162:
Cimon and his hoplites were still in the
Peloponnese at the time of this proposal, while others have argued that the proposal followed his return. Those who place the proposals during Cimon's absence suggest that he attempted to overturn them on his return, while those who believe he was present at the proposal believe that he opposed them in the initial debate. All agree that his resistance was doomed to failure by the fact that his hoplite force had just been rudely dismissed by the Spartans, an action which demolished the political standing of Cimon and other pro-Spartan Athenians.
182:(5.68), writing in 420 BC, who states that the identity of the murderer was unknown. “Thus those who murdered Ephialtes, one of your citizens, have never been discovered to this day, and if someone expected his associates to conjecture who were his murderers, and if not, to be implicated in the murder, it would not have been fair to the associates. In addition, the murderers of Ephialtes did not desire to hide the body so there would be no danger of betraying the deed.”
178:, which left Ephialtes and his faction firmly in control of the state, although the fully fledged Athenian democracy of later years was not yet fully established; Ephialtes' reforms appear to have been only the first step in the democratic faction's programme. Ephialtes, however, would not live to see the further development of this new form of government: he was assassinated in 461 BC. The earliest source we have on Ephialtes himself and his death is
125:. However, shortly after the Athenians arrived to help the xenophobic Spartans, their assistance was turned down. Subsequently, harmony between Sparta and Athens was broken and Cimon was ostracized for his misjudgment. The end of Cimon's ascendancy resulted in the emergence of a more radical democratic movement led by Ephialtes.
149:", under the leadership of Cimon. The Areopagus had already been losing prestige ever since 486 BC, since when archons were selected by lot. Ephialtes accelerated this process by prosecuting certain members for maladministration. Having thus weakened the prestige of the council, Ephialtes proposed and had passed in the
161:
itself, and the popular courts. Ephialtes took away from the
Areopagus its "additional powers, through which it had guardianship of the constitution." The Areopagus remained merely a high court, in control of judging charges of murder and some religious matters. Some historians have argued that
205:
would go on to complete the governmental transformation and lead Athens for several decades. Scholar Robert W. Wallace reasons that had
Ephialtes been murdered by somebody outside the radical faction, the radicals would have made Ephialtes a martyr and led a crusade to find the perpetrator. This
113:, they called for help from cities that were still part of the Hellenic League, an alliance formed in 481 BC against the Persians. This spurred much debate among the Athenians as to how to respond. In August 463 BC, Ephialtes represented those who wished to refuse
121:, the most influential Athenian politician and general of the time, advocated that Athenians "ought not to suffer Greece to be lamed, nor their own city to be deprived of her yoke-fellow." Cimon was victorious in the debate, and set out for Sparta with 4,000
70:
for which Athens would become famous. These powers included the scrutiny and control of office holders, and the judicial functions in state trials. He reduced the property qualifications for holding a public office, and created a new definition of
117:'s request for military assistance. Ephialtes argued that Sparta and Athens were natural rivals, and that Athens should rejoice at Sparta's misfortune — "let Sparta's pride be trampled underfoot." On the pro-Spartan side,
627:
75:. Ephialtes, however, would not live to participate in this new form of government for long. In 461 BC, he was assassinated, probably at the instigation of resentful
201:(25.4), states that Aristodikos of Tanagra was the culprit. It is possible that Aristodikos of Tanagra was part of an oligarchic plot; his political ally
620:
914:
197:
929:
613:
934:
422:
919:
153:, a sweeping series of reforms which divided up the powers traditionally wielded by the Areopagus among the democratic council of the
924:
551:
534:
520:
506:
281:
266:
250:
904:
246:
Unless otherwise noted, all details of this conflict are drawn from
Plutarch. (Plutarch’s Cimon 16.8; Scott-Kilvert 1960)
66:, a traditional bastion of conservatism, and which are considered by many modern historians to mark the beginning of the
868:
31:
808:
158:
150:
110:
773:
693:
146:
909:
483:
154:
783:
738:
718:
678:
333:
319:
683:
494:
878:
778:
833:
803:
59:
547:
530:
516:
502:
398:
179:
67:
402:
145:
and some modern historians, Athens had, since about 470 BC, been governed under an informal "
798:
758:
636:
55:
442:
109:. When the Spartans failed to remove the rebel helots from their base on Mount Ithome, in
62:
movement there. In the late 460s BC, he oversaw reforms that diminished the power of the
41:
898:
853:
539:
285:
17:
585:
30:
This article is about the 5th century BC Athenian statesman. For other uses, see
863:
843:
753:
713:
703:
594:
571:
72:
605:
330:
Unless otherwise noted, all details of this campaign are drawn from
Aristotle,
206:
didn't happen, so the murderer likely came from within
Ephialtes' own faction.
