627:, for example), and incomplete constriction at the epiglottis, as would be required to produce epiglottal fricatives, generally results in trilling, there is no contrast between (upper) pharyngeal and epiglottal based solely on place of articulation. Esling (2010) thus restores a unitary pharyngeal place of articulation, with the consonants being described by the IPA as epiglottal fricatives differing from pharyngeal fricatives in their
5829:
636:
symbols could represent pharyngeal fricatives that have a higher larynx position than , but a higher larynx position is also more likely to induce trilling than in a pharyngeal fricative with a lowered larynx position. Because and occur at the same
Pharyngeal/Epiglottal place of articulation (Esling, 1999), the logical phonetic distinction to make between them is in manner of articulation, trill versus fricative.
146:
6354:
6334:
6305:
6263:
6227:
6198:
6169:
6133:
6091:
6055:
6026:
5997:
5961:
5939:
5903:
5874:
5845:
47:
6386:
5409:
4572:
579:
chart, is usually an approximant. Frication is difficult to produce or to distinguish because the voicing in the glottis and the constriction in the pharynx are so close to each other (Esling 2010: 695, after Laufer 1996). The IPA symbol is ambiguous, but no language distinguishes fricative and
635:
The so-called "Epiglottal fricatives" are represented as pharyngeal trills, , since the place of articulation is identical to , but trilling of the aryepiglottic folds is more likely to occur in tighter settings of the laryngeal constrictor or with more forceful airflow. The same "epiglottal"
1696:
Sometimes silent, but contrasts with a glottal stop onset in vowel-initial words within a phrase. Its phonemic status is not clear. It has an "extremely limited distribution", linking noun phrases (/ʔiki/ 'small', /ʔana ʕiki/ 'small child') and clauses (/ʕaa/ 'and', /ʕoo/
640:
Edmondson et al. distinguish several subtypes of pharyngeal consonant. Pharyngeal or epiglottal stops and trills are usually produced by contracting the aryepiglottic folds of the larynx against the epiglottis. That articulation has been distinguished as
169:. Some phoneticians distinguish upper pharyngeal consonants, or "high" pharyngeals, pronounced by retracting the root of the tongue in the mid to upper pharynx, from (ary)epiglottal consonants, or "low" pharyngeals, which are articulated with the
430:
209:
to next to pharyngeals, but it is retracted to next to uvulars, as in حال 'condition', with a pharyngeal fricative and a fronted vowel, compared to خال 'maternal uncle', with a uvular consonant and a retracted vowel.
2918:
2954:
580:
approximant at this place of articulation. For clarity, the lowering diacritic may used to specify that the manner is approximant () and a raising diacritic to specify that the manner is fricative ().
180:
Stops and trills can be reliably produced only at the epiglottis, and fricatives can be reliably produced only in the upper pharynx. When they are treated as distinct places of articulation, the term
2928:
2938:
1769:, for example, and it is likely to be true for many other languages. The distinction between these sounds was recognized by IPA only in 1989, and it was little investigated until the 1990s.
2923:
2908:
661:, the two movements are combined, with the aryepiglottic folds and epiglottis brought together and retracted against the pharyngeal wall, an articulation that has been termed
2885:
2875:
1237:
1894:
The reference "Esling, 1999" is to "The iPA categories 'pharyngeal' and 'epiglottal': laryngoscopic observations of the pharyngeal articulations and larynx height."
2870:
5762:
3819:
3565:
2151:
588:
has a trilled epiglottal and a trilled epiglottal affricate ~. (There is some voicing in all Haida affricates, but it is analyzed as an effect of the vowel.)
1761:
The fricatives and trills (the pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives) are frequently conflated with pharyngeal fricatives in literature. That was the case for
1596:
Mainly realized as such in very eastern regions; often also debuccalized or phonetically realised as /x/. Corresponds to /kʰ/ in western and central dialects
3833:
3826:
3572:
4047:
3805:
3551:
1669:
It's unclear if is a separate phoneme from or if it's just an allophone of it. The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a word-final allophone of /ʜ/
2820:
5551:
3840:
3537:
5590:
5513:
1977:
5724:
5654:
3812:
3558:
2100:
5597:
5494:
6395:
5930:
5719:
5418:
4581:
4342:
4249:
2834:
2046:
2027:
1997:
64:
5674:
5611:
5423:
4432:
4324:
4231:
3544:
5618:
5564:
5520:
1912:"A laryngoscopic study of glottal and epiglottal/pharyngeal stop and continuant articulations in Amis—an Austronesian language of Taiwan"
615:
The IPA first distinguished epiglottal consonants in 1989, with a contrast between pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives, but advances in
5946:
5767:
4957:
4912:
4419:
4356:
4263:
3714:
3470:
1243:
5747:
5532:
5501:
5968:
4923:
4875:
4861:
4803:
4789:
4441:
4349:
4256:
2865:
689:
5696:
5681:
5461:
6017:
4937:
4459:
4370:
4331:
4277:
4238:
3995:
2144:
2110:
130:
5447:
111:
1892:
John Esling (2010) "Phonetic
Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p 695.
