749:
583:
622:
1421:
614:
893:
559:
838:
58:
870:
854:
40:
761:
ca. 16,500 BP), and include the image of a bird, the first figurative representation known so far from a pre-Natufian
Epipalaeolithic site, together with geometric motifs such as chevrons, cross-hatchings, and ladders. Some of the engravings closely resemble roughly contemporary European finds, and may be interpreted as "systems of notations" or "artificial memory systems" related to the timing of seasonal resources and related important events for nomadic groups.
2022:
1910:
637:. The cool and dry period ended at the beginning of Mesolithic 1. The hunter-gatherers of the Aurignacian would have had to modify their way of living and their pattern of settlement to adapt to the changing conditions. The crystallization of these new patterns resulted in Mesolithic 1. The people developed new types of settlements and new stone industries.
582:
731:
and the Early
Epipalaeolithic, and has been attributed to both periods. The wear traces on the tools indicate that these were used for harvesting near-ripe, semi-green wild cereals, shortly before grains ripen enough to disperse naturally. The study shows that the tools were not used intensively, and
760:
Evidence for symbolic behavior of Late
Pleistocene foragers in the Levant has been found in engraved limestone plaquettes from the Epipalaeolithic open-air site Ein Qashish South in the Jezreel Valley, Palestine. The engravings were uncovered in Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran deposits (ca. 23,000 and
693:
type, implies a significant rupture in the cultural continuity of
Levantine Upper Paleolithic. The Kebaran culture, with its use of microliths, is associated also with the use of the bow and arrow and the domestication of the dog. The Kebaran is also characterised by the earliest collecting and
698:. The Kebaran people are believed to have migrated seasonally, dispersing to upland environments in the summer, and gathering in caves and rock shelters near lowland lakes in the winter. This diversity of environments may be the reason for the variety of tools found in their toolkits.
475:
The start of the
Epipalaeolithic is defined by the appearance of microliths. Although this is an arbitrary boundary, the Epipalaeolithic does differ significantly from the preceding Upper Palaeolithic. Epipalaeolithic sites are more numerous, better preserved, and can be accurately
1406:, a Levantine industry associated with the Middle Epipalaeolithic. The excavators of the site, therefore, proposed that northern Arabia was colonised by foragers from the Levant around 15,000 years ago. These groups may then have been cut off by the drying climate and retreated to
1390:
was too arid and inhospitable for human settlement in the Late
Pleistocene. The earliest known sites belonged to the early Neolithic, c. 9000 to 8000 BP, and it was supposed that people were able to recolonise the region then due to the wetter climate of the early Holocene.
748:
2400:
Hilbert, Yamandú H.; White, Tom S.; Parton, Ash; Clark-Balzan, Laine; Crassard, Rémy; Groucutt, Huw S.; Jennings, Richard P.; Breeze, Paul; Parker, Adrian; Shipton, Ceri; Al-Omari, Abdulaziz; Alsharekh, Abdullah M.; Petraglia, Michael D. (1 October 2014).
1456:, 15 mammal species were found, and two reptile species. Despite then being very close to the coast, the rather small number of seashells found (7 genera) and the piercing of many, suggests these may have been collected as ornaments rather than food.
1463:, and some grains were processed and baked. Stones with evidence of grinding have been found. These were most likely the main food sources throughout the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, which introduced the widespread agricultural growing of crops.
892:
640:
The inhabitants of a small
Mesolithic 1 site in the Levant left little more than their chipped stone tools behind. The industry was of small tools made of bladelets struck off single-platform cores. Besides bladelets,
649:
have been found. A few bone tools and some ground stones have also been found. These so-called
Mesolithic sites of Asia are far less numerous than those of the Neolithic, and the archeological remains are very poor.
2290:
Bretzke, Knut; Armitage, Simon J.; Parker, Adrian G.; Walkington, Helen; Uerpmann, Hans-Peter (25 June 2013). "The environmental context of
Paleolithic settlement at Jebel Faya, Emirate Sharjah, UAE".
