29:
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60:
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lymphatic spread and metastasis than adults with this diagnosis. In addition to stage and grade of the tumor, gender, site, age at diagnosis, tumor size and microscopic pathology all have been shown to affect prognosis. Unsurprisingly, advanced stage and grade are associated with worse outcomes. Females tend to have more favorable outcomes than males, proximal cases show worse outcomes than distal cases. Tumors more than 2 cm in diameter and tumors with
780:(or cancer-initiating cells) are thought to be a small population of cells within the tumor that are directly responsible for tumor formation. They are thought to be resistant to treatment and to have the ability to form all the cells needed for tumor development. They are suspected to be a contributing factor in cancer progression and relapse after treatment. Certain “stem-like” cells have been found in epithelioid sarcoma that are marked by
511:. Aldoxorubicin was designed to safely deliver a higher dose of the drug directly to the tumor, resulting in less toxicity. Phase I and II studies of aldoxorubicin were undertaken and little cardiac toxicity was observed. While usefulness was seen in some patients, the place of aldoxorubicin in treatment of patients with epithelioid sarcoma or other sarcomas, in particular compared to doxorubicin, has not been defined.
344:(or cancer initiating cell) of the disease. Its expression has also been shown to be predictive of outcome. Cancer stem cells are a small population of tumor cells characterized by general chemo-resistance, the ability to self-renew, multi-differentiation potential, dormancy capabilities, and tumorigenesis. In this way, cancer stem cells are thought to play key roles in the progression and relapse of cancer.
140:(in 22-48% of cases), and metastasis (in 21-63% of cases). These events, as well as advanced stage (progression) and grade (aggressiveness), are predictive of an overall worse outcome. Associated with a more positive outcome are younger age, female vs. male sex, distal vs. proximal location, smaller tumor size, and negative margins upon tumor resection.
189:, meaning that its primary role is to control cell division. Since this tumor suppressor is commonly inactivated in epithelioid sarcoma, cell division can fail to appropriately stop, resulting in uncontrolled cancer growth. Research teams are trying to develop ways to reverse this loss of genetic function characteristic of epithelioid sarcoma.
603:
blood supply to provide them with oxygen and nutrients necessary for their survival. As tumors expand and grow, they send out various signals (such as HIF1) that encourage new blood vessel development to the tumor. The antiangioenic agent pazopanib is approved in many countries for use in sarcomas such as epithelioid sarcoma.
3393:
Bramante, Simona; Koski, Anniina; Kipar, Anja; Diaconu, Iulia; Liikanen, Ilkka; Hemminki, Otto; Vassilev, Lotta; Parviainen, Suvi; Cerullo, Vincenzo; Pesonen, Saila K; Oksanen, Minna; Heiskanen, Raita; Rouvinen-Lagerström, Noora; Merisalo-Soikkeli, Maiju; Hakonen, Tiina; Joensuu, Timo; Kanerva, Anna;
2237:
Ferrari, Andrea; Miceli, Rosalba; Rey, Annie; Oberlin, Odile; Orbach, Daniel; Brennan, Bernadette; Mariani, Luigi; Carli, Modesto; Bisogno, Gianni; Cecchetto, Giovanni; Salvo, Gian Luca De; Casanova, Michela; Vannoesel, Max M.; Kelsey, Anna; Stevens, Michael C.; Devidas, Meenakshi; Pappo, Alberto S.;
675:
is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the effects of the mTOR protein and inhibits the mTOR pathway. Because of crosstalk between cell signaling pathways, it has been shown that, while interfering with the mTOR pathway alone produces only limited results in halting tumorigenesis, inhibiting both
662:
Tyrosine kinases can contain mutations that cause them to become constitutively active, or stuck in the “on” position, resulting in unregulated cell division (a hallmark of cancer). Tyrosine kinase
Inhibitors block the action of these enzymes. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been shown to inhibit the
578:
seeks to expand a population of the body's T cells that will recognize a specific tumor antigen. T-cells can be harvested and then expanded and genetically manipulated to recognize certain tumor markers. In one case, a patient with advanced epithelioid sarcoma who had failed multiple therapies showed
571:
strategy, although, thus far, little to no evidence has emerged indicating that vaccination with any compound leads to shrinking of epithelioid sarcoma or other sarcomas. Multiple techniques and treatment strategies are currently being studied in many cancers in an effort to improve the usefulness of
328:
laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the blockade of EGFR in epithelioid sarcoma results in decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and abrogated invasion and migration capacities. While the blockade of EGFR with a medication has shown limited results in the clinical setting, when
153:
limbs (fingers, hands, forearms, or feet) as a small, soft mass or a cluster of nodules. It is most often described as a firm-to-hard palpable mass, either in the deep soft tissue or in the dermis. These cancers can form a crater or ulcer, leading to a mistaken diagnosis of a poorly healing traumatic
602:
agents are being explored in epithelioid sarcoma, a cancer that likely relies on angiogenesis for survival and progression. These agents interfere with various pro-angiogenic factors, several of which are known to be over-expressed in epithelioid sarcoma (VEGF and EGFR for example). Tumors require a
585:
are approved for use in many types of cancer, though there are no FDA approvals for such agents for patients with epithelioid sarcoma. Some cancers are known to deter recognition by the immune system and allow the tumor to escape immune surveillance. By targeting these inhibitory proteins, a pathway
139:
thereafter to regional lymph nodes, lung, bone, brain, and other locations. Generally speaking, epithelioid sarcoma has a high rate of relapse after initial treatment and tends to recur locally or regionally (at or near the original tumor site). Epithelioid sarcoma also demonstrates lymphatic spread
2015:
Ahmad, Aamir; Emori, Makoto; Tsukahara, Tomohide; Murase, Masaki; Kano, Masanobu; Murata, Kenji; Takahashi, Akari; Kubo, Terufumi; Asanuma, Hiroko; Yasuda, Kazuyo; Kochin, Vitaly; Kaya, Mitsunori; Nagoya, Satoshi; Nishio, Jun; Iwasaki, Hiroshi; Sonoda, Tomoko; Hasegawa, Tadashi; Torigoe, Toshihiko;
572:
vaccine therapy. Vaccines can deliver various tumor-associated factors (tumor antigens) to the immune system, resulting in a natural antibody and T-cell response to the tumor. Unforunately, no such molecules that are specific to epithelioid sarcoma have been identified for testing such an approach.
