232:
195:
MC1R gene. Of the variants of the MC1R gene Arg151Cys, Arg160Trp, and Asp294His are the most common in the freckled subjects. The MC1R gene is also associated with red hair more strongly than with freckles. Most red-haired individuals have two variants of the MC1R gene and almost all have one. The variants that cause red hair are the same that cause freckling. Freckling can also be found in areas, such as
66:
183:
211:. Arg160Trp is estimated to have arisen around 80,000 years ago while Arg151Cys and Asp294His have been estimated to arise around 30,000 years ago. The wide variation of the MC1R gene exists in people of European descent because of the lack of strong environmental pressures on the gene. The original allele of MC1R is coded for
194:
gene, though it does not differentiate whether an individual will have freckles if they have one or even two copies of this gene. Also, individuals with no copies of the MC1R do sometimes display freckles. Even so, individuals with a high number of freckling sites have one or more of variants of the
169:
Freckles are not a skin disorder, but people with freckles generally have a lower concentration of photo-protective melanin, and are therefore more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV radiation. It is suggested that people whose skin tends to freckle should avoid overexposure to sun and use
247:
describes a freckle that is flat and light brown or red and fades with a reduction of sun exposure. Ephelides are more common in those with light complexions, although they are found on people with a variety of skin tones. The regular use of sunblock can inhibit their development.
145:
Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun, such as arms or shoulders. Heavily distributed concentrations of melanin may cause freckles to multiply and cover an entire area of skin, such as the face. Freckles are rare on
206:
The variants of the MC1R gene that are linked with freckles started to emerge in the human genotype when humans started to leave Africa. The variant Val92Met arose somewhere between 250,000 and 100,000 years ago, long enough for this gene to be carried by humans into central
126:, they are most common on skin tones 1 and 2, which usually belong to North Europeans. However, it can also be found on people all over the world. In England a historical term for freckles is summer-voys, sometimes spelt summervoise, which may be related to the German term
142:. The exposure to UV-B radiation activates melanocytes to increase melanin production, which can cause freckles to become darker and more visible. This means that one who has never developed freckles may develop them suddenly following extended exposure to sunlight.
830:
815:
937:
223:
exposure. The need was less as humans moved into higher latitudes where incoming sunlight has lower UV light content. The adaptation of lighter skin is needed so that individuals in higher latitudes can still
930:
277:, and the freckles associated with it, came to be desired as a status symbol indicating a life of leisure. Freckles became increasingly fashionable in the late 20th century as a result of the 1960s "
228:
for the production of vitamin D. Freckled individuals tend to tan less and have very light skin, an adaptation to allow individuals that expressed these genes to synthesise sufficient vitamin D.
923:
2863:
621:
Yamaguchi, Kyoko; Watanabe, Chiaki; Kawaguchi, Akira; Sato, Takehiro; Naka, Izumi; Shindo, Misaki; Moromizato, Keiichi; Aoki, Kenichi; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (2012).
2471:
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2018:
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2415:
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773:
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2011:
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353:
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2198:
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2004:
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122:, which are caused by accumulation of melanocytes in a small area. Freckles can appear on all types of skin tones. Of the six
2508:
1488:
1114:
225:
2327:
2193:
580:
Box, N. F; Duffy, D. L; Irving, R. E; Russell, A; Chen, W; Griffyths, L. R; Parsons, P. G; Green, A. C; Sturm, R. A (2001).
258:) look like large freckles, but they form after years of exposure to the sun. Liver spots are more common in older people.
2697:
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1681:
1372:
1209:
384:
1224:
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1603:
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1084:
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1951:
1671:
203:, although it has minimal effects on their pigmentation. The R162Q allele has a disputed involvement in freckling.
2858:
2513:
2461:
2218:
2213:
1873:
623:"Association of melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) polymorphisms with skin reflectance and freckles in Japanese"
39:
2466:
1716:
1362:
1299:
1194:
856:
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742:
513:
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1981:
1676:
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415:
199:, where red hair is not seen. These individuals have the variant Val92Met which is also found in
2291:
2725:
2661:
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1833:
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582:"Melanocortin-1 Receptor Genotype is a Risk Factor for Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma"
403:
231:
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2126:
1976:
1966:
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1425:
1253:
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35:
487:"Pleiotropic effects of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene on human pigmentation"
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1961:
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31:
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Western societies traditionally perceived freckles as imperfections. For example,
158:. Upon exposure to the sun, freckles will reappear if they have been altered with
861:
2813:
2751:
1941:
1766:
1468:
1134:
309:
286:
274:
83:
289:. In the early 2000s, freckled models were a trend in advertising and fashion.