1432:, as the period is well documented due to good preservation at the sites, at least of animal remains. The most prevalent animal food sources in the Levant during this period were: deer, gazelle, and
104:
732:
they reflect two harvesting modes: flint knives held by hand and inserts hafted into a handle. The finds reveal the existence of cereal harvesting techniques and tools some 8,000 years before the
869:
2552:
2032:"A Unique Assemblage of Engraved Plaquettes from Ein Qashish South, Jezreel Valley, Palestine: Figurative and Non-Figurative Symbols of Late Pleistocene Hunters-Gatherers in the Levant"
837:
633:
By 18,000 BP the climate and environment had changed, starting a period of transition. The Levant became more arid and the forest vegetation retreated, to be replaced by
2491:
Bar-Oz, Guy; Dayan, Tamar; Kaufman, Daniel, The
Epipalaeolithic Faunal Sequence in Palestine: A View from Neve David (PDF), Journal of Archaeological Science, 1999, 26, 67–82
2333:
Crassard, Rémy; Petraglia, Michael D.; Parker, Adrian G.; Parton, Ash; Roberts, Richard G.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Alsharekh, Abdullah; Al-Omari, Abdulaziz; Breeze, Paul (2013).
472:—small, finely-produced blades that were hafted in wooden implements. These are the primary artifacts by which archaeologists recognise and classify Epipalaeolithic sites.
97:
1459:
However, the period seems to be marked by an increase in plant foods and a decrease in meat-eating. Over 40 plant species have been found by analysing one site in the
740:. Furthermore, the new finds accord well with evidence for the earliest ever cereal cultivation at the site, and for the use of stone-made grinding implements.
853:
621:
2545:
90:
1420:
2538:
2403:"Epipalaeolithic occupation and palaeoenvironments of the southern Nefud desert, Saudi Arabia, during the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene"
1487:
613:
606:) period throughout the Levant. By the end of the Levantine Aurignacian, gradual changes took place in stone industries. Small stone tools called
2968:
610:
and retouched bladelets can be found for the first time. The microliths of this culture period differ markedly from the Aurignacian artifacts.
2973:
2174:
1368:
2030:
Roskin, Joel; Porat, Naomi; Greenbaum, Noam; Caracuta, Valentina; Boaretto, Elisabeta; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Yaroshevich, Alla (24 August 2016).
1402:
which retained water in the otherwise dry conditions of the Terminal Pleistocene. The stone tools found bore a close resemblance to the
719:
The earliest evidence for the use of composite cereal harvesting tools are the glossed flint blades that have been found at the site of
2521:
1599:
1178:
1626:
Maher, Lisa A.; Richter, Tobias; Stock, Jay T. (2012). "The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-term Behavioral Trends in the Levant".
1578:(1994). "Western Asia from the end of the Middle Palaeolithic to the beginnings of food production". In de Laet, Siegfried J. (ed.).
2507:
2274:
1996:
1550:
2143:
1693:
1325:
1530:
811:
The Natufian culture is commonly split into two subperiods: Early Natufian (12,500–10,800 BCE) (Christopher Delage gives
558:
823:
13,700–11,500 BCE) and Late Natufian (10,800–9500 BCE). The Late Natufian most likely occurred in tandem with the
1408:
590:
and during the Epipalaeolithic. Human occupation signs 29–15.2 ka (diamonds), wood charcoal, nuts 15.9–11.2 ka (squares).
2402:
511:
The period may be subdivided into Early, Middle and Late Epipalaeolithic: The Early Epipalaeolithic corresponds to the
1460:
1398:
discovered an Epipalaeolithic site dating to between 12,000 and 10,000 BP. The site is located in the Jubbah basin, a
445:
694:
processing of wild cereals, known due to the excavation of grain-grinding tools. This was the first step towards the
57:
2963:
2907:
2641:
2190:
Pedergnana, Antonella; Cristiani, Emanuela; Munro, Natalie; Valletta, Francesco; Sharon, Gonen (6 October 2021).
1472:
1361:
1091:
1003:
492:, and it is characterised by population growth and economic intensification. The Epipalaeolithic ended with the "
1436:
of various species, and smaller animals including birds, lizards, foxes, tortoises, and hares. Less common were
2958:
2953:
2335:"Beyond the Levant: First Evidence of a Pre-Pottery Neolithic Incursion into the Nefud Desert, Saudi Arabia"
536:
768:, a final Epipalaeolithic period when sedentary or semi-sedentary foragers started practicing agriculture.