645:. In pharyngeal fricatives, the root of the tongue is retracted against the back wall of the pharynx. In a few languages, such as
6189:
4930:
4586:
4513:
4450:
4363:
4270:
3777:
3721:
3686:
3477:
3442:
2119:
Maddieson, I., & Wright, R. (1995). The vowels and consonants of Amis: A preliminary phonetic report. In I. Maddieson (Ed.),
83:
5557:
5539:
2401:
6254:
6033:
5988:
4495:
3763:
3519:
2829:
2175:
693:
576:
230:
5467:
2374:
6445:
6440:
6205:
6160:
6046:
5413:
5408:
4840:
4768:
4576:
4571:
4377:
4284:
3930:
3889:
3625:
3292:
1616:
850:
816:
505:
352:
68:
5475:
3028:
2369:
90:
665:. The IPA does not have diacritics to distinguish this articulation from standard aryepiglottals; Edmondson et al. use the
6218:
6004:
5865:
5364:
5224:
5192:
4520:
3784:
3700:
3693:
3456:
3449:
3278:
1436:
948:
748:
744:
5453:
2381:
2364:
1341:
1299:
619:
since then have caused specialists to re-evaluate their position. Since a trill can be made only in the pharynx with the
6325:
6176:
6062:
5757:
5355:
5344:
5256:
4868:
4796:
4502:
3960:
3770:
3749:
3672:
3526:
3505:
3428:
2913:
2813:
2356:
2137:
968:
5570:
2396:
2391:
1733:
Only occurs when following /l/ or /r/ and preceding /a/, and it can be analyzed as an allophone of the glottal stop /ʔ/
6234:
5881:
5836:
5371:
4854:
4833:
4782:
4529:
3947:
3903:
3896:
3847:
3639:
3632:
3583:
3328:
3299:
3148:
2981:
1608:
1217:
1201:
1047:
535:
384:
97:
5481:
2386:
1249:
568:. Phonetically, however, both voiceless and voiced affricates and off-glides are attested: (Esling 2010: 695).
177:
at the entrance of the larynx, as well as from epiglotto-pharyngeal consonants, with both movements being combined.
6390:
6385:
6296:
5894:
5385:
5307:
4189:
4082:
3969:
3875:
3791:
3707:
3611:
3463:
3310:
3285:
3264:
2661:
1950:
1861:
1406:
973:
302:
5799:
1914:
1311:
1305:
1293:
828:
57:
6345:
6082:
5852:
5752:
5378:
5298:
5287:
4889:
4847:
4817:
4775:
4153:
3861:
3756:
3679:
3597:
3512:
3435:
3342:
3193:
3164:
2308:
2253:
1624:
1103:
1097:
888:
810:
762:
193:
In many languages, pharyngeal consonants trigger advancement of neighboring vowels. Pharyngeals thus differ from
79:
2065:) in the official orthography: '§ 14. Letter H' in Український правопис, Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 2012, p. 19 (
6312:
6124:
5910:
5436:
5314:
4882:
4810:
4538:
4135:
4109:
4058:
3978:
3910:
3854:
3590:
3370:
3335:
3175:
3155:
3134:
2419:
2238:
2171:
1632:
684:
Although upper-pharyngeal plosives are not found in the world's languages, apart from the rear closure of some
6361:
6274:
6098:
5328:
4724:
4196:
4029:
4020:
4003:
3882:
3798:
3618:
3356:
3317:
3271:
3207:
2806:
2622:
2617:
2528:
1277:
1173:
1091:
868:
781:
327:
6140:
5321:
5085:
5023:
4715:
4704:
4649:
4615:
4175:
4160:
4040:
3868:
3604:
3349:
3235:
3200:
3091:
3076:
3060:
2639:
2449:
2248:
2223:
2167:
1361:
1161:
1109:
1065:
798:
674:
670:
628:
604:
600:
560:*A voiced epiglottal stop may not be possible. When an epiglottal stop becomes voiced intervocalically in
529:
499:
474:
450:
444:
408:
378:
346:
321:
296:
265:
202:
5147:
5074:
5054:
5012:
4992:
4731:
4628:
4142:
4116:
4091:
4065:
3377:
3221:
3182:
3141:
3071:
3032:
2880:
2228:
2205:
2183:
1678:
Varies between glottal () and pharyngeal realizations and is sometimes difficult to distinguish from /x/
1035:
924:
733:
678:
162:
31:
1373:
5603:
5136:
5116:
5094:
5032:
4745:
4011:
3363:
3214:
2666:
2629:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1490:
1045:
1003:
989:
942:
6400:
5667:
5278:
5165:
5156:
5065:
5003:
4752:
4738:
4656:
4182:
3242:
3096:
3053:
2737:
2607:
2584:
2333:
2286:
2258:
1442:
1115:
909:
792:
620:
480:
170:
104:
5690:
5127:
4693:
4642:
4621:
3384:
3228:
3086:
3066:
3024:
2602:
2435:
2243:
2200:
1187:
1167:
1069:
1058:
1041:
770:
766:
729:
658:
271:
186:
1494:
1367:
1724:
Typically heard when in between vowels, or as an allophone of /ɡ/ when in intervocalic position
6111:
5646:
5048:
4899:
4663:
4594:
4208:
3121:
3101:
3043:
2933:
2724:
2681:
2558:
2523:
2346:
2313:
2281:
2215:
2106:
1993:
1778:
1523:
1424:
1400:
1381:
1347:
1271:
1223:
1122:
1085:
897:
822:
804:
721:
646:
592:
194:
35:
1989:
5921:
5440:
4986:
4677:
4635:
3111:
3081:
3048:
3038:
2749:
2742:
2597:
2553:
2548:
2411:
2323:
2300:
2276:
2233:
2192:
1985:
1931:
1578:
Appear mostly in loanwords. Native words with those sounds are rare and mostly onomatopoeic.
