503:
179:
610:—will be lost by the year 2100 if global warming continues at the current rate. Still, it is the general habitat destruction (often for expansion of agriculture), not climate change, that is currently the bigger driver of biodiversity loss. Invasive species and other disturbances have become more common in forests in the last several decades. These tend to be directly or indirectly connected to climate change and can cause a deterioration of forest ecosystems.
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734:, when rabbits were introduced (unwillingly) by European immigrants, they bred out of control and ate the plants that other native animals needed to survive. Farmers hunted the rabbits to reduce their population and prevent the damage the rabbits did to the crops. They also brought cats to guard against rabbits and rats. These cats created another problem, since they became predators of local species.
77:
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are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)
1495:
Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel
450:
is complex, and there is no single metric which can define all aspects. However, more intense climate change is still expected to increase the current extent of drylands on the Earth's continents. Most of the expansion will be seen over regions such as "southwest North
America, the northern fringe of
2198:
Through examining the drivers of biodiversity loss in highly biodiverse countries, we show that it is not population driving the loss of habitats, but rather the growth of commodities for export, particularly soybean and oil-palm, primarily for livestock feed or biofuel consumption in higher income
2468:
Finch, Deborah M.; Butler, Jack L.; Runyon, Justin B.; Fettig, Christopher J.; Kilkenny, Francis F.; Jose, Shibu; Frankel, Susan J.; Cushman, Samuel A.; Cobb, Richard C. (2021). "Effects of
Climate Change on Invasive Species". In Poland, Therese M.; Patel-Weynand, Toral; Finch, Deborah M.; Miniat,
2013:
found that in recent decades habitat loss was the leading cause of terrestrial biodiversity loss, while overexploitation (overfishing) was the most important cause of marine losses (IPBES, 2019). All five direct drivers are important, on land and at sea, and all are made worse by larger and denser
1884:
For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use—principally agriculture—that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change, pollution, and invasive species, which
1747:
Allan E, Manning P, Alt F, Binkenstein J, Blaser S, Blüthgen N, Böhm S, Grassein F, Hölzel N, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Morris EK, Oelmann Y, Prati D, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schaefer M, Schloter M, Schmitt B, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Solly E, Sorkau E, Steckel J, Steffen-Dewenter I, Stempfhuber B,
2157:
Hughes, Alice C.; Tougeron, Kévin; Martin, Dominic A.; Menga, Filippo; Rosado, Bruno H. P.; Villasante, Sebastian; Madgulkar, Shweta; Gonçalves, Fernando; Geneletti, Davide; Diele-Viegas, Luisa Maria; Berger, Sebastian; Colla, Sheila R.; de
Andrade Kamimura, Vitor; Caggiano, Holly; Melo, Felipe
506:
Summary of major environmental-change categories that cause biodiversity loss. The data is expressed as a percentage of human-driven change (in red) relative to baseline (blue), as of 2021. Red indicates the percentage of the category that is damaged, lost, or otherwise affected, whereas blue
2081:
Research suggests that the scale of human population and the current pace of its growth contribute substantially to the loss of biological diversity. Although technological change and unequal consumption inextricably mingle with demographic impacts on the environment, the needs of all human
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that ends up with more individuals than the environment can support. In this case, starvation, thirst, and sometimes violent competition for scarce resources may effect a sharp reduction in population, and in a very short lapse, a population crash.
660:
is solved by predators. Predators tend to look for signs of weakness in their prey, and therefore usually first eat the old or sick animals. This has the side effects of ensuring a strong stock among the survivors and controlling the population.
825:, and caused mutations in a large number of animals and people. The area around the plant is now abandoned by humans because of the large amount of radiation generated by the meltdown. Twenty years after the accident, the animals have returned.
363:
are dealing with extreme effects of the increase of temperature. The climate change could be devastating to salmon and trout and to other aquatic life. The increase in temperature will disrupt the current life patterns of the salmon and trout.
595:. Others disagree, saying that loss of habitat is caused mainly by "the growth of commodities for export" and that population has very little to do with overall consumption. More important are wealth disparities between and within countries.
356:, their primary prey. However, the ice caps are melting, making their hunting periods shorter each year. As a result, the polar bears are not developing enough fat for the winter; therefore, they are not able to reproduce at a healthy rate.