487:
Epithelioid sarcoma (especially advanced stage, recurrent, or metastasized disease) has been shown to become resistant to traditional cancer therapies, necessitating further exploration of novel treatment methods and techniques. Because of the relatively poor duration of the benefit of treatment of
1449:
Nishio, Jun; Iwasaki, Hiroshi; Nabeshima, Kazuki; Ishiguro, Masako; Naumann, Sabine; Isayama, Teruto; Naito, Masatoshi; Kaneko, Yasuhiko; Kikuchi, Masahiro; Bridge, Julia (2005). "Establishment of a new human epithelioid sarcoma cell line, FU-EPS-1: Molecular cytogenetic characterization by use of
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is an emerging cancer therapy that attempts to infect cancer cells with a genetically engineered virus that can penetrate the DNA of the cell. The virus then (1) cann do direct damage to the cancer cell, (2) is passed on throughout the cells of the tumor via viral reproduction, and (3) provides a
184:
chromatin remodeling complex. Loss of SMARCB1 function is the most common genetic mutation observed in epithelioid sarcoma, and this dysfunction is likely a major driver of disease progression. SMARCB1 is a core protein subunit of the 15 subunit SWI/SNF (or BAF) complex involved in regulating the
148:
Epithelioid sarcoma is a slow-growing and relatively painless tumor, often resulting in a lengthy period of time between presentation and diagnosis. Due to the difficulty of discerning this cancer as different from more common cancers, such as cancers of the skin (squamous cell carcinoma or basal
459:
The 5-year survival rate for epithelioid sarcoma patients is usually quoted as 50-70%, with the 10-year survival rate is 42-55%. Children with epithelioid sarcoma may have somewhat better outcomes than adults, with 5 year survival rates around 65%. Pediatric patients also less often demonstrate
2871:
Carmeliet, Peter; Dor, Yuval; Herbert, Jean-Marc; Fukumura, Dai; Brusselmans, Koen; Dewerchin, Mieke; Neeman, Michal; Bono, Françoise; Abramovitch, Rinat; Maxwell, Patrick; Koch, Cameron J.; Ratcliffe, Peter; Moons, Lieve; Jain, Rakesh K.; Collen, Désiré; Keshet, Eli (1998). "Role of HIF-1α in
438:
In cases of advanced, recurrent, or metastasized disease, or if the tumor is inoperable, chemotherapy and radiation are the standard of care. The benefit for standard medications such as doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and combinations involving gemcitabine is generally measured in months, not years.
450:
methyltransferase, for the treatment of epithelioid sarcoma in patients aged 16 years and older with either metastatic or locally advanced (unable to be completely removed surgically) disease. The data that led to the drug's authorization have been supported by post-marketing studies. As with
426:
Surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy such as chemotherapy are all used at various times in the treatment of patients who have epitheloid sarcoma. Since sarcomas are considered very rare, it is not surprising that outcomes for patients with this type of cancer are better when patients are
1080:
Levy, Antonin; Le Péchoux, Cécile; Terrier, Philippe; Bouaita, Ryan; Domont, Julien; Mir, Olivier; Coppola, Sarah; Honoré, Charles; Le Cesne, Axel; Bonvalot, Sylvie (2014). "Epithelioid
Sarcoma: Need for a Multimodal Approach to Maximize the Chances of Curative Conservative Treatment".
728:
can reverse the loss of INI1 function that is characteristic of epithelioid sarcoma. HDAC inhibitors work by blocking events involved in DNA replication and, therefore, in cell division. Blocking HDAC has been shown to encourage cancer cells to enter apoptosis. Several dietary
784:(cluster of differentiation 109), providing a theoretically druggable target for epithelioid sarcoma. However, CD109 is expressed in many normal cells of the body, such as T cells and endothelial cells lining every blood vessel, making CD109 a poor target for immunotherapy.
496:
New chemotherapies are being explored in current clinical trials for epithelioid sarcoma, although, thus far, none has shown significant improvement over the efficacy of doxorubicin and/or ifosfamide. Newer agents include gemcitabine, taxanes, vinorelbine and pazopanib.
1490:
Lin, Lin; Hicks, David; Xu, Bo; Sigel, Jessica E; Bergfeld, Wilma F; Montgomery, Elizabeth; Fisher, Cyril; Hartke, Marybeth; Tubbs, Raymond; Goldblum, John R (2005). "Expression profile and molecular genetic regulation of cyclin D1 expression in epithelioid sarcoma".
807:
but strongly relies on the activation of the body's own immune response against infected cells. Superior anticancer effects have been observed when oncolytic viruses are engineered to express (or be co-administered with) immunostimulatory molecules such as GM-CSF.
1129:
Casanova, Michela; Ferrari, Andrea; Collini, Paola; Bisogno, Gianni; Alaggio, Rita; Cecchetto, Giovanni; Gronchi, Alessandro; Meazza, Cristina; Garaventa, Alberto; Di
Cataldo, Andrea; Carli, Modesto (2006). "Epithelioid sarcoma in children and adolescents".
536:
is the strategy of using the body's own immune system to fight cancer. It usually involves “training” or “tweaking” the immune system so that it can better recognize and reject cancer cells. Different immunotherapies can include manipulation of the body's
818:, an enzyme that is expressed in practically all cancer cells but not in normal cells. OBP-301 is not approved for use in cancer patients, but it has been studied in epithelioid sarcoma and shown to promote apoptosis and cell death in the laboratory.
964:
Guillou, L; Wadden, C; Coindre, JM; Krausz, T; Fletcher, CD (1997). "'Proximal-type' epithelioid sarcoma, a distinctive aggressive neoplasm showing rhabdoid features. Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of a series".
258:
coordination and disease invasiveness and metastasis. Hhat inhibitors (such as RU-SKI 43) block the SHH pathway by inhibiting hedgehog palmitoyl acytl-transferase. Trials have investigated Notch inhibitors in sarcomas such as epithelioid sarcoma.
2533:
Meng, F.; Evans, J. W.; Bhupathi, D.; Banica, M.; Lan, L.; Lorente, G.; Duan, J.-X.; Cai, X.; Mowday, A. M.; Guise, C. P.; Maroz, A.; Anderson, R. F.; Patterson, A. V.; Stachelek, G. C.; Glazer, P. M.; Matteucci, M. D.; Hart, C. P. (2012).
474:
is also a treatment option when tumors are deemed inoperable or wide surgical margins are not achievable. Radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy has so far resulted in only minimal improvements to response rates. Trials with
1789:
Imura, Yoshinori; Yasui, Hirohiko; Outani, Hidetatsu; Wakamatsu, Toru; Hamada, Kenichiro; Nakai, Takaaki; Yamada, Shutaro; Myoui, Akira; Araki, Nobuhito; Ueda, Takafumi; Itoh, Kazuyuki; Yoshikawa, Hideki; Naka, Norifumi (2014-08-07).
1586:
Kuhnen, Cornelius; Lehnhardt, Marcus; Tolnay, Edina; Muehlberger, Thomas; Vogt, Peter M.; MĂĽller, Klaus-Michael (2000). "Patterns of expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in malignant soft-tissue tumours".
1737:
Imura, Yoshinori; Yasui, Hirohiko; Outani, Hidetatsu; Wakamatsu, Toru; Hamada, Kenichiro; Nakai, Takaaki; Yamada, Shutaro; Myoui, Akira; Araki, Nobuhito; Ueda, Takafumi; Itoh, Kazuyuki; Yoshikawa, Hideki; Naka, Norifumi (2014).
