1016:
4313:
904:
4320:
5703:
3557:
971:
5264:
1152:. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering. It is also thought that early avialans were either cranially akinetic or had otherwise limited
5269:
139:
193:
4306:
3551:
3545:
120:
5763:
5709:
1812:
756:
is an avialan, and not a member of Aves. Gauthier's proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of paleontology and bird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is sometimes
674:
had long been considered a close relative of the dromaeosaurids in the larger group
Deinonychosauria, though some contemporary studies found it and other troodontids more closely related to modern birds, and so it has been specifically excluded from Avialae in more recent studies.
702:
Gauthier and de
Queiroz (page 34) identified four conflicting ways of defining the term "Aves", which is a problem since the same biological name is being used four different ways. They proposed a solution, number 4 below, which is to reserve the term
1015:
4312:
2254:
Pascal
Godefroit; Andrea Cau; Hu Dong-Yu; François Escuillié; Wu Wenhao; Gareth Dyke (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds".
2117:
Liu Y.-Q.; Kuang H.-W.; Jiang X.-J.; Peng N.; Xu H.; Sun H.-Y. (2012). "Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota".
1167:, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as
1891:
Zhang, H.; Wang, M.; Liu, X. (2008). "Constraints on the upper boundary age of the
Tiaojishan Formation volcanic rocks in West Liaoning-North Hebei by LA-ICP-MS dating".
605:, is usually considered the earliest known avialan which may have had the capability of powered flight; a minority of studies have suggested that it might have been a
2601:
5868:
1192:. (2019), which found flight likely evolved five separate times among paravian dinosaurs, two of those among Avialae (in Scansoriopterygids and other avialans).
2395:
Zheng, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wei, G.; Wang, S.; Xu, X. (2013). "Hind Wings in Basal Birds and the
Evolution of Leg Feathers".
711:, the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants. Other definitions of Aves found in literature were reassigned to other clade names.
5873:
2629:"The body plan of Halszkaraptor escuilliei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) is not a transitional form along the evolution of dromaeosaurid hypercarnivory"
2703:
2584:
2225:
1851:"Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions"
5863:
1927:
744:
Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a "crown group"). (alternatively
3556:
655:
and birds were more closely related to each other than to dromaeosaurs. They also redefine
Avialae as the smallest clade containing
625:
Most researchers define
Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to "all
5702:
2326:
New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the
International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom
1185:. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell.
5263:
4319:
1177:, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the
2605:
2003:
Hartman, Scott; Mortimer, Mickey; Wahl, William R.; Lomax, Dean R.; Lippincott, Jessica; Lovelace, David M. (2019-07-10).
2328:(J. A. Gauthier and L. F. Gall, eds.). Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.
4305:
590:
5268:
770:
3550:
3496:
2696:
679:
664:
Additionally, beginning in the late 2000s and early 2010s, several groups of researchers began adding the genus
192:
3849:
2794:
3544:
2005:"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight"
5388:
4253:
1988:
2321:
5783:
5766:
5365:
5309:
2412:
2206:
Avian ancestors. A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the theropods
Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria,
151:
5830:
5625:
3875:
3440:
903:
433:
5596:
970:
5708:
2689:
2526:
2469:
2417:
2404:
2351:
2263:
2170:
2122:
2075:
1948:
1900:
1107:
610:
4657:
4152:
4018:
3653:
1559:
1343:
609:
instead. Several older (but non flight-capable) possible avialans are known from the late
Jurassic
598:
477:
682:(that is, one based on derived characteristics that were not present among lineage predecessors).
5858:
5653:
4785:
4734:
4381:
4121:
3344:
2821:
2513:
Hu, H.; Sansalone, G.; Wroe, S.; McDonald, P.G.; O'Connor, J.K.; Li, Z.; Xu, X; Zhou, Z. (2019).
2438:
2287:
2231:
2186:
2099:
1972:
1873:
1830:
1124:
738:
415:
187:
4562:
4482:
1980:
5835:
5553:
4937:
138:
5505:
4764:
4492:
4007:
3792:
3396:
2763:
2668:
2650:
2580:
2554:
2495:
2430:
2377:
2279:
2221:
2091:
2044:
2026:
1964:
1228:
1160:
1136:
1119:
175:
686:, who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered
5736:
5661:
5603:
5196:
5087:
4794:
4472:
4196:
4175:
3485:
3419:
3326:
2963:
2658:
2640:
2544:
2534:
2485:
2477:
2422:
2367:
2359:
2271:
2213:
2178:
2130:
2083:
2034:
2016:
1956:
1939:
1908:
1865:
1817:
1214:
683:
583:
307:
129:
5683:
5676:
5639:
5560:
5544:
5124:
5096:
4743:
4371:
4230:
4161:
4033:
3996:
3838:
3823:
3742:
3698:
3677:
3454:
3333:
3290:
3115:
3046:
2779:
2340:"A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds"
2161:
Senter, P (2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
1674:
1583:
1274:
1164:
1153:
1141:
1011:
766:
720:
595:
467:
108:
28:
2304:
Gauthier, J. (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds." In: K. Padian, ed.