2100:
2696:"Utilisation Competitions over Ecological Resources - Uncovering the Social Nature of the Environmental Problem (in: Progress in Industrial Ecology – An International Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2014, pp.237–256)" by Andreas Metzner-Szigeth
2552:
502:
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While many species have been able to adapt to the new conditions by moving their range further towards the poles, other species are not as fortunate. The option to move is not available for polar bears and for some aquatic life.
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In reality, an animal that is not native to an environment may have advantages over the native ones, such being unsuitable for the local predators. If left uncontrolled, such an animal can quickly overpopulate and ultimately
2144:
Current generic extinction rates will likely greatly accelerate in the next few decades due to drivers accompanying the growth and consumption of the human enterprise such as habitat destruction, illegal trade, and climate
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In the absence of predators, animal species are bound by the resources they can find in their environment, but this does not necessarily control overpopulation. In fact, an abundant supply of resources can produce a
3013:
2722:
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Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
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cover approximately 25 percent of the Earth's surface and provide a home to more than one-tenth of the global human population. Changes in global climate pose a number of potential risks to mountain habitats.
346:, there is a decrease in snow-fall, and sea levels are rising. Ecosystems will change or evolve to cope with the increase in temperature. Consequently, many species are being driven out of their habitats.
613:
Groups that care about the environment have been working for many years to stop the decrease in biodiversity. Nowadays, many global policies include activities to stop biodiversity loss. For example, the
579:
478:. Updated 2022 estimates show that even at a global average increase of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial temperatures, only 0.2% of the world's coral reefs would still be able to withstand
1897:
Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection".
992:"IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems:Summary for Policymakers"
2542:
2009:
Conservation biologists standardly list five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss: habitat loss, overexploitation of species, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. The
2715:
2323:
2911:
2889:
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2292:
416:. Climate change represents long-term changes in temperature and average weather patterns. This leads to a substantial increase in both the frequency and the intensity of
2446:
1337:
NoguĂ©s-Bravoa D.; AraĂşjoc M.B.; Erread M.P.; MartĂnez-Ricad J.P. (August–October 2007). "Exposure of global mountain systems to climate warming during the 21st
Century".
472:, which leads to a whole host of subsequent impacts. Climate change has a direct impact on the productivity of the boreal forest, as well as its health and regeneration.
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912:
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were introduced into the local streams and forests, respectively, and quickly became a plague, competing with and sometimes driving away the local species of fish and
1993:
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2894:
1316:
1083:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022:
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2827:
530:. If this is not possible, then the decrease is permanent. The cause of most of the biodiversity loss is, generally speaking, human activities that push the
1273:
Sales, L. P.; Rodrigues, L.; Masiero, R. (November 2020). "Climate change drives spatial mismatch and threatens the biotic interactions of the Brazil nut".
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2901:
2874:
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in a given area. The decrease can be temporary or permanent. It is temporary if the damage that led to the loss is reversible in time, for example through
2211:
768:
3233:
2973:
803:
1109:"Predicting species distribution and abundance responses to climate change: why it is essential to include biotic interactions across trophic levels"
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mismatch. For example, climate change can cause species to move in different directions, potentially disrupting their interactions with each other.
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Malhi, Yadvinder; Franklin, Janet; Seddon, Nathalie; Solan, Martin; Turner, Monica G.; Field, Christopher B.; Knowlton, Nancy (2020-01-27).
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Sales, L. P.; Culot, L.; Pires, M. (July 2020). "Climate niche mismatch and the collapse of primate seed dispersal services in the Amazon".
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In an ideal setting, when animal populations grow, so do the number of predators that feed on that particular animal. Animals that have
382:
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Invasive
Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States: A Comprehensive Science Synthesis for the United States Forest Sector
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94:
49:
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system. A shift of 1 or 100% (darker colours) indicates that the region has fully moved into a completely different biome zone type.
240:
222:
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522:) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area. Biodiversity loss means that there is a reduction in
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report found that most of these efforts had failed to meet their goals. For example, of the 20 biodiversity goals laid out by the
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113:
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1750:"Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition"
98:
1945:"Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left"
1944:
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3169:
3107:
991:
482:, as opposed to 84% being able to do so now, with the figure dropping to 0% at 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming and beyond.
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1163:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 257-260 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.004
120:
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863:
429:
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432:, half were found to have shifted their distribution to higher latitudes or elevations in response to climate change.