291:
pathway, negating much of mTOR blockade. Reactivation of AKT has been shown to be MET-dependent, resulting in the rationale that blocking both mTOR and MET concurrently should be a useful approach to treat epithelioid sarcoma.
430:
Surgical resection of epithelioid sarcoma with wide margins remains the preferred method of treatment, and as of 2023, remains the only curative approach for the cancer, sometimes in concert with radiation or chemotherapy.
168:
gene, or the loss of protein INI1 function,. Epithelioid sarcoma typically contains chromosome 22q11.2 mutations or deletions and 8q gains. Aberrations of 18q as well as recurrent gains at 11q13, have also been observed.
828:
for soft tissue sarcomas. It is modified to selectively replicate in p16/Rb-defective cells, which include most human cancer cells. In addition, CGTG-102 codes for the granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor
833:), a potent immunostimulatory molecule. While CGTG-102 has shown efficacy as a single agent against several soft tissue sarcomas in the laboratory, as of 2023, clinical research on it appears to have come to a halt.
1044:
Kato, Hiroshi; Hatori, Masahito; Kokubun, Shoichi; Watanabe, Mika; Smith, Richard A; Hotta, Tetsuo; Ogose, Akira; Morita, Tetsuro; Murakami, Takashi; Aiba, Setsuya (2004). "CA125 expression in epithelioid sarcoma".
417:
The staging for epithelioid sarcoma takes into account size and location of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement, presence and location of metastasis, and histologic grade (a measure of disease aggressiveness)
1686:
Kuhnen, C.; Tolnay, Edina; Steinau, Hans Ulrich; Voss, Bruno; MĂĽller, Klaus-Michael (1998). "Expression of c-Met receptor and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in synovial sarcoma and epithelioid sarcoma".
2018:"High Expression of CD109 Antigen Regulates the Phenotype of Cancer Stem-Like Cells/Cancer-Initiating Cells in the Novel Epithelioid Sarcoma Cell Line ESX and Is Related to Poor Prognosis of Soft Tissue Sarcoma"
2092:
Blay, J.-Y.; Honoré, C.; Stoeckle, E.; Meeus, P.; Jafari, M.; Gouin, F.; Anract, P.; Ferron, G.; Rochwerger, A.; Ropars, M.; Carrere, S.; Marchal, F.; Sirveaux, F.; Di Marco, A.; Le Nail, L. R. (2019-07-01).
611:
Given the multiple genetic abnormalities and disrupted biological pathways observed in epithelioid sarcoma, drugs targeting unique tumor characteristics are being examine for more effective treatments.
99:
Histologically, epithelioid sarcoma forms nodules with central necrosis surrounded by bland, polygonal cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and peripheral spindling. Epithelioid sarcomas typically express
2750:
Ratnavelu, Kananathan; Subramani, Baskar; Pullai, Chithra
Ramanathan; Krishnan, Kohila; Sugadan, Sheela Devi; Rao, Manjunath Sadananda; Veerakumarasivam, Abhi; Deng, Xuewen; Hiroshi, Terunuma (2013).
507:
version of doxorubicin that has been studied. Doxorubicin is the standard of care for advanced or metastatic epithelioid sarcoma, but it has dose-limiting toxicities, namely acute and chronic
579:
a strong response to expanded lymphocytes and natural killer cells. However, as of 2023, no specific clinical trials are examining cellular therapy for epithelioid sarcoma specifically.
2923:
Demetri, GD (2002). "Identification and treatment of chemoresistant inoperable or metastatic GIST: experience with the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI571)".
479:(an internal radiation treatment that delivers a high dose of radiation directly to the tumor and is thought to have fewer long-term side effects) have produced some positive results.
2801:"Interaction between the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways: a rational approach for multi-target anticancer therapy"
2378:
1006:
355:
is a protein requisite for cell cycle progression and has been shown to be up-regulated in epithelioid sarcoma. Cyclin D1 is a regulator of cyclin-dependent kinases (specifically,
525:. Phase I, II, and III trials with TH-302 alone and in combination were undertaken, but two phase 3 trials failed in 2015, such that the drug is no longer actively being studied.
3520:
3789:
2585:"Phase II Study of the Safety and Antitumor Activity of the Hypoxia-Activated Prodrug TH-302 in Combination With Doxorubicin in Patients With Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma"
1876:
Xie, X.; Ghadimi, M. P. H.; Young, E. D.; Belousov, R.; Zhu, Q.-s.; Liu, J.; Lopez, G.; Colombo, C.; Peng, T.; Reynoso, D.; Hornick, J. L.; Lazar, A. J.; Lev, D. (2011).
2153:
de
Visscher, Sebastiaan A. H. J.; van Ginkel, Robbert J.; Wobbes, Theo; Veth, René P. H.; ten Heuvel, Suzanne E.; Suurmeijer, Albert J. H.; Hoekstra, Harad J. (2006).
329:
used as part of a combination with another drugs, such as an mTOR inhibitor, synergy has been observed, and superior tumor growth inhibition has been demonstrated.
231:(mesenchymal to epithelial transition) is a biological pathway that appears to be important for the development and progression of epithelioid sarcoma. MET is a
3559:
271:(mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling has also been observed in epithelioid sarcoma. The mTOR pathway has been described as a “master switch” for cellular
220:
are approved for use in carcinomas and in soft tissue sarcomas such as epithelioid sarcoma, though access to these medications varies from country to country.
2583:
Chawla, S. P.; Cranmer, L. D.; Van Tine, B. A.; Reed, D. R.; Okuno, S. H.; Butrynski, J. E.; Adkins, D. R.; Hendifar, A. E.; Kroll, S.; Ganjoo, K. N. (2014).
405:
gene (whose protein product is termed BAF47, INI1, or hSNF5). Immunohistochemical staining of INI1 is available and helps to diagnose of epithelioid sarcoma.
1309:; Dal Cin, Paola; Fletcher, Christopher D.M. (2009). "Loss of INI1 Expression is Characteristic of Both Conventional and Proximal-type Epithelioid Sarcoma".
451:
standard chemotherapy, the effectiveness of tazemetostat is generally measured in months, though some patients will fare better for a longer period of time.
3336:
Li, Gui-Dong; Kawashima, Hiroyuki; Ogose, Akira; Ariizumi, Takashi; Hotta, Tetsuo; Kuwano, Ryozo; Urata, Yasuo; Fujiwara, Toshiyoshi; Endo, Naoto (2013).
2343:
Wolf, Patrick S.; Flum, David R.; Tanas, Munir R.; Rubin, Brian P.; Mann, Gary N. (2008). "Epithelioid sarcoma: the
University of Washington experience".
