2987:
2994:
4377:
2231:
3938:
648:
436:
3943:
144:
2980:
2225:
126:
2219:
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4383:
560:
1344:
866:, the hole in the hip socket which is a key characteristic of Dinosauria and has traditionally been used to define the group. While the authors allowed that the hole may have closed secondarily, having evolved from a more traditional dinosaurian hip socket, they cited the other primitive features to argue that it is a true primitive trait, which would make
607:
was also interpreted as arboreal based on the elongated hand and specializations in the foot. The describing authors stated that the long hand and strongly curved claws are adaptations for climbing and moving around among tree branches. They viewed this as an early stage in the evolution of the bird
528:
had a non-perforated hip socket, which is more open in most, but not all, other dinosaurs. It also had a pubis (hip bone) which pointed forward, a primitive trait among theropods, and unlike some maniraptorans more closely related to birds, where the pubis points downward or backward. The legs were
808:
to have come into wide use by experts. This situation was used as an example in a proposed amendment to the ICZN by Jerry Harris that would consider electronic articles with
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) that are subsequently available in print to qualify as "publication" for naming purposes.
666:
around select parts of the body, forming V-shaped patterns similar to those seen in modern down feathers. The most prominent feather impressions trail from the left forearm and hand. The longer feathers in this region led
Czerkas and Yuan to speculate that adult scansoriopterygids may have had
427:(type genus of the Scansoriopterygidae) and its arboreal adaptations were first presented in 2000 during the Florida Symposium on Dinosaur/Bird Evolution, at the Graves Museum of Archaeology & Natural History, though the specimen would not be formally described and named until 2002.
608:
wing, stating that the forelimbs became well-developed for climbing, and that this development later lead to the evolution of a wing capable of flight. They stated that long, grasping hands are more suited to climbing than to flight, since most flying birds have relatively short hands.
481:
V12653), also shows features indicating it was a juvenile. The specimen is partially disarticulated, and most bones are preserved as impressions in the rock slab, rather than three-dimensional structures. Because the only known specimens are juvenile, the size of a full-grown
512:, where the second finger is longest. The long wing feathers, or remiges, appear to attach to this long digit instead of the middle digit as in birds and other maniraptorans. Shorter feathers are preserved attached to the second finger. A relative of
675:
had a semilunate (half-moon shaped) bone in the wrist that allowed for bird-like folding motion in the hand. Even if powered flight was not possible, this motion could have aided maneuverability in leaping from branch to branch. Reticulate
579:
has a well-preserved foot, and the authors interpreted the hallux as reversed, the condition of a backward-pointing toe being widespread among modern tree-dwelling birds. Furthermore, the authors pointed to the short, stiffened tail of the
496:
is also notable for its wide, rounded jaws. The lower jaw contained at least twelve teeth, larger in the front of the jaws than in the back. The lower jaw bones may have been fused together, a feature otherwise known only in the
817:
was the first to be published in print and is therefore the valid name, but the fact that the ICZN does not recognize online names as valid has led to confusion over which has priority. In scientific literature, the genus
359:-sized animal that shows adaptations in the foot indicating an arboreal (tree-dwelling) lifestyle. It possessed an unusual, elongated third finger which may have supported a membranous wing, much like the related
892:-like ancestors. Czerkas and Yuan also argued that, contrary to most phylogenetic trees, maniraptorans form a separate lineage from other theropods, and that this split occurred very early in theropod evolution.
704:
was recovered from the
Daohugou fossil beds of northeastern China. In the past, there has been some uncertainty regarding the age of these beds. Various papers have placed the fossils here anywhere from the
1156:
Xu, X.; Zheng, X.; Sullivan, C.; Wang, X.; Xing, L.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; o’Connor, J. K.; Zhang, F.; Pan, Y. (2015). "A bizarre
Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings".
884:
evolved from small, flying or gliding forms that lived in trees. The authors took this idea further than Paul, however, and lent support to George
Olshevsky's 1992 "birds came first" hypothesis, that
903:
and stating their opinion that certain archaic features of the skeleton and the hypothesis that it was arboreal ruled out the possibility that it was a theropod or even a dinosaur, but that
478:
2986:
982:
Feduccia, Alan; Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten; Hinchliffe; Richard, J. (November 2005). "Do feathered dinosaurs exist? Testing the hypothesis on neontological and paleontological evidence".
717:
and similar dinosaurs, as well as for the origin of birds in general. A Middle
Jurassic age would mean that the bird-like dinosaurs in the Daohugou beds are older than the "first bird",
392:
type specimen is uncertain, as it was obtained from private fossil dealers who did not record exact geologic data. Czerkas and Yuan initially reported that it had likely come from the
529:
short, and preserve small pebbly scales along the upper foot (metatarsus), as well as possible impressions of long feathers in the same area, possibly similar to the "hind wings" of
623:
specimen does not preserve a reversed hallux, the backward-facing toe seen in modern perching birds, its foot was very similar in construction to more primitive perching birds like
575:
are longer than the hind limbs. The authors argued that this anomaly indicates the forelimbs played an important role in locomotion even at an extremely early developmental stage.