1869:
2530:
2473:
2408:
2355:
2267:
2174:
2126:
2079:
1952:
1904:
5726:
5668:
5632:
5529:
5461:
5436:
5409:
5377:
5021:
4991:
4856:
4695:
4613:
4502:
4242:
4168:
4131:
3629:
3426:
3185:
3081:
3020:
2999:
2663:
2628:
2549:
2514:
2490:
2457:
2372:
2339:
2039:
2004:
1658:
1122:
stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include
965:
635:." A nearly identical definition, "the theropod group that includes all taxa closer to
606:
159:
119:
5852:
5821:
5746:
5741:
5610:
5470:
5354:
5298:
4977:
4896:
4840:
4810:
4757:
4750:
4636:
4627:
4411:
4391:
3934:
3923:
3809:
3778:
3735:
3684:
3670:
3364:
3096:
3074:
3059:
2977:
2442:
2235:
2103:
1877:
1850:
1417:
925:
823:
657:
643:
547:
507:
497:
487:
384:
337:
70:
2190:
5756:
5618:
5345:
5219:
5212:
5151:
5069:
4802:
4681:
4593:
4542:
4512:
4461:
4401:
4219:
4072:
4057:
4042:
3976:
3864:
3816:
3728:
3618:
3473:
3433:
3412:
3405:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3318:
3303:
3239:
3196:
3157:
3027:
3006:
2937:
2915:
2291:
1976:
1633:
1476:
1367:
1290:
1251:
1130:
880:
731:
537:
395:
376:
365:
347:
276:
1926:
Alonso, P. D.; Milner, A. C.; Ketcham, R. A.; Cookson, M. J.; Rowe, T. B. (2004).
2134:
5815:
5581:
5491:
5426:
5167:
5117:
5048:
5000:
4825:
4771:
4719:
4666:
4552:
4522:
4441:
4205:
3955:
3945:
3608:
3447:
3212:
3171:
3142:
3135:
3103:
3013:
2947:
2887:
2874:
2833:
2712:
1825:
1608:
1399:
995:
708:
691:
631:
517:
357:
45:
2481:
5646:
5514:
5321:
5205:
5175:
5142:
5110:
5076:
5062:
5055:
4879:
4849:
4643:
4603:
4532:
4421:
4350:
4337:
4265:
4212:
4088:
4065:
4050:
3986:
3913:
3801:
3771:
3764:
3707:
3663:
3357:
3246:
3230:
3219:
3178:
3164:
3128:
3089:
3067:
2217:
2182:
1912:
1807:
1508:
1451:
1196:
and "anchiornithids" were placed in Deinonychosauria, Avialae's sister group.
1182:
1173:
898:
798:
745:
652:
648:
441:
405:
327:
250:
90:
55:
5806:
2654:
2030:
5751:
5731:
5567:
5522:
5484:
5477:
5034:
4967:
4947:
4927:
4917:
4907:
4711:
4704:
4673:
4138:
3965:
3757:
3639:
3311:
3253:
3205:
3149:
3035:
2904:
2806:
2754:
2539:
2515:"Evolution of the vomer and its implications for cranial kinesis in Paraves"
2458:"Cretaceous bird with dinosaur skull sheds light on avian cranial evolution"
2426:
1526:
1178:
1148:
dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from
940:
848:
727:
716:
571:
527:
263:
204:
95:
39:
2672:
2558:
2499:
2434:
2381:
2283:
2095:
2048:
1968:
1140:
used to be considered a member, but was later classified within the clade
5800:
5574:
5446:
5103:
5041:
4863:
4817:
4431:
4182:
4106:
3750:
3714:
3260:
2992:
2745:
2736:
2322:
Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves
1115:
626:
579:
237:
224:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
32:
2275:
2087:
1960:
757:
used synonymously with the vernacular term "bird" by these researchers.
5588:
5334:
5182:
5007:
4582:
3721:
3587:
3574:
3508:
2645:
2021:
1203:
1149:
666:
602:
289:
167:
100:
75:
2363:
2147:
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.) (2004).
2066:
troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".
5159:
4957:
4572:
4451:
2926:
2730:
2308:
San Francisco: California, Acad.Sci. pp.1–55. (Mem.Calif.Acad.Sci.8.)
637:
214:
5777:
586:, though alternative definitions are occasionally used (see below).
2984:
1111:
614:
567:
5286:
5231:
1096:
Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Wang
687:
575:
147:
5781:
5284:
4335:
3572:
2872:
2723:
2685:
2681:
2316:
2314:
1159:
Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the
2577:
Glorified Dinosaurs: The Origin and Early Evolution of Birds
1858:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
1188:
The following cladogram is based on the analysis by Hartman
578:, and their closest relatives. It is usually defined as all
2456:
Wang, M.; Stidham, T.A.; Li, Z.; Xu, X.; Zhou, Z. (2021).
2212:. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. pp. 1–96.
2151:, Second Edition. University of California Press., 861 pp.
670:
as an additional specifier in the definition of Avialae.