1512:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1454:
1390:
1335:
1029:
1009:
979:
862:
856:
788:
754:
725:
677:⟩. There are, however, several diacritics for subtypes of pharyngeal sound among the
455:
6245:
5979:
4977:
4670:
4103:
3106:
2976:
2798:
2714:
2612:
2592:
2533:
2501:
2318:
2092:
1918:
1762:
1516:
1501:
1448:
1418:
1193:
1073:
1015:
995:
930:
840:
685:
561:
540:
485:
419:
414:
6151:
2686:
1783:
1766:
1483:
1255:
1207:
1077:
953:
758:
717:
624:
585:
565:
510:
276:
218:
214:
6434:
5810:
5338:
5180:
4598:
2772:
2732:
2709:
2676:
2649:
2096:
1910:
Edmondson, Jerold A., John H. Esling, Jimmy G. Harris, & Huang Tung-chiou (n.d.)
1862:
Supraglottal cavity shape, linguistic register, and other phonetic features of Somali
1793:
1505:
1317:
1261:
1179:
1133:
834:
650:
2066:
5660:
3393:
2782:
2701:
2691:
2671:
2124:
1835:
1323:
713:
616:
145:
6408:
5822:
5805:
5583:
5110:
3918:
2991:
2969:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2654:
2511:
1229:
918:
709:
206:
46:
1587:
Historically derives from /s/ and occurs word-finally, e.g. "grass", "twenty"
6287:
5815:
3128:
2986:
2570:
1527:
1412:
174:
2121:
UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages III
6073:
5579:
4827:
4760:
3650:
3406:
3014:
2759:
2565:
2516:
2476:
2471:
2458:
2123:(No. 91, pp. 45–66). Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group.
874:
572:
158:
197:, which nearly always trigger retraction. For example, in some dialects of
17:
6379:
5714:
5636:
5630:
5402:
4565:
3403:
2493:
2481:
1798:
740:
1954:
1868:
1542:
Mostly occurs in words of Arabic origin, mostly in word-initial position
5487:
4698:
3258:
2964:
2466:
1911:
1823:
Proceedings of the
Eleventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
1139:
166:
1646:
958:
654:
596:
198:
5790:
2959:
2506:
1472:
1788:
704:
Pharyngeals are known primarily from three areas of the world:
5788:
3012:
2847:
2802:
2133:
2129:
40:
1605:
According to some linguists, Ukrainian may have a pharyngeal
777:
There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere, as in:
2059:
The sound is described as "laryngeal fricative consonant" (
2026:
harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFDanyenkoVakulenko1995 (
1860:
Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G.
1629:
in weak positions). According to others, it is glottal
213:
In addition, consonants and vowels may be secondarily
4603:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
623:(in the pharyngeal trill of the northern dialect of
6244:
6072:
5920:
5740:
3059:
3031:
2947:
2901:
2858:
2758:
2723:
2700:
2638:
2583:
2492:
2457:
2448:
2428:
2410:
2355:
2332:
2299:
2269:
2214:
2191:
2182:
2045:
harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFPughPress2005 (
769:language family, and in the southern branch of the
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2078:Українська мова: енциклопедія, Kyiv, 2000, p. 85.
2021:
221:are defined by an accompanying epiglottal trill.
2060:
633:
1825:(Tallinn, Estonia, Aug 1-7 1987), pp. 142-144.
1819:Pharyngeal Features in the Daghestan Languages
1715:Has also been described as uvular or glottal
669:, somewhat misleading, transcriptions ⟨
599:provides symbols for upper-pharyngeal stops, ⟨
5763:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2814:
2145:
8:
390:
360:
2017:
2015:
1982:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1906:
1904:
1574:
1572:
5785:
5737:
3009:
2855:
2844:
2821:
2807:
2799:
2454:
2266:
2188:
2152:
2138:
2130:
272:voiceless* pharyngeal (epiglottal) plosive
2876:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
2040:
1750:
1748:
1656:
1654:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
184:may be used as a cover term, or the term
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Consonant articulated through the pharynx
1939:(Ph.D.). The University of Pennsylvania.
571:** Although traditionally placed in the
235:
229:Pharyngeal/epiglottal consonants in the
144:
4617:
3058:
1810:
1535:
728:(mostly in borrowings from Arabic) and
688:, they occur in disordered speech. See
303:voiceless pharyngeal (epiglottal) trill
3042:
1990:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.232
5277:
4976:
4692:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3052:
3047:
3037:
1064:the approximant is a realization of
795:might have had pharyngeal consonants.
7:
4650:
1976:Kossmann, Maarten (March 29, 2017),
328:voiced pharyngeal (epiglottal) trill
69:adding citations to reliable sources
5768:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4629:
4593:Symbols to the right in a cell are
2102:The Sounds of the World's Languages
391:
361:
38:, a type of secondary articulation.