2595:
2578:
793:
405:
736:, and 12,000 years before the establishment of sedentary farming communities in the Near East during the
64:
46:
2572:
1482:
1477:
1318:
1140:
1122:
828:
670:
646:
599:
412:
391:
2646:
39:
2656:
2192:"Early line and hook fishing at the Epipaleolithic site of Jordan River Dureijat (Northern Palestine)"
2882:
2862:
2815:
2620:
2584:
2417:
2346:
2299:
2203:
2043:
1931:
1887:
1813:
1748:
1354:
737:
714:
695:
662:
642:
571:
563:
532:
493:
485:
464:
who generally lived in small, seasonal camps rather than permanent villages. They made sophisticated
398:
2768:
2661:
2783:
2778:
2721:
2706:
2498:. Siglo XXI Editores, 1970 (reviewed and corrected in 1994) (original German edition, 1966, titled
1238:
1116:
575:
2923:
2098:
2836:
2805:
2449:
2147:
1705:
1659:
1250:
1159:
1019:
801:
477:
2902:
2897:
2821:
2763:
2758:
2752:
1591:
1172:
2877:
2651:
2517:
2503:
2441:
2382:
2364:
2315:
2270:
2239:
2221:
2170:
2079:
2061:
1992:
1986:
1967:
1949:
1849:
1831:
1782:
1764:
1697:
1651:
1643:
1605:
1595:
1546:
1492:
1403:
1387:
1282:
1263:
1256:
1208:
1071:
985:
941:
876:
728:
587:
449:
346:
2525:
2912:
2841:
2687:
2682:
2615:
2433:
2425:
2372:
2354:
2307:
2262:
2229:
2211:
2139:
2069:
2051:
1957:
1939:
1839:
1821:
1772:
1756:
1689:
1635:
1538:
1526:
1305:
1146:
1097:
789:
777:
678:
527:
2124:
2692:
2666:
2625:
2610:
1232:
1128:
884:
682:
461:
437:
2857:
2727:
2099:"Small game, the Younger Dryas, and the transition to agriculture in the southern Levant"
1920:"Composite Sickles and Cereal Harvesting Methods at 23,000-Years-Old Ohalo II, Palestine"
1802:"Composite Sickles and Cereal Harvesting Methods at 23,000-Years-Old Ohalo II, Palestine"
804:
places the Natufian culture between 12,500 and 9500 BCE, just before the end of the
2421:
2350:
2303:
2261:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 205–214.
2207:
2047:
1935:
1817:
1752:
508:, although archaeologists now recognise that these trends began in the Epipalaeolithic.
2928:
2917:
2377:
2334:
2234:
2191:
2074:
2031:
1962:
1919:
1879:
1844:
1801:
1777:
1736:
1680:(1998). "The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture".
1677:
1580:
1575:
1287:
1276:
1196:
928:
816:
753:
724:
665:. The people were thought to lack the specialized grinders and pounders found in later
481:
457:
423:
384:
2947:
2831:
2826:
2453:
1331:
1293:
1220:
824:
562:
The Epipalaeolithic corresponds to the first period of progressive warming after the
497:
2151:
1709:
1663:
2887:
2773:
899:
844:
666:
574:. The change in temperatures in the Post-Glacial period is based on evidence from
376:
354:
2530:
2359:
2311:
2266:
2216:
2056:
1944:
1826:
1542:
2810:
2737:
2732:
1226:
1184:
916:
805:
764:
Similar-looking signs and patterns are well known from the context of the local
654:
586:
Archaeological evidence of human activities in the Near East, at the end of the
501:
2026:
1914:
17:
2800:
2429:
1449:
1445:
1344:
1202:
1166:
1039:
997:
465:
441:
2445:
2368:
2319:
2225:
2125:"The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture"
2065:
1953:
1835:
1768:
1701:
1647:
1609:
1399:
1270:
1214:
1190:
1051:
979:
880:
797:
690:
607:
505:
469:
453:
361:
2514:
The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape
2386:
2243:
2083:
1971:
1853:
1786:
1655:
1582:
History of Humanity Volume 1: Prehistory and the Beginnings of Civilization
598:, lasted from 20,000 to 12,150 BP. It followed the Upper Paleolithic
517:
culture, c. 20,000 to 14,500 years ago, the Middle Epipalaeolithic is the
2892:
2867:
2747:
1424:
Associations of wild cereals and other wild grasses in northern Palestine
1395:
1311:
1299:
1152:
1110:
924:
783:
765:
733:
720:
702:
674:
626:
603:
567:
489:
2437:
2021:
1918:
Nadel, Dani; Weiss, Ehud; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris (23 November 2016).
1909:
1800:
Nadel, Dani; Weiss, Ehud; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris (23 November 2016).