917:. This conclusion has been overwhelmingly rejected by other paleontologists due to the clear morphological similarities scansoriopterygids have to other maniraptoran dinosaurs.
1051:
Wang, X.; Zhou, Z.; He, H.; Jin, F.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; Xu, X.; Zhang, F. (2005). "Stratigraphy and age of the
Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia".
4591:
789:
508:
is its elongated third finger, which is the longest on the hand, nearly twice as long as the second finger. This is unlike the configuration seen in most other
4517:
571:, Czerkas & Yuan cited evidence for an arboreal (tree-dwelling) lifestyle. They noted that, unlike all modern bird hatchlings, the forelimbs of
4586:
1377:
1262:
667:
reasonably well-developed wing feathers which could have aided in leaping or rudimentary gliding, though they ruled out the possibility that
4576:
735:(2006), in their study of the age of the Daohugou, suggest that it probably hails from the same beds, and thus is likely a synonym of
2230:
4376:
969:
Padian, Kevin. (2001) "Basal
Avialae" in "The Dinosauria" in "The Dinosauria: Second Edition" University of California Press. 2004.
1200:
Ren, D.; et al. (2002). "On the biostratigraphy of the
Jurassic fossil beds at Daohugou near Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia".
3937:
2993:
143:
1087:
Zhang, F.; Zhou, Z.; Xu, X.; Wang, X. (2002). "A juvenile coelurosaurian theropod from China indicates arboreal habits".
4581:
2979:
946:
Czerkas, S.A., and Yuan, C. (2002). "An arboreal maniraptoran from northeast China." Pp. 63-95 in
Czerkas, S.J. (Ed.),
4571:
1146:
Czerkas, S. A., & Feduccia, A. (2014). Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird. Journal of Ornithology, 1-11.
888:
true theropods are secondarily flightless or at least secondarily arboreal, having evolved from small, tree-dwelling,
3942:
874:
the most primitive known dinosaurs. Czerkas and Yuan called it a "proto-maniraptoran", supporting the hypothesis of
2224:
2170:
1370:
800:
appeared has a very small circulation, but was distributed on roughly 2002-09-02, before the print appearance of
2523:
1468:
2218:
955:
584:
specimen as a tree-climbing adaptation. The tail may have been used as a prop, much like the tails of modern
4062:
2927:
1275:
Agnolin, Federico L.; Motta, Matias J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Lo Coco, Gastón; Novas, Fernando E. (2019).
4457:
4440:
4039:
3983:
776:
has been controversial. The type specimen was described only a few months after a very similar specimen,
522:, suggests that this elongated third finger supported a membranous wing of some kind alongside feathers.
4543:
4299:
2549:
2114:
863:
271:
4270:
788:. These two specimens are so similar that they may be the same genus, in which case Article 21 of the
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2018:
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1236:
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1120:
1030:"'Published works' in the Electronic Age: recommended amendments to Articles 8 and 9 of the Code"
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2128:
2007:
1964:
1789:
1720:
1453:
1219:
Senter, P (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
908:
875:
839:
706:
409:
713:
period (122 ma). The age of this formation has implications for the relationship between
588:. Comparison with the hands of modern climbing species with elongated third digits, like
1100:
539:, which was low on the foot and may have been reversed, allowing some grasping ability.
4400:
4342:
4306:
4203:
4135:
4110:
4083:
4051:
3695:
3665:
3530:
3369:
3287:
3176:
2916:
2842:
2805:
2303:
2100:
1859:
1755:
1694:
1673:
677:
404:, suggested that it probably hails from the same beds, and thus is likely a synonym of
4565:
4420:
4415:
4284:
4144:
4028:
3972:
3651:
3570:
3514:
3484:
3431:
3424:
3310:
3301:
3085:
3065:
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2597:
2483:
2452:
2409:
2358:
2344:
2038:
1770:
1748:
1733:
1651:
1255:
Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages
1186:
1029:
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896:
854:
826:
by some scientists, such as Alan Feduccia, and as a junior synonym by others such as
724:
719:
518:
487:
465:
448:
420:
413:
401:
361:
83:
1240:
1011:
4430:
4292:
4019:
3893:
3886:
3825:
3743:
3476:
3355:
3267:
3216:
3186:
3135:
3075:
2893:
2746:
2731:
2716:
2650:
2538:
2490:
2402:
2292:
2147:
2107:
2086:
2079:
2059:
2052:
2045:
1992:
1977:
1913:
1870:
1831:
1701:
1680:
1611:
1589:
880:
596:
are much better adapted to climbing than the modern tree-climbing hatchling of the
333:
1124:
848:
to argue for an unorthodox interpretation of dinosaur evolution. They stated that
804:, but well after the later's appearance on the Internet, enough time for the name
4489:
4255:
4165:
4100:
3841:
3791:
3722:
3674:
3499:
3445:
3393:
3340:
3226:
3196:
3115:
2879:
2629:
2619:
2282:
2121:
1886:
1845:
1816:
1809:
1777:
1687:
1621:
1561:
1548:
1507:
1386:
635:. These adaptations for grasping ability in all four limbs makes it likely that
631:
625:
531:
460:
58:
4480:
17:
4320:
4188:
3995:
3879:
3849:
3816:
3784:
3750:
3736:
3729:
3553:
3523:
3317:
3277:
3206:
3095:
3024:
3011:
2939:
2886:
2762:
2739:
2724:
2660:
2587:
2475:
2445:
2438:
2381:
2337:
2031:
1920:
1904:
1893:
1852:
1838:
1802:
1763:
1741:
1339:
1232:
1108:
585:
201:
103:
68:
1312:
1293:
1276:
380:
as the junior synonym, though it was the first name to be validly published.