647:", was used by Agnolín and Novas (2013) for their clade
2062:
Hu, D.; Hou, L.; Zhang, L. & Xu, X. (2009). "A pre-
582:
dinosaurs more closely related to birds (Aves) than to
5541:
5502:
5458:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5193:
5139:
5018:
4988:
4973:
4963:
4953:
4943:
4933:
4923:
4913:
4903:
4892:
4837:
4782:
4731:
4692:
4654:
4624:
4609:
4599:
4589:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4407:
4397:
4387:
4377:
4367:
4239:
4193:
4149:
4118:
4101:
4030:
4014:
4003:
3992:
3982:
3972:
3961:
3951:
3941:
3930:
3919:
3909:
3861:
3835:
3789:
3695:
3650:
3635:
3625:
3614:
3604:
3482:
3287:
2960:
2943:
2933:
2922:
2911:
2900:
2204:
Federico L. Agnolín & Fernando E. Novas (2013).
543:
533:
523:
513:
503:
493:
483:
473:
463:
429:
411:
401:
391:
372:
353:
343:
333:
323:
5790:
5540:
5501:
5457:
5407:
5376:
5353:
5344:
5320:
5297:
5230:
5192:
5138:
5086:
5017:
4987:
4877:
4836:
4781:
4730:
4691:
4653:
4623:
4348:
4264:
4238:
4229:
4192:
4148:
4117:
4086:
4029:
3890:
3860:
3834:
3788:
3694:
3649:
3585:
3507:
3481:
3472:
3395:
3343:
3286:
3229:
3195:
3114:
3045:
2958:
2885:
2832:
2805:
2778:
715:Aves can mean all reptiles closer to birds than to
2602:"Birds survived dino extinction with keen senses"
2119:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2306:The origin of birds and the evolution of flight.
1928:"The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of
2579:. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
2338:Wang, M.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, Z. (2016).
2570:
2568:
2697:
16:Clade including all birds and their ancestors
8:
678:Avialae is also occasionally defined as an
5778:
5415:
5350:
5326:
5294:
5281:
5026:
4885:
4360:
4356:
4345:
4332:
4235:
4094:
3902:
3898:
3597:
3593:
3582:
3569:
3478:
3349:
3295:
3283:
3120:
3051:
2969:
2893:
2882:
2869:
2811:
2784:
2775:
2720:
2704:
2690:
2682:
2320:Gauthier, J., and de Queiroz, K. (2001). "
1106:The earliest known avialans come from the
694:, and the birds that descended from them.
450:
137:
118:
20:
2662:
2644:
2548:
2538:
2489:
2416:
2371:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2038:
2020:
617:, dated to about 160 million years ago.
1841:
5869:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances
2600:Agency France-Presse (13 April 2011).
651:, operating under the assumption that
7:
1998:
1996:
2163:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1649:
1624:
1599:
1574:
1551:
1499:
1492:
1467:
1442:
1390:
1383:
1358:
1335:
1266:
1243:
1220:
1209:
1199:
1114:, which has been dated to the late
986:
956:
931:
871:
864:
839:
814:
789:
779:
741:that can fly (alternately Avialae)
14:
2604:. Cosmos Magazine. Archived from
5762:
5761:
5707:
5701:
5267:
5262:
4318:
4311:
4304:
3555:
3549:
3543:
1870:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117
1810:
1014:
969:
902:
191:
5874:Taxa named by Jacques Gauthier
1796:In a study conducted in 2020,
1:
1800:was recovered as an avialan.
730:with feathers (alternatively
726:Aves can mean those advanced
2135:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.017
752:Under the fourth definition
5864:Oxfordian first appearances
591:Archaeopteryx lithographica
570:containing the only living
150:. Clockwise from top-left:
5890:
2627:Cau, Andrea (2020-02-25).
2482:10.1038/s41467-021-24147-z
771:List of fossil bird genera
764:
5721:
5699:
5418:
5329:
5293:
5280:
5260:
5029:
4888:
4363:
4359:
4344:
4331:
4302:
4097:
3905:
3901:
3600:
3596:
3581:
3568:
3541:
3352:
3298:
3282:
3123:
3054:
2972:
2896:
2881:
2868:
2814:
2787:
2774:
2719:
2575:Chiappe, Luis M. (2007).
2218:10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3
2183:10.1017/S1477201907002143
1913:10.1007/s11434-008-0287-4
1672:
1654:
1647:
1629:
1622:
1604:
1597:
1579:
1572:
1556:
1549:
1522:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1472:
1465:
1447:
1440:
1413:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1363:
1356:
1340:
1333:
1287:
1271:
1264:
1248:
1241:
1225:
1218:
1207:
1165:primitive characteristics
1009:
991:
984:
961:
954:
936:
929:
894:
876:
869:
862:
844:
837:
819:
812:
794:
787:
698:Differentiation from Aves
320:
315:
188:Scientific classification
186:
145:
136:
126:
117:
23:
1893:Chinese Science Bulletin
629:closer to birds than to
2540:10.1073/pnas.1907754116
2427:10.1126/science.1228753
2210:and Scansoriopterygidae
1849:Schweigert, G. (2007).
1163:. Many groups retained
146:Collage of four extant
152:Spanish imperial eagle
5831:Paleobiology Database
3441:Paralitherizinosaurus
2462:Nature Communications
680:apomorphy-based clade
434:Omnivoropterygiformes
1108:Tiaojishan Formation
737:Aves can mean those
611:Tiaojishan Formation
566:("bird wings") is a
4658:Patagopterygiformes
4153:Confuciusornithidae
4019:Scansoriopterygidae
3654:Scansoriopterygidae
2531:2019PNAS..11619571H
2525:(39): 19571–19578.