4685:
2866:International Phonetic Association
690:voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive
25:
6360:
6344:
6324:
6311:
6295:
6273:
6253:
6233:
6217:
6204:
6188:
6175:
6159:
6139:
6123:
6110:
6097:
6081:
6061:
6045:
6032:
6016:
6003:
5987:
5967:
5945:
5929:
5909:
5893:
5880:
5864:
5851:
5835:
5695:
5680:
5673:
5653:
5629:
5617:
5610:
5596:
5589:
5563:
5550:
5538:
5531:
5519:
5512:
5500:
5493:
5474:
5460:
5446:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5343:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5297:
5286:
5255:
5223:
5191:
5164:
5155:
5146:
5135:
5126:
5115:
5093:
5084:
5073:
5064:
5053:
5031:
5022:
5011:
5002:
4991:
4956:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4911:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4714:
4703:
4657:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4512:
4501:
4494:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4418:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4330:
4323:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4237:
4230:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4159:
4152:
4141:
4134:
4115:
4108:
4090:
4081:
4064:
4057:
4046:
4039:
4028:
4019:
4010:
3994:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3946:
3929:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3392:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3316:
3309:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3181:
3174:
3163:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3117:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
6384:
6352:
6332:
6303:
6261:
6225:
6196:
6167:
6131:
6089:
6053:
6024:
5995:
5959:
5937:
5901:
5872:
5843:
5827:
5407:
4643:
4622:
4570:
2919:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1978:"Berber-Arabic Language Contact"
481:pharyngeal (epiglottal) ejective
225:Pharyngeal consonants in the IPA
149:Pharyngeal place of articulation
45:
4664:
2830:International Phonetic Alphabet
2176:International Phonetic Alphabet
1660:Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew
694:voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive
231:International Phonetic Alphabet
56:needs additional citations for
5748:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4678:
4636:
2939:IPA chart for English dialects
2062:гортанний щілинний приголосний
2022:Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995
1933:Aspects of Pit River Phonology
506:Voiceless epiglottal affricate
353:voiceless pharyngeal fricative
1:
4671:
1687:Word-final realisation of /r/
1437:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
631:rather than in their place:
5758:Voiceless bidental fricative
2881:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
564:, for example, it becomes a
415:pharyngeal (epiglottal) flap
2982:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
536:Voiced epiglottal affricate
385:voiced pharyngeal fricative
6462:
34:. Not to be confused with
30:This article is about the
29:
6286:
6150:
5978:
5821:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5797:
5784:
5753:Nasal palatal approximant
5437:Co-articulated consonants
5337:
5282:
5245:
5213:
5178:
5109:
5047:
4985:
4946:
4898:
4826:
4759:
4697:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4618:
4474:
4396:
4303:
4207:
4102:
4002:
3917:
3744:
3648:
3500:
3402:
3257:
3127:
3021:
3008:
2854:
2843:
2544:
2165:
2061:
356:
275:
244:
241:
238:
1867:(Report). Archived from
1840:www.native-languages.org
657:and perhaps some of the
584:The Hydaburg dialect of
511:Haida (Hydaburg Dialect)
4613:Non-pulmonic consonants
3745:Non-sibilant fricative
3501:Non-sibilant affricate
2871:History of the alphabet
1742:In free variation with
1706:In free variation with
782:Indo-European languages
2929:Sinological extensions
2168:Articulatory phonetics
2041:Pugh & Press (2005
1917:July 17, 2012, at the
1362:Nilo-Saharan languages
1162:Austronesian languages
638:
629:manner of articulation
451:pharyngeal approximant
190:may be used instead.
150:
80:"Pharyngeal consonant"
6446:Pharyngeal consonants
6441:Place of articulation
2342:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2105:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1930:Nevin, Bruce (1998).
1754:In the Morley dialect
1294:Niger–Congo languages
679:Voice Quality Symbols
673:⟩ and ⟨
611:Place of articulation
148:
32:Place of articulation
4397:Lateral approximant
2667:Labio-palatalization
1957:on September 2, 2007
1566:Borrowed from Arabic
663:epiglotto-pharyngeal
155:pharyngeal consonant
65:improve this article
3025:Pulmonic consonants
2357:Double articulation
1896:Language and Speech
1116:Galician-Portuguese
793:Proto-Indo-European
749:Northeast Caucasian
621:aryepiglottic folds
187:guttural consonants
171:aryepiglottic folds
4947:Lateral fricative
4597:, to the left are
4304:Lateral fricative
3092:Postalveolar
3077:Linguolabial
2924:Naming conventions
2887:Journal of the IPA
1070:Germanic languages
757:, in the Northern
659:Salishan languages
151:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6418:
6371:
6370:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5733:
5732:
5558:Uvular–epiglottal
5432:
5431:
5394:
5393:
4609:
4608:
4557:
4556:
4475:Lateral tap/flap
3072:Labiodental
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2934:World Orthography
2796:
2795:
2682:Pharyngealization
2579:
2578:
2444:
2443:
2402:Uvular–epiglottal
2295:
2294:
1999:978-0-19-938465-5
1874:on March 15, 2012
1779:Pharyngealization
1524:Achumawi language
1218:Malayo-Polynesian
1121:some dialects of
787:According to the
761:dialects, in the
751:language families
593:disordered speech
591:For transcribing
557:
556:
182:radical consonant
165:primarily in the
141:
140:
133:
115:
36:Pharyngealization
16:(Redirected from
6453:
6412:
6388:
6365:
6364:
6356:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6336:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6278:
6277:
6265:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6238:
6237:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6209:
6208:
6200:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6180:
6179:
6171:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6144:
6143:
6135:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6115:
6114:
6102:
6101:
6093:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6066:
6065:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6037:
6036:
6028:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6008:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5962:
5950:
5949:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5914:
5913:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5885:
5884:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5856:
5855:
5847:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5831:
5830:
5800:
5786:
5738:
5699:
5684:
5677:
5657:
5633:
5621:
5614:
5600:
5593:
5567:
5554:
5542:
5535:
5526:Labial–retroflex
5523:
5516:
5504:
5497:
5478:
5468:Labial–retroflex
5464:
5450:
5411:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5358:
5347:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5290:
5261:
5229:
5197:
5168:
5161:
5152:
5141:
5132:
5121:
5099:
5090:
5079:
5070:
5059:
5037:
5028:
5017:
5008:
4997:
4983:bottom: uvular)
4960:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4915:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4718:
4707:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4604:
4574:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4516:
4505:
4498:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4422:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4334:
4327:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4241:
4234:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4163:
4156:
4145:
4138:
4119:
4112:
4094:
4085:
4068:
4061:
4050:
4043:
4032:
4023:
4014:
3998:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3950:
3933:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3396:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3320:
3313:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3185:
3178:
3167:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3029:
3010:
2856:
2845:
2838:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2750:Voice onset time
2455:
2375:Labial–retroflex
2267:
2189:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2116:
2093:Ladefoged, Peter
2079:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2006:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1953:. Archived from
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1832:
1826:
1817:Kodzasov, S. V.