2803:
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2720:
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2055:
2031:
1901:
1742:
1619:
1337:
1309:
1079:
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107:
103:
102:. Freckles do not have an increased number of the melanin-producing cells, or
99:
738:
557:
540:
2365:
2146:
1946:
1896:
1660:
1247:
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959:
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503:
486:
212:
171:
702:
648:
607:
566:
522:
411:
30:"Frickle", "Ephelis", and "Freckles" redirect here. For fried pickles, see
468:
450:
281:" movement and through association with popular figures such as the model
2370:
2155:
2064:
1971:
1593:
1573:
1509:
1463:
1405:
1342:
1284:
1104:
1053:
982:
385:"Sunscreen enhancement of UV-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin"
220:
139:
17:
639:
622:
2715:
2503:
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2044:
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95:
65:
807:
215:
with a high melanin content in the cells. The high melanin content is
2825:
1382:
1327:
1094:
1089:
1063:
972:
819:
297:
293:
282:
147:
182:
166:
and not protected from the sun, but do fade with age in some cases.
684:
1048:
296:
further increased due to their popularity on social media such as
230:
196:
181:
163:
151:
106:, but instead have melanocytes that overproduce melanin granules (
1629:
1148:
967:
850:
208:
191:
2000:
919:
766:
Haunted Greece and Rome: ghost stories from classical antiquity
348:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1232.
541:"The melanocortin-1-receptor gene is the major freckle gene"
370:"Possible medical facial blemish or condition unknown term"
273:
This perception changed after the mid-20th century, when a
190:
The presence of freckles is related to rare alleles of the
98:
cells which are most easily visible on people with a fair
270:
described freckles as spiritual and religious stains.
662:
660:
658:
797:
534:
532:
2796:
2773:
2744:
2706:
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1439:
1381:
1318:
1238:
1167:
1156:
1147:
1062:
1026:
958:
951:
871:
801:
669:"Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R"
480:
478:
138:The formation of freckles is caused by exposure to
110:) changing the coloration of the outer skin cells (
77:
55:
50:
2472:Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons
946:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
764:Felton, Debbie (1999). "The Folklore of Ghosts".
514:20.500.11820/ed3cb955-ec0f-4b4a-844e-cd806ca785ce
2681:Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
383:Hanson, K. M; Gratton, E; Bardeen, C. J (2006).
2864:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
346:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
2333:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
2012:
1431:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
931:
8:
1085:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
2401:Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
2636:
2375:
2356:
2151:
2060:
2049:
2019:
2005:
1997:
1808:
1706:
1578:
1567:
1560:
1164:
1153:
955:
938:
924:
916:
798:
727:"Is It Freckle Juice? No, Freckle Tattoos"
435:"Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?"
235:Freckles on a female face after summertime
64:
47:
692:
638:
597:
556:
512:
502:
458:
2677:Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura
2406:Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
292:By the 2020s, the popularity of freckle
114:). As such, freckles are different from
2416:X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder
2396:Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura
2391:Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli
433:Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E (1992).
336:
2788:Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria
2593:Familial progressive hyperpigmentation
1738:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
2783:Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
2618:Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
768:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
7:
2608:Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori
2386:Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
667:Harding, R. M.; et al. (2000).
586:Journal of Investigative Dermatology
539:Bastiaens, M.; et al. (2001).
404:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.011
2613:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
2533:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
1520:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
673:American Journal of Human Genetics
485:Flanagan, N.; et al. (2000).
315:List of Mendelian traits in humans
25:
2318:Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
2262:Progressive macular hypomelanosis
1421:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
392:Free Radical Biology and Medicine
73:Slight facial freckles on a child
2252:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1530:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
599:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01224.x
2736:Titanium metallic discoloration
2492:Partial unilateral lentiginosis
1540:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
2869:Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms
2509:Erythema dyschromicum perstans
1781:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
1489:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
1115:Infantile digital fibromatosis
1:
2698:Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation
2657:Pigmented purpuric dermatosis
2603:Periorbital hyperpigmentation
2099:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
1373:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
1210:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
150:, and more commonly found on
94:are clusters of concentrated
2565:Shiitake mushroom dermatitis
1849:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1604:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1295:Systemic lupus erythematosus
254:(also known as sunspots and
2652:Iron metallic discoloration
2328:Vagabond's leukomelanoderma
1130:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
2885:
2598:Pallister–Killian syndrome
2247:Albinism–deafness syndrome
1952:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
725:Bahr, Sarah (2023-07-04).