96:
version has also been described, frequently occurring in the upper extremities. Less commonly, cases are reported in the pelvis, vulva, penis, and spine.
254:
appear to be active in epithelioid sarcoma. These cell signaling pathways control cellular proliferation and differentiation. They are also involved in
2240:"Non-metastatic unresected paediatric non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas: Results of a pooled analysis from United States and European groups"
3926:
3626:
3394:
Pesonen, Sari; Hemminki, Akseli (2014). "Serotype chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for GM-CSF for treatment of sarcoma in rodents and humans".
135:
Epithelioid sarcoma most commonly strikes young adults, yet no age group is immune. The disease has a tendency to develop local recurrences and
685:
1854:
for "Vismodegib and Gamma-Secretase/Notch
Signalling Pathway Inhibitor RO4929097 in Treating Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Sarcoma" at
228:
3847:
2449:
Lefrak, Edward A.; PiĹĄha, Jan; Rosenheim, Sidney; Gottlieb, Jeffrey A. (1973). "A clinicopathologic analysis of adriamycin cardiotoxicity".
3809:
3092:
Sakakibara, K.; Saito, N.; Sato, T.; Suzuki, A.; Hasegawa, Y.; Friedman, J. M.; Kufe, D. W.; VonHoff, D. D.; Iwami, T.; Kawabe, T. (2011).
1635:
MartĂn
Liberal, Juan; Lagares-Tena, Laura; Sáinz-Jaspeado, Miguel; Mateo-Lozano, Silvia; GarcĂa del Muro, Xavier; Tirado, Oscar M. (2012).
1252:
868:
590:
and PD1, and medications targeting these immune system blockers are being examined in patients with sarcomas, such as epithelioid sarcoma.
488:
epithelioid sarcoma using traditional cancer treatments (such as chemotherapy and radiation), new treatment strategies are being examined.
2202:
Rao, Bhaskar N.; Rodriguez-Galindo, Carlos (2003). "Local control in childhood extremity sarcomas: Salvaging limbs and sparing function".
3466:
2316:
1355:
Modena, Piergiorgio; Lualdi, Elena; Facchinetti, Federica; Galli, Lisa; Teixeira, Manuel R.; Pilotti, Silvana; Sozzi, Gabriella (2005).
659:
in a cell. It functions as an “on” or “off” switch for many cellular functions, including signaling within the cell, and cell division.
2640:
2492:
Lipshultz, Steven E.; Colan, Steven D.; Gelber, Richard D.; Perez-Atayde, Antonio R.; Sallan, Stephen E.; Sanders, Stephen P. (1991).
941:
924:
2462:
3552:
900:
3819:
3814:
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301:
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wound or wart. About 13% of patients present with multifocal tumors, and about 13% of patients present with metastatic disease.
312:, EGFR phosphorylation triggers the activation of downstream signaling pathways involved in critical cellular functions such as
3769:
3597:
3592:
1977:
Yang, J.-L.; Hannan, M.T.; Russell, P.J.; Crowe, P.J. (2006). "Expression of HER1/EGFR protein in human soft tissue sarcomas".
737:, and phenethyl isothiocyanates, found in broccoli, kale, and watercress, and epigallocatecehin-3-gallate, found in green tea.
640:
435:
is the standard of care for treating all sarcomas, and is used wherever possible for treatment of epithelioid sarcoma as well.
399:
may be performed. A common characteristic of epithelioid sarcoma (observed in 80% of all cases) is the loss of function of the
844:
3703:
372:
1930:"Epithelioid sarcoma expresses epidermal growth factor receptor but gene amplification and kinase domain mutations are rare"
2799:
Ciardiello, F; Troiani, T; Bianco, R; Orditura, M; Morgillo, F; Martinelli, E; Morelli, MP; Cascone, T; Tortora, G (2006).
1534:
Kahali, Bhaskar; Yu, Jinlong; Marquez, Stefanie B.; Thompson, Kenneth W.; Liang, Shermi Y.; Lu, Li; Reisman, David (2014).
663:
VEGF, EGFR, and MET, pathways that are frequently over-expressed in epithelioid sarcoma. They also can be used against the
2840:
Hirata, Akira; Ogawa, Soh-ichiro; Kometani, Takuro; Kuwano, Takashi; Naito, Seiji; Kuwano, Michihiko; Ono, Mayumi (2002).
368:
149:
cell carcinoma), it is often misdiagnosed, mistaken as a persistent wart or cyst. It most commonly presents itself in the
3338:"Telomelysin shows potent antitumor activity through apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death in soft tissue sarcoma cells"
3545:
1230:
2842:"ZD1839 (Iressa) induces antiangiogenic effects through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase"
3634:
3588:
582:
128:(FLI-1). They characteristically lack the protein INI1 (see below). Epithelioid sarcomas typically stain positive for
109:
28:
856:
2379:"FDA approves first treatment option specifically for patients with epithelioid sarcoma, a rare soft tissue cancer"
697:
668:
620:
396:
208:(vascular endothelial growth factor) is often over-expressed in epithelioid sarcoma. This is a critical pathway in
704:. However, a randomized trial of selinexor in liposarcoma, a distant cousin of epithelioid sarcoma, was negative.
3665:
895:
549:
so they are more effective against cancer cells. They can also include the administration of laboratory-produced
3630:
2841:
197:
A number of important proteins appear to be active in epithelioid sarcoma. Some of these are described below.
409:
is the diagnostic modality of choice for imaging prior to biopsy and pathologic diagnosis for most patients.
3887:
3867:
3779:
3736:
1402:"DNA Copy Number Changes in Epithelioid Sarcoma and Its Variants: A Comparative Genomic Hybridization Study"
792:
432:
251:
3043:"SINE (selective inhibitor of nuclear export) – translational science in a new class of anti-cancer agents"
3882:
3784:
3713:
652:
575:
364:
280:
1792:"Combined targeting of mTOR and c-MET signaling pathways for effective management of epithelioid sarcoma"
1740:"Combined targeting of mTOR and c-MET signaling pathways for effective management of epithelioid sarcoma"
92:
limbs (fingers, hands, forearms, or feet) of young adults as a small, soft mass or a cluster of bumps. A
3764:
3683:
1175:"Prognostic Factors for Survival in Patients with Epithelioid Sarcoma: 441 Cases from the SEER Database"
800:
724:, have shown some promise in epithelioid sarcoma. Researchers in Texas are investigating whether or not
376:
186:
383:. Abnormal levels of cyclin D1 may be associated with more rapid cell division in epithelioid sarcoma.
88:. It was first definitively characterized by F.M. Enzinger in 1970. It commonly presents itself in the
2701:
Pedrazzoli, Paolo; Secondino, Simona; Perfetti, Vittorio; Comoli, Patrizia; Montagna, Daniela (2011).
287:). It has been demonstrated that simply blocking mTOR signaling can result in the reactivation of the
238:, and its signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of malignancies, including many cancers.