4425:
4405:
4241:
4196:
4158:
4151:
3708:
3641:
3621:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3385:
3378:
3347:
2812:
2639:
2431:
2313:
1985:
1927:
1879:
1823:
1709:
1578:
1480:
1428:
509:
214:
155:
108:
52:
41:
1178:
1116:
1003:
559:
1329:
592:
lizards, also supports the tree-climbing hypothesis. Indeed, the hands of
4474:
4248:
4120:
3777:
3715:
3537:
3491:
3105:
2856:
2780:
2424:
2388:
1934:
1666:
1419:
1410:
680:
were preserved in the proximal portion of the second metatarsal, and the
470:
344:
336:
188:
175:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
1303:
1170:
858:", based on its primitive, "saurischian-style" pubis and robust ischia.
844:
Czerkas and Yuan used the suite of primitive and birdlike characters in
535:
and other basal paravians. It also had an unusually large first toe, or
4522:
4262:
4008:
3856:
3681:
3256:
2566:
2395:
2261:
2248:
2182:
1064:
995:
766:
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663:
597:
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113:
88:
3833:
3631:
3246:
3125:
1600:
1404:
536:
456:
340:
165:
4451:
688:
impressions at the end of the tail, similar to the pattern found in
1658:
1277:"Paravian Phylogeny and the Dinosaur-Bird Transition: An Overview"
763:
646:
558:
543:
434:
348:
329:
4509:
3960:
3905:
759:
4455:
3958:
3009:
2246:
1546:
1397:
1359:
1355:
671:
could have achieved powered flight. Like other maniraptorans,
455:(specimen number CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 607) represents the
542:
The tail was long, six or seven times the length of the
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
369:
also contains the fossilized impression of feathers.
4215:
4176:
4132:
4116:
4106:
4096:
3867:
3813:
3692:
3662:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3597:
3587:
3577:
3566:
3511:
3456:
3405:
3366:
3328:
3298:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3071:
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3051:
3041:
2913:
2867:
2823:
2792:
2775:
2704:
2688:
2677:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2604:
2593:
2583:
2535:
2509:
2463:
2369:
2324:
2309:
2299:
2288:
2278:
2156:
1961:
1634:
1617:
1607:
1596:
1585:
1574:
878:
that the larger, ground-dwelling maniraptorans like
639:
spent a significant amount of time living in trees.
408:. The Daohugou Beds supposedly date to the mid-late
4464:
4214:
4175:
4131:
4081:
4050:
4027:
4018:
3994:
3971:
3904:
3866:
3812:
3760:
3691:
3661:
3551:
3510:
3455:
3404:
3365:
3327:
3297:
3022:
2938:
2912:
2903:
2866:
2822:
2791:
2760:
2703:
2564:
2534:
2508:
2462:
2368:
2323:
2259:
2181:
2155:
2146:
2069:
2017:
1960:
1903:
1869:
1788:
1719:
1632:
1559:
1506:
1479:
1452:
372:Most researchers regard this genus as a synonym of
977:
975:
662:fossils preserve impressions of wispy, down-like
754:. Studies of dinosaur relationships have found
619:is unique among non-avian theropods. While the
655:, sometimes considered to be a junior synonym.
1371:
948:Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight.
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
790:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
8:
1023:
1021:
965:
963:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
907:and all birds evolved from non-dinosaurian
4452:
4089:
4024:
4000:
3968:
3955:
3700:
3559:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3006:
2909:
2768:
2576:
2572:
2271:
2267:
2256:
2243:
2152:
2023:
1969:
1957:
1794:
1725:
1643:
1567:
1556:
1543:
1485:
1458:
1449:
1394:
1378:
1364:
1356:
133:Skeletal restoration of the type specimen
124:
31:
1302:
1292:
563:Life restoration of a hatchling specimen.
486:is unknown; the type specimen is a tiny,
400:(2006), in their study of the age of the
954:. The Dinosaur Museum, Blanding, U.S.A.