1815:
1755:
1752:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1613:(when devoiced,
1612:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1567:
1564:
1543:
1540:
1466:language isolate
1067:
1051:
980:Bengali dialects
974:Bengali-Assamese
789:laryngeal theory
773:language family.
755:British Columbia
732:branches of the
686:click consonants
676:
672:
606:
602:
531:
501:
476:
446:
435:
434:
433:
432:
410:
397:
396:
380:
367:
366:
348:
323:
298:
279:, Richa dialect
267:
236:
204:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6420:
6410:
6409:unrounded
6405:
6367:
6366:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6343:
6338:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6294:
6280:
6279:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6252:
6240:
6239:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6187:
6182:
6181:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6158:
6146:
6145:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6109:
6104:
6103:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6080:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5986:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5928:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5834:
5828:
5793:
5772:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5702:Labial–alveolar
5700:
5693:
5688:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5658:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5634:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5615:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5560:
5555:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5508:
5507:Labial–alveolar
5505:
5498:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5454:Labial–alveolar
5451:
5443:
5433:
5428:
5258:
5226:
5214:Voiced lateral
5194:
5169:
5158:
5149:
5138:
5129:
5118:
5096:
5087:
5076:
5067:
5056:
5034:
5025:
5014:
5005:
4994:
4982:
4980:
4602:
4591:
3097:Retroflex
3017:
2996:
2955:ASCII encodings
2943:
2897:
2850:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2797:
2792:
2754:
2719:
2696:
2641:
2634:
2575:
2540:
2488:
2440:
2424:
2406:
2370:Labial–alveolar
2351:
2328:
2309:Alveolo-palatal
2291:
2265:
2254:Palato-alveolar
2210:
2178:
2172:Co-articulation
2161:
2158:
2113:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1919:Wayback Machine
1909:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1775:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1517:Stoney (Nakoda)
1238:Central–Eastern
931:Kamviri dialect
763:Interior Salish
736:language family
702:
613:
532:
502:
477:
447:
429:
428:
427:
426:
411:
381:
349:
324:
299:
268:
227:
219:strident vowels
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6459:
6457:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6433:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6382:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6358:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6309:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6231:
6224:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6202:
6195:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6173:
6166:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6137:
6130:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6095:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6030:
6023:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6001:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5965:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5943:
5936:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5878:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5849:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5694:
5689:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5651:
5645:
5635:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5608:
5604:Labial–palatal
5602:
5595:
5588:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5569:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5445:
5444:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5359:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5302:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5284:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5246:Nasal lateral
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5153:
5144:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5122:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5020:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4719:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4535:
4533:
4526:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4438:
4436:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4088:
4086:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Bilabial
3064:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2902:Special topics
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2840:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2687:Glottalization
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Palatalization
2659:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:Velopharyngeal
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Labial–palatal
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2365:Labial–coronal
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2239:Denti-alveolar
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2097:Maddieson, Ian
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2052:
2033:
2011:
1998:
1968:
1942:
1922:
1900:
1898:, 42, 349–372.
1885:
1852:
1827:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Strident vowel
1781:
1774:
1771:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1650:
1639:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1568:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1509:
1498:
1487:
1476:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1342:Suppire–Mamara
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1300:Atlantic-Congo
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:Swabian German
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1001:
1000:
999:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
966:
965:
964:
963:
962:
954:Western Pahari
940:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
922:
907:
906:
905:
904:
903:
902:
901:
886:
885:
884:
883:
882:
881:
880:
879:
878:
860:
848:
847:
846:
845:
844:
838:
826:
796:
775:
774:
765:branch of the
752:
737:
718:Horn of Africa
701:
698:
612:
609:
582:
581:
569:
555:
554:
551:
549:
543:
538:
533:
528:
525:
524:
521:
519:
513:
508:
503:
498:
495:
494:
492:
490:
488:
483:
478:
473:
470:
469:
466:
464:
458:
453:
448:
443:
440:
439:
436:
424:
422:
417:
412:
407:
404:
403:
400:
