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As treatment is still unsuccessful in the majority of cases the main emphasis is on prevention. Risk of atypical myopathy can be reduced by checking pasture for sycamore plants regularly and avoid letting horses graze in pastures where are sycamore trees. In case there are fallen sycamore leaves and
78:
First symptoms are usually muscular weakness, soreness and stiffness causing problems with walking and breathing. Within hours of first symptoms horse may be unable to stand and in 72 hours of the onset of signs mortalities may occur. The mortality rate of atypical myopathy is high; only 30-40% of
689:
McKenzie RK, Hill FI, Habyarimana JA, Boemer F, Votion DM (May 2016). "Detection of hypoglycin A in the seeds of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and box elder (A. negundo) in New
Zealand; the toxin associated with cases of equine atypical myopathy".
95:
seeds in pasture they should be cleaned from the ground. Fresh and clean water should be easily accessible all the time. Keeping the stock size appropriate reduces the risk as there is enough proper grazing for every horse. Taking care of regular
62:
Even if atypical myopathy is not contagious it can affect either to individual horse or several horses in the same stock. Some horses may be more resistant to the toxin than others due to genetic differences and different grazing habitats.
74:
Diagnosis can be confirmed by clinical examination and laboratory tests. In most cases treatment needs to be started before getting the laboratory test results as the confirmation of diagnosis may take several days.
449:
Votion DM, van Galen G, Sweetman L, Boemer F, de Tullio P, Dopagne C, et al. (March 2014). "Identification of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid in serum of
European horses with atypical myopathy".
776:
Votion DM (2018-01-01). "Analysing hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropylacetic acid conjugates and acylcarnitines in blood to confirm the diagnosis and improve our understanding of atypical myopathy".
389:
414:Żuraw A, Dietert K, Kühnel S, Sander J, Klopfleisch R (July 2016). "Equine atypical myopathy caused by hypoglycin A intoxication associated with ingestion of sycamore maple tree seeds".
82:
EAM affected horse’s urine is dark red or brown. Sweating and muscle trembling can be observed while moving. Horses may hang their heads down and be apathetic. Symptoms resemble
66:
Changes in weather conditions and temperature may contribute to the propensity of being affected, which is the reason why many cases are reported during autumn and spring.
59:(Box Elder). The amount of HGA in sycamore seeds may vary. The toxin affects the functioning of horse’s muscle cells by slowing down or stopping the energy production.
291:"Detection of equine atypical myopathy-associated hypoglycin A in plant material: Optimisation and validation of a novel LC-MS based method without derivatisation"
641:
Lemieux H, Boemer F, van Galen G, Serteyn D, Amory H, Baise E, et al. (September 2016). "Mitochondrial function is altered in horse atypical myopathy".
51:(HGA). HGA is a naturally-occurring amino acid contained by trees and shrubs of Acer genus. Horses can become poisoned by eating the seeds or seedlings of
115:
for HGA but some medications can be used to stop absorption of the toxin. Symptomatic treatment includes intravenous fluid therapy, supplementation of
216:
86:
symptoms except that EAM affected horse doesn’t lose appetite. The body temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate may be normal in some cases.
584:"Hypoglycin A Content in Blood and Urine Discriminates Horses with Atypical Myopathy from Clinically Normal Horses Grazing on the Same Pasture"
351:
KarlĂková R, Ĺ iroká J, Jahn P, FriedeckĂ˝ D, Gardlo A, JaneÄŤková H, et al. (October 2016). "Equine atypical myopathy: A metabolic study".
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medication is used to decrease the pain and possibly increase the chance to survive. Supportive therapy includes the regular emptying of the
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Horses usually recover completely if they survive the first days after being affected. Recovery may still take several months.
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treatments decreases the risk. The presence of HGA in pasture can be tested by submitting a sample to laboratory.
35:. It is caused by the ingestion of the seeds or young shoots of sycamore tree. EAM has a high fatality rate.
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Boemer F, Detilleux J, Cello C, Amory H, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Richard E, et al. (August 2017).
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Van Galen G, Amory H, Busschers E, Cassart D, De Bruijn M, Gerber V, et al. (October 2010).
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Fabius LS, Westermann CM (2018). "Evidence-based therapy for atypical myopathy in horses".