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Furthermore, climate change may cause ecological disruption among interacting species, via changes in behaviour and
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for 2081–2100. Top row is low emissions scenario, bottom row is high emissions scenario. Biomes are classified with
3521:
1373:"SPECIAL REPORT: GLOBAL WARMING OF 1.5 °C; Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5°C global warming on natural and human systems"
627:
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will eventually leave their natural geographical range to live in cooler waters by migrating to higher elevations.
127:
1156:
3406:
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3253:
3146:
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2543:"More than 150 countries made a plan to preserve biodiversity a decade ago. A new report says they mostly failed"
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beings—especially for food—imply that projected population growth will undermine protection of the natural world.
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694:
317:, the term ecological crisis is often applied to environmental issues caused by human civilizations such as: the
310:
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2809:
193:
187:
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Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies
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The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
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Forests at the heart of sustainable development: Investing in forests to meet biodiversity and climate goals
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2160:"Smaller human populations are neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for biodiversity conservation"
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Dixon, Adele M.; Forster, Piers M.; Heron, Scott F.; Stoner, Anne M. K.; Beger, Maria (1 February 2022).
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881:
634:
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936:"Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space"
3547:
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3421:
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3328:
3092:
2864:
2494:
2411:
2065:
1985:
1922:
1717:
1621:
1532:, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017).
1453:
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1198:
559:
2380:"An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss"
902: – Proposed condition wherein human numbers exceed the carrying capacity of the environment
329:
which have emerged as major global challenges during the first few decades of the 21st century.
2684:
134:
3338:
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2943:
2666:"The Ecological Crisis as Part of the Present Multidimensional Crisis and Inclusive Democracy"
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2436:
2189:
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2057:
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1977:
1914:
1846:
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1709:
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1255:
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1008:
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563:
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1009:"Summary for Policymakers — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate"
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3062:
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1969:
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Tschapka M, Weiner CN, Weisser WW, Werner M, Westphal C, Wilcke W, Fischer M (August 2015).
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of the litter) also die off, unable to compete over food with stronger, healthier animals.
468:, are warming at a faster rate than the global average, leading to drier conditions in the
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3343:
3323:
3303:
3203:
3052:
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1807:"Invasive species triggers a massive loss of ecosystem services through a trophic cascade"
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751:
555:
479:
447:
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2175:
2130:
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2095:
2045:
1965:
1822:
1765:
1689:
1350:
1186:
1089:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23; Fig. SPM.6.
951:
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Kummu, Matti; Heino, Matias; Taka, Maija; Varis, Olli; Viviroli, Daniel (21 May 2021).
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2513:
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2415:
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1989:
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1625:
1473:"Last refuges for coral reefs to disappear above 1.5C of global warming, study finds"
1457:
1294:
1202:
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843:
747:
551:
539:
446:
Examples of effects on some biome types are provided in the following. Research into
2069:
1358:
678:, are known to have such cycles of rapid population growth and subsequent decrease.
389:
17:
3129:
3124:
3112:
3072:
3057:
2745:
2028:"The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection"
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682:
523:
314:
2700:
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27:
Change to the environment that destabilizes the continued survival of a population
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2159:
1973:
1672:
Kehoe L, Romero-Muñoz A, Polaina E, Estes L, Kreft H, Kuemmerle T (August 2017).
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959:
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3198:
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875:
828:
795:
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353:
76:
2101:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1811:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1392:
1390:
884: – Ecological communities abruptly losing biodiversity, often irreversibly
3308:
2651:
2620:
2245:"Effects of climate change on global biodiversity: a review of key literature"
1697:
1538:
1514:
1497:
1372:
908: – Point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached
603:
519:
475:
349:
270:
2193:
1981:
1705:
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802:
phenomena and changes in the nature and quantity of the food resources (see
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2121:
2053:
1910:
1878:
1865:
1831:
1552:
1533:
853:
818:
712:
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indicates the percentage that is intact, remaining, or otherwise unaffected.
436:
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sees infrequent ecological crises as a potential driver of rapid evolution.