2474:2021NatCo..12.3890W
2409:2013Sci...339.1309Z
2403:(6125): 1309–1312.
2356:2016NatSR...619700W
2276:10.1038/nature12168
2268:2013Natur.498..359G
2175:2007JSPal...5..429S
2127:2012PPP...323....1L
2088:10.1038/nature08322
2080:2009Natur.461..640H
1961:10.1038/nature02706
1953:2004Natur.430..666A
1905:2008SciBu..53.3574Z
1560:Confuciusornithidae
1344:Scansoriopterygidae
739:feathered dinosaurs
599:Solnhofen Formation
478:Scansoriopterygidae
127:Fossil specimen of
107:Earliest 165 Ma if
4786:Songlingornithidae
4735:Hongshanornithidae
4122:Omnivoropterygidae
4034:Jeholornithiformes
3345:Therizinosauroidea
2646:10.7717/peerj.8672
2344:Scientific Reports
2022:10.7717/peerj.7247
1989:Supplementary info
1831:Feathered dinosaur
1181:bone in the group
1125:Anchiornis huxleyi
661:and modern birds.
416:Jeholornithiformes
172:Anas platyrhynchos
5846:
5845:
5784:Taxon identifiers
5775:
5774:
5717:
5716:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5597:Lutetodontopteris
5506:Gastornithiformes
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5287:Aves / Neornithes
5276:
5275:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5232:Aves / Neornithes
5134:
5133:
4873:
4872:
4765:Parahongshanornis
4327:
4326:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4082:
4081:
4008:Archaeopterygidae
3886:
3885:
3793:Archaeopterygidae
3564:
3563:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3397:Therizinosauridae
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2764:Maniraptoriformes
2586:978-0-86840-413-4
2364:10.1038/srep19700
2227:978-94-007-5636-6
2121:. 323–325: 1–12.
2074:(7264): 640–643.
1947:(7000): 666–669.
1899:(22): 3574–3584.
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1538:
1537:
1429:
1428:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1229:Archaeopterygidae
1161:Cretaceous Period
1144:. The well-known
1137:Xiaotingia zhengi
1104:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
915:
914:
690:used in flapping
561:
560:
556:
555:
455:Possible avialans
426:
311:
176:common kingfisher
112:
5881:
5839:
5838:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5779:
5765:
5764:
5737:Deinonychosauria
5712:
5711:
5705:
5662:Protodontopteryx
5604:Macrodontopteryx
5543:
5504:
5460:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5416:
5351:
5327:
5295:
5282:
5271:
5266:
5197:Cimolopterygidae
5195:
5141:
5088:Hesperornithidae
5027:
5020:
4990:
4975:
4965:
4955:
4945:
4935:
4925:
4915:
4905:
4894:
4886:
4839:
4784:
4733:
4694:
4656:
4626:
4611:
4601:
4591:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4470:
4459:
4449:
4439:
4429:
4419:
4409:
4399:
4389:
4379:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4346:
4333:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4241:
4236:
4197:Jinguofortisidae
4195:
4176:Eoconfuciusornis
4151:
4120:
4103:
4095:
4032:
4016:
4005:
3994:
3984:
3974:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3932:
3921:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3863:
3837:
3791:
3697:
3652:
3637:
3627:
3616:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3583:
3570:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3497:Oviraptorosauria
3486:Oviraptorosauria
3484:
3479:
3420:Nanshiungosaurus
3350:
3327:Jianchangosaurus
3296:
3289:
3284:
3121:
3052:
2970:
2964:Alvarezsauroidea
2962:
2945:
2935:
2924:
2913:
2902:
2894:
2883:
2870:
2812:
2785:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2721:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2648:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2420:
2418:10.1.1.1031.5732
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2335:
2329:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2262:(7454): 359–62.