1639:
1437:
1244:
1134:
1057:
1045:
991:
973:
967:
686:
595:
553:
522:
513:
2144:
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7
1760:
1694:
10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::aid-evan4>3.0.co;2-7
723:, a 23,000-year-old fisher-hunter-gatherers’ camp on the shore of the
2872:
2742:
1587:
1429:
1104:
727:, Northern Palestine. The Ohalo site is dated at the junction of the
701:
The Kebaran is generally thought to have been ancestral to the later
634:
1428:
The Epipalaeolithic is best understood when discussing the southern
2025:
Material was adapted from this source, which is available under a
1913:
Material was adapted from this source, which is available under a
1453:
1441:
1419:
860:
747:
658:
620:
617:
Stone Age stone mortar and pestle, Kebaran culture, 22000-18000 BP
612:
581:
557:
2257:
Uerpmann, Hans-Peter; Potts, D. T.; Uerpmann, Margarethe (2010).
1866:
Dayan, Tamar (1994), "Early Domesticated Dogs of the Near East" (
1737:"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia"
1433:
1082:
1030:
958:
954:
808:. This period is characterised by the beginning of agriculture.
756:, Palestine, Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran ca. 23,000-16,500 BP.
669:
cultures. The Kebaran is preceded by the Athlitian phase of the
2534:
1735:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017).
898:
Stone fishing hook and sinker (a grooved pebble), used on the
73:
531:, 14,500–11,500 BP. The Natufian overlaps with the incipient
625:
Composite sickles for cereal harvesting at 23,000-Years-Old
1537:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–212.
752:
Engraved plaquette with bird image from Ein Qashish South,
1394:
However, in 2014, archaeologists working in the southern
2027:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1915:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1535:
Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East
45:
Reconstruction of Near East Paleolithic cave shelter.
460:(BP). The people of the Epipalaeolithic were nomadic
1870:, Volume 21, Issue 5, September 1994, Pages 633–640)
1682:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
1628:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
2850:
2793:
2714:
2705:
2675:
2634:
2603:
2594:
480:. The period coincides with the gradual retreat of
63:Reconstruction of Epipalaeolithic temporary tents.
2202:(10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0257710.
1579:
1721:
1719:
456:, between approximately 20,000 and 10,000 years
2169:. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports 1320.
2465:
2463:
2106:Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte
705:culture that occupied much of the same range.
2546:
1362:
98:
8:
2259:The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia
792:. This period is characterized by the early
788:The Late Epipalaeolithic is also called the
1991:. Cambridge University Press. p. 335.
827:. The following period is often called the
2711:
2600:
2553:
2539:
2531:
2167:The last hunter-gatherers in the Near East
1369:
1355:
911:
744:Artistic expression in the Kebaran culture
661:. The Kebaran was characterized by small,
105:
91:
2496:Historia Universal siglo XXI. Prehistoria
2376:
2358:
2233:
2215:
2073:
2055:
1961:
1943:
1843:
1825:
1776:
594:The Early Epipalaeolithic, also known as
1985:Enzel, Yehouda; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2017).
1386:Until recently, it was thought that the
796:, which later emerged more fully in the
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1504:
1488:List of archaeological periods (Levant)
914:
833:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
525:, and the Late Epipalaeolithic to the
440:("Final Old Stone Age", also known as
2516:, 2007, University of Arizona Press,
677:) and followed by the proto-agrarian
7:
1621:
1619:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1179:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
847:, Natufian Culture, 12500-9500 BC.
25:
2410:Journal of Archaeological Science
1868:Journal of Archaeological Science
2165:Delage, Christophe, ed. (2004).
2020:
1908:
891:
868:
863:, Natufian period, 12500-9500 BC
852:
836:
484:climatic conditions between the
56:
38:
902:during the Late Epipalaeolithic
566:(LGM), before the start of the
2562:Epipalaeolithic Southwest Asia
2494:M. H. Alimen and M. J. Steve,
1444:, wild boar, wild cattle, and
1:
2969:Prehistory of the Middle East
1078:
1026:
948:
820:
812:
448:. It is the period after the
2974:Archaeology of the Near East
2360:10.1371/journal.pone.0068061
2312:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.01.028
2267:10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1_15
2217:10.1371/journal.pone.0257710
2057:10.1371/journal.pone.0160687
1945:10.1371/journal.pone.0167151
1827:10.1371/journal.pone.0167151
1543:10.1017/cbo9781139026314.007
1412:like the Jubbah palaeolake.
883:. British Museum:
819:uncalibrated, equivalent to
446:prehistory of the Near East
2990:
2097:Munro, Natalie D. (2003).
1884:Neolithic of the Near East
781:
775:
712:
551:
78:Prehistoric Southwest Asia
2568:
2430:10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.023
2132:Evolutionary Anthropology
1473:Caucasian Epipalaeolithic
1092:Initial Upper Paleolithic
434:Epipalaeolithic Near East
420:
83:
76:
32:Epipalaeolithic Near East
2292:Quaternary International
2123:Bar-Yosef, Ofer (1998).
