1764:
904:
619:
1207:
1567:
1068:
252:
92:
tend to increase hardness and decrease weldability. Each of these elements tends to influence the hardness and weldability of the steel to different magnitudes, however, making a method of comparison necessary to judge the difference in hardness between two alloys made of different alloying elements.
1300:
For cast iron the equivalent carbon content (CE) concept is used to understand how alloying elements will affect the heat treatment and casting behavior. It is used as a predictor of strength in cast irons because it gives an approximate balance of austenite and graphite in final structure. A number
112:
edges and welds. However, structural engineering standards rarely use CE, but rather limit the maximum percentage of certain alloying elements. This practice started before the CE concept existed, so just continues to be used. This has led to issues because certain high strength steels are now being
719:
390:
1561:
456:
261:
in 1967. This formula has been found suitable for predicting hardenability in a large range of commonly used plain carbon and carbon-manganese steels, but not to microalloyed high-strength low-alloy steels or low-alloy Cr-Mo steels. The formula is defined as follows:
36:, which is typical. The idea is to convert the percentage of alloying elements other than carbon to the equivalent carbon percentage, because the iron-carbon phases are better understood than other iron-alloy phases. Most commonly this concept is used in
1759:{\displaystyle CE=\%{\text{C}}+0.28\left(\%{\text{Si}}\right)+0.303\left(\%{\text{P}}\right)-0.007\left(\%{\text{Mn}}\right)+0.033\left(\%{\text{Cr}}\right)+0.092\left(\%{\text{Cu}}\right)+0.011\left(\%{\text{Mo}}\right)+0.054\left(\%{\text{Ni}}\right)}
1081:
933:
119:
899:{\displaystyle CE=\%{\text{C}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Mn}}}{6}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Cr}}+\%{\text{Mo}}+\%{\text{Zr}}}{10}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Ti}}}{2}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Cb}}}{3}}+{\frac {\%{\text{V}}}{7}}+{\frac {UTS}{900}}+{\frac {h}{20}}}
268:
1436:
1430:
701:
on cooling and to suffer brittle fracture. When the carbon equivalent is between 0.40 and 0.60 weld preheat may be necessary. When the carbon equivalent is above 0.60, preheat is necessary, postheat may be necessary.
692:
1793:
as the CE increases. When heat treating cast iron, various CE samples are tested to empirically determine the correlation between CE and hardness. The following is an example for induction hardened gray irons:
1360:
614:{\displaystyle Pcm=\%{\text{C}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Si}}}{30}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Mn}}+\%{\text{Cu}}+\%{\text{Cr}}}{20}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Ni}}}{60}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Mo}}}{15}}+{\frac {\%{\text{V}}}{10}}+5B}
56:
In welding, equivalent carbon content (C.E) is used to understand how the different alloying elements affect hardness of the steel being welded. This is then directly related to hydrogen-induced
1288:
1202:{\displaystyle \%{\text{C}}*={\begin{cases}5\%{\text{C}}&{\mbox{ for }}\%{\text{C}}\leq 0.30\%\\{\frac {1}{6}}\%{\text{C}}&{\mbox{ for }}\%{\text{C}}\geq 0.30\%\end{cases}}}
1063:{\displaystyle CE*=\%{\text{C}}*+{\frac {\%{\text{Mn}}}{3.6}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Cu}}}{20}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Ni}}}{9}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Cr}}}{5}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Mo}}}{4}}}
247:{\displaystyle CE=\%{\text{C}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Mn}}+\%{\text{Si}}}{6}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Cr}}+\%{\text{Mo}}+\%{\text{V}}}{5}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Cu}}+\%{\text{Ni}}}{15}}}
450:
The
Japanese Welding Engineering Society adopted the critical metal parameter (Pcm) for weld cracking, which was based on the work from Ito and Bessyo, is:
385:{\displaystyle CE=\%{\text{C}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Mn}}}{6}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Cr}}+\%{\text{Mo}}+\%{\text{V}}}{5}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Cu}}+\%{\text{Ni}}}{15}}}
1556:{\displaystyle CE=\%{\text{C}}+0.33\left(\%{\text{Si}}\right)+0.33\left(\%{\text{P}}\right)-0.027\left(\%{\text{Mn}}\right)+0.4\left(\%{\text{S}}\right)}
2168:
1366:
630:
2289:
2268:
2237:
2211:
2067:
2022:
2057:
258:
98:
2352:
2337:
2318:
1307:
710:
927:
for the formation of martensitic in the Heat
Affected Zone (HAZ) in low-carbon alloy steels. The equation is given as:
2095:
SA-6/SA-6M - Specification For
General Requirements For Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, And Sheet Piling
1229:
1301:
of formulas are available to determine the CE in cast irons, where an increasing number of elements are included:
2383:
910:
2206:, ASM Handbook, vol. 1A Cast Iron Science and Technology (2017th ed.), ASM International, p. 42,
94:
1781:; for cast irons the eutectic is 4.3% carbon. When casting cast iron this is useful for determining the final
920:
A special carbon equivalent was developed by
Yurioka, which could determine the critical time in seconds
104:
The AWS states that for an equivalent carbon content above 0.40% there is a potential for cracking in the
45:
2173:
1104:
93:
There are two commonly used formulas for calculating the equivalent carbon content. One is from the
2373:
1790:
1786:
1785:
structure; for example, a hypereutectic cast iron usually has a coarse grain structure and large
105:
2348:
2333:
2314:
2285:
2264:
2233:
2227:
2207:
2063:
2018:
2012:
60:, which is the most common weld defect for steel, thus it is most commonly used to determine
2378:
395:
For this equation the weldability based on a range of CE values can be defined as follows:
257:
The other and most popular formula is the
Dearden and O'Neill formula, which was adopted by
2073:
2368:
2108:
917:
and h is the strip thickness in inches. A CE value of 0.3 or less is considered safe.