105:, causing a great deal of damage and indirectly resulting in the revolt of the
883:
858:
793:
788:
743:
658:
598:
575:
562:
487:
98:
818:
813:
763:
698:
673:
663:
653:
648:
470:
418:
185:
171:
142:
134:
93:
76:
63:
873:
828:
748:
688:
668:
557:
202:
133:
Around this time, Ephialtes and his political allies began attacking the
80:
838:
733:
728:
122:
823:
138:
114:
106:
102:
475:
848:
723:
708:
175:
118:
609:
79:, and the political leadership of Athens passed to his deputy,
170:
The success of
Ephialtes' reforms was rapidly followed by the
584:
45:
141:
which was a traditionally conservative force. According to
561:
91:
Ephialtes first appears in the historical record as the
453:Robert W. Wallace, "Ephialtes and the Areopagus,"
474:
101:in 465 BC. Then, in 464 BC, an earthquake hit
525:Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed.,
27:5th century BCE Athenian statesman and general
621:
8:
237:, Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, ed.
628:
614:
606:
223:Democracy 2500: Questions and Challenges
214:
513:A History of the Athenian Constitution
58:politician and an early leader of the
544:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War
312:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War
299:The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War
7:
499:The Origins of the Peloponnesian War
386:History of the Athenian Constitution
360:The Origins of the Peloponnesian War
347:History of the Athenian Constitution
97:commanding an Athenian fleet in the
455:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
25:
373:Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War
915:5th-century BC Greek politicians
529:(Oxford University Press, 2003)
284:; Plutarch is quoting here from
527:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
332:Constitution of the Athenians,
235:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
137:, a council composed of former
1:
424:Constitution of the Athenians
316:Constitution of the Athenians
314:, 64-5. See also Aristotle,
198:Constitution of the Athenians
189:
930:Ancient Greek murder victims
501:, (Duckworth and Co., 1972)
935:History of Classical Athens
951:
46:
32:Ephialtes (disambiguation)
29:
920:Ancient Athenian generals
644:
925:5th-century BC Athenians
404:On the Murder of Herodes
221:Morris & Raaflaaub,
147:Areopagite constitution
129:Attack on the Areopagus
484:Frederic George Kenyon
233:"Ephialtes (4)," from
905:5th-century BC births
739:Demetrius of Phalerum
495:de Ste. Croix, G.E.M.
477:Athenian Constitution
511:Hignett, Charles.
457:XV (1974), pg. 269.
18:Ephialtes of Athens
892:
891:
583:Plutarch (1683).
546:(Cornell, 1969).
68:radical democracy
54:) was an ancient
16:(Redirected from
942:
637:Ancient Athenian
630:
623:
616:
607:
602:
593:. Translated by
588:
586:"Pericles"
579:
570:. Translated by
565:
491:
482:. Translated by
481:
458:
451:
445:
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409:
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308:
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295:
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166:Death and legacy
151:popular assembly
49:
48:
21:
950:
949:
945:
944:
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940:
939:
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894:
893:
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640:
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515:(Oxford, 1962)
469:
466:
461:
452:
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436:
432:
427:. p. 25.4.
417:
416:
412:
407:. p. 5.68.