285:
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1918:
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destabilizes its continued survival. Some of the important causes include:
1674:"Biodiversity at risk under future cropland expansion and intensification"
2963:
2547:
2316:"Caribbean coral reefs 'will be lost within 20 years' without protection"
905:
724:
543:
454:
3258:
3208:
2988:
2406:
2379:
1562:
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671:
515:
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2652:"Global Warming Said Devastating Aquatic Ecosystems" by Brad Bohlander
1773:
1598:
1286:
1222:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1160:
1113:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1107:
Van der Putten, Wim H.; Macel, Mirka; Visser, Marcel E. (2010-07-12).
3082:
2096:"Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera"
1432:"Future loss of local-scale thermal refugia in coral reef ecosystems"
1218:"Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions"
822:
781:
675:
342:
Climate change is starting to have major impacts on ecosystems. With
2695:
1866:"Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature"
1399:"Climate change impacts on drought-prone forests in western Canada"
1157:
Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services
1490:
1488:
716:
501:
469:
425:
421:
409:
388:
281:(for example, increase of temperature, less significant rainfalls)
2217:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2005. Archived from
1943:
Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022).
720:
686:
474:
Almost no other ecosystem is as vulnerable to climate change as
2704:
2026:
Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert (21 April 2017).
2011:
Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
794:. Warming could involve flooding of the Asian deltas (see also
580:
Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
172:
70:
29:
1637:
1635:
1498:"Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future"
1056:"Why extreme rains are gaining strength as the climate warms"
2690:
The Paradox of Wealth: Capitalism and Ecological Destruction
1642:
2574:
2473:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 57–83.
1309:"Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change"
428:
follows. For instance, out of 4000 species analyzed by the
1582:"The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?"
1161:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
393:
Predicated changes for Earth's biomes under two different
1586:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
821:
in 1986 caused the death of many people and animals from
1534:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"
1805:
Walsh JR, Carpenter SR, Vander Zanden MJ (April 2016).
895:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
886:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2347:"Addressing Climate Change Will Not "Save the Planet""
583:, say that the main reason for biodiversity loss is a
3519:
630:
in 2010, only six were "partially achieved" by 2020.
2680:"Myths on the Ecological Crisis" by Takis Fotopoulos
2605:"Vyazniki biotic assemblage of the terminal Permian"
878: – Study of ecological processes in agriculture
3357:
3145:
2808:
2738:
1379:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2018.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
632:This ongoing global extinction is also called the
618:aims to prevent biodiversity loss and to conserve
913:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
420:. As a region's climate changes, a change in its
893: – Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
352:are being threatened. They need ice for hunting
743:Some common examples of ecological crises are:
2285:"Climate change, reefs and the Coral Triangle"
1580:Cowie RH, Bouchet P, Fontaine B (April 2022).
2716:
2512:United Nations Environment Programme (2021).
412:, adversely affecting terrestrial and marine
8:
2094:Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2023).
715:, for example, European species such as the
700:Examples of animal overpopulation caused by
674:, as well as other less popular species of
311:impact of humans on the natural environment
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2723:
2709:
2701:
3234:Environmental issues in the United States
2478:
2405:
2345:Ketcham, Christopher (December 3, 2022).
2183:
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1781:
1607:
1597:
1561:
1551:
1513:
1447:
1414:
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1132:
967:
451:Africa, southern Africa, and Australia".
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
3219:Effects of climate change on agriculture
2429:Bank, European Investment (2022-12-08).
290:Rise in the number of individuals (i.e.
186:This article includes a list of general
3526:
926:
3224:Effects of climate change on livestock
2692:by John Bellamy Foster and Brett Clark
2603:A. G. Sennikov, V. K. Golubev (2006).
2359:from the original on February 18, 2024
2635:"Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation"
2326:from the original on October 20, 2022
1999:from the original on December 8, 2023
1096:from the original on 4 November 2021.
769:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
754:, with disappearance of many species.
616:UN Convention on Biological Diversity
7:
3478:
3334:Tropical cyclones and climate change
2585:from the original on October 6, 2021
624:United Nations Environment Programme
598:Climate change is another threat to
550:farming). Further problem areas are
99:adding citations to reliable sources
3367:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
2522:from the original on March 23, 2021
2449:from the original on March 21, 2023
1728:from the original on April 23, 2022
383:Effects of climate change on biomes
2685:"Polar Bears Send an 'SOS'" by WWF
2579:Convention on Biological Diversity
1647:Convention on Biological Diversity
915: – 2005 book by Jared Diamond
656:In the wilderness, the problem of
534:too far. These activities include
192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3014:pharmaceuticals and personal care
2555:from the original on May 15, 2022
2243:Kannan, R.; James, D. A. (2009).