97:(AWS) and recommended for structural steels and the other is the formula based on the
2362:
2329:
2201:
1778:
109:
57:
41:
1968:
Each sample also contained 0.5–0.9 Mn, 0.35–0.55 Ni, 0.08–0.15 Cr, and 0.15–0.30 Mo.
1770:
624:
If some of the values are not available, the following formula is sometimes used:
2279:
2258:
1782:
61:
914:
698:
77:
2310:
706:
65:
33:
25:
1425:{\displaystyle CE=\%{\text{C}}+0.33\left(\%{\text{Si}}+\%{\text{P}}\right)}
687:{\displaystyle CE=\%{\text{C}}+{\frac {\%{\text{Mn}}}{6}}+{\frac {1}{20}}}
1774:
81:
69:
697:
The carbon equivalent is a measure of the tendency of the weld to form
73:
37:
64:. Higher concentrations of carbon and other alloying elements such as
89:
85:
29:
2257:
Bruneau, Michel; Uang, Chia-Ming; Whittaker, Andrew Stuart (1998),
28:, to determine various properties of the alloy when more than just
705:
The following carbon equivalent formula is used to determine if a
113:
used that have a CE higher than 0.50% that have brittle failures.
21:
2134:
Yurioka, N (1990). "Weldability of Modern High
Strength Steels".
1355:{\displaystyle CE=\%{\text{C}}+0.33\left(\%{\text{Si}}\right)}
1195:
2136:
First US-Japan
Symposium on Advances in Welding Matallurgy
1169:
1121:
2113:
1.1 Carbon equivalents and transformation temperature
1570:
1439:
1369:
1310:
1232:
1084:
936:
722:
633:
459:
271:
122:
2040:
1989:
1769:This CE is then used to determine if the alloy is
1758:
1555:
1424:
1354:
1282:
1201:
1062:
898:
686:
613:
384:
246:
2203:Thermodynamics Principles as Applied to Cast Iron
2169:"Chill testing: the effect of carbon equivalent"
1283:{\displaystyle \log _{10}\Delta t_{8-5}=2.69CE*}
20:concept is used on ferrous materials, typically
2011:Ginzburg, Vladimir B.; Ballas, Robert (2000),
8:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2034:
2147:
2145:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1746:
1722:
1698:
1674:
1650:
1626:
1602:
1583:
1569:
1543:
1519:
1495:
1471:
1452:
1438:
1412:
1401:
1382:
1368:
1342:
1323:
1309:
1253:
1237:
1231:
1214:Then the critical time length in seconds
1178:
1168:
1161:
1148:
1130:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1088:
1083:
1049:
1043:
1029:
1023:
1009:
1003:
989:
983:
969:
963:
952:
935:
886:
865:
851:
845:
831:
825:
811:
805:
791:
780:
769:
763:
749:
743:
735:
721:
674:
660:
654:
646:
632:
591:
585:
571:
565:
551:
545:
531:
520:
509:
503:
489:
483:
475:
458:
371:
360:
354:
340:
329:
318:
312:
298:
292:
284:
270:
233:
222:
216:
202:
191:
180:
174:
160:
149:
143:
135:
121:
1796:
397:
2229:Troubleshooting manufacturing processes
2115:. The Japan Welding Engineering Society
1982:
1806:Hardness (convert from hardness test)
1789:flakes are formed. Also, there is less
2187:
2151:
2307:The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding
2162:
2160:
2059:Metallurgy of welding - Sixth Edition
7:
2062:. Abington Publishing. p. 464.