2251:
2240:
2239:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2024:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1979:. Archived from
1936:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1855:
1846:
1820:
1818:Dinosaurs portal
1815:
1814:
1813:
1650:
1625:
1600:
1575:
1552:
1500:
1493:
1468:
1443:
1391:
1384:
1359:
1336:
1267:
1244:
1221:
1215:Deinonychosauria
1210:
1200:
1018:
987:
973:
957:
932:
906:
872:
865:
840:
815:
790:
780:
775:
774:
684:Jacques Gauthier
594:, from the late
545:
535:
525:
515:
505:
495:
485:
475:
465:
451:
431:
424:
413:
403:
393:
374:
355:
345:
335:
325:
306:
196:
195:
164:Struthio camelus
156:Aquila adalberti
141:
130:Jeholornis prima
122:
106:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5834:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5786:
5776:
5771:
5713:
5706:
5689:
5684:Tympanonesiotes
5677:Pseudodontornis
5640:Palaeochenoides
5561:Caspiodontornis
5545:Pelagornithidae
5536:
5497:
5453:
5395:
5372:
5340:
5316:
5289:
5272:
5246:
5226:
5188:
5130:
5125:Parahesperornis
5097:Asiahesperornis
5082:
5013:
4983:
4882:
4869:
4832:
4777:
4744:Archaeornithura
4726:
4687:
4649:
4619:
4372:Archaeorhynchus
4353:
4340:
4323:
4310:
4280:
4260:
4231:Ornithothoraces
4225:
4188:
4162:Changchengornis
4144:
4113:
4091:
4078:
4025:
3997:Anchiornithidae
3895:
3882:
3856:
3850:Dromaeosauridae
3839:Dromaeosauridae
3830:
3824:Anchiornithidae
3784:
3743:Liaoningvenator
3699:Anchiornithidae
3690:
3678:Scansoriopteryx
3645:
3590:
3577:
3560:
3523:
3503:
3460:
3455:Therizinosaurus
3391:
3339:
3334:Lingyuanosaurus
3291:Therizinosauria
3266:
3225:
3191:
3116:Parvicursorinae
3110:
3047:Alvarezsauridae
3041:
2966:
2954:
2890:
2877:
2848:
2828:
2801:
2795:Avemetatarsalia
2780:Avemetatarsalia
2770:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2680:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2608:on 2 April 2015
2599:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2324:." Pp. 7-41 in
2319:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2228:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1983:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1675:Ornithothoraces
1584:Changchengornis
1539:
1430:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1275:Dromaeosauridae
1154:cranial kinesis
1142:Dromaeosauridae
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1012:Ornithothoraces
916:
773:
767:Origin of birds
763:
721:Avemetatarsalia
719:(alternatively
700:
623:
596:Jurassic Period
584:deinonychosaurs
557:
468:Anchiornithidae
456:
305:
190:
113:
109:Anchiornithidae
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
29:Middle Jurassic
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5887:
5885:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5851:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5827:
5812:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5727:Archaeornithes
5722:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5669:Protopelicanus
5665:
5658:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5633:Osteodontornis
5629:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5547:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:Dromornithidae
5526:
5519:
5510:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5466:
5464:
5462:Dromornithidae
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5440:
5437:Perplexicervix
5430:
5419:
5413:
5410:Incertae sedis
5405:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5389:Pangalliformes
5382:
5380:
5378:Pangalliformes
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5359:
5357:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5303:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5147:
5145:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5030:
5024:
5022:Hesperornithes
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4994:
4992:Ichthyornithes
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4971:
4961:
4951:
4941:
4931:
4921:
4911:
4901:
4889:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4857:Similiyanornis
4853:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4790:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4698:
4696:Ambiortiformes
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4614:Zhongjianornis
4607:
4597:
4587:
4576:
4566:
4556:
4546:
4536:
4526:
4516:
4506:
4503:Jianchangornis
4496:
4486:
4476:
4466:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4254:Enantiornithes
4247:
4245:
4243:Enantiornithes
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4169:Confuciusornis
4165:
4157:
4155:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4132:Omnivoropteryx
4127:
4125:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4098:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4012:
4001:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3959:
3949:
3939:
3928:
3917:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3630:Pneumatoraptor
3623:
3612:
3601:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3488:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3427:Neimongosaurus
3423:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3186:Trierarchuncus
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3082:Bonapartenykus
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3021:Shishugounykus
3017:
3010:
3003:
3000:Bonapartenykus
2996:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2931:
2920:
2909:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2678:
2619:
2592:
2585:
2564:
2505:
2448:
2387:
2330:
2310:
2297:
2241:
2226:
2196:
2169:(4): 429–463.
2153:
2149:The Dinosauria
2140:
2109:
2054:
1992:
1986:on 2006-02-09.
1918:
1883:
1864:(1): 117–125.
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1805:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:Zhongjianornis
1653:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:Shenzhouraptor
1446:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1174:Shenzhouraptor
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
990:
985:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
966:Confuciusornis
960:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
935:
930:
928:
922:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
909:
908:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
843:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
818:
813:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
793:
788:
786:
778:
762:
759:
750:
749:
742:
735:
724:
699:
696:
622:
619:
607:deinonychosaur
559:
558:
554:
553:
552:
551:
541:
531:
521:
511:
501:
491:
481:
471:
458:
457:
454:
449:
448:
447:
446:
445:
438:
419:
409:
399:
389:
380:
370:
361:
351:
341:
331:
318:
317:
313:
312:
300:
293:
292:
287:
280:
279:
274:
267:
266:
261:
254:
253:
248:
241:
240:
235:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
184:
183:
160:common ostrich
143:
142:
134:
133:
124:
123:
115:
114:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5886:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5768:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5747:Odontornithes
5745:
5743:
5742:Odontognathae
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5710:
5704:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5471:Barawertornis
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5367:
5366:Anserimorphae
5363:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5355:Anserimorphae
5352:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5310:Palaeognathae
5307:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5299:Palaeognathae
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5270:
5265:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4978:Tingmiatornis
4972:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:Antarcticavis