822:has been treated as a senior synonym of
780:, was described online, though the name
339:. Described from only a single juvenile
926:
899:, published a paper further describing
784:was not published in print until after
412:, but this is hotly contested. See the
709:period (169 million years ago) to the
7:
4592:Species known from a single specimen
1221:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1034:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
546:, and ended in a fan of feathers.
463:dinosaur, similar in some ways to
25:
852:was "clearly more primitive than
809:Harris noted that while the name
4436:
4435:
4381:
4375:
3941:
3936:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2229:
2223:
2217:
1342:
1336:, from Gareth Monger: Paleo Art.
376:, with some preferring to treat
142:
758:to be a close relative of true
1253:Holtz, Thomas R., Jr. (2007).
792:(ICZN) would give priority to
684:specimen also preserved faint
653:Epidendrosaurus ningchengensis
1:
4587:Fossil taxa described in 2002
895:In 2014, Czerkas, along with
778:Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis
475:Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis
306:Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis
950:The Dinosaur Museum Journal
750:lent its name to the family
615:also noted that the foot of
504:One distinctive feature of
4608:
4577:Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
1281:Frontiers in Earth Science
1257:. New York: Random House.
837:
731:is uncertain, though Wang
727:in age. The provenance of
27:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
4395:
4373:
4092:
4003:
3967:
3954:
3934:
3703:
3562:
3037:
3033:
3018:
3005:
2976:
2771:
2579:
2575:
2274:
2270:
2255:
2242:
2215:
2026:
1972:
1956:
1797:
1728:
1646:
1570:
1555:
1542:
1488:
1461:
1448:
1393:
1233:10.1017/S1477201907002143
1109:10.1007/s00114-002-0353-8
834:Alternate interpretations
700:The holotype skeleton of
469:. A second specimen, the
453:Scansoriopteryx heilmanni
302:
295:
284:Scansoriopteryx heilmanni
277:
270:
139:Scientific classification
137:
132:
123:
34:
1294:10.3389/feart.2018.00252
1053:Chinese Science Bulletin
870:among the most birdlike
290:Czerkas & Yuan, 2002
796:. The journal in which
772:The status of the name
459:remains of a hatchling
365:. The type specimen of
328:("climbing wing") is a
656:
564:
444:
388:The provenance of the
4544:Paleobiology Database
2115:Paralitherizinosaurus
1028:Harris, J.D. (2004).
984:Journal of Morphology
864:perforated acetabulum
650:
562:
438:
416:article for details.
956:PDF abridged version
828:Thomas R. Holtz, Jr.
762:and a member of the
651:A reconstruction of
439:Restoration of the "
247:Czerkas & Yuan,
4582:Feathered dinosaurs
3332:Patagopterygiformes
2827:Confuciusornithidae
2693:Scansoriopterygidae
2328:Scansoriopterygidae
1171:10.1038/nature14423
1101:2002NW.....89..394Z
1089:Naturwissenschaften
862:also lacks a fully
752:Scansoriopterygidae
643:Feathers and scales
228:Scansoriopterygidae
4572:Scansoriopterygids
3460:Songlingornithidae
3409:Hongshanornithidae
2796:Omnivoropterygidae
2708:Jeholornithiformes
2019:Therizinosauroidea
1330:Reconstruction of
1065:10.1360/982005-581
996:10.1002/jmor.10382
830:and Kevin Padian.
657:
565:
445:
343:specimen found in
4559:
4558:
4531:Open Tree of Life
4458:Taxon identifiers
4449:
4448:
4391:
4390:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4271:Lutetodontopteris
4180:Gastornithiformes
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
3961:Aves / Neornithes
3950:
3949:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3906:Aves / Neornithes
3808:
3807:
3547:
3546:
3439:Parahongshanornis
3001:
3000:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2756:
2755:
2682:Archaeopterygidae
2560:
2559:
2467:Archaeopterygidae
2238:
2237:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2071:Therizinosauridae
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1438:Maniraptoriformes
1263:978-0-375-82419-7
1202:Geol. Bull. China
1059:(20): 2369–2376.
490:-sized creature.