162:
The most common genetic mutation (found in 80-90% of epithelioid sarcomas) is the inactivation of the
3842:
3688:
2881:
2029:
521:, a common event in tumorigenesis where the tumor microenvironment is depleted of oxygen and becomes
340:, usually found on lymphocytes, is also expressed in epithelioid sarcoma, and is thought to mark the
212:, a process that cancer cells use to form new blood vessels, which provide necessary elements to the
85:
59:
3857:
3006:
Lengyel, Ernst; Sawada, Kenjiro; Salgia, Ravi (2007). "Tyrosine Kinase
Mutations in Human Cancer".
885:
73:
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3375:
3123:
2988:
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2321:. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Archived from
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Arora, Amit; Scholar, Eric M. (2005). "Role of
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy".
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2752:"Autologous immune enhancement therapy against an advanced epithelioid sarcoma: A case report"
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is opened for the immune system to recognize the tumor. Two of these inhibitory proteins are
3921:
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3774:
3478:
3403:
3357:
3349:
3305:
3295:
3257:
3213:
3203:
3162:
3154:
3105:
3064:
3054:
3015:
2972:
2932:
2889:
2812:
2771:
2763:
2722:
2714:
2604:
2596:
2547:
2505:
2458:
2415:
2352:
2259:
2251:
2211:
2166:
2122:
2106:
2047:
2037:
1986:
1941:
1897:
1889:
1821:
1803:
1761:
1751:
1696:
1658:
1648:
1596:
1555:
1547:
1500:
1459:
1413:
1372:
1318:
1264:
1194:
1186:
1139:
1090:
1054:
1018:
974:
936:
508:
341:
255:
81:
2494:"Late Cardiac Effects of Doxorubicin Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood"
395:
is the diagnostic modality of choice. Due to a high incidence of lymph node involvement, a
3759:
2075:
761:
by virtue of its blockade of CDK4 and CDK6). Other experimental CDK4/6 inhibitors include
725:
648:
599:
564:
558:
546:
380:
232:
3192:"Dietary phytochemicals, HDAC inhibition, and DNA damage/repair defects in cancer cells"
2885:
2095:"Surgery in reference centers improves survival of sarcoma patients: a nationwide study"
2033:
635:) have shown some effect against several cancer types, one example among sarcomas being
304:(EGFR) has been reported in a majority of epithelioid sarcomas. EGFR is a member of the
3754:
3693:
3525:
3362:
3337:
3310:
3283:
3218:
3191:
3167:
3142:
3069:
3042:
2776:
2751:
2727:
2702:
2609:
2584:
2264:
2239:
2127:
2094:
2052:
2017:
1902:
1877:
1826:
1791:
1766:
1739:
1663:
1636:
1560:
1535:
1199:
1174:
730:
309:
247:
2936:
2292:
696:, are being investigated in several sarcomas and have shown promising results in both
517:
was another research drug studied in sarcomas such as epithelioid sarcoma. It targets
176:
gene (whose protein product is termed BAF47, INI1, or hSNF5) is located on chromosome
3915:
3877:
3872:
3708:
3467:"Epithelioid sarcoma: new insights based on an extended immunohistochemical analysis"
2676:
2419:
1306:
1268:
978:
758:
754:
533:
522:
518:
500:
476:
3423:
3379:
3127:
2569:
2478:
2435:
2188:
1963:
1716:
1616:
1520:
1435:
1159:
1110:
442:
In January 2020, The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the oral medication
3852:
3800:
3638:
2909:
1338:
1234:
701:
672:
443:
317:
209:
117:
105:
3437:
3141:
Demicco, Elizabeth G.; Maki, Robert G.; Lev, Dina C.; Lazar, Alexander J. (2012).
2552:
2535:
2356:
1893:
1850:
1377:
1356:
40:
3482:
3158:
3110:
3093:
2992:
2042:
1536:"The silencing of the SWI/SNF subunit and anticancer gene BRM in Rhabdoid tumors"
1322:
1231:"Epigenetic reprogramming of epitheliold sarcoma: a role for INI1-HDAC crosstalk"
671:, which are involved in many cancers and may be involved in epithelioid sarcoma.
3568:
3094:"CBS9106 is a novel reversible oral CRM1 inhibitor with CRM1 degrading activity"
2510:
2493:
762:
750:
313:
77:
3190:
Rajendran, Praveen; Ho, Emily; Williams, David E; Dashwood, Roderick H (2011).
3019:
2255:
1990:
1251:
Bos, GD; Pritchard, DJ; Reiman, HM; Dobyns, JH; lstrup, DM; Landon, GC (1988).
3698:
3059:
1504:
1418:
1401:
1190:
1094:
815:
766:
721:
664:
550:
375:, among others. Cyclin D and CDKs promote cell cycle progression by releasing
272:
136:
36:
2600:
2536:"Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of the Hypoxia-Activated Prodrug TH-302"
2118:
1946:
1929:
1817:
1808:
1756:
1551:
1173:
Jawad, Muhammad Umar; Extein, Jason; Min, Elijah S.; Scully, Sean P. (2009).
942:
10.1002/1097-0142(197011)26:5<1029::AID-CNCR2820260510>3.0.CO;2-R
733:
have been shown to be effective HDAC inhibitors. These include sulphorphane,
3862:
3537:
2976:
2817:
2800:
2463:
10.1002/1097-0142(197308)32:2<302::AID-CNCR2820320205>3.0.CO;2-2
2110:
2080:
746:
705:
689:
632:
628:
624:
352:
284:
276:
217:
3490:
3415:
3371:
3319:
3227:
3176:
3119:
3078:
3027:
2984:
2944:
2857:
2826:
2785:
2736:
2656:
2618:
2561:
2364:
2273:
2223:
2180:
2136:
2061:
1998:
1955:
1911:
1878:"Combining EGFR and mTOR Blockade for the Treatment of Epithelioid Sarcoma"
1835:
1775:
1672:
1608:
1569:
1512:
1471:
1427:
1386:
1330:
1208:
1151:
1102:
1066:
1030:
3300:
3208:
2901:
2519:
2470:
2427:
1708:
1700:
1653:
1600:
1276:
1058:
986:
950:
3832:
3731:
2872:
hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis".
2767:
1463:
821:
636:
554:
542:
504:
461:
321:
235:
101:
93:
53:
3512:
3262:
3245:
1361:
Tumor Suppressor Gene Is Frequently Inactivated in Epithelioid Sarcomas"
2171:
2154:
1143:
890:
676:
the mTOR and the EGFR pathways concurrently shows an increased effect.
656:
538:
401:
325:
185:
packaging of DNA in the cell nucleus. It has been shown to be a potent
181:
177:
164:
3407:
3353:
2718:
2404:"Epithelioid sarcoma. Diagnosis, prognostic indicators, and treatment"
2215:
1022:
3580:
3572:
925:"Epithelioid sarcoma.A sarcoma simulating a granuloma or a carcinoma"
830:
644:
587:
514:
392:
150:
121:
89:
2403:
2893:
1928:
Cascio, Michael J; O'Donnell, Richard J; Horvai, Andrew E (2010).
