122:