1988:Quaternary of the Levant
685:. The appearance of the
537:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
1590:/ Routledge. pp.
1425:
757:
630:
618:
591:
579:
1531:"The Epipalaeolithic"
1483:Levantine Aurignacian
1478:Levantine archaeology
1423:
829:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
782:Further information:
751:
709:Harvesting of cereals
671:Levantine Aurignacian
624:
616:
600:Levantine Aurignacian
585:
570:and the onset of the
561:
552:Further information:
548:Early Epipalaeolithic
521:or late phase of the
488:and the start of the
1888:Macmillan Publishers
772:Late Epipalaeolithic
738:Neolithic Revolution
715:Neolithic Revolution
696:Neolithic Revolution
663:geometric microliths
572:Neolithic Revolution
564:Last Glacial Maximum
533:Neolithic Revolution
494:Neolithic Revolution
486:Last Glacial Maximum
422:Axis scale is years
2422:2014JArSc..50..460H
2351:2013PLoSO...868061C
2304:2013QuInt.300...83B
2208:2021PLoSO..1657710P
2048:2016PLoSO..1160687Y
1936:2016PLoSO..1167151G
1818:2016PLoSO..1167151G
1753:2017NatSR...740338P
859:Stone Mortars from
843:Bovine-rib dagger,
794:rise of agriculture
576:Greenland ice cores
496:" and the onset of
2587:(15,000–11,500 BP)
2581:(19,000–15,000 BP)
2575:(25,000–19,000 BP)
2512:Simmons, Alan H.,
1741:Scientific Reports
1640:10.1002/evan.21307
1586:. Paris / London:
1426:
1020:Middle Paleolithic
879:, Ain Sakhri near
802:Radiocarbon dating
758:
631:
619:
592:
580:
450:Upper Palaeolithic
338:26000 —
328:25000 —
318:24000 —
308:23000 —
298:22000 —
288:21000 —
278:20000 —
268:19000 —
258:18000 —
248:17000 —
238:16000 —
228:15000 —
218:14000 —
208:13000 —
198:12000 —
188:11000 —
178:10000 —
2964:Upper Paleolithic
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2701:
2700:
2642:Geometric Kebaran
2176:978-1-84171-389-2
1761:10.1038/srep40338
1493:Mesolithic Europe
1404:Geometric Kebaran
1388:Arabian Peninsula
1379:
1378:
1072:Upper Paleolithic
942:Lower Paleolithic
877:Ain Sakhri lovers
729:Upper Paleolithic
673:(formerly called
653:The type site is
602:(formerly called
588:Upper Paleolithic
519:Geometric Kebaran
478:radiocarbon dated
430:
429:
168:9000 —
158:8000 —
148:7000 —
138:6000 —
128:5000 —
118:4000 —
16:(Redirected from
2981:
2913:Tell Abu Hureyra
2712:
2601:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2532:
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2476:
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2458:
2457:
2407:
2397:
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2390:
2380:
2362:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2219:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2129:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2059:
2024:
2018:
2003:
2002:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1947:
1930:(11): e0167151.
1912:
1906:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1829:
1812:(11): e0167151.
1797:
1791:
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1780:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1585:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1098:Fertile Crescent
1086:
1080:
1034:
1028:
962:
953:
950:
912:
895:
872:
856:
840:
822:
814:
790:Natufian culture
778:Natufian culture
679:Natufian culture
462:hunter-gatherers
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
107:
100:
93:
87:
74:
65:Şanlıurfa Museum
60:
47:Şanlıurfa Museum
42:
21:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2959:Mesolithic Asia
2954:Epipalaeolithic
2944:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2883:Hilazon Tachtit
2863:ʿAyn al-Saratan
2846:
2822:ʿUyun al-Hammam
2816:Tabaqat al-Buma
2789:
2697:
2671:
2630:
2590:
2564:
2559:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2042:(8): e0160687.