2212:"Climate change and biodiversity"
1653:from the original on May 19, 2022
1502:Frontiers in Conservation Science
1397:Hogg, E.H.; P.Y. Bernier (2005).
763:Permian-Triassic extinction event
702:introduction of a foreign species
518:disappear completely from Earth (
45:This article has multiple issues.
3541:
3529:
3489:
3488:
3477:
3165:decline in amphibian populations
2870:Deforestation and climate change
2295:from the original on May 2, 2018
1471:Dunne, Daisy (1 February 2022).
1383:from the original on 2019-03-05.
577:Many scientists, along with the
492:This section is an excerpt from
381:This section is an excerpt from
338:Crises caused by abiotic factors
177:
75:
34:
3299:Land surface effects on climate
2756:Environmental impact assessment
2732:Human impact on the environment
2575:"Global Biodiversity Outlook 5"
2314:Aldred, Jessica (2 July 2014).
1643:"Global Biodiversity Outlook 3"
1359:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.007
1319:from the original on 2022-02-10
1275:Global Ecology and Biogeography
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2541:Cohen L (September 15, 2020).
2378:Caro, Tim; Rowe, Zeke (2022).
1678:Nature Ecology & Evolution
804:Global warming and agriculture
1:
3170:decline in insect populations
1864:Stokstad, Erik (6 May 2019).
546:intensification (for example
514:happens when plant or animal
2672:, (International Journal of
2435:. European Investment Bank.
2185:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109841
1974:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646
1449:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000004
1195:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108628
1080:"Summary for Policymakers".
960:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017
864:North Atlantic garbage patch
430:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2518:. Nairobi: United Nations.
2480:10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_4
1339:Global Environmental Change
834:Volcanic eruptions such as
685:or weak genes (such as the
261:occurs when changes to the
3585:
3569:Evolution of the biosphere
2258:(1): 31–39. Archived from
806:). See also international
649:
628:Aichi Biodiversity Targets
491:
380:
277:Degradation of an abiotic
3472:
3407:Environmental engineering
3254:Environmental degradation
3031:fishing down the food web
2676:, vol 3, no 3, June 2007)
2657:"Death of a Small Planet"
2621:10.1134/S0031030106100078
1698:10.1038/s41559-017-0234-3
1515:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419
344:global temperature rising
284:Increased pressures from
3412:Environmental mitigation
3269:Greenhouse gas emissions
3229:Environmental insecurity
585:growing human population
408:is already now altering
395:climate change scenarios
359:Fresh water and wetland
315:recent geological period
3459:Sustainable consumption
2800:Social ecology (ethics)
2609:Paleontological Journal
2164:Biological Conservation
2122:10.1073/pnas.2306987120
2054:10.1126/science.aal2011
1953:Biological Conservation
1911:10.1126/science.1246752
1879:10.1126/science.aax9287
1832:10.1073/pnas.1600366113
1175:Biological Conservation
695:destroy its environment
487:Biodiversity extinction
207:more precise citations.
3402:Ecological engineering
3182:runaway climate change
1234:10.1098/rstb.2019.0104
1125:10.1098/rstb.2010.0037
778:Exxon Valdez oil spill
640:sixth mass extinction.
587:because this leads to
528:ecological restoration
508:
418:extreme weather events
402:
304:punctuated equilibrium
2785:List of global issues
1553:10.1093/biosci/bix125
859:Groundwater depletion
798:), multiplication of
765:250 million years ago
658:animal overpopulation
646:Animal overpopulation
608:biodiversity hotspots
593:excessive consumption
505:
392:
3564:Environmental issues
3387:Community resilience
3187:in the United States
3155:Biodiversity threats
2828:cannabis cultivation
2795:Planetary boundaries
2761:Environmental issues
2751:Ecological footprint
2469:Chelcy Ford (eds.).