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848:"The story of equine atypical myopathy: a review from the beginning to a possible end"
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Gonzalez-Medina S (February 2015). "Update on the cause of equine atypical myopathy".
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Bochnia M, Ziegler J, Sander J, Uhlig A, Schaefer S, Vollstedt S, et al. (2015).
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525:"Acylcarnitines profile best predicts survival in horses with atypical myopathy"
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Votion D, van Galen G, Marr CM (November 2009). "Equine atypical myopathy".
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Votion DM, Serteyn D (November 2008). "Equine atypical myopathy: a review".
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EAM affected horses are in need of intensive care. There is no
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González Medina S, Hyde C, Lovera I, Piercy RJ (2018-07-03).
55:(called Sycamore in the UK or more widely Sycamore Maple) or
247:"European outbreak of atypical myopathy in the autumn 2009"
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Atypical myopathy is a commonly fatal form of equine
251:Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care
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500:"Atypical myopathy (Sycamore poisoning)"
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147:. Affected horse should be kept warm.
944:Equine Atypical Myopathy: The disease
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217:"La myopathie atypique des équidés"
390:"Equine Atypical Myopathy Testing"
14:
264:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00574.x
692:New Zealand Veterinary Journal
27:is a fatal disease of horses (
1:
704:10.1080/00480169.2015.1123123
123:as well as administration of
609:10.1371/journal.pone.0136785
550:10.1371/journal.pone.0182761
316:10.1371/journal.pone.0199521
899:Equine Veterinary Education
846:Votion DM (November 2012).
778:Equine Veterinary Education
975:
655:10.1016/j.mito.2016.06.005
365:10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.07.015
194:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.004
451:Equine Veterinary Journal
416:Equine Veterinary Journal
79:affected horses survive.
31:) characterized by acute
394:Royal Veterinary College
17:Equine atypical myopathy
852:ISRN Veterinary Science
747:10.1136/vr.165.20.605-b
215:Votion D (April 2010).
21:atypical myoglobinuria
805:The Veterinary Record
735:The Veterinary Record
47:caused by the toxin
865:10.5402/2012/281018
600:2015PLoSO..1036785B
541:2017PLoSO..1282761B
507:B&W Equine Vets
307:2018PLoSO..1399521G
53:Acer pseudoplatanus
353:Veterinary Journal
182:Veterinary Journal
911:10.1111/eve.12734
790:10.1111/eve.12617
463:10.1111/evj.12117
428:10.1111/evj.12460
141:Anti-inflammatory
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101:anthelmintic
97:vaccinations
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57:Acer negundo
49:Hypoglycin A
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741:(20): 605.
858:: 281018.
400:2019-12-08
359:: 125–32.
154:References
137:riboflavin
90:Prevention
919:2042-3292
649:: 35–41.
129:vitamin E
125:carnitine
113:antitoxin
107:Treatment
70:Diagnosis
953:Category
927:79038752
884:23762581
825:25655543
763:30893301
755:19915196
712:26593855
673:27374763
628:26378918
588:PLOS ONE
569:28846683
529:PLOS ONE
471:23773055
436:25970235
373:27687939
335:29969503
295:PLOS ONE
273:20955305
202:18375157
133:selenium
875:3671727
833:5455536
720:8237904
619:4574941
596:Bibcode
560:5573150
537:Bibcode
326:6029767
303:Bibcode
145:bladder
121:insulin
117:glucose
29:equidae
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396:. 2017
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923:S2CID
829:S2CID
759:S2CID
716:S2CID
503:(PDF)
227:(PDF)
220:(PDF)
84:colic
39:Cause
23:, or
915:ISSN
880:PMID
856:2012
821:PMID
751:PMID
708:PMID
669:PMID
624:PMID
565:PMID
467:PMID
432:PMID
369:PMID
331:PMID
269:PMID
198:PMID
135:and
119:and
99:and
907:doi
870:PMC
860:doi
813:doi
809:176
786:doi
743:doi
739:165
700:doi
659:hdl
651:doi
614:PMC
604:doi
555:PMC
545:doi
459:doi
424:doi
361:doi
357:216
321:PMC
311:doi
259:doi
190:doi
186:178
25:EAM
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