344:Kumar, Vinay, ed. (2005).
34:. For the moth genus, see
29:
2514:Lichen planus pigmentosus
2462:Centrofacial lentiginosis
2219:Griscelli syndrome type 3
2214:Griscelli syndrome type 2
2194:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
900:MedicineNet.com: Freckles
627:Journal of Human Genetics
72:
63:
40:Freckles (disambiguation)
2467:Generalized lentiginosis
2199:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
1717:Thrombocytopenic purpura
1363:Dermatitis herpetiformis
1348:Acute contact dermatitis
1300:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
1225:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
1195:Lichen simplex chronicus
1075:Epidermal inclusion cyst
545:Human Molecular Genetics
491:Human Molecular Genetics
2528:Poikiloderma of Civatte
2164:Oculocutaneous albinism
1982:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1977:Systemic histoplasmosis
1368:Porphyria cutanea tarda
998:Squamous-cell carcinoma
320:Melanocortin 1 receptor
2672:Gougerot–Blum syndrome
2555:Incontinentia pigmenti
2411:Dyskeratosis congenita
2338:Wende–Bauckus syndrome
2257:Phylloid hypomelanosis
2028:Pigmentation disorders
1957:Cicatricial pemphigoid
1874:Acne keloidalis nuchae
1869:Folliculitis decalvans
558:10.1093/hmg/10.16.1701
236:
187:
124:Fitzpatrick skin types
38:. For other uses, see
2094:Alezzandrini syndrome
2073:Quadrichrome vitiligo
1859:Loose anagen syndrome
1786:Necrobiosis lipoidica
1722:Actinic/solar purpura
1396:Insect bite reactions
1185:Seborrheic dermatitis
1008:Merkel-cell carcinoma
988:Molluscum contagiosum
504:10.1093/hmg/9.17.2531
451:10.2105/AJPH.82.4.614
234:
185:
27:Melanin spots on skin
2691:Angioma serpiginosum
2583:Acanthosis nigricans
2122:Waardenburg syndrome
1682:Annulare centrifugum
1205:Glucagonoma syndrome
1003:Basal-cell carcinoma
978:Seborrheic keratosis
906:Ephelides (Freckles)
2421:Galli–Galli disease
2313:Nevus depigmentosus
1927:Aphthous stomatitis
1864:Lichen planopilaris
1839:Androgenic alopecia
1645:Fixed drug eruption
1220:Pemphigus foliaceus
1120:Granular cell tumor
640:10.1038/jhg.2012.96
186:Women with freckles
2667:Majocchi's disease
2560:Scratch dermatitis
2487:Mucosal lentigines
2287:Vasospastic macule
2204:Griscelli syndrome
1947:Pemphigus vulgaris
1776:Granuloma annulare
1640:Carcinoid syndrome
1525:Tuberous sclerosis
1484:Coccidioidomycosis
1358:Bullous pemphigoid
1353:Pemphigus vulgaris
1285:Secondary syphilis
1175:Contact dermatitis
872:External resources
731:The New York Times
439:Am J Public Health
237:
188:
59:Ephelides, ephelis
2846:
2845:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2726:Arsenic poisoning
2662:Schamberg disease
2626:
2625:
2519:Café au lait spot
2346:
2345:
2270:
2269:
2209:Elejalde syndrome
2135:
2134:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1834:Telogen effluvium
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1696:
1695:
1548:
1547:
1416:Lichen spinulosus
1411:Keratosis pilaris
1290:Mycosis fungoides
1190:Stasis dermatitis
1180:Atopic dermatitis
1143:
1142:
1018:Trichoepithelioma
993:Actinic keratosis
895:
894:
775:978-0-292-72507-2
551:(16): 1701–1708.
497:(17): 2531–2537.
285:and the musician
219:in areas of high
89:
88:
45:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2876:
2859:Human skin color
2637:
2477:Ink spot lentigo
2376:
2357:
2152:
2078:Vitiligo ponctué
2061:
2050:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1932:Oral candidiasis
1809:
1707:
1635:Erythema nodosum
1579:
1568:
1561:
1505:Tinea versicolor
1343:Bullous impetigo
1280:Pityriasis rosea
1215:Lichen sclerosus
1200:Darier's disease
1165:
1154:
1110:Kaposi's sarcoma
956:
940:
933:
926:
917:
799:
787:
780:. Citing Pliny,
779:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
741:. Archived from
722:
707:
706:
696:
679:(4): 1351–1361.