2385:Conservation Letters
900:Human overpopulation
771:66 million years ago
589:human overpopulation
532:planetary boundaries
524:biological diversity
399:Holdridge life zones
259:environmental crisis
95:improve this article
18:Environmental crisis
3449:Restoration ecology
3382:Climate engineering
3319:Ocean acidification
3309:Loss of green belts
3279:Holocene extinction
3274:Habitat destruction
2949:Environmental crime
2674:Inclusive Democracy
2398:2022ConL...15E2868C
2176:2023BCons.27709841H
2114:2023PNAS..12006987C
2108:(39): e2306987120.
2046:2017Sci...356..260C
1966:2022BCons.27209646C
1823:2016PNAS..113.4081W
1766:2015EcolL..18..834A
1690:2017NatEE...1.1129K
1351:2007GEC....17..420N
1187:2020BCons.24708628S
1119:(1549): 2025–2034.
1033:National Geographic
952:2021OEart...4..720K
882:Ecological collapse
635:holocene extinction
600:global biodiversity
536:habitat destruction
366:The cold-water fish
300:evolutionary theory
110:"Ecological crisis"
3464:Waste minimization
3422:Mitigation banking
3417:Industrial ecology
3377:Cleaner production
3329:Resource depletion
2865:Corporate behavior
2823:animal agriculture
2407:10.1111/conl.12868
2224:on 5 February 2018
2014:human populations.
1416:10.5558/tfc81675-5
1403:Forestry Chronicle
1228:(1794): 20190104.
1054:Witze, Alexandra.
622:. However, a 2020
560:nutrient pollution
509:
403:
3517:
3516:
3339:Water degradation
3214:Ecological crisis
3160:biodiversity loss
2959:Industrialisation
2944:Genetic pollution
2790:Impact assessment
2490:978-3-030-45367-1
2442:978-92-861-5403-4
2040:(6335): 260–264.
1905:(6187): 1246752.
1774:10.1111/ele.12469
1599:10.1111/brv.12816
1546:(12): 1026–1028.
1287:10.1111/geb.13200
792:Greenhouse effect
780:off the coast of
758:Extinction events
564:over-exploitation
512:Biodiversity loss
494:Biodiversity loss
327:plastic pollution
323:biodiversity loss
279:ecological factor
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3576:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3314:Phosphorus cycle
3294:Land consumption
3289:Land degradation
3264:Freshwater cycle
3063:Overexploitation
3036:marine pollution
2843:cocoa production
2725:
2718:
2711:
2702:
2670:Takis Fotopoulos
2639:
2638:
2637:. 20 April 2006.
2631:
2625:
2624:
2615:(4): S475-S481.
2600:
2594:
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2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2265:on 15 April 2021
2264:
2252:Tropical Ecology
2249:
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2223:
2216:
2208:
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2187:
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2017:
2016:
2006:
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1949:
1940:
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1933:
1894:
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1834:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1684:(8): 1129–1135.
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1611:
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1577:
1571:
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1088:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1029:"Climate Change"
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
988:
982:
981:
971:
931:
896:
887:
836:Mount St. Helens
815:nuclear meltdown
620:wilderness areas
568:invasive species
480:marine heatwaves
464:, also known as
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
203:this article by
194:inline citations
181:
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3540:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3468:
3427:Organic farming
3353:
3344:Water pollution
3324:Ozone depletion
3304:Loss and damage
3204:Desertification
3141:
3053:Overconsumption
2974:cleaning agents
2875:Energy industry
2838:meat production
2804:
2734:
2729:
2661:Murray Bookchin
2648:
2646:Further reading
2643:
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1799:
1754:Ecology Letters
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1578:
1574:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1442:(2): e0000004.
1429:
1428:
1424:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1371:
1370:
1366:
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1331:
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1038:
1036:
1035:. 28 March 2019
1027:
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1007:
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1002:
994:
990:
989:
985:
933:
932:
928:
923:
894:
885:
872:
849:Coral bleaching
800:extreme weather
790:related to the
752:desertification
741:
667:population boom
654:
648:
643:
642:
602:. For example,
556:water pollution
497:
489:
484:
483:
448:desertification
386:
378:
340:
335:
309:Because of the
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199:Please help to
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92:
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39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3506:
3501:
3496:
3485:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Sustainability
3451:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3349:Water scarcity
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Nitrogen cycle
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Forest dieback
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3177:Climate change
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:
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3115:
3110:
3105:
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3060:
3055:
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3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:nanotechnology
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2956:
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2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
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2887:
2882:
2872:
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2835:
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2825:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2778:on marine life
2770:
2769:
2768:
2766:list of issues
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2705:
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2533:
2504:
2489:
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2441:
2421:
2370:
2337:
2306:
2276:
2235:
2203:
2158:(2023-01-01).