398:
388:
382:
377:
374:
373:
370:
368:
358:
355:
350:
345:
342:
341:
338:
336:
330:
325:
320:
317:
316:
313:
311:
305:
300:
295:
292:
291:
288:
286:
280:
274:
269:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
247:
246:
243:
240:
226:
223:
215:pharyngealized
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6458:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6415:
6414:
6413: rounded
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6363:
6347:
6340:
6327:
6320:
6314:
6298:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6269:
6256:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6220:
6213:
6207:
6191:
6184:
6178:
6162:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6126:
6119:
6113:
6106:
6100:
6084:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6048:
6041:
6035:
6019:
6012:
6006:
5990:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5932:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5896:
5889:
5883:
5867:
5860:
5854:
5838:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5698:
5692:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5656:
5648:
5641:
5639:
5632:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5581:
5572:
5571:Labial–uvular
5566:
5559:
5553:
5541:
5534:
5522:
5515:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5469:
5463:
5455:
5449:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4614:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Case variants
2912:
2910:
2909:Cursive forms
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Uvularization
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:Labialization
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Coronal–velar
2395:
2393:
2392:Labial–uvular
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:0-631-19815-6
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1951:"Video clips"
1946:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1841:
1837:
1836:"Haida Words"
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1765:and Northern
1764:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1621:or sometimes
1618:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:Judeo-Spanish
1132:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:Italo-Western
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
993:
991:
988:
981:
978:some eastern
977:
976:
975:
972:
971:
970:
967:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
951:
950:
947:
946:
944:
941:
932:
929:
928:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
914:
913:
911:
908:
899:
896:
895:
894:Northastern:
893:
892:
890:
887:
876:
873:
872:
870:
867:
866:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:
852:
849:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
818:
815:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:
705:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:aryepiglottal
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
608:
598:
594:
589:
587:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
558:
552:
550:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
527:
526:
522:
520:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
497:
496:
493:
491:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
442:
441:
437:
431:
425:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
406:
405:
401:
399:
394:
389:
386:
383:
376:
375:
371:
369:
364:
359:
354:
351:
344:
343:
339:
337:
334:
331:
329:
326:
319:
318:
314:
312:
309:
306:
304:
301:
294:
293:
289:
287:
285:
281:
278:
273:
270:
263:
262:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
237:
234:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
211:
208:
200:
196:
191:
189:
188:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
147:
143:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6406:
5687:Labial–velar
5637:
5624:Labial–velar
5545:Labial–velar
5482:Labial–velar
5435:
4981:(top: velar;
4684:
4612:
4592:
3116:
3023:
2890:
2886:
2702:Tongue shape
2692:Nasalization
2672:Velarization
2642:articulation
2412:Pathological
2387:Labial–velar
2341:
2270:Active place
2249:Postalveolar
2224:Linguolabial
2160:Articulation
2120:
2101:
2074:
2055:
2036:
2003:, retrieved
1981:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:the original
1945:
1932:
1925:
1895:
1888:
1878:November 21,
1876:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1760:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1642:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1538:
1250:Sumba–Flores
1004:Northwestern
925:Kamkata-vari
851:Southwestern
817:Northwestern
799:Indo-Iranian
776:
714:North Africa
703:
700:Distribution
683:
666:
662:
642:
639:
634:
617:laryngoscopy
614:
590:
583:
545:
515:
460:
392:
362:
332:
307:
283:
253:Orthography
242:Description
228:
212:
201:, the vowel
192:
185:
181:
179:
173:against the
154:
152:
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
5649:approximant
5584:approximant
3919:Approximant
2992:IPA Braille
2970:Kirshenbaum
2512:Approximant
2229:Interdental
2206:Labiodental
1312:Volta-Niger
1306:Volta-Congo
1230:Kedah Malay
1130:Castilian:
919:Kalasha-ala
829:Zaza–Gorani
734:Afroasiatic
710:Middle East
575:row of the
163:articulated
6435:Categories
6396:full chart
5922:Near-close
5720:full chart
5642:(variable)
5419:full chart
4902:affricate
4582:full chart
4211:affricate
3015:Consonants
2987:IPA number
2849:IPA topics
2640:Secondary
2630:Percussive
2598:Ingressive
2571:Continuant
2067:see e-text
1528:California
1491:Guaicuruan
1413:Tadaksahak
943:Indo-Aryan
915:Northern:
175:epiglottis
91:newspapers
18:Epiglottal
6246:Near-open
5980:Close-mid
5668:Implosive
5661:Velarized
5580:Fricative
5339:Voiceless
5279:Implosive
4828:Fricative
4761:Affricate
4599:voiceless
3651:fricative
3649:Sibilant
3407:affricate
3054:Laryngeal
2948:Encodings
2760:Phonation
2738:Aspirated
2733:Voiceless
2608:Implosive
2593:Egressive
2585:Airstream
2566:Occlusive
2517:Semivowel
2477:Fricative
2472:Affricate
2459:Obstruent
2334:Laryngeal
2287:Subapical
2259:Retroflex
1845:April 23,
1515:language
1504:language
1493:language
1482:language
1443:Chukotkan
1387:Eastern:
1374:Daatsʼiin
1042:Ukrainian
910:Nuristani
875:Judeo-Tat
745:Northwest
743:, in the
720:, in the
573:fricative
523:'father'
290:'center'
250:Language
159:consonant
121:June 2018
6407:Legend:
6401:template
6380:IPA help
6152:Open-mid
5725:template
5715:IPA help
5691:Ejective
5663:alveolar
5424:template
5403:IPA help
4694:Ejective
4587:template
4566:IPA help
4004:Tap/flap
3404:Sibilant
3087:Alveolar
2655:Rounding
2623:Ejective
2618:Pulmonic
2603:Ejective
2529:Tap/flap
2494:Sonorant
2482:Sibilant
2436:Bidental
2244:Alveolar
2201:Bilabial
2125:(in pdf)
2099:(1996).