2138:(American Welding Society): 79–100.
2097:. ASME BPVC Section II: ASME. 2001.
2260:Ductile design of steel structures
2232:(4th ed.), SME, p. 4-4,
2041:Bruneau, Uang & Whittaker 1998
1990:Bruneau, Uang & Whittaker 1998
1743:
1719:
1695:
1671:
1647:
1623:
1599:
1580:
1540:
1516:
1492:
1468:
1449:
1409:
1398:
1379:
1339:
1320:
1246:
1189:
1175:
1158:
1141:
1127:
1110:
1085:
1046:
1026:
1006:
986:
966:
949:
848:
828:
808:
788:
777:
766:
746:
732:
657:
643:
588:
568:
548:
528:
517:
506:
486:
472:
368:
357:
337:
326:
315:
295:
281:
230:
219:
199:
188:
177:
157:
146:
132:
99:International Institute of Welding
14:
2345:Structural Welding Code, AWS D1.1
2343:American Welding Society (2004).
713:due to excessive hardenability:
2017:, CRC Press, pp. 141–142,
1221:can be determined as follows:
1:
2281:Handbook of induction heating
2226:Gillespie, LaRoux K. (1988),
1970:Using the first CE equation.
711:high-strength low-alloy steel
2263:, McGraw-Hill Professional,
40:, but it is also used when
2400:
2326:Welding processes handbook
2305:Lincoln Electric (1994).
2200:Stefanescu, Doro (2017),
2167:Bex, Tom (June 1, 1991),
2109:"Carbon equivalents(wt%)"
2014:Flat rolling fundamentals
1967:
1805:
1802:
1799:
911:ultimate tensile strength
18:equivalent carbon content
2056:Lancaster, J.F. (1999).
95:American Welding Society
2278:Rudnev, Valery (2003),
1760:
1557:
1426:
1356:
1284:
1203:
1064:
900:
688:
615:
401:Carbon equivalent (CE)
386:
248:
1761:
1558:
1427:
1357:
1285:
1204:
1065:
901:
689:
616:
387:
249:
2324:Weman, Klas (2003).
2313:: Lincoln Electric.
1568:
1437:
1367:
1308:
1230:
1082:
934:
720:
631:
457:
269:
120:
1756:
1553:
1422:
1352:
1280:
1199:
1194:
1173:
1125:
1060:
896:
684:
611:
382:
244:
106:heat-affected zone
2332:: CRC Press LLC.
2291:978-0-8247-0848-1
2270:978-0-07-008580-0
2239:978-0-87263-326-1
2213:978-1-62708-133-7
2069:978-1-85573-428-9
2024:978-0-8247-8894-0
1974:
1973:
1803:Carbon equivalent
1749:
1725:
1701:
1677:
1653:
1629:
1605:
1586:
1546:
1522:
1498:
1474:
1455:
1415:
1404:
1385:
1345:
1326:
1181:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1091:
1058:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1018:
1012:
998:
992:
978:
972:
955:
909:Where UTS is the
894:
881:
860:
854:
840:
834:
820:
814:
800:
794:
783:
772:
758:
752:
738:
682:
669:
663:
649:
600:
594:
580:
574:
560:
554:
540:
534:
523:
512:
498:
492:
478:
448:
447:
380:
374:
363:
349:
343:
332:
321:
307:
301:
287:
242:
236:
225:
211:
205:
194:
183:
169:
163:
152:
138:
2391:
2384:Equivalent units
2295:
2274:
2244:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2072:. Archived from
2053:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1797:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1587:
1584:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1456:
1453:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1386:
1383:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1327:
1324:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1264:
1263:
1242:
1241:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1092:
1089:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
990:
984:
979:
974:
973:
970:
964:
956:
953:
905:
903:
902:
897:
895:
887:
882:
877:
866:
861:
856:
855:
852:
846:
841:
836:
835:
832:
826:
821:
816:
815:
812:
806:
801:
796:
795:
792:
784:
781:
773:
770:
764:
759:
754:
753:
750:
744:
739:
736:
693:
691:
690:
685:
683:
675:
670:
665:
664:
661:
655:
650:
647:
620:
618:
617:
612:
601:
596:
595:
592:
586:
581:
576:
575:
572:
566:
561:
556:
555:
552:
546:
541:
536:
535:
532:
524:
521:
513:
510:
504:
499:
494:
493:
490:
484:
479:
476:
398:
391:
389:
388:
383:
381:
376:
375:
372:
364:
361:
355:
350:
345:
344:
341:
333:
330:
322:
319:
313:
308:
303:
302:
299:
293:
288:
285:
253:
251:
250:
245:
243:
238:
237:
234:
226:
223:
217:
212:
207:
206:
203:
195:
192:
184:
181:
175:
170:
165:
164:
161:
153:
150:
144:
139:
136:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2359:
2358:
2302:
2300:Further reading
2292:
2277:
2271:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2010:
2009:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1742:
1738:
1718:
1714:
1694:
1690:
1670:
1666:
1646:
1642:
1622:
1618:
1598:
1594:
1566:
1565:
1539:
1535:
1515:
1511:
1491:
1487:
1467:
1463:
1435:
1434:
1397:
1393:
1365:
1364:
1338:
1334:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1249:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1193:
1192:
1171: for
1166:
1145:
1144:
1123: for
1118:
1100:
1080:
1079:
1045:
1025:
1005:
985:
965:
932:
931:
925:
867:
847:
827:
807:
765:
745:
718:
717:
656:
629:
628:
587:
567:
547:
505:
485:
455:
454:
356:
314:
294:
267:
266:
218:
176:
145:
118:
117:
54:
12:
11:
5:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2341:
2322:
2321:. (Page 3.3-3)
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2218:
2212:
2192:
2180:
2174:Modern Casting
2156:
2141:
2126:
2100:
2086:
2068:
2045:
2030:
2023:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:Microhardness
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1563:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1432:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1362:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1129:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1087:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1002:
997:
988:
982:
977:
968:
962:
959:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
923:
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906:
893:
890:
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876:
873:
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864:
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850:
844:
839:
830:
824:
819:
810:
804:
799:
790:
787:
779:
776:
768:
762:
757:
748:
742:
734:
731:
728:
725:
695:
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681:
678:
673:
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659:
653:
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622:
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584:
579:
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53:
50:
32:is used as an
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2396:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
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2366:
2364:
2354:
2353:0-87171-726-3
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:0-8493-1773-8
2335:
2331:
2330:New York City
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:99949-25-82-2
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2284:, CRC Press,
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2282:
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2262:
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2255:
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2196:
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2190:, p. 51.
2189:
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2076:on 2013-12-29
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2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:, p. 31.
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2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:, p. 29.
1991:
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1966:
1962:
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1950:
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1939:
1936:
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1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:kish graphite
1784:
1780:
1779:hypereutectic
1776:
1772:
1752:
1739:
1735:
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1715:
1711:
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709:will fail in
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58:cold cracking
51:
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43:
42:heat treating
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2344:
2325:
2306:
2280:
2259:
2251:Bibliography
2228:
2221:
2202:
2195:
2183:
2172:
2135:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2112:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2058:
2013:
1985:
1800:Composition
1771:hypoeutectic
1768:
1299:
1215:
1213:
1072:
921:
919:
908:
704:
696:
623:
449:
404:Weldability
394:
256:
103:
55:
17:
15:
2188:Rudnev 2003
2152:Rudnev 2003
2119:14 November
62:weldability
48:cast iron.
2374:Metallurgy
2363:Categories
2080:2011-11-14
1977:References
699:martensite
420:Very good
412:Excellent
409:Up to 0.35
78:molybdenum
2311:Cleveland
1791:shrinkage
1744:%
1720:%
1696:%
1672:%
1648:%
1637:−
1624:%
1600:%
1581:%
1541:%
1517:%
1506:−
1493:%
1469:%
1450:%
1410:%
1399:%
1380:%
1340:%
1321:%
1296:Cast iron
1278:∗
1258:−
1247:Δ
1244:
1190:%
1184:≥
1176:%
1159:%
1142:%
1136:≤
1128:%
1111:%
1094:∗
1086:%
1047:%
1027:%
1007:%
987:%
967:%
958:∗
950:%
944:∗
849:%
829:%
809:%
789:%
778:%
767:%
747:%
733:%
707:spot weld
658:%
644:%
589:%
569:%
549:%
529:%
518:%
507:%
487:%
473:%
441:Over 0.50
433:0.46–0.50
425:0.41–0.45
417:0.36–0.40
369:%
358:%
338:%
327:%
316:%
296:%
282:%
231:%
220:%
200:%
189:%
178:%
158:%
147:%
133:%
110:flame cut
108:(HAZ) on
66:manganese
26:cast iron
1775:eutectic
1073:where:
101:(IIW).