2149:
2086:
2018:
1935:
1889:
1856:
1817:(15): 4081–5.
1797:
1760:(8): 834–843.
1739:
1664:
1631:
1592:(2): 640–663.
1572:
1521:
1484:
1463:
1422:
1409:(5): 675–682.
1386:
1364:
1345:(3–4): 420–8.
1329:
1315:. 2019-08-06.
1300:
1281:(1): 117–127.
1265:
1208:
1165:
1148:
1099:
1072:
1046:
1020:
1000:
983:
946:(5): 720–729.
925:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
909:
903:
897:
891:Global warming
888:
879:
871:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
832:
826:
811:
808:Kyoto Protocol
788:Global warming
785:
774:
773:
772:
766:
755:
740:
737:
736:
735:
728:
652:Overpopulation
650:Main article:
647:
644:
572:climate change
498:
490:
488:
485:
462:Boreal forests
406:Climate change
387:
379:
377:
376:Climate change
374:
339:
336:
334:
331:
319:climate crisis
296:
295:
292:overpopulation
288:
282:
249:
248:
231:
230:
185:
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176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3507:
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3497:
3495:
3486:
3484:
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3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:Reforestation
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Cultured meat
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Birth control
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
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3327:
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3315:
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3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
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3280:
3277:
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3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
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3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Deforestation
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
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3178:
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3019:
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3007:
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2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:Manufacturing
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
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2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:nuclear power
2915:
2913:
2912:fracking (US)
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
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2798:
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844:impact events
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748:Deforestation
746:
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739:More examples
738:
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729:
726:
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540:deforestation
538:(for example
537:
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151:February 2014
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112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3213:
3130:urban sprawl
3125:Urbanization
3073:Particulates
3058:Overdrafting
2773:Human impact
2746:Anthropocene
2629:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2587:. Retrieved
2578:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2546:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2514:
2507:
2470:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2431:
2424:
2389:
2383:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2350:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2320:The Guardian
2319:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2288:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2260:the original
2255:
2251:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2206:
2197:
2167:
2163:
2152:
2143:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2080:
2073:. Retrieved
2037:
2031:
2021:
2010:
2008:
2003:December 25,
2001:. Retrieved
1957:
1951:
1938:
1930:
1902:
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1859:
1814:
1810:
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1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1681:
1677:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1589:
1585:
1575:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1524:
1505:
1501:
1478:Carbon Brief
1476:
1466:
1439:
1436:PLOS Climate
1435:
1425:
1406:
1402:
1376:
1367:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1313:Carbon Brief
1312:
1303:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1151:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1082:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1032:
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
1003:
986:
943:
939:
929:
911:
796:eco refugees
742:
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191:
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148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3548:Environment
3244:Externality
3239:Coral reefs
3199:Defaunation
3068:Overgrazing
3041:overfishing
3021:Marine life
2895:electricity
2818:Agriculture
2363:December 8,
2145:disruption.
1657:January 24,
1563:11336/71342
1496:T. (2021).
876:Agroecology
829:Ozone layer
606:—which are
604:coral reefs
558:(including
548:monoculture
476:coral reefs
350:Polar bears
263:environment
205:introducing
3558:Categories
3509:mitigation
3504:assessment
3499:by country
3397:Decoupling
3359:Mitigation
3088:Reservoirs
3009:pesticides
2954:Explosives
2932:reservoirs
2833:irrigation
2589:2023-03-23
2330:9 November
2299:9 November
2199:economies.
2170:: 109841.
1960:. 109646.
1539:BioScience
1323:2019-10-22
1039:1 November
1014:2019-12-23
921:References
842:and other
831:depletion.