2029:
2019:
2006:
1999:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1917:
1907:
1894:
1880:Mellaart, James
1878:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1678:Bar-Yosef, Ofer
1676:
1675:
1671:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1602:
1576:Bar-Yosef, Ofer
1574:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1469:
1418:
1384:
1375:
1338:
1337:
1193:(41,000-37,000)
1173:Châtelperronian
1087:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1035:
1024:
1022:
1012:
1011:
982:(1.76–0.13 Ma)
963:
951:
946:
944:
910:
903:
896:
887:
873:
864:
857:
848:
841:
786:
780:
774:
746:
717:
711:
683:Epipalaeolithic
556:
550:
545:
502:food production
452:and before the
438:Epipalaeolithic
436:designates the
426:
416:
415:
409:
408:
402:
401:
395:
394:
388:
387:
381:
380:
372:
371:
369:Epipalaeolithic
365:
364:
358:
357:
351:
350:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
111:
85:
79:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
61:
52:
51:
50:
43:
34:
33:
23:
22:
18:Epi-Paleolithic
15:
12:
11:
5:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2929:Wadi Hammeh 27
2926:
2921:
2918:Tell es-Sultan
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Wadi Hammeh 26
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2522:978-0816529667
2510:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2459:
2392:
2325:
2282:
2275:
2249:
2182:
2175:
2157:
2138:(5): 159–177.
2115:
2089:
2004:
1997:
1977:
1892:
1872:
1859:
1792:
1727:
1725:Simmons, 47-48
1715:
1688:(5): 159–177.
1669:
1615:
1601:978-0415093057
1600:
1567:
1565:Simmons, 48-49
1558:
1551:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1417:
1414:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1277:Iberomaurusian
1274:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1235:(15.5–13.1 ka)
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1155:(12.2–10.8 ka)
1150:
1149:(14.5–11.5 ka)
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
977:
971:
964:
940:
939:
936:
935:
920:
919:
909:
906:
905:
904:
897:
890:
888:
874:
867:
865:
858:
851:
849:
842:
835:
815:13,000–11,500
776:Main article:
773:
770:
754:Jezreel Valley
745:
742:
725:Sea of Galilee
713:Main article:
710:
707:
549:
546:
544:
541:
458:Before Present
428:
427:
424:Before Present
421:
418:
417:
411:
410:
404:
403:
397:
396:
390:
389:
383:
382:
374:
373:
367:
366:
360:
359:
353:
352:
344:
343:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
102:
95:
84:
81:
80:
77:
62:
55:
54:
53:
44:
37:
36:
35:
31:
30:
29:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2986:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:ʿIraq ed-Dubb
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Wadi Jilat 22
2830:
2828:
2827:Wadi Jilat 10
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2784:Yutil al-Hasa
2782:
2780:
2779:Wadi Madamagh
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:Ain al-Buhira
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:84-323-0034-9
2505:
2501:
2500:Vorgeschichte
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2478:Bar-Oz, 71-73
2475:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:(7): e68061.
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2276:9789048127184
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1998:9781107090460
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1552:9781139026314
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:Shea, John J.
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1461:Jordan Valley
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:Afontova Gora
1330:
1327:
1326:Mal'ta–Buret'
1324:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:Epigravettian
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
965:
960:
956:
943:
938:
937:
933:
932:
926:
922:
921:
918:
913:
908:Other regions
907:
901:
894:
889:
886:
882:
878:
871:
866:
862:
855:
850:
846:
839:
834:
832:
830:
826:
825:Younger Dryas
818:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
779:
771:
769:
767:
762:
755:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
716:
708:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
638:
636:
628:
623:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
584:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
555:
547:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
520:
516:
515:
509:
507:
503:
499:
498:domestication
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
419:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
378:
370:
363:
356:
348:
342:
115:
114:
108:
103:
101:
96:
94:
89:
88:
82:
75:
66:
59:
48:
41:
27:
19:
2924:Tell Qarassa
2858:ʿAin Mallaha
2774:Wadi Jilat 6
2728:ʿAyn Qasiyya
2561:
2526:google books
2513:
2499:
2495:
2486:Bibliography
2474:
2438:10072/412894
2413:
2409:
2395:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2258:
2252:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2166:
2160:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2092:
2039:
2035:
1987:
1980:
1927:
1923:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1634:(2): 69–81.
1631:
1627:
1581:
1570:
1561:
1534:
1507:
1458:
1427:
1416:Food sources
1407:
1396:Nefud desert
1393:
1385:
1317:
1262:
1241:(14–12.8 ka)
1175:(44.5–36 ka)
1158:
1137:(18–12.5 ka)
1096:
1006:(400–220 ka)
1000:(424–400 ka)
994:(500–130 ka)
976:(2.6–1.7 Ma)
930:
900:Jordan River
885:1958,1007.1
845:HaYonim Cave
810:
787:
763:
759:
718:
700:
689:culture, of
667:Near Eastern
652:
639:
632:
629:, Palestine.