664:
653:
652:
642:
618:
612:
611:
601:
577:
571:
570:
560:
536:
527:
526:
516:
506:
482:
473:
472:
462:
430:
424:
423:
389:
380:
374:
373:
366:
360:
359:
341:
226:absorb enough UV
68:
48:
21:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2792:
2761:
2740:
2708:
2702:
2647:Hemochromatosis
2632:
2622:
2575:
2569:
2543:
2539:Riehl melanosis
2497:PUVA lentigines
2482:Lentigo maligna
2452:Lentigo simplex
2436:
2430:
2426:Revesz syndrome
2369:
2364:
2342:
2323:Pityriasis alba
2301:
2292:Woronoff's ring
2279:
2266:
2225:
2186:
2178:
2169:Ocular albinism
2145:
2131:
2109:
2103:
2082:
2054:
2043:
2034:
2025:
1995:
1986:
1918:
1911:
1878:
1844:Alopecia areata
1822:
1804:
1790:
1747:
1726:
1702:
1692:
1649:
1608:
1594:Viral exanthems
1572:
1556:
1554:
1544:
1515:Pityriasis alba
1493:
1435:
1377:
1314:
1234:
1230:Zinc deficiency
1160:
1158:
1139:
1067:
1058:
1022:
1013:Nevus sebaceous
947:
944:
896:
891:
890:
886:article/1119293
867:
866:
810:
796:
791:
790:
786:, 28.188, 30.16
783:Natural History
776:
763:
762:
758:
748:
746:
724:
723:
710:
666:
665:
656:
633:(11): 700–708.
620:
619:
615:
579:
578:
574:
538:
537:
530:
484:
483:
476:
432:
431:
427:
387:
382:
381:
377:
368:
367:
363:
356:
343:
342:
338:
333:
306:
268:Pliny the Elder
264:
242:
180:
136:
46:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2838:Depigmentation
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2809:Skin whitening
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:Lead poisoning
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2297:Nevus anemicus
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Cross syndrome
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2127:Tietz syndrome
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2047:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Coxsackievirus
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
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1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1757:
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1749:
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1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1677:Gyratum repens
1674:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1599:Toxic erythema
1596:
1591:
1589:Drug eruptions
1585:
1583:
1576:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1426:Lichen nitidus
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1328:Herpes simplex
1324:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
964:
962:
953:
949:
948:
945:
943:
942:
935:
928:
920:
914:
913:
902:
893:
892:
889:
888:
876:
875:
873:
869:
868:
865:
864:
853:
842:
827:
811:
806:
805:
803:
802:Classification
795:
794:External links
792:
789:
788:
774:
756:
708:
685:10.1086/302863
654:
613:
592:(2): 224–229.
572:
528:
474:
425:
398:(8): 1205–12.
375:
361:
354:
335:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
322:
317:
312:
305:
302:
263:
260:
241:
238:
179:
176:
135:
132:
128:Sommersprossen
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
70:
69:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
44:
36:Ephelis (moth)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2881:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2758:
2757:Tar melanosis
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Lichen aureus
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:circumscribed
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:hypomelanosis
2277:
2273:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:ABCD syndrome
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Lichen planus
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Onychomycosis
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Tinea capitis
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:Miscellaneous
1801:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:Nonblanchable
1699:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1551:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:Hypopigmented
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:Acne vulgaris
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Lichen planus
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Herpes zoster
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Parapsoriasis
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
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969:
966:
965:
963:
961:
957:
954:
950:
941:
936:
934:
929:
927:
922:
921:
918:
912:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
887:
883:
882:
878:
877:
874:
870:
863:
859:
858:
854:
852:
848:
847:
843:
841:
837:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
821:
817:
813:
812:
809:
804:
800:
793:
785:
784:
777:
771:
767:
760:
757:
745:on 5 Jul 2023
744:
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719:
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713:
709:
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641:
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632:
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591:
587:
583:
576:
573:
568:
564:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
533:
529:
524:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
479:
475:
470:
466:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
429:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
379:
376:
371:
365:
362:
357:
355:0-8089-2302-1
351:
347:
340:
337:
330:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
246:
239:
233:
229:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
202:
198:
193:
184:
177:
175:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
143:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:keratinocytes
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
85:
82:
80:
76:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2587:
2524:Poikiloderma
2448:Lentiginosis
1907:Ingrown nail
1479:Dermatophyte
1474:Gonococcemia
1459:Folliculitis
1100:Neurofibroma
1068:subcutaneous
1033:
904:
879:
855:
844:
829:
814:
781:
765:
759:
747:. Retrieved
743:the original
730:
676:
672:
630:
626:
616:
589:
585:
575:
548:
544:
494:
490:
445:(4): 614–5.