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358:De Ste. Croix,
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89:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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937:
932:
927:
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836:
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811:
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796:
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781:
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771:
766:
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751:
746:
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736:
731:
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721:
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711:
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625:
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523:
509:
492:
465:
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364:
351:
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290:
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213:
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167:
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130:
127:
88:
85:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
947:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:461 BC deaths
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885:
882:
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877:
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827:
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815:
812:
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787:
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638:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
608:
600:
596:
592:
587:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
563:"Cimon"
559:
555:
553:
552:0-8014-9556-3
549:
545:
541:
540:Kagan, Donald
538:
536:
535:0-19-866172-X
532:
528:
524:
522:
521:0-19-814213-7
518:
514:
510:
508:
507:0-7156-0640-9
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
472:
468:
467:
463:
456:
450:
447:
444:
440:
434:
431:
426:
425:
420:
414:
411:
406:
405:
400:
394:
391:
387:
381:
378:
374:
368:
365:
361:
355:
352:
348:
342:
339:
336:
335:
327:
324:
321:
317:
313:
307:
304:
300:
294:
291:
287:
283:
280:
274:
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268:
265:
259:
256:
252:
249:
243:
240:
236:
230:
227:
224:
218:
215:
209:
207:
204:
200:
199:
193: 325 BC
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
165:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:
87:Early actions
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
43:
39:
33:
19:
854:Themistocles
774:Eratosthenes
768:
694:Callistratus
679:Aristogeiton
597:– via
590:
574:– via
567:
543:
526:
512:
498:
486:– via
476:
454:
449:
438:
433:
423:
413:
403:
393:
385:
380:
372:
367:
359:
354:
346:
341:
331:
326:
315:
311:
306:
298:
293:
286:Ion of Chios
278:
273:
263:
258:
247:
242:
234:
229:
222:
217:
196:
184:
169:
132:
92:
90:
51:
37:
36:
864:Thrasybulus
844:Pisistratus
754:Demosthenes
714:Cleisthenes
704:Chremonides
639:politicians
595:John Dryden
572:John Dryden
73:citizenship
899:Categories
884:Xanthippus
869:Thucydides
859:Theramenes
794:Hypereides
789:Hyperbolus
744:Demochares
684:Aristophon
659:Alcibiades
599:Wikisource
576:Wikisource
488:Wikisource
464:References
437:Plutarch,
277:Plutarch,
262:Plutarch,
188:, writing
99:Aegean Sea
60:democratic
879:Timotheus
819:Moerocles
814:Miltiades
769:Ephialtes
764:Echedemos
699:Charmides
674:Aristides
664:Andocides
654:Agyrrhius
649:Aeschines
471:Aristotle
419:Aristotle
384:Hignett,
345:Hignett,
186:Aristotle
172:ostracism
143:Aristotle
135:Areopagus
94:strategos
77:oligarchs
64:Areopagus
52:Ephialtēs
38:Ephialtes
874:Timoleon
834:Philinus
829:Pericles
809:Lysicles
804:Lycurgus
749:Democles
719:Cleophon
689:Autocles
669:Archinus
560:(1683).
558:Plutarch
439:Pericles
399:Antiphon
388:, 217-18
203:Pericles
180:Antiphon
159:ekklesia
123:hoplites
111:Messenia
81:Pericles
56:Athenian
47:Ἐφιάλτης
839:Phocion
779:Eubulus
734:Demades
729:Critias
375:, 73-74
371:Kagan,
310:Kagan,
297:Kagan,
195:in his
139:archons
824:Nicias
799:Laches
784:Hagnon
550:
533:
519:
505:
479:
443:10.6-7
157:, the
115:Sparta
107:helots
103:Sparta
849:Solon
759:Draco
724:Cleon
709:Cimon
591:Lives
568:Lives
362:, 179
349:, 341
279:Cimon
264:Cimon
248:Cimon
210:Notes
176:Cimon
155:Boule
119:Cimon
42:Greek
548:ISBN
531:ISBN
517:ISBN
503:ISBN
301:, 72
282:16.8
267:16.8
251:16.8
174:of
901::
589:.
566:.
542:.
497:,
473:.
441:,
421:.
401:.
334:25
320:23
318:,
190:c.
83:.
50:,
44::
629:e
622:t
615:v
601:.
578:.
490:.
288:.
253:.
40:(
34:.
20:)
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