321:
320:
315:
263:S. heilmanni
251:
16:(Redirected from
4599:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4453:
4439:
4438:
4411:Deinonychosauria
4386:
4385:
4379:
4336:Protodontopteryx
4278:Macrodontopteryx
4217:
4178:
4134:
4118:
4108:
4098:
4090:
4025:
4001:
3969:
3956:
3945:
3940:
3871:Cimolopterygidae
3869:
3815:
3762:Hesperornithidae
3701:
3694:
3664:
3649:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3568:
3560:
3513:
3458:
3407:
3368:
3330:
3300:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3020:
3007:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2915:
2910:
2871:Jinguofortisidae
2869:
2850:Eoconfuciusornis
2825:
2794:
2777:
2769:
2706:
2690:
2679:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2537:
2511:
2465:
2371:
2326:
2311:
2301:
2290:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2257:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2171:Oviraptorosauria
2160:Oviraptorosauria
2158:
2153:
2094:Nanshiungosaurus
2024:
2001:Jianchangosaurus
1970:
1963:
1958:
1795:
1726:
1644:
1638:Alvarezsauroidea
1636:
1619:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1568:
1557:
1544:
1486:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1395:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1350:Dinosaurs portal
1347:
1346:
1345:
1334:forelimb anatomy
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1129:
1128:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1025:
1016:
1015:
979:
970:
967:
958:
944:
911:archosaurs like
909:avemetatarsalian
813:appeared first,
711:Early Cretaceous
394:Yixian Formation
309:
286:
282:
246:
239:
226:
147:
146:
128:
118:
55:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4496:Scansoriopteryx
4494:
4493:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4466:Scansoriopteryx
4460:
4450:
4445:
4387:
4380:
4363:
4358:Tympanonesiotes
4351:Pseudodontornis
4314:Palaeochenoides
4235:Caspiodontornis
4219:Pelagornithidae
4210:
4171:
4127:
4069:
4046:
4014:
3990:
3963:
3946:
3920:
3900:
3862:
3804:
3799:Parahesperornis
3771:Asiahesperornis
3756:
3687:
3657:
3556:
3543:
3506:
3451:
3418:Archaeornithura
3400:
3361:
3323:
3293:
3046:Archaeorhynchus
3027:
3014:
2997:
2984:
2954:
2934:
2905:Ornithothoraces
2899:
2862:
2836:Changchengornis
2818:
2787:
2765:
2752:
2699:
2671:Anchiornithidae
2569:
2556:
2530:
2524:Dromaeosauridae
2513:Dromaeosauridae
2504:
2498:Anchiornithidae
2458:
2417:Liaoningvenator
2373:Anchiornithidae
2364:
2352:Scansoriopteryx
2319:
2264:
2251:
2234:
2197:
2177:
2134:
2129:Therizinosaurus
2065:
2013:
2008:Lingyuanosaurus
1965:Therizinosauria
1940:
1899:
1865:
1790:Parvicursorinae
1784:
1721:Alvarezsauridae
1715:
1640:
1628:
1564:
1551:
1522:
1502:
1475:
1469:Avemetatarsalia
1454:Avemetatarsalia
1444:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1332:Scansoriopteryx
1326:
1321:
1320:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1252:
1248:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1132:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1027:
1026:
1019:
981:
980:
973:
968:
961:
945:
928:
923:
905:Scansoriopteryx
901:Scansoriopteryx
890:Scansoriopteryx
876:Gregory S. Paul
868:Scansoriopteryx
860:Scansoriopteryx
850:Scansoriopteryx
846:Scansoriopteryx
842:
840:Origin of birds
836:
824:Epidendrosaurus
820:Scansoriopteryx
815:Scansoriopteryx
806:Epidendrosaurus
802:Epidendrosaurus
798:Scansoriopteryx
794:Scansoriopteryx
786:Scansoriopteryx
782:Epidendrosaurus
774:Scansoriopteryx
756:Scansoriopteryx
748:Scansoriopteryx
745:
737:Epidendrosaurus
729:Scansoriopteryx
715:Epidendrosaurus
707:Middle Jurassic
702:Epidendrosaurus
698:
682:Epidendrosaurus
673:Scansoriopteryx
669:Scansoriopteryx
660:Scansoriopteryx
645:
637:Epidendrosaurus
621:Epidendrosaurus
617:Epidendrosaurus
605:Epidendrosaurus
594:Scansoriopteryx
582:Scansoriopteryx
577:Scansoriopteryx
573:Scansoriopteryx
569:Scansoriopteryx
557:
552:
526:Scansoriopteryx
514:Scansoriopteryx
506:Scansoriopteryx
499:oviraptorosaurs
494:Scansoriopteryx
484:Scansoriopteryx
441:Epidendrosaurus
433:
425:Scansoriopteryx
410:Jurassic Period
406:Epidendrosaurus
390:Scansoriopteryx
386:
378:Scansoriopteryx
374:Epidendrosaurus
367:Scansoriopteryx
353:Scansoriopteryx
325:Scansoriopteryx
308:
291:
288:
280:
279:
266:
245:
242:Scansoriopteryx
237:
224:
141:
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
38:
36:Scansoriopteryx
28:
23:
22:
18:Epidendrosaurus
15:
12:
11:
5:
4605:
4603:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4540:
4527:
4514:
4501:
4486:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:Archaeornithes
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4343:Protopelicanus
4339:
4332:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4307:Osteodontornis
4303:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:Dromornithidae
4200:
4193:
4184:
4182:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4136:Dromornithidae
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4114:
4111:Perplexicervix
4104:
4093:
4087:
4084:Incertae sedis
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4063:Pangalliformes
4056:
4054:
4052:Pangalliformes
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3977:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3696:Hesperornithes
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3666:Ichthyornithes
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3635:
3625:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3531:Similiyanornis
3527:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3370:Ambiortiformes
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3288:Zhongjianornis
3281:
3271:
3261:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3177:Jianchangornis
3170:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:Enantiornithes
2921:
2919:
2917:Enantiornithes
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2843:Confuciusornis
2839:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2806:Omnivoropteryx
2801:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2772:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2675:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2602:
2591:
2580:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2304:Pneumatoraptor
2297:
2286:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2101:Neimongosaurus
2097:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1860:Trierarchuncus
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1756:Bonapartenykus
1752:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1695:Shishugounykus
1691:
1684:
1677:
1674:Bonapartenykus
1670:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1324:External links
1322:
1319:
1318:
1267:
1246:
1227:(4): 429–463.
