 38.00
3300:: 38.23
3290:: 41.40
3280:: 34.90
3270:: 39.24
3260:: 33.32
3250:: 39.36
3240:: 40.60
3230:: 38.93
3220:: 39.00
3210:: 36.00
3200:: 39.57
3198:Algeria
3164:293.82
3140:317.56
3131:18.646
3127:Ammonia
3121:283.24
3112:10.112
3099:52,017
3074:32.808
3050:28.548
3046:Acetone
3031:31.610
3012:28.889
2993:24.156
2974:17.259
2956:16,253
2950:37.798
2937:15,633
2931:36.355
2918:14,563
2912:33.867
2899:12,342
2893:28.703
2883:Ethers
2872:35.64?
2856:14,933
2850:34.727
2834:14,012
2828:32.587
2812:14,172
2806:32.959
2793:14,222
2787:33.075
2771:13,092
2765:30.447
2752:13,192
2746:30.680
2733:12,412
2723:Ethanol
2708:19.930
2684:41.217
2665:41.193
2643:40.984
2624:40.938
2605:40.798
2601:-Xylene
2583:40.961
2579:-Xylene
2561:40.961
2557:-Xylene
2539:40.589
2535:Toluene
2520:40.170
2516:Benzene
2496:45.217
2477:45.590
2458:46.194
2439:48.241
2415:20.693
2396:10.513
2372:44.078
2353:44.613
2329:44.426
2310:44.799
2291:45.031
2272:45.055
2253:45.124
2231:45.194
2209:45.334
2190:45.799
2171:47.195
2153:18,653
2147:43.380
2134:18,684
2128:43.450
2112:33.43?
2096:19,193
2090:44.636
2072:19,053
2066:44.310
2053:19,133
2047:44.496
2034:19,203
2028:44.659
2015:19,213
2009:44.682
1996:19,454
1990:45.241
1977:19,614
1971:45.613
1953:18,983
1947:44.147
1934:19,003
1928:44.194
1915:19,023
1909:44.240
1896:19,054
1890:44.311
1877:19,104
1871:44.427
1858:19,163
1852:44.566
1848:Heptane
1839:19,504
1833:44.752
1820:21,706
1814:45.357
1810:Pentane
1801:19,673
1795:45.752
1782:19,934
1776:46.357
1772:Propane
1763:20,551
1757:47.794
1747:802.34
1744:21,504
1738:50.009
1734:Methane
1621:Ammonia
1605:Benzene
1557:Ethanol
1408:lignite
1291:Pentane
1253:Propane
1215:Methane
1209:119.96
1062:fuel,in
779:⁄
651:, and m
635:where m
384:⁄
356:⁄
317:⁄
305:⁄
105:of fuel
101:energy/
42:) of a
3834:
3656:
3575:: 877.
3376:
3374:atm, 0
3372:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3298:Russia
3292:
3282:
3272:
3268:Norway
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3218:Canada
3212:
3202:
3161:3,940
3155:9.163
3146:Sulfur
3137:8,018
3118:4,348
3053:22.62
2953:28.88
2934:26.76
2915:24.16
2853:28.28
2831:25.45
2809:26.43
2790:26.79
2768:23.93
2749:24.65
2730:22.77
2727:26.70
2717:638.6
2714:8,570
2711:15.78
2680:Cumene
2150:33.40
2131:33.85
2093:33.52
2069:30.49
2050:30.92
2031:29.56
2012:29.18
1993:27.87
1950:33.11
1931:32.70
1912:33.29
1905:Decane
1893:31.82
1886:Nonane
1867:Octane
1855:30.48
1836:29.30
1829:Hexane
1817:28.39
1791:Butane
1753:Ethane
1679:393.5
1676:14,100
1669:Carbon
1660:12,900
1647:622.0
1631:382.6
1615:3,268
1612:18,000
1599:1,300
1596:21,500
1583:2,020
1580:14,500
1567:1,367
1564:12,800
1490:(damp)
1394:14,000
1371:19,300
1364:Diesel
1340:43.00
1335:19,862
1322:41.50
1317:19,900
1304:45.35
1298:21,876
1285:45.75
1279:20,900
1272:Butane
1266:46.35
1260:21,700
1247:47.62
1241:22,400
1234:Ethane
1228:50.00
1222:23,900
1203:61,000
1200:141.80
1190:MJ/kg
1031:where
887:diesel
879:
875:
705:boiler
612:sulfur
604:carbon
349:(g) +
334:(g) β
185:β 0.5
181:+ 0.3
81:under
79:oxygen
71:energy
3892:Fuels
3861:(PDF)
3806:(PDF)
3771:(PDF)
3667:(PDF)
3646:(PDF)
3354:MJ/Sm
3344:MJ/Sm
3334:MJ/Sm
3324:MJ/Sm
3314:MJ/Sm
3304:MJ/Sm
3294:MJ/Sm
3288:Qatar
3284:MJ/Sm
3274:MJ/Sm
3264:MJ/Sm
3254:MJ/Sm
3244:MJ/Sm
3234:MJ/Sm
3228:China
3224:MJ/Sm
3214:MJ/Sm
3204:MJ/Sm
3150:solid
2247:trans
1779:25.3
1693:Fuel
1644:8,370