1915:Archived
1799:Guttural
1773:See also
1425:Korandje
1407:Northern
1348:Minyanka
1202:Northern
1188:Atayalic
1168:Formosan
1123:Galician
1068:in such
1059:Germanic
949:Northern
898:Yaghnobi
771:Wakashan
767:Salishan
741:Caucasus
730:Cushitic
716:and the
647:Achumawi
553:'white'
468:'raven'
340:'light'
315:'apple'
259:Meaning
245:Example
217:. Also,
161:that is
6411:•
5811:Central
5647:Lateral
5488:Plosive
5283:Voiced
5181:lateral
5179:Tenuis
5170:
4900:Lateral
4209:Lateral
3259:Plosive
3122:Glottal
3102:Palatal
3044:Coronal
2965:X-SAMPA
2773:Breathy
2559:Lateral
2524:Vibrant
2467:Plosive
2347:Glottal
2314:Palatal
2282:Laminal
2216:Coronal
2086:Sources
2005:May 30,
1961:June 2,
1697:'also')
1469:Kusunda
1455:Alyutor
1401:Songhay
1391:Zaghawa
1382:Saharan
1272:Timoric
1244:Central
1224:Malayic
1182:: ~ ,
1140:Haketia
1104:Iberian
1098:Western
1086:Romance
990:Western
969:Eastern
889:Eastern
863:Persian
857:Kumzari
823:Kurdish
811:Western
805:Iranian
722:Semitic
603:⟩ and ⟨
372:'heat'
357:Arabic
233:(IPA):
207:fronted
195:uvulars
167:pharynx
105:scholar
6389:
5791:Vowels
5640:-sound
5412:
5049:Voiced
4987:Tenuis
4595:voiced
4575:
3566:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
3112:Uvular
3082:Dental
3061:Manner
3049:Dorsal
3039:Labial
2783:Creaky
2743:Tenuis
2710:Sulcal
2554:Rhotic
2549:Liquid
2450:Manner
2324:Uvular
2301:Dorsal
2277:Apical
2234:Dental
2193:Labial
2109:
1996:
1763:Dahalo
1647:Gheada
1513:Siouan
1495:Pilagá
1480:Papuan
1449:Koryak
1419:Tagdal
1336:Senufo
1278:Mambai
1194:Atayal
1074:Danish
1030:Slavic
1016:Luwati
1010:Sindhi
996:Domari
959:Kullui
841:Gorani
747:, and
726:Berber
667:ad hoc
655:Taiwan
597:extIPA
595:, the
562:Dahalo
541:Somali
486:Dargwa
456:Danish
438:'mud'
420:Dahalo
402:'eye'
199:Arabic
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
6391:audio
5823:Close
5806:Front
5741:Other
5675:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
5441:Nasal
5414:audio
5111:Nasal
4978:Click
4577:audio
4104:Trill
3573:d̠ɹ̠˔
3129:Nasal
3107:Velar
3033:Place
2960:SAMPA
2835:chart
2788:Stiff
2778:Slack
2768:Modal
2725:Voice
2715:Domed
2613:Click
2534:Trill
2507:Vowel
2502:Nasal
2429:Other
2319:Velar
2184:Place
1937:(PDF)
1872:(PDF)
1865:(PDF)
1805:Notes
1767:Haida
1635:]
1631:[
1627:]
1623:[
1619:]
1615:[
1611:]
1607:[
1502:Mayan
1484:Teiwa
1473:Nepal
1368:Bʼaga
1208:Pazeh
1050:]
1046:[
933:: ,
759:Haida
625:Haida
586:Haida
277:Aghul
157:is a
112:JSTOR
98:books
6288:Open
5816:Back
5697:t͡pʼ
4938:q𝼄ʼ
4931:k𝼄ʼ
4924:c𝼆ʼ
4790:t̠ʃʼ
4776:t̪θʼ
4769:p̪fʼ
4699:Stop
4154:ɽ̊r̥
3820:ɹ̠̊˔
3552:tɹ̝̊
2977:TIPA
2891:JIPA
2107:ISBN
2047:help
2043::23)
2028:help
2024::12)
2007:2023
1994:ISBN
1963:2015
1880:2020
1847:2024
1794:Heth
1789:Ayin
1522:the
1519:: ,
1511:the
1506:Achi
1500:the
1489:the
1478:the
1464:the
1427:: ,
1421:: ,
1415:: ,
1262:Dhao
1256:Savu
1180:Amis
1174:East
1142:: ,
1110:West
1076:and
1036:East
1018:: ,
998:: ,
921:: ,
900:: ,
877:: ,
843:: ,
837:: ,
835:Zaza
825:: ,
739:the
708:the
692:and
651:Amis
518:ung
463:avn
335:екв
256:IPA
239:IPA
84:news
6074:Mid
5682:ɠ͡ɓ
5565:q͡p
5552:q͡ʡ
5540:ɡ͡b
5533:k͡p
5521:ɖ͡b
5514:ʈ͡p
5502:d͡b
5495:t͡p
5476:ŋ͡m
5462:ɳ͡m
5448:n͡m
5150:ɴ𝼊
5148:ŋ𝼊
5088:ɢ𝼊
5086:ɡ𝼊
5026:q𝼊
5024:k𝼊
4913:tɬʼ
4818:qχʼ
4811:kxʼ
4804:tɕʼ
4797:tʂʼ
4783:tsʼ
4514:𝼈̥
4285:ɡʟ̝
4278:k𝼄
4271:ɟʎ̝
4264:c𝼆
4257:d𝼅
3834:ɻ̊˔
3827:ɹ̠˔
3559:dɹ̝
3545:d̪ð
3538:t̪θ
3527:b̪v
3520:p̪f
3450:d̠ʒ
3443:t̠ʃ
2859:IPA
1986:doi
1526:of
1471:of
1324:Ewe
1318:Gbe
1072:as
1066:/r/
869:Tat
675:ʜ͡ħ
671:ʕ͡ʡ
653:of
607:⟩.
577:IPA
566:tap
548:ad
530:ʡ͡ʢ
500:ʡ͡ʜ
387:**
363:حَـ
310:ач
284:гьІ
205:is
203:/a/
67:by
6437::
6141:o̞
6125:ɤ̞
6099:ø̞
6083:e̞
5638:Sj
5591:ɥ̊
5386:ʛ̥
5379:ɠ̊
5372:ʄ̊
5365:ᶑ̊
5356:ɗ̥
5345:ɓ̥
5259:ɴǁ
5257:ŋǁ
5227:ɢǁ
5225:ɡǁ
5195:qǁ
5193:kǁ
5159:ɴǂ
5157:ŋǂ
5139:ɴǃ
5137:ŋǃ
5130:ɴǀ
5128:ŋǀ
5119:ɴʘ
5117:ŋʘ
5097:ɢǂ
5095:ɡǂ
5077:ɢǃ
5075:ɡǃ
5068:ɢǀ
5066:ɡǀ
5057:ɢʘ
5055:ɡʘ
5035:qǂ
5033:kǂ
5015:qǃ
5013:kǃ
5006:qǀ
5004:kǀ
4995:qʘ
4993:kʘ
4958:ɬʼ
4890:χʼ
4883:xʼ
4876:ɕʼ
4869:ʂʼ
4862:ʃʼ
4855:sʼ
4848:θʼ
4841:fʼ
4834:ɸʼ
4753:ʡʼ
4746:qʼ
4739:kʼ
4732:cʼ
4725:ʈʼ
4716:tʼ
4705:pʼ
4686:EG
4658:RF
4651:PA
4630:LD
4623:BL
4601:.