1211:
1192:
1165:(7550): 70–3.
1148:
1130:
1095:(9): 394–398.
1070:
1043:
1017:
990:(2): 125–166.
971:
959:
925:
924:
922:
919:
838:Main article:
835:
832:
811:Epidendrosarus
744:
743:Classification
741:
697:
694:
644:
641:
567:In describing
556:
553:
551:
548:
432:
429:
396:, though Wang
385:
382:
319:
318:
317:
316:
300:
299:
293:
292:
289:
275:
274:
268:
267:
259:
257:
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235:
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230:
222:
218:
217:
212:
205:
204:
199:
192:
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186:
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169:
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159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
130:
129:
121:
120:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4604:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4442:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:Odontornithes
4419:
4417:
4416:Odontognathae
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4384:
4378:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4145:Barawertornis
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4040:Anserimorphae
4037:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4029:Anserimorphae
4026:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3984:Palaeognathae
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3973:Palaeognathae
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3939:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3811:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3652:Tingmiatornis
3646:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:Antarcticavis
3565:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3515:Yanornithidae
3509:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:Songlingornis
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3432:Longicrusavis
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:Hongshanornis
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:Mengciusornis
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3302:Schizoouridae
3296:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3086:Changzuiornis
3080:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:Brevidentavis
3060:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2981:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:Cretaaviculus
2603:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:Archaeopteryx
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2453:Yixianosaurus
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:Fujianvenator
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:Epidexipteryx
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:Beipiaosaurus
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:Heptasteornis
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1749:Alvarezsaurus
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:Achillesaurus
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1652:Achillesaurus
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1040:(3): 138–148.
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
976:
972:
966:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
927:
920:
918:
916:
915:
914:Scleromochlus
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:Alan Feduccia
893:
891:
887:
883:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:
855:Archaeopteryx
851:
847:
841:
833:
831:
829:
825:
821:
816:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Late Jurassic
722:
721:
720:Archaeopteryx
716:
712:
708:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
670:
665:
661:
654:
649:
642:
640:
638:
634:
633:
628:
627:
622:
618:
614:
609:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
561:
554:
549:
547:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:
527:
523:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
495:
491:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:
466:Archaeopteryx
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:type specimen
442:
437:
430:
428:
426:
422:
421:type specimen
417:
415:
414:Daohugou Beds
411:
407:
403:
402:Daohugou Beds
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
326:
313:
307:
304:
303:
301:
298:
294:
287:
285:
276:
273:
272:Binomial name
269:
265:
264:
258:
255:
254:
250:
244:
243:
236:
233:
232:
229:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:165–156
47:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4465:
4431:Unenlagiidae
4356:
4349:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4293:Odontopteryx