1628:9,690
1548:9,800
1496:2,500
1478:6,500
1475:15.00
1472:(dry)
1464:17.0
1459:6,400
1442:8,700
1439:21.70
1420:6,500
1417:15.00
1391:32.50
1376:43.4
1368:44.80
1358:44.1
1350:46.42
1332:46.20
1314:46.00
1301:3,509
1295:48.60
1282:2,877
1276:49.50
1263:2,220
1257:50.35
1244:1,560
1238:51.90
1219:55.50
1158:Fuel
1083:with
760:water
724:, or
697:water
678:, or
568:(g),
564:(g),
528:(g),
516:(g),
470:(l),
458:(l),
208:>
95:water
77:with
54:(see
3832:ISBN
3654:ISBN
3573:1007
3464:Fire
3366:, 15
3248:Iran
3188:The
3171:Note
3102:244
3096:1.8
2822:tert
1741:6.9
1714:/lb
1699:/kg
1673:32.8
1657:30.0
1641:19.4
1625:22.5
1609:41.8
1593:49.9
1577:33.6
1561:29.7
1551:726
1545:22.7
1514:Fuel
1493:6.00
1488:Peat
1470:Peat
1456:16.0
1430:Wood
1404:Coal
1382:Coal
1178:/lb
1172:/kg
1164:LHV
1161:HHV
1079:and
1055:,out
885:and
820:coal
816:wood
377:) +
242:comb
195:and
103:mole
93:and
65:The
60:heat
52:food
48:fuel
34:(or
30:The
3750:doi
3697:doi
3693:152
3608:doi
3550:doi
3364:atm
2225:cis
1722:mol
1712:BTU
1534:mol
1526:/lb
1524:BTU
1520:/kg
1434:MAF
1412:USA
1225:890
1206:286
1186:mol
1176:BTU
1139:DAF
1135:MAF
1129:dry
818:or
751:or
730:LCV
722:NCV
695:of
684:HCV
676:GCV
647:, m
643:, m
639:, m
625:- m
416:or
400:(g)
50:or
38:or
3878::
3863:.
3808:.
3787:.
3736:^
3726:.
3691:.
3602:.
3598:.
3548:.
3538:92
3536:.
3532:.
3158:β
3152:)
3134:β
3115:β
3083:β
3080:β
3077:β
3059:β
3056:β
3040:β
3037:β
3034:β
3021:β
3018:β
3015:β
3002:β
2999:β
2996:β
2980:β
2977:β
2896:β
2693:β
2690:β
2687:β
2674:β
2671:β
2668:β
2652:β
2649:β
2646:β
2633:β
2630:β
2627:β
2614:β
2611:β
2608:β
2592:β
2589:β
2586:β
2570:β
2567:β
2564:β
2548:β
2545:β
2542:β
2529:β
2526:β
2523:β
2505:β
2502:β
2499:β
2486:β
2483:β
2480:β
2467:β
2464:β
2461:β
2448:β
2445:β
2442:β
2424:β
2421:β
2418:β
2405:β
2402:β
2399:β
2381:β
2378:β
2375:-
2362:β
2359:β
2356:β
2338:β
2335:β
2332:β
2319:β
2316:β
2313:β
2300:β
2297:β
2294:β
2281:β
2278:β
2275:β
2262:β
2259:β
2256:β
2240:β
2237:β
2234:β
2218:β
2215:β
2212:β
2199:β
2196:β
2193:β
2180:β
2177:β
2174:β
1974:β
1874:β
1798:β
1760:β
1718:kJ
1703:MJ
1697:MJ
1530:kJ
1518:MJ
1410:-
1182:kJ
1170:MJ
1125:MF
1119:AR
772:15
728:;
720:;
682:;
671:,
667:,
610:,
606:,
570:Cl
566:HF
554:CO
542:SO
518:Br
493:SO
460:Br
418:SO
406:SO
339:CO
322:)
310:-
298:+
232:.
204:+
3840:.
3812:.
3791:.
3773:.
3756:.
3752::
3730:.
3703:.
3699::
3676:.
3616:.
3610::
3604:2
3558:.
3552::
3544::
3148:(
2844:n
2781:n
2659:n
2599:p
2577:m
2555:o
1720:/
1707:L
1705:/
1532:/
1436:)
1432:(
1414:)
1406:(
1388:)
1384:(
1353:-
1184:/
1059:n
1053:O
1049:2
1044:H
1040:n
1036:v
1033:H
1015:)
1007:n
1004:i
1001:,
998:l
995:e
992:u
989:f
984:n
977:t
974:u
971:o
968:,
965:O
960:2
956:H
950:n
944:(
937:v
932:H
928:+
924:V
921:H
918:L
914:=
910:V
907:H
904:H
857:(
797:2
781:9
777:5
774:+
738:2
653:S
649:N
645:O
641:H
637:C
631:S
627:O
623:H
619:C
587:2
582:N
575:2
559:2
547:2
535:2
530:I
523:2
514:O
510:2
505:H
498:4
489:2
484:H
477:2
472:I
465:2
456:O
452:2
447:H
423:3
411:2
395:2
390:N
386:2
381:n
375:l
373:(
371:O
367:2
362:H
358:2
353:h
344:2
336:c
329:2
324:O
319:2
314:o
307:4
302:h
296:c
288:o
282:O
277:n
271:N
266:h
260:H
255:c
249:C
240:Β°
238:H
229:2
227:N
225:7
223:O
221:6
219:H
217:3
215:C
210:c
206:n
202:o
189:)
187:o
183:h
179:c
172:n
169:N
166:o
163:O
160:h
157:H
154:c
144:f
138:H
136:Ξ
126:O
122:2
117:H
20:)
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