4891:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4841:Yanornithidae
4835:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:Songlingornis
4808:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:Longicrusavis
4755:
4753:
4752:
4751:Hongshanornis
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4637:Mengciusornis
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4628:Schizoouridae
4622:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:Changzuiornis
4406:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4392:Brevidentavis
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4307:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:Cretaaviculus
3929:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:Archaeopteryx
3807:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3779:Yixianosaurus
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:Fujianvenator
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:Epidexipteryx
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:Beipiaosaurus
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:Heptasteornis
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:Alvarezsaurus
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:Achillesaurus
3057:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:Achillesaurus
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:Archaeopteryx
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1930:Archaeopteryx
1922:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1798:Archaeopteryx
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1194:Archaeopteryx
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:Archaeopteryx
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Archaeopteryx
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
989:
988:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
972:
968:
967:
959:
958:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
942:
934:
933:
927:
926:Avebrevicauda
924:
923:
920:
919:
911:
910:
907:
905:
901:
900:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
882:
874:
873:
867:
866:
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
850:
842:
841:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:Archaeopteryx
817:
816:
810:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
800:
792:
791:
785:
782:
781:
777:
776:
772:
768:
760:
758:
755:
754:Archaeopteryx
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
714:
713:
712:
710:
707:only for the
706:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
669:
668:
662:
660:
659:
658:Archaeopteryx
654:
650:
646:
645:
644:Dromaeosaurus
640:
639:
634:
633:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
597:
593:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
550:
549:
548:Yixianosaurus
542:
540:
539:
532:
530:
529:
522:
520:
519:
512:
510:
509:
508:Hesperonychus
502:
500:
499:
492:
490:
489:
488:Archaeopteryx
482:
480:
479:
472:
470:
469:
462:
461:
460:
459:
453:
452:
444:
443:
439:
436:
435:
428:
427:
423:
422:Avebrevicauda
420:
418:
417:
410:
408:
407:
400:
398:
397:
390:
387:
386:
385:Tingmiatornis
381:
379:
378:
371:
368:
367:
362:
360:
359:
352:
350:
349:
342:
340:
339:
338:Cretaaviculus
332:
330:
329:
322:
321:
319:
314:
309:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
194:
189:
185:
181:
180:Alcedo atthis
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:
135:
132:
131:
125:
121:
116:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:150.8–0
34:
30:
22:
19:
5791:
5757:Unenlagiidae
5682:
5675:
5667:
5660:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5619:Odontopteryx
5617:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5528:
5521:
5513:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5408:
5346:Galloanserae
5333:
5220:Lamarqueavis
5218:
5213:Cimolopteryx
5211:
5204:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5152:Australornis
5150:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5075:
5070:Pasquiaornis
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5006:
4999:
4976:
4966:
4956:
4946:
4936:
4926:
4916:
4906:
4895:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4824:
4816:
4809:
4803:Piscivoravis
4801:
4793:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4718:
4710:
4703:
4682:Patagopteryx
4680:
4672:
4665:
4642:
4635:
4612:
4602:
4594:Xinghaiornis
4592:
4581:
4571:
4561:
4551:
4543:Khinganornis
4541:
4531:
4521:
4513:Jiuquanornis
4511:
4501:
4491:
4481:
4471:
4462:Gargantuavis
4460:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4420:
4410:
4402:Changmaornis
4400:
4390:
4380:
4370:
4309:
4220:Jinguofortis
4218:
4211:
4204:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4137:
4130:
4104:
4073:Neimengornis
4071:
4064:
4058:Jixiangornis
4056:
4049:
4043:Dalianraptor
4041:
4017:
4006:
3995:
3985:
3977:Yandangornis
3975:
3964:
3954:
3944:
3933:
3922:
3912:
3892:
3876:Troodontidae
3865:Troodontidae
3822:
3817:Wellnhoferia
3815:
3808:
3800:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3734:
3729:Eosinopteryx
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3638:
3628:
3619:Palaeopteryx
3617:
3607:
3548:
3474:Pennaraptora
3453:
3446:
3439:
3434:Nothronychus
3432:
3425:
3418:
3413:Erlikosaurus
3411:
3406:Erliansaurus
3404:
3386:Suzhousaurus
3384:
3379:Martharaptor
3377:
3372:Enigmosaurus
3370:
3363:
3356:
3332:
3325:
3319:Fukuivenator
3317:
3310:
3304:Eshanosaurus
3302:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3240:Albertonykus
3238:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:Ceratonykini
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3158:Nemegtonykus
3156:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3034:
3028:Tugulusaurus
3026:
3019:
3012:
3007:Haplocheirus
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2976:
2946:
2938:Migmanychion
2936:
2925:
2916:Fukuivenator
2914:
2903:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2595:
2576:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2325:
2305:
2300:
2259:
2255:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2118:
2112:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2012:
2008:
1981:the original
1944:
1938:
1929:
1921:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1861:
1857:
1844:
1797:
1795:
1673:
1657:
1655:
1634:Jinguofortis
1632:
1630:
1607:
1605:
1582:
1580:
1557:
1525:
1523:
1507:
1505:
1477:Jixiangornis
1475:
1473:
1450:
1448:
1416:
1414:
1398:
1396:
1368:Yandangornis
1366:
1364:
1341:
1329:
1291:Troodontidae
1288:
1272:
1252:Unenlagiidae
1249:
1226:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1145:
1135:
1131:Aurornis xui
1129:
1123:
1105:
1097:
1010:
994:
992:
964:
962:
939:
937:
897:
895:
881:Jixiangornis
879:
877:
847:
845:
822:
820:
797:
795:
783:
753:
751:
732:Avifilopluma
704:
701:
677:
671:
665:
663:
656:
642:
636:
630:
624:
589:
588:
563:
562:
546:
538:Wellnhoferia
536:
526:
516:
506:
496:
486:
476:
466:
440:
432:
421:
414:
404:
396:Yandangornis
394:
383:
377:Jixiangornis
375:
366:Gargantuavis
364:
356:
348:Dalianraptor
346:
336:
326:
302:
296:
283:
277:Pennaraptora
270:
257:
244:
231:
179:
171:
163:
155:
128:
18:
5816:Wikispecies
5654:Proceriavis
5626:Odontoptila
5582:Gigantornis
5492:Ilbandornis
5427:Asteriornis
5168:Neogaeornis
5118:Hesperornis
5049:Chupkaornis
5001:Ichthyornis
4826:Yixianornis
4772:Tianyuornis
4720:Palintropus
4667:Alamitornis
4553:Meemannavis
4523:Juehuaornis
4442:Eogranivora
4382:Bellulornis
4206:Chongmingia
3956:Overoraptor
3946:Fukuipteryx
3609:Imperobator
3448:Segnosaurus
3213:Ceratonykus
3172:Parvicursor
3143:Khulsanurus
3136:Jaculinykus
3104:Patagonykus
3014:Patagonykus
2948:Yaverlandia
2888:Maniraptora
2875:Maniraptora
2834:Maniraptora
2713:Maniraptora
2468:(1): 3890.