593:
526:
518:
512:
510:
474:
433:
431:
377:Palaeolithic
368:
355:Chalcolithic
26:
2837:Wadi Mataha
2811:Kharaneh IV
2806:Jebel Hamra
2755:(WHNBS 242)
2738:Kebara Cave
2733:Kharaneh IV
2469:Simmons, 48
2416:: 460–474.
1511:Simmons, 46
1239:Federmesser
1227:Magdalenian
1197:Périgordian
1185:Aurignacian
1123:Aurignacian
1117:Baradostian
1060:(130–10 ka)
1054:(130–70 ka)
1048:(145–20 ka)
1042:(160–40 ka)
917:Paleolithic
806:Pleistocene
691:microlithic
655:Kebara Cave
466:stone tools
392:Pre-Pottery
86:This box:
2948:Categories
2903:Shubayqa 6
2898:Shubayqa 1
2801:Neve David
2764:Uwaynid 18
2759:Uwaynid 14
2753:Tor Sageer
1499:References
1450:Neve David
1446:hartebeest
1400:palaeolake
1345:Mesolithic
1334:(21–12 ka}
1328:(24–15 ka)
1302:(15–11 ka)
1296:(15—11 ka)
1290:(22–14 ka)
1279:(25–11 ka)
1273:(42–18 ka)
1253:(13–12 ka)
1251:Ahrensburg
1247:(14–10 ka)
1229:(17–12 ka)
1223:(20–10 ka)
1217:(22–17 ka)
1211:(29–25 ka)
1205:(33–24 ka)
1203:Gravettian
1199:(35–20 ka)
1187:(43–26 ka)
1181:(43–32 ka)
1169:(48–40 ka)
1167:Bohunician
1141:Trialetian
1131:(20–10 ka)
1125:(35–29 ka)
1119:(36–18 ka)
1113:(46–42 ka)
1107:(50–40 ka)
1040:Mousterian
998:Clactonian
952: 3.3
608:microliths
470:microliths
442:Mesolithic
2920:(Jericho)
2878:Gilgal II
2786:(WHS 784)
2724:(WHS 618)
2652:Mushabian
2647:Nizzanian
2454:128587872
2446:0305-4403
2369:1932-6203
2320:1040-6182
2298:: 83–93.
2226:1932-6203
2066:1932-6203
1954:1932-6203
1836:1932-6203
1769:2045-2322
1747:: 40338.
1702:1520-6505
1648:1060-1538
1610:223951055
1314:(10–8 ka)
1308:(15–5 ka)
1283:Mushabian
1271:Khormusan
1259:(11–8 ka)
1257:Swiderian
1215:Solutrean
1209:Pavlovian
1191:Szeletian
1143:(16–8 ka)
1052:Micoquien
986:Madrasian
980:Acheulean
881:Bethlehem
798:Neolithic
657:south of
506:sedentism
454:Neolithic
444:) in the
362:Neolithic
49:, Turkey.
2893:Mureybet
2868:Azraq 18
2818:(WZ 200)
2748:Ohalo II
2688:Harifian
2683:Natufian
2657:Ramonian
2616:Nebekian
2596:Cultures
2387:23894294
2339:PLOS ONE
2244:34613991
2196:PLOS ONE
2152:35814375
2112:: 47–71.
2084:27557110
2036:PLOS ONE
1972:27880839
1924:PLOS ONE
1882:(1976),
1854:27880839
1806:PLOS ONE
1787:28059138
1710:35814375
1664:32252766
1656:22499441
1529:(2013).
1467:See also
1312:Magosian
1300:Sebilian
1153:Khiamian
1147:Natufian
1111:Ahmarian
1004:Mugharan
988:(1.5 Ma)
970:(3.3 Ma)
925:Pliocene
800:period.