4539:ʟ̆
4530:ʎ̆
4521:𝼈
4496:ɺ̥
4460:ʟ̠
4378:ʟ̝
4371:𝼄
4364:ʎ̝
4357:𝼆
4350:𝼅
4250:tꞎ
4239:dɮ
4232:tɬ
4176:ʀ̥
4161:ɽr
4136:r̥
4110:ʙ̥
4092:ʡ̆
4083:ɢ̆
4059:ɽ̊
4041:ɾ̥
4030:ɾ̼
4012:ⱱ̟
3996:ʔ̞
3841:ɻ˔
3813:ð̠
3806:θ̠
3785:ð̼
3778:θ̼
3640:ʔh
3633:ʡʢ
3626:ʡʜ
3619:ɢʁ
3612:qχ
3605:ɡɣ
3598:kx
3591:ɟʝ
3584:cç
3513:bβ
3506:pɸ
3478:dʑ
3471:tɕ
3464:dʐ
3457:tʂ
3436:dz
3429:ts
3300:d̼
3293:t̼
3286:b̪
3279:p̪
3236:ɴ̥
3222:ŋ̊
3208:ɲ̊
3194:ɳ̊
3176:n̥
3165:n̼
3149:ɱ̊
3135:m̥
3063:↓
3035:→
2174:–
2170:–
2095:;
2014:^
1992:,
1984:,
1980:,
1903:^
1838:.
1821:.
1747:^
1653:^
1571:^
1547:^
1530::
1508::
1497::
1486::
1475::
1457::
1451::
1445::
1439::
1409::
1403::
1393::
1384::
1376::
1370::
1364::
1350::
1344::
1338::
1326::
1320::
1314::
1308::
1302::
1296::
1280::
1274::
1264::
1258::
1252::
1246::
1240::
1232::
1226::
1220::
1210::
1204::
1196::
1190::
1176::
1170::
1164::
1136::
1125::
1118::
1112::
1106::
1100::
1094::
1088::
1061::
1044::
1038::
1032::
1012::
1006::
992::
982::
961::
945::
927::
912::
891::
871::
865::
859::
853::
831::
819::
813::
807::
801::
791:,
784::
724:,
712:,
696:.
681:.
649:,
605:𝼂
516:x̱
475:ʡʼ
445:ʕ̞
409:ʡ̯
395:ين
393:عـ
308:хІ
282:йа
153:A
6362:ɒ
6346:ɑ
6326:ä
6313:ɶ
6297:a
6275:ɐ
6255:æ
6235:ɔ
6219:ʌ
6206:ɞ
6190:ɜ
6177:œ
6161:ɛ
6112:ə
6063:o
6047:ɤ
6034:ɵ
6018:ɘ
6005:ø
5989:e
5969:ʊ
5947:ʏ
5931:ɪ
5911:u
5895:ɯ
5882:ʉ
5866:ɨ
5853:y
5837:i
5655:ɫ
5631:ɧ
5619:w
5612:ʍ
5598:ɥ
5582:/
5329:ʛ
5322:ɠ
5315:ʄ
5308:ᶑ
5299:ɗ
5288:ɓ
5166:ʞ
4679:U
4672:V
4665:P
4644:A
4637:D
4503:ɺ
4451:ʟ
4442:ʎ
4433:ɭ
4420:l
4343:ꞎ
4332:ɮ
4325:ɬ
4197:ʢ
4190:ʜ
4183:ʀ
4143:r
4117:ʙ
4066:ɽ
4048:ɾ
4021:ⱱ
3979:ɰ
3970:j
3961:ɻ
3948:ɹ
3931:ʋ
3911:ɦ
3904:h
3897:ʕ
3890:ħ
3883:ʁ
3876:χ
3869:ɣ
3862:x
3855:ʝ
3848:ç
3799:ð
3792:θ
3771:v
3764:f
3757:β
3750:ɸ
3722:ʑ
3715:ɕ
3708:ʐ
3701:ʂ
3694:ʒ
3687:ʃ
3680:z
3673:s
3394:ʔ
3385:ʡ
3378:ɢ
3371:q
3364:ɡ
3357:k
3350:ɟ
3343:c
3336:ɖ
3329:ʈ
3318:d
3311:t
3272:b
3265:p
3243:ɴ
3229:ŋ
3215:ɲ
3201:ɳ
3183:n
3156:ɱ
3142:m
2893:)
2889:(
2837:)
2833:(
2822:e
2815:t
2808:v
2153:e
2146:t
2139:v
2115:.
2069:)
2049:)
2030:)
1988::
1965:.
1882:.
1849:.
1637:.
1633:ɦ
1625:x
1617:ħ
1609:ʕ
1080:.
1048:ʕ
601:ꞯ
546:c
461:r
379:ʕ
365:ر
347:ħ
333:І
322:ʢ
297:ʜ
266:ʡ
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