520:extinction
414:ecosystems
361:ecosystems
271:population
255:ecological
213:April 2009
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
3432:Recycling
3098:Transport
3083:Quarrying
3078:Pollution
2937:transport
2927:petroleum
2922:oil shale
2885:biodiesel
2499:234260720
2416:246172852
2194:0006-3207
2075:2 January
1990:250185617
1982:0006-3207
1927:206552746
1732:March 28,
1706:2397-334X
1626:245889833
1530:Ripple WJ
1458:246512448
1295:228875365
1242:0962-8436
1203:219764670
940:One Earth
854:Acid rain
819:Chernobyl
732:Australia
725:ruminants
713:Patagonia
710:Argentine
455:Mountains
439:, or via
437:phenology
286:predation
56:talk page
3494:Category
3118:shipping
3103:aviation
2989:plastics
2979:concrete
2964:Land use
2880:biofuels
2848:palm oil
2583:Archived
2553:Archived
2548:CBS News
2526:March 9,
2520:Archived
2453:March 9,
2447:Archived
2357:Archived
2324:Archived
2293:Archived
2140:37722053
2131:10523489
2070:12770178
2062:28428391
1994:Archived
1919:24876501
1851:27001838
1792:26096863
1726:Archived
1714:29046577
1651:Archived
1649:. 2010.
1618:35014169
1381:Archived
1317:Archived
1260:31983329
1143:20513711
1091:Archived
978:34056573
906:Peak oil
870:See also
840:Tunguska
838:and the
719:and the
704:abound.
672:Lemmings
544:land use
333:Examples
3536:Ecology
3522:Portals
3483:Commons
3259:Erosion
3209:Ecocide
3147:Effects
3093:Tourism
3026:fishing
2984:fashion
2907:fashion
2860:Bitcoin
2739:General
2394:Bibcode
2228:12 June
2172:Bibcode
2110:Bibcode
2042:Bibcode
2033:Science
1962:Bibcode
1899:Science
1870:Science
1842:4839401
1819:Bibcode
1783:4744976
1762:Bibcode
1722:3642597
1686:Bibcode
1609:9786292
1377:ilcc.ch
1347:Bibcode
1251:7017779
1183:Bibcode
1134:2880132
1065:30 July
969:8158176
948:Bibcode
784:in 1989
708:In the
676:rodents
516:species
313:in the
267:species
201:improve
135:scholar
3487:
3476:
3048:Mining
2902:energy
2810:Causes
2497:
2487:
2439:
2414:
2269:21 May
2192:
2138:
2128:
2068:
2060:
1988:
1980:
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1606:
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1248:
1240:
1201:
1141:
1131:
1060:Nature
976:
966:
823:cancer
782:Alaska
542:) and
410:biomes
190:, but
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
3442:urban
3113:roads
3004:paper
2999:paint
2495:S2CID
2412:S2CID
2263:(PDF)
2248:(PDF)
2222:(PDF)
2215:(PDF)
2066:S2CID
1997:(PDF)
1986:S2CID
1948:(PDF)
1923:S2CID
1718:S2CID
1622:S2CID
1454:S2CID
1291:S2CID
1199:S2CID
1159:. In
1094:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
717:trout
470:Taiga
466:taiga
426:fauna
422:flora
354:seals
265:of a
142:JSTOR
128:books
3108:rail
2890:coal
2853:(US)
2561:2020
2528:2021
2485:ISBN
2455:2023
2437:ISBN
2365:2022
2332:2015
2301:2015
2271:2014
2230:2012
2190:ISSN
2136:PMID
2077:2023
2058:PMID
2005:2022
1978:ISSN
1915:PMID
1847:PMID
1788:PMID
1734:2022
1710:PMID
1702:ISSN
1659:2017
1614:PMID
1256:PMID
1238:ISSN
1139:PMID
1067:2021
1041:2021
974:PMID
813:The
776:The
750:and
721:deer
687:runt
591:and
570:and
554:and
424:and
325:and
298:The
114:news
3137:War
2668:by
2659:by
2617:doi
2475:doi
2402:doi
2180:doi
2168:277
2126:PMC
2118:doi
2106:120
2050:doi
2038:356
1970:doi
1958:272
1907:doi
1903:344
1874:doi
1837:PMC
1827:doi
1815:113
1778:PMC
1770:doi
1694:doi
1604:PMC
1594:doi
1558:hdl
1548:doi
1510:doi
1444:doi
1411:doi
1355:doi
1283:doi
1246:PMC
1230:doi
1226:375
1191:doi
1179:247
1129:PMC
1121:doi
1117:365
964:PMC
956:doi
817:at
730:In
638:or
562:),
552:air
302:of
269:or
257:or
253:An
97:by
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