1826:Bird flight
1609:Chongmingia
1400:Bauxitornis
996:Chongmingia
709:crown group
653:troodontids
632:Deinonychus
518:Overoraptor
358:Fukuipteryx
111:are members
5853:Categories
5725:See also:
5647:Pelagornis
5515:Brontornis
5322:Neognathae
5241:see below↓
5206:Ceramornis
5176:Polarornis
5143:Vegaviidae
5111:Fumicollis
5077:Potamornis
5063:Judinornis
5056:Enaliornis
4880:Ornithurae
4850:Abitusavis
4644:Schizooura
4604:Yumenornis
4563:Platanavis
4533:Kaririavis
4483:Horezmavis
4422:Chaoyangia
4351:Euornithes
4338:Euornithes
4275:see below↓
4266:Euornithes
4213:Cratonavis
4089:Pygostylia
4066:Kompsornis
4051:Jeholornis
3987:Zhongornis
3914:Alcmonavis
3802:Alcmonavis
3772:Xiaotingia
3765:Serikornis
3708:Anchiornis
3664:Ambopteryx
3518:see below↓
3358:Alxasaurus
3247:Linhenykus
3231:Mononykini
3220:Xixianykus
3179:Qiupanykus
3165:Ondogurvel
3129:Dzharaonyx
3090:Bradycneme
3068:Alnashetri
2843:see below↓
2746:Dinosauria
2208:Anchiornis
1837:References
1509:Zhongornis
1183:Pygostylia
899:Jeholornis
799:Anchiornis
765:See also:
746:Neornithes
728:archosaurs
717:crocodiles
649:Averaptora
621:Definition
442:Pygostylia
425:Paul, 2002
406:Zhongornis
328:Alcmonavis
316:Subgroups
251:Saurischia
238:Dinosauria
5859:Paravians
5752:Sauriurae
5732:Carinatae
5568:Cyphornis
5554:Aequornis
5523:Gastornis
5485:Genyornis
5478:Dromornis
5035:Baptornis
4968:Limenavis
4948:Iaceornis
4938:Guildavis
4928:Gallornis
4918:Cerebavis
4908:Apatornis
4712:Apsaravis
4705:Ambiortus
4674:Kuszholia
4139:Sapeornis
3966:Rahonavis
3758:Pedopenna
3640:Rahonavis
3312:Falcarius
3254:Mononykus
3206:Albinykus
3036:Xiyunykus
2905:Elopteryx
2822:Theropoda
2807:Theropoda
2755:Theropoda
2729:Kingdom:
2655:2167-8359
2639:: e8672.
2443:206544531
2413:CiteSeerX
2350:: 19700.
2236:199493087
2104:205218015
2031:2167-8359
2015:: e7247.
1878:140597349
1527:Sapeornis
1179:pygostyle
1120:Oxfordian
941:Sapeornis
849:Rahonavis
761:Evolution
627:theropods
572:dinosaurs
528:Rahonavis
264:Theropoda
211:Kingdom:
205:Eukaryota
5801:Wikidata
5767:Category
5575:Dasornis
5447:Qinornis
5104:Canadaga
5042:Brodavis
4864:Yanornis
4818:Yanornis
4795:Hollanda
4493:Iteravis
4473:Hollanda
4432:Dingavis
4183:Yangavis
4107:Proornis
3751:Ostromia
3715:Aurornis
3261:Shuvuuia
2993:Bannykus
2737:Chordata
2735:Phylum:
2731:Animalia
2673:32140312
2559:31501339
2500:34162868
2435:23493711
2382:26806355
2284:23719374
2191:83726237
2096:19794491
2049:31333906
1969:15295597
1804:See also
1118:period (
1116:Jurassic
1100:, 2016.