4291:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4119:
4109:
4099:
4082:
4020:Galloanserae
4007:
3894:Lamarqueavis
3892:
3887:Cimolopteryx
3885:
3878:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3826:Australornis
3824:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3749:
3744:Pasquiaornis
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3680:
3673:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3569:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3498:
3490:
3483:
3477:Piscivoravis
3475:
3467:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3392:
3384:
3377:
3356:Patagopteryx
3354:
3346:
3339:
3316:
3309:
3286:
3276:
3268:Xinghaiornis
3266:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3217:Khinganornis
3215:
3205:
3195:
3187:Jiuquanornis
3185:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3136:Gargantuavis
3134:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3076:Changmaornis
3074:
3064:
3054:
3044:
2983:
2894:Jinguofortis
2892:
2885:
2878:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2811:
2804:
2778:
2747:Neimengornis
2745:
2738:
2732:Jixiangornis
2730:
2723:
2717:Dalianraptor
2715:
2691:
2680:
2669:
2659:
2651:Yandangornis
2649:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2607:
2596:
2586:
2550:Troodontidae
2539:Troodontidae
2496:
2491:Wellnhoferia
2489:
2482:
2474:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2408:
2403:Eosinopteryx
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2312:
2302:
2293:Palaeopteryx
2291:
2281:
2222:
2148:Pennaraptora
2127:
2120:
2113:
2108:Nothronychus
2106:
2099:
2092:
2087:Erlikosaurus
2085:
2080:Erliansaurus
2078:
2060:Suzhousaurus
2058:
2053:Martharaptor
2051:
2046:Enigmosaurus
2044:
2037:
2030:
2006:
1999:
1993:Fukuivenator
1991:
1984:
1978:Eshanosaurus
1976:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1914:Albertonykus
1912:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:Ceratonykini
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1832:Nemegtonykus
1830:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1708:
1702:Tugulusaurus
1700:
1693:
1686:
1681:Haplocheirus
1679:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1650:
1620:
1612:Migmanychion
1610:
1599:
1590:Fukuivenator
1588:
1577:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1331:
1304:11336/130197
1284:
1280:
1270:
1254:
1249:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1092:
1088:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1033:
987:
983:
951:
947:
912:
904:
900:
894:
889:
885:
881:Velociraptor
879:
871:
867:
859:
853:
849:
845:
843:
823:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
755:
747:
746:
736:
732:
728:
723:, which was
718:
714:
701:
699:
696:Paleoecology
689:
681:
672:
668:
659:
658:
652:
636:
630:
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:
604:
602:
593:
581:
576:
572:
568:
566:
550:Paleobiology
541:
530:
525:
524:
517:
513:
505:
503:
493:
492:
483:
474:
464:
461:maniraptoran
452:
446:
440:
424:
418:
405:
397:
389:
387:
377:
373:
371:
366:
360:
352:
334:maniraptoran
324:
323:
322:
311:
305:
283:
278:
262:
261:
241:
240:
208:
195:
182:
35:
29:
4490:Wikispecies
4328:Proceriavis
4300:Odontoptila
4256:Gigantornis
4166:Ilbandornis
4101:Asteriornis
3842:Neogaeornis
3792:Hesperornis
3723:Chupkaornis
3675:Ichthyornis
3500:Yixianornis
3446:Tianyuornis
3394:Palintropus
3341:Alamitornis
3227:Meemannavis
3197:Juehuaornis
3116:Eogranivora
3056:Bellulornis
2880:Chongmingia
2630:Overoraptor
2620:Fukuipteryx
2283:Imperobator
2122:Segnosaurus
1887:Ceratonykus
1846:Parvicursor
1817:Khulsanurus
1810:Jaculinykus
1778:Patagonykus
1688:Patagonykus
1622:Yaverlandia
1562:Maniraptora
1549:Maniraptora
1508:Maniraptora
1387:Maniraptora
690:Microraptor
632:Longipteryx
626:Cathayornis
586:woodpeckers
532:Microraptor
431:Description
4566:Categories
4399:See also:
4321:Pelagornis
4189:Brontornis
3996:Neognathae
3915:see below↓
3880:Ceramornis
3850:Polarornis
3817:Vegaviidae
3785:Fumicollis
3751:Potamornis
3737:Judinornis
3730:Enaliornis
3554:Ornithurae
3524:Abitusavis
3318:Schizooura
3278:Yumenornis
3237:Platanavis
3207:Kaririavis
3157:Horezmavis
3096:Chaoyangia
3025:Euornithes
3012:Euornithes
2949:see below↓
2940:Euornithes
2887:Cratonavis
2763:Pygostylia
2740:Kompsornis
2725:Jeholornis
2661:Zhongornis
2588:Alcmonavis
2476:Alcmonavis
2446:Xiaotingia
2439:Serikornis
2382:Anchiornis
2338:Ambopteryx
2192:see below↓
2032:Alxasaurus
1921:Linhenykus
1905:Mononykini
1894:Xixianykus
1853:Qiupanykus
1839:Ondogurvel
1803:Dzharaonyx
1764:Bradycneme
1742:Alnashetri
1517:see below↓
1420:Dinosauria
1208:: 584–591.