781:
337:
213:
129:
1400:
Lushnikova, Tamara; Knuutila, Sakari; Miettinen, Markku (2000).
824:(developed by Oncos Therapeutics) is an adenovirus currently in
717:
447:
360:
356:
305:
268:
205:
125:
113:
3541:
2155:"Epithelioid sarcoma: Still an only surgically curable disease"
643:(GISTs). Tyrosine kinase (a subclass of protein kinases) is an
427:
evaluated in expert centers, and when possible, treated there.
406:
288:
3244:
Pol, Jonathan G; Rességuier, Julien; Lichty, Brian D (2012).
1450:
spectral karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization".
2311:
2309:
2016:
Wada, Takuro; Yamashita, Toshihiko; Sato, Noriyuki (2013).
1637:"Targeted Therapies in Sarcomas: Challenging the Challenge"
2675:
Hu, James S; Skeate, Joseph G; Kast, Wijbe Martin (2014).
749:
CDK inhibitors are being studied in a variety of cancers.
1257:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
3246:"Oncolytic viruses: a step into cancer immunotherapy"
2965:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1253:"Epithelioid sarcoma. An analysis of fifty-one cases"
3502:
2639:
Wilky, Breelyn; Goldberg, John M. (April 14, 2014).
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
799:
It has been noted that the therapeutic potential of
84:-like features. It accounts for less than 1% of all
3798:
3745:
3722:
3674:
3656:
3649:
3615:
3606:
3579:
3506:
3284:"Oncolytic Immunotherapy: Where Are We Clinically?"
47:
21:
3790:Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus
3239:
3237:
2703:"Immunotherapeutic Intervention against Sarcomas"
3143:"New Therapeutic Targets in Soft Tissue Sarcoma"
2670:
2668:
2666:
1589:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
1005:Armah, Henry B. Armah; Parwani, Anil V. (2009).
796:target for an immune response from the patient.
468:also have been correlated with a worse outcome.
3471:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
3331:
3329:
3277:
3275:
3273:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2696:
2694:
2148:
2146:
2010:
2008:
1923:
1921:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1581:
1579:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1350:
1348:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1011:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
708:does have approval for other cancer diagnoses.
3465:Laskin, William B.; Miettinen, Markku (2003).
2397:
2395:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1000:
998:
996:
446:(trade name Tazverik), a drug that blocks the
283:, cell survival, and block normal cell death (
3553:
2289:"Limb Salvage Surgery for Extremity Sarcomas"
1246:
1244:
918:
916:
216:for tumor survival. Anti-VEGF agents such as
8:
745:Because of the association (see above) with
3653:
3612:
3560:
3546:
3538:
3503:
2677:"Immunotherapy in sarcoma: A brief review"
2641:"Immunotherapy in sarcoma: A new frontier"
2408:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
1311:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
1179:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
967:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
367:(a tumor suppressor gene), CDK4 and CDK6,
363:). It has been shown to interact with the
58:
27:
18:
3361:
3309:
3299:
3261:
3217:
3207:
3166:
3109:
3068:
3058:
2816:
2775:
2726:
2608:
2551:
2509:
2263:
2170:
2126:
2051:
2041:
1945:
1901:
1825:
1807:
1765:
1755:
1662:
1652:
1559:
1417:
1376:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1198:
940:
379:that are important for the initiation of
3627:Template:Soft tissue tumors and sarcomas
814:(OBP-301) is an adenovirus that targets
684:Selective inhibitors of nuclear export (
116:, whereas they are usually negative for
912:
840:
2381:(Press release). FDA. January 23, 2020
3848:Giant-cell tumor of the tendon sheath
1979:European Journal of Surgical Oncology
1047:Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology
7:
3810:Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma
3047:Journal of Hematology & Oncology
803:is not a simple consequence of the
14:
1452:International Journal of Oncology
901:Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour
3820:Progressive nodular histiocytoma
3815:Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor
2420:10.1097/00000478-198504000-00001
2402:Chase, DR; Enzinger, FM (1985).
2287:DeGroot, Henry; Ellison, Bruce.
1269:10.2106/00004623-198870060-00011
979:10.1097/00000478-199702000-00002
867:
855:
843:
302:epidermal growth factor receptor
3927:Dermal and subcutaneous growths
3770:Nevus lipomatosus superficialis
3598:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
3593:dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
3396:International Journal of Cancer
2498:New England Journal of Medicine
2345:The American Journal of Surgery
641:gastrointestinal stromal tumors
267:The frequent overactivation of
180:. It codes for a member of the
3704:Palisaded encapsulated neuroma
3250:Virus Adaptation and Treatment
3147:Advances in Anatomic Pathology
2681:Sarcoma Research International
2204:Medical and Pediatric Oncology
773:Targeting the cancer stem cell
373:nuclear receptor coactivator 1
1:
2937:10.1016/s0959-8049(02)80603-7
2553:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0634
2540:Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
2357:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.07.029
1894:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0660
1378:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3050
369:thyroid hormone receptor beta
3483:10.5858/2003-127-1161-ESNIBO
3159:10.1097/PAP.0b013e318253462f
3111:10.1182/blood-2011-01-333138
2589:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2043:10.1371/journal.pone.0084187
1323:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181882c54
583:Immune checkpoint inhibitors
80:tissue and characterized by
3635:Template:Myeloid malignancy
3589:Benign fibrous histiocytoma
2511:10.1056/NEJM199103213241205
2076:Soft Tissue Sarcoma Staging
1083:Annals of Surgical Oncology
669:JAK-STAT signaling pathways
110:epithelial membrane antigen
39:of an epithelioid sarcoma.
3943:
3020:10.2174/156652407779940486
3008:Current Molecular Medicine
2925:European Journal of Cancer
2256:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.11.013
2244:European Journal of Cancer
1991:10.1016/j.ejso.2006.01.012
698:hematological malignancies
621:Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
616:Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
397:sentinel lymph node biopsy
3828:
3666:Hirsuties coronae glandis
3282:Hemminki, Akseli (2014).
3060:10.1186/s13045-014-0067-3
3041:Gerecitano, John (2014).
1505:10.1038/modpathol.3800349
1419:10.1038/modpathol.3880203
1191:10.1007/s11999-009-0749-2
1095:10.1245/s10434-013-3247-4
896:Malignant rhabdoid tumour
594:Anti-angiogenic therapies
35:
26:
3631:Template:Vascular tumors
2601:10.1200/JCO.2013.54.3660
2238:Spunt, Sheri L. (2011).