82:vanadium
70:chromium
34:alloyant
2379:Welding
1820:HR 30 N
74:silicon
46:casting
38:welding
2351:
2336:
2317:
2288:
2267:
2236:
2210:
2066:
2021:
90:nickel
88:, and
86:copper
30:carbon
2369:Steel
1783:grain
1777:, or
1736:0.054
1712:0.011
1688:0.092
1664:0.033
1640:0.007
1616:0.303
1509:0.027
444:Poor
436:Fair
428:Good
52:Steel
22:steel
2349:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2121:2011
2064:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1954:4.23
1951:2.14
1948:3.52
1934:4.13
1931:2.00
1928:3.46
1914:4.02
1911:1.80
1908:3.42
1894:3.87
1891:1.59
1888:3.34
1874:3.74
1871:1.64
1868:3.19
1854:3.70
1851:1.68
1848:3.14
1834:3.63
1831:1.50
1828:3.13
1592:0.28
1485:0.33
1461:0.33
1391:0.33
1332:0.33
1269:2.69
1187:0.30
1139:0.30
44:and
24:and
16:The
1963:61
1943:59
1923:61
1903:58
1883:61
1863:57
1843:61
1817:HRC
1533:0.4
1235:log
1218:8-5
976:3.6
924:8-5
915:ksi
913:in
879:900
259:IIW
2365::
2347:.
2328:.
2309:.
2171:,
2159:^
2144:^
2111:.
2048:^
2033:^
1997:^
1960:38
1957:36
1940:45
1937:43
1920:47
1917:46
1900:49
1897:47
1880:50
1877:48
1860:50
1857:49
1840:50
1837:50
1814:Si
1773:,
1748:Ni
1724:Mo
1700:Cu
1676:Cr
1652:Mn
1604:Si
1521:Mn
1473:Si
1403:Si
1344:Si
1239:10
1216:Δt
1051:Mo
1031:Cr
1011:Ni
996:20
991:Cu
971:Mn
922:Δt
892:20
833:Cb
813:Ti
798:10
793:Zr
782:Mo
771:Cr
751:Mn
680:20
662:Mn
598:10
578:15
573:Mo
558:60
553:Ni
538:20
533:Cr
522:Cu
511:Mn
496:30
491:Si
378:15
373:Ni
362:Cu
331:Mo
320:Cr
300:Mn
240:15
235:Ni
224:Cu
193:Mo
182:Cr
162:Si
151:Mn
84:,
80:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
2355:.
2340:.
2294:.
2273:.
2242:.
2177:.
2123:.
2083:.
2027:.
1811:C
1753:)
1740:(
1733:+
1729:)
1716:(
1709:+
1705:)
1692:(
1685:+
1681:)
1668:(
1661:+
1657:)
1644:(
1633:)
1628:P
1620:(
1613:+
1609:)
1596:(
1589:+
1585:C
1578:=
1575:E
1572:C
1550:)
1545:S
1537:(
1530:+
1526:)
1513:(
1502:)
1497:P
1489:(
1482:+
1478:)
1465:(
1458:+
1454:C
1447:=
1444:E
1441:C
1419:)
1414:P
1407:+
1395:(
1388:+
1384:C
1377:=
1374:E
1371:C
1349:)
1336:(
1329:+
1325:C
1318:=
1315:E
1312:C
1275:E
1272:C
1266:=
1261:5
1255:8
1251:t
1180:C
1163:C
1154:6
1151:1
1132:C
1115:C
1108:5
1102:{
1097:=
1090:C
1056:4
1041:+
1036:5
1021:+
1016:9
1001:+
981:+
961:+
954:C
947:=
941:E
938:C
889:h
884:+
875:S
872:T
869:U
863:+
858:7
853:V
843:+
838:3
823:+
818:2
803:+
786:+
775:+
761:+
756:6
741:+
737:C
730:=
727:E
724:C
677:1
672:+
667:6
652:+
648:C
641:=
638:E
635:C
609:B
606:5
603:+
593:V
583:+
563:+
543:+
526:+
515:+
501:+
481:+
477:C
470:=
467:m
464:c
461:P
366:+
352:+
347:5
342:V
335:+
324:+
310:+
305:6
290:+
286:C
279:=
276:E
273:C
228:+
214:+
209:5
204:V
197:+
186:+
172:+
167:6
155:+
141:+
137:C
130:=
127:E
124:C
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