921:References
457:fossilized
443:" specimen
202:Saurischia
189:Dinosauria
4426:Sauriurae
4406:Carinatae
4242:Cyphornis
4228:Aequornis
4197:Gastornis
4159:Genyornis
4152:Dromornis
3709:Baptornis
3642:Limenavis
3622:Iaceornis
3612:Guildavis
3602:Gallornis
3592:Cerebavis
3582:Apatornis
3386:Apsaravis
3379:Ambiortus
3348:Kuszholia
2813:Sapeornis
2640:Rahonavis
2432:Pedopenna
2314:Rahonavis
1986:Falcarius
1928:Mononykus
1880:Albinykus
1710:Xiyunykus
1579:Elopteryx
1496:Theropoda
1481:Theropoda
1429:Theropoda
1403:Kingdom:
1313:2296-6463
1187:205243599
510:theropods
256:Species:
215:Theropoda
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
46:Oxfordian
42:Callovian
4510:47458490
4481:Q1192657
4475:Wikidata
4441:Category
4249:Dasornis
4121:Qinornis
3778:Canadaga
3716:Brodavis
3538:Yanornis
3492:Yanornis
3469:Hollanda
3167:Iteravis
3147:Hollanda
3106:Dingavis
2857:Yangavis
2781:Proornis
2425:Ostromia
2389:Aurornis
1935:Shuvuuia
1667:Bannykus
1411:Chordata
1409:Phylum:
1405:Animalia
1241:83726237
1179:25924069
1117:12435090
1012:15079072
1004:16217748
664:feathers
555:Climbing
471:holotype
345:Liaoning
337:dinosaur
297:Synonyms
221:Family:
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
4536:4128688
4523:4818612
4263:Laornis
4009:Neoaves
3857:Vegavis
3682:Janavis
3257:Wyleyia
2567:Avialae
2396:Caihong
2262:Paraves
2249:Paraves
2183:Paraves
1097:Bibcode
767:Avialae
686:feather
598:hoatzin
590:iguanid
488:sparrow
384:History
357:sparrow
281:†
260:†
234:Genus:
4549:162571
3834:Maaqwi
3632:Kookne
3247:Vorona
3126:Gansus
2598:Balaur
1601:Kakuru
1311:
1261:
1239:
1185:
1177:
1159:Nature
1125:556221
1123:
1115:
1010:
1002:
733:et al.
678:scales
613:et al.
611:Zhang
537:hallux
398:et al.
341:fossil
314:, 2002
312:et al.
310:Zhang
1659:Aorun
1434:Clade
1425:Clade
1416:Clade
1237:S2CID
1183:S2CID
1121:S2CID
1008:S2CID
764:clade
760:birds
544:femur
362:Yi qi
355:is a
349:China
330:genus
209:Clade
196:Clade
183:Clade
4518:GBIF
4285:Manu
4061:see
4038:see
3982:see
2926:see
2548:see
2522:see
2169:see
1494:see
1467:see
1309:ISSN
1259:ISBN
1175:PMID
1113:PMID
1000:PMID
629:and
603:The
479:IVPP
447:The
419:The
249:2002
59:PreꞒ
4505:EoL
1824:Kol
1299:hdl
1289:doi
1229:doi
1167:doi
1163:521
1105:doi
1061:doi
992:doi
988:266
886:all
872:and
473:of
451:of
423:of
332:of
44:to
4568::
4546::
4533::
4520::
4507::
4492::
4477::
2359:Yi
1436::
1427::
1418::
1307:.
1297:.
1287:.
1283:.
1279:.
1235:.
1223:.
1206:21
1204:.
1181:.
1173:.
1161:.
1133:^
1119:.
1111:.
1103:.
1093:89
1091:.
1073:^
1057:50
1055:.
1038:61
1036:.
1032:.
1020:^
1006:.
998:.
986:.
974:^
962:^
929:^
769:.
739:.
692:.
600:.
519:Yi
516:,
501:.
351:,
347:,
211::
198::
185::
109:Pg
53:Ma
48:,
4346:?
4331:?
4288:?
4266:?
4216:†
4207:?
4192:?
4177:†
4133:†
4124:?
4117:†
4107:†
4097:†
3897:?
3868:†
3845:?
3837:?
3829:?
3814:†
3693:†
3663:†
3648:†
3638:†
3628:†
3618:†
3608:†
3598:†
3588:†
3578:†
3574:?
3567:†
3512:†
3503:?
3495:?
3480:?
3472:?
3457:†
3406:†
3397:?
3389:?
3367:†
3351:?
3329:†
3299:†
3284:†
3274:†
3264:†
3260:?
3253:†
3243:†
3233:†
3223:†
3213:†
3203:†
3193:†
3183:†
3173:†
3163:†
3153:†
3143:†
3139:?
3132:†
3122:†
3112:†
3102:†
3092:†
3082:†
3072:†
3062:†
3052:†
3042:†
2914:†
2868:†
2824:†
2798:?
2793:†
2783:"
2779:"
2776:†
2735:?
2720:?
2705:†
2696:?
2689:†
2685:?
2678:†
2674:?
2667:†
2657:†
2647:†
2643:?
2636:†
2626:†
2616:†
2612:?
2605:†
2601:?
2594:†
2584:†
2536:†
2510:†
2501:?
2479:?
2464:†
2420:?
2370:†
2330:?
2325:†
2310:†
2300:†
2296:?
2289:†
2279:†
2157:†
1996:?
1981:?
1962:†
1827:?
1781:?
1759:?
1737:?
1705:?
1662:?
1635:†
1625:?
1618:†
1608:†
1604:?
1597:†
1593:?
1586:†
1582:?
1575:†
1379:e
1372:t
1365:v
1315:.
1301::
1291::
1285:6
1265:.
1243:.
1231::
1225:5
1189:.
1169::
1127:.
1107::
1099::
1067:.
1063::
1014:.
994::
952:1
477:(
238:†
225:†
114:N
104:K
99:J
94:T
89:P
84:C
79:D
74:S
69:O
64:Ꞓ
20:)
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