784:Khiamian
766:Natufian
734:Natufian
721:Ohalo II
703:Natufian
675:Antelian
647:scrapers
645:and end-
627:Ohalo II
604:Antelian
568:Holocene
528:Natufian
490:Holocene
347:Historic
2693:Zarzian
2667:Zarzian
2626:Zarzian
2621:Qalkhan
2611:Kebaran
2418:Bibcode
2378:3716651
2347:Bibcode
2300:Bibcode
2235:8494375
2204:Bibcode
2075:4996494
2044:Bibcode
1963:5120854
1932:Bibcode
1845:5120854
1814:Bibcode
1778:5216412
1749:Bibcode
1440:, wild
1438:aurochs
1409:refugia
1319:Siberia
1306:Eburran
1245:Azilian
1233:Hamburg
1135:Kebaran
1129:Zarzian
1058:Sangoan
1046:Aterian
1029:300–50
992:Soanian
974:Oldowan
968:Lomekwi
929:before
687:Kebaran
681:of the
596:Kebaran
554:Kebaran
523:Kebaran
514:Kebaran
482:glacial
333:–
323:–
313:–
303:–
293:–
283:–
273:–
263:–
253:–
243:–
233:–
223:–
213:–
203:–
193:–
183:–
173:–
163:–
153:–
143:–
133:–
123:–
2908:Tabaqa
2873:El Wad
2842:WZ 148
2794:Middle
2743:KPS-75
2662:Hamran
2635:Middle
2579:Middle
2520:
2506:
2452:
2444:
2385:
2375:
2367:
2318:
2273:
2242:
2232:
2224:
2173:
2150:
2082:
2072:
2064:
1995:
1970:
1960:
1952:
1852:
1842:
1834:
1785:
1775:
1767:
1708:
1700:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1608:
1598:
1594:–255.
1588:UNESCO
1549:
1442:equids
1430:Levant
1382:Arabia
1288:Halfan
1264:Africa
1160:Europe
1105:Emiran
1081:50–12
1075:
1023:
957:– 300
945:
643:burins
635:steppe
543:Levant
535:, the
504:, and
468:using
406:Middle
2715:Early
2707:Sites
2604:Early
2573:Early
2450:S2CID
2406:(PDF)
2148:S2CID
2128:(PDF)
2102:(PDF)
1706:S2CID
1660:S2CID
1454:Haifa
1452:near
1448:. At
1294:Qadan
861:Eynan
659:Haifa
413:Early
2851:Late
2676:Late
2585:Late
2518:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2442:ISSN
2383:PMID
2365:ISSN
2316:ISSN
2271:ISBN
2240:PMID
2222:ISSN
2171:ISBN
2080:PMID
2062:ISSN
1993:ISBN
1968:PMID
1950:ISSN
1850:PMID
1832:ISSN
1783:PMID
1765:ISSN
1698:ISSN
1652:PMID
1644:ISSN
1606:OCLC
1596:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1434:ibex
931:Homo
915:The
875:The
432:The
399:Late
385:Late
106:edit
99:talk
92:view
2502:).
2434:hdl
2426:doi
2373:PMC
2355:doi
2308:doi
2296:300
2263:doi
2230:PMC
2212:doi
2140:doi
2070:PMC
2052:doi
1958:PMC
1940:doi
1840:PMC
1822:doi
1773:PMC
1757:doi
1690:doi
1636:doi
1592:241
1539:doi
2950::
2524:,
2462:^
2448:.
2440:.
2432:.
2424:.
2414:50
2412:.
2408:.
2381:.
2371:.
2363:.
2353:.
2341:.
2337:.
2314:.
2306:.
2294:.
2269:.
2238:.
2228:.
2220:.
2210:.
2200:16
2198:.
2194:.
2146:.
2134:.
2130:.
2110:12
2108:.
2104:.
2078:.
2068:.
2060:.
2050:.
2040:11
2038:.
2034:.
2007:^
1966:.
1956:.
1948:.
1938:.
1928:11
1926:.
1922:.
1895:^
1848:.
1838:.
1830:.
1820:.
1810:11
1808:.
1804:.
1781:.
1771:.
1763:.
1755:.
1743:.
1739:.
1718:^
1704:.
1696:.
1684:.
1658:.
1650:.
1642:.
1632:21
1630:.
1618:^
1604:.
1545:.
1533:.
1516:^
1343:↓
1321::
1266::
1162::
1100::
1083:ka
1079:c.
1031:ka
1027:c.
959:ka
955:Ma
949:c.
923:↑
831:.
821:c.
817:BP
813:c.
539:.
500:,
375:↑
345:↓
2554:e
2547:t
2540:v
2456:.
2436::
2428::
2420::
2389:.
2357::
2349::
2343:8
2322:.
2310::
2302::
2279:.
2265::
2246:.
2214::
2206::
2179:.
2154:.
2142::
2136:6
2086:.
2054::
2046::
2001:.
1974:.
1942::
1934::
1890:)
1886:(
1856:.
1824::
1816::
1789:.
1759::
1751::
1745:7
1712:.
1692::
1686:6
1666:.
1638::
1612:.
1555:.
1541::
1370:e
1363:t
1356:v
1085:)
1077:(
1033:)
1025:(
961:)
947:(
934:)
927:(
578:.
379:↑
349:↓
67:.
20:)
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