1947:10.1038/modpathol.2010.2
1882:Clinical Cancer Research
1809:10.1186/1476-4598-13-185
1757:10.1186/1476-4598-13-185
1552:10.18632/oncotarget.1945
923:Enzinger, F. M. (1970).
567:is perhaps the simplest
252:Notch signaling pathways
242:Sonic hedgehog and Notch
3888:Keratinizing metaplasia
3780:Connective tissue nevus
3737:Extraskeletal chondroma
3709:Infantile neuroblastoma
2977:10.1124/jpet.105.084145
793:Oncolytic viral therapy
788:Oncolytic viral therapy
300:The over-expression of
3883:Zosteriform metastasis
3785:Midline nevus flammeus
3714:Cutaneous neurofibroma
2811:(Suppl 7): vii109–14.
1848:Clinical trial number
720:) inhibitors, such as
576:Adoptive immunotherapy
557:to create or boost an
365:retinoblastoma protein
281:cell cycle progression
3765:Nevus flammeus nuchae
3684:Solitary neurofibroma
3209:10.1186/1868-7083-3-4
2818:10.1093/annonc/mdl962
2111:10.1093/annonc/mdz124
1701:10.1007/s004280050175
1601:10.1007/s004320050036
1007:"Epithelioid sarcoma"
801:oncolytic virotherapy
716:Histone deacetylase (
688:) compounds, such as
377:transcription factors
279:, and it can enhance
187:tumor suppressor gene
3843:Metastatic carcinoma
3689:Cutaneous meningioma
3196:Clinical Epigenetics
2768:10.3892/ol.2013.1247
1464:10.3892/ijo.27.2.361
607:"Targeted" therapies
433:Limb-sparing surgery
86:soft tissue sarcomas
3893:Epithelioid sarcoma
3858:Granular cell tumor
3301:10.1155/2014/862925
3263:10.2147/VAAT.S12980
2886:1998Natur.394..485C
2318:Soft Tissue Sarcoma
2034:2013PLoSO...884187E
1654:10.1155/2012/626094
1059:10.1093/jjco/hyh027
886:Soft tissue sarcoma
874:High mag. (SMARCB1)
757:(approved for some
306:HER receptor family
74:soft tissue sarcoma
70:Epithelioid sarcoma
22:Epithelioid sarcoma
3442:clinicaltrials.gov
2931:(Suppl 5): S52–9.
2805:Annals of Oncology
2645:Discovery Medicine
2172:10.1002/cncr.22037
2099:Annals of Oncology
1856:ClinicalTrials.gov
1144:10.1002/cncr.21630
826:orphan drug status
553:specific to tumor
144:Signs and symptoms
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3535:
3534:
3438:"CTG Labs - NCBI"
3408:10.1002/ijc.28696
3354:10.1111/cas.12208
2719:10.7150/jca.2.350
2707:Journal of Cancer
2216:10.1002/mpo.10405
1307:Hornick, Jason L.
1023:10.5858/133.5.814
837:Additional images
805:cytopathic effect
778:Cancer stem cells
735:indole-3-carbinol
647:that transfers a
569:immunotherapeutic
472:Radiation therapy
466:vascular invasion
193:Molecular biology
67:
66:
16:Medical condition
3934:
3838:Adenoma sebaceum
3803:
3775:Nevus oligemicus
3748:
3725:
3677:
3659:
3654:
3613:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3539:
3504:
3494:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3365:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3303:
3279:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3113:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2960:
2949:
2948:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2880:(6692): 485–90.
2868:
2862:
2861:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2762:(5): 1457–1460.
2756:Oncology Letters
2747:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2672:
2661:
2660:
2636:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2595:(29): 3299–306.
2580:
2574:
2573:
2555:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2291:. Archived from
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2174:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2105:(7): 1143–1153.
2089:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1949:
1934:Modern Pathology
1925:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1873:
1858:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1811:
1796:Molecular Cancer
1786:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1744:Molecular Cancer
1734:
1721:
1720:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1493:Modern Pathology
1487:
1476:
1475:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1421:
1406:Modern Pathology
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1279:. Archived from
1248:
1239:
1238:
1233:. Archived from
1226:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1002:
991:
990:
961:
955:
954:
944:
920:
871:
859:
847:
509:cardiac toxicity
342:cancer stem cell
316:, survival, and
256:cancer stem cell
63:
62:
31:
19:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3897:
3824:
3799:
3794:
3746:
3741:
3723:
3718:
3675:
3670:
3657:
3645:
3617:
3608:
3602:
3575:
3566:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3515:
3501:
3464:
3461:
3459:Further reading
3456:
3455:
3446:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3281:
3280:
3271:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3104:(14): 3922–31.
3091:
3090:
3086:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2846:Cancer Research
2839:
2838:
2834:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2638:
2637:
2626:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2073:
2069:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1888:(18): 5901–12.
1875:
1874:
1861:
1847:
1843:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1736:
1735:
1724:
1689:Virchows Archiv
1685:
1684:
1680:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1546:(10): 3316–32.
1533:
1532:
1528:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1365:Cancer Research
1354:
1353:
1346:
1305:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1185:(11): 2939–48.
1172:
1171:
1167:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1004:
1003:
994:
963:
962:
958:
922:
921:
914:
909:
882:
875:
872:
863:
860:
851:
848:
839:
790:
775:
743:
726:HDAC inhibitors
714:
712:HDAC inhibitors
682:
649:phosphate group
618:
609:
600:anti-angiogenic
596:
565:Vaccine therapy
559:immune response
547:Dendritic cells
531:
529:Immunotherapies
494:
485:
457:
424:
415:
389:
381:DNA replication
350:
335:
298:
265:
244:
233:tyrosine kinase
226:
203:
195:
160:
146:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3760:Nevus flammeus
3757:
3755:Nevus anemicus
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3724:Bone/cartilage
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Ganglioneuroma
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3621:
3619:
3616:Connective and
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:Classification
3500:
3499:External links
3497:
3496:
3495:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3429:
3385:
3348:(9): 1178–88.
3342:Cancer Science
3325:
3269:
3233:
3182:
3133:
3084:
3033:
2998:
2950:
2915:
2863:
2852:(9): 2554–60.
2832:
2791:
2742:
2690:
2662:
2624:
2575:
2525:
2504:(12): 808–15.
2484:
2441:
2391:
2370:
2335:
2305:
2279:
2229:
2194:
2142:
2084:
2067:
2028:(12): e84187.
2004:
1969:
1917:
1859:
1841:
1781:
1722:
1678:
1622:
1575:
1526:
1477:
1441:
1412:(10): 1092–6.
1392:
1371:(10): 4012–9.
1344:
1293:
1240:
1237:on 2015-04-22.
1214:
1165:
1116:
1072:
1036:
992:
956:
935:(5): 1029–41.
911:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
866:
864:
861:
854:
852:
850:Intermed. mag.