442:
438:
428:
395:
391:
378:
364:
345:
339:
291:
272:
265:
250:
244:
243:
205:
189:
168:
144:
137:
127:
91:
90:
32:Fried pickle
2752:Carotenosis
2379:Reticulated
2110:development
2056:melanocytes
1962:Herpesvirus
1942:Leukoplakia
1767:Scleroderma
1654:Specialized
1582:Generalized
1557:involvement
1469:Candidiasis
1161:involvement
1135:Myxoid cyst
983:Acrochordon
310:Beauty mark
287:Jane Birkin
252:Liver spots
108:melanosomes
104:melanocytes
96:melaninized
84:Dermatology
56:Other names
2853:Categories
2804:Skin color
2775:Dyschromia
2721:Chrysiasis
2457:Liver spot
2276:Leukoderma
2184:Melanosome
2117:Piebaldism
2108:Melanocyte
2032:Dyschromia
1902:Paronychia
1743:Vasculitis
1667:Multiforme
1665:Erythema (
1620:Cellulitis
1571:Blanchable
1320:Blistering
1310:Ichthyosis
1168:Eczematous
1080:Hemangioma
331:References
279:youthquake
262:In culture
256:lentigines
217:protective
116:lentigines
100:complexion
2576:ungrouped
2366:Melanosis
2306:Ungrouped
2174:in humans
2147:amelanism
2087:Syndromic
1897:Psoriasis
1805:disorders
1760:Indurated
1661:Urticaria
1613:Localized
1555:epidermal
1338:Varicella
1248:Psoriasis
1159:epidermal
1125:Leiomyoma
1027:Pigmented
960:Epidermal
911:eMedicine
881:eMedicine
739:0362-4331
245:Ephelides
213:dark skin
201:Europeans
172:sunscreen
79:Specialty
18:Ephelides
2797:See also
2633:pigments
2435:Diffuse/
2371:Melanism
2187:transfer
2156:Albinism
2140:Loss of
2065:Vitiligo
1972:Syphilis
1919:membrane
1574:Erythema
1510:Vitiligo
1464:Impetigo
1441:Pustular
1406:Miliaria
1254:Corporis
1105:Xanthoma
1054:Melanoma
1034:Freckles
703:10733465
649:22854540
608:11179997
567:11487574
523:11030758
420:13999532
412:17015167
304:See also
221:UV light
178:Genetics
152:children
140:sunlight
92:Freckles
2831:removal
2819:Sunless
2814:Tanning
2716:Argyria
2588:Freckle
2504:Melasma
2444:Lentigo
2361:Melanin
2142:melanin
2053:Loss of
2045:leucism
1771:morphea
1731:Papular
1710:Macular
1703:Purpura
1687:Ab igne
1672:Migrans
1625:Abscess
1553:Without
1535:Leprosy
1454:Rosacea
1391:Scabies
1383:Papular
1252:Tinea (
1240:Scaling
1044:Melasma
1039:Lentigo
952:Growths
862:D008548
694:1288200
469:1546792
460:1694089
294:tattoos
156:puberty
154:before
148:infants
134:Biology
51:Freckle
2826:Tattoo
2709:metals
2574:Other/
2548:Linear
2352:Hyper-
1917:Mucous
1813:Ulcers
1274:Faciei
1269:Manuum
1259:Cruris
1149:Rashes
1095:Lipoma
1090:Keloid
1064:Dermal
973:Callus
851:266300
840:709.09
772:
749:23 May
737:
701:
691:
647:
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298:TikTok
283:Twiggy
164:lasers
160:creams
2745:Other
2707:Other
2631:Other
2230:Other
2040:Hypo-
1264:Pedis
1049:Nevus
825:L81.2
416:S2CID
388:(PDF)
240:Types
197:Japan
120:moles
2640:Iron
1884:Nail
1827:Hair
1630:Boil
1157:With
968:Wart
857:MeSH
846:OMIM
835:9-CM
770:ISBN
751:2024
735:ISSN
699:PMID
645:PMID
604:PMID
563:PMID
519:PMID
465:PMID
408:PMID
350:ISBN
325:Mole
209:Asia
192:MC1R
118:and
2278:w/o
1564:Red
1066:and
909:at
831:ICD
816:ICD
689:PMC
681:doi
635:doi
594:doi
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553:doi
509:hdl
499:doi
455:PMC
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400:doi
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