641:than to
580:theropod
308:Gauthier
225:Chordata
221:Phylum:
215:Animalia
201:Domain:
24:Avialans
5822:Avialae
5807:Q782930
5792:Avialae
5589:Laornis
5335:Neoaves
5183:Vegavis
5008:Janavis
4583:Wyleyia
3893:Avialae
3722:Caihong
3588:Paraves
3575:Paraves
3509:Paraves
2664:7047864
2612:11 June
2550:6765239
2527:Bibcode
2491:8222284
2470:Bibcode
2405:Bibcode
2397:Science
2373:4726217
2352:Bibcode
2292:4364892
2264:Bibcode
2171:Bibcode
2123:Bibcode
2076:Bibcode
2040:6626525
1977:4391019
1949:Bibcode
1901:Bibcode
1330:Avialae
1204:Paraves
1150:Germany
784:Avialae
672:Troodon
667:Troodon
603:Germany
564:Avialae
303:Avialae
290:Paraves
174:), and
168:mallard
33:Present
5160:Maaqwi
4958:Kookne
4573:Vorona
4452:Gansus
3924:Balaur
2927:Kakuru
2671:
2661:
2653:
2583:
2557:
2547:
2498:
2488:
2441:
2433:
2415:
2380:
2370:
2290:
2282:
2256:Nature
2234:
2224:
2189:
2102:
2094:
2068:Nature
2047:
2037:
2029:
1975:
1967:
1940:Nature
1876:
1418:Balaur
1098:et al.
692:flight
638:Passer
574:, the
498:Balaur
310:, 1986
5836:53211
2985:Aorun
2760:Clade
2751:Clade
2742:Clade
2633:PeerJ
2439:S2CID
2288:S2CID
2232:S2CID
2187:S2CID
2100:S2CID
2009:PeerJ
1984:(PDF)
1973:S2CID
1935:(PDF)
1874:S2CID
1854:(PDF)
1190:et al
1112:China
688:wings
615:China
576:birds
568:clade
297:Clade
284:Clade
271:Clade
258:Clade
245:Clade
232:Clade
148:birds
5611:Manu
5387:see
5364:see
5308:see
4252:see
3874:see
3848:see
3495:see
2820:see
2793:see
2669:PMID
2651:ISSN
2614:2012
2581:ISBN
2555:PMID
2519:PNAS
2496:PMID
2431:PMID
2378:PMID
2280:PMID
2222:ISBN
2092:PMID
2045:PMID
2027:ISSN
1965:PMID
1171:and
1128:and
769:and
705:Aves
46:PreꞒ
3150:Kol
2659:PMC
2641:doi
2545:PMC
2535:doi
2523:116
2486:PMC
2478:doi
2423:doi
2401:339
2368:PMC
2360:doi
2272:doi
2260:498
2214:doi
2179:doi
2131:doi
2084:doi
2072:461
2035:PMC
2017:doi
1957:doi
1945:430
1909:doi
1866:doi
1862:245
1110:of
613:of
601:of
166:),
158:),
5855::
5833::
5818::
5803::
3685:Yi
2762::
2753::
2744::
2667:.
2657:.
2649:.
2635:.
2631:.
2567:^
2553:.
2543:.
2533:.
2521:.
2517:.
2494:.
2484:.
2476:.
2466:12
2464:.
2460:.
2437:.
2429:.
2421:.
2411:.
2399:.
2376:.
2366:.
2358:.
2346:.
2342:.
2313:^
2286:.
2278:.
2270:.
2258:.
2244:^
2230:.
2220:.
2185:.
2177:.
2165:.
2129:.
2098:.
2090:.
2082:.
2070:.
2043:.
2033:.
2025:.
2011:.
2007:.
1995:^
1971:.
1963:.
1955:.
1943:.
1937:.
1907:.
1897:53
1895:.
1872:.
1860:.
1856:.
1156:.
1134:.
299::
286::
273::
260::
247::
234::
182:)
96:Pg
40:Ma
35:,
5672:?
5657:?
5614:?
5592:?
5542:†
5533:?
5518:?
5503:†
5459:†
5450:?
5443:†
5433:†
5423:†
5223:?
5194:†
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5163:?
5155:?
5140:†
5019:†
4989:†
4974:†
4964:†
4954:†
4944:†
4934:†
4924:†
4914:†
4904:†
4900:?
4893:†
4838:†
4829:?
4821:?
4806:?
4798:?
4783:†
4732:†
4723:?
4715:?
4693:†
4677:?
4655:†
4625:†
4610:†
4600:†
4590:†
4586:?
4579:†
4569:†
4559:†
4549:†
4539:†
4529:†
4519:†
4509:†
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4479:†
4469:†
4465:?
4458:†
4448:†
4438:†
4428:†
4418:†
4408:†
4398:†
4388:†
4378:†
4368:†
4240:†
4194:†
4150:†
4124:?
4119:†
4109:"
4105:"
4102:†
4061:?
4046:?
4031:†
4022:?
4015:†
4011:?
4004:†
4000:?
3993:†
3983:†
3973:†
3969:?
3962:†
3952:†
3942:†
3938:?
3931:†
3927:?
3920:†
3910:†
3862:†
3836:†
3827:?
3805:?
3790:†
3746:?
3696:†
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