849:
842:
838:
835:
789:
786:
774:
771:
742:
741:CDK inhibitors
739:
731:phytochemicals
713:
710:
681:
678:
655:molecule to a
617:
614:
608:
605:
595:
592:
530:
527:
493:
490:
484:
481:
456:
453:
423:
420:
414:
411:
388:
385:
349:
346:
334:
331:
310:ligand binding
297:
294:
264:
261:
248:Sonic hedgehog
243:
240:
225:
222:
202:
199:
194:
191:
159:
156:
145:
142:
65:
64:
51:
45:
44:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3939:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Angiokeratoma
3876:
3874:
3873:Neurothekeoma
3871:
3869:
3868:Desmoid tumor
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3477:(9): 1161–8.
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:(3): 720–30.
3401:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:(3): 170–80.
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:10.1038/28867
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2651:(94): 201–6.
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2546:(3): 740–51.
2545:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:(2): 302–14.
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:(4): 241–63.
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:(3): 407–12.
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2325:on 2018-08-05
2324:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2295:on 2015-02-08
2294:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:(5): 724–31.
2249:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2165:(3): 606–12.
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1940:(4): 574–80.
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:(4): 337–42.
1694:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:(4): 219–25.
1594:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:(4): 542–50.
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1283:on 2020-03-28
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(6): 862–70.
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:(3): 708–17.
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:(1): 269–76.
1088:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:(3): 149–54.
1052:
1048:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:(2): 130–46.
972:
968:
960:
957:
952:
948:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
917:
913:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
870:
865:
858:
853:
846:
841:
836:
834:
832:
827:
823:
819:
817:
813:
809:
806:
802:
797:
794:
787:
785:
783:
779:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
759:breast cancer
756:
755:CDK inhibitor
752:
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
727:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
677:
674:
670:
666:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
613:
606:
604:
601:
593:
591:
589:
584:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
534:Immunotherapy
528:
526:
524:
520:
519:tumor hypoxia
516:
512:
510:
506:
502:
501:Aldoxorubicin
498:
491:
489:
482:
480:
478:
477:brachytherapy
473:
469:
467:
463:
454:
452:
449:
445:
440:
436:
434:
428:
421:
419:
412:
410:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
347:
345:
343:
339:
332:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:proliferation
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
260:
257:
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
234:
230:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
200:
198:
192:
190:
188:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
166:
157:
155:
152:
143:
141:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:arising from
75:
71:
61:
55:
52:
50:
46:
42:
41:H&E stain
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3892:
3853:Glomus tumor
3801:Histiocytoma
3639:mastocytosis
3624:
3607:Subcutaneous
3519:
3474:
3470:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:
3432:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3345:
3341:
3291:
3287:
3253:
3249:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3014:(1): 77–84.
3011:
3007:
3001:
2971:(3): 971–9.
2968:
2964:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2710:
2706:
2687:(1): id1003.
2684:
2680:
2648:
2644:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2543:
2539:
2528:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2411:
2407:
2383:. Retrieved
2373:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2327:. Retrieved
2323:the original
2317:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:the original
2282:
2247:
2243:
2232:
2210:(6): 584–7.
2207:
2203:
2197:
2162:
2158:
2102:
2098:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2025:
2021:
1985:(4): 466–8.
1982:
1978:
1972:
1937:
1933:
1885:
1881:
1849:
1844:
1799:
1795:
1784:
1747:
1743:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1644:
1640:
1592:
1588:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1499:(5): 705–9.
1496:
1492:
1458:(2): 361–9.
1455:
1451:
1444:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1368:
1364:
1359:SMARCB1/INI1
1358:
1314:
1310:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1260:
1256:
1235:the original
1182:
1178:
1168:
1135:
1131:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1017:(5): 814–9.
1014:
1010:
970:
966:
959:
932:
928:
820:
810:
798:
791:
776:
744:
715:
702:solid tumors
683:
673:Temsirolimus
661:
619:
610:
597:
581:
574:
563:
532:
513:
499:
495:
492:Chemotherapy
486:
470:
458:
444:tazemetostat
441:
437:
429:
425:
416:
400:
390:
351:
336:
318:angiogenesis
299:
266:
245:
227:
210:angiogenesis
204:
196:
173:
171:
163:
161:
147:
134:
106:cytokeratins
98:
69:
68:
3569:Skin cancer
3288:Scientifica
1851:NCT01154452
1229:Lev, Dina.
812:Telomelysin
763:abemaciclib
751:Palbociclib
503:is a newer
82:epithelioid
78:mesenchymal
3916:Categories
3699:Schwannoma
3658:Urogenital
3447:2023-11-12
2385:2020-03-03
2329:2015-10-06
2299:2015-04-23
1540:Oncotarget
1287:2015-10-06
907:References
816:telomerase
767:ribociclib
722:vorinostat
551:antibodies
273:catabolism
250:(SHH) and
137:metastasis
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37:Micrograph
3863:Carcinoid
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2119:1569-8041
2081:eMedicine
1818:1476-4598
862:High mag.
747:cyclin D1
706:Selinexor
690:selinexor
633:dasatinib
629:pazopanib
625:sunitinib
623:(such as
455:Prognosis
422:Treatment
387:Diagnosis
353:Cyclin D1
348:Cyclin D1
285:apoptosis
277:anabolism
218:pazopanib
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3833:Teratoma
3732:Chordoma
3618:vascular
3491:12946229
3424:22657446
3416:24374597
3380:33300842
3372:23718223
3320:24551478
3256:: 1–21.
3228:22247744
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3177:22498582
3128:16936188
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2945:12528773
2858:11980649
2827:16760272
2786:23761810
2737:21716856
2657:24759624
2619:25185097
2570:11701323
2562:22147748
2479:41537913
2436:36504524
2365:18436180
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2224:14595726
2189:25833518
2181:16804932
2137:31081028
2062:24376795
2022:PLOS ONE
1999:16524687
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1956:20118913
1912:21821699
1836:25098767
1776:25098767
1717:30726514
1673:22701332
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1617:21613610
1609:10782895
1570:24913006
1521:24821026
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1428:11048803
1387:15899790
1331:19033866
1209:19224301
1160:25321347
1152:16353216
1111:21163484
1103:24046109
1067:15078911
1031:19415960
880:See also
822:CGTG-102
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637:Imatinib
598:Several
555:antigens
543:NK cells
505:pro-drug
483:Research
462:necrosis
322:In-vitro
236:oncogene
158:Genetics
102:vimentin
94:proximal
54:Oncology
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3571:of the
3526:M8804/3
3363:7656541
3311:3914551
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3168:3353406
3070:4197302
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2882:Bibcode
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2520:1997853
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1709:9565343
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657:protein
539:T-cells
523:hypoxic
413:Staging
402:SMARCB1
391:Tissue
326:in-vivo
308:. Upon
182:SWI/SNF
178:22q11.2
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165:SMARCB1
3609:tumors
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122:desmin
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1960:S2CID
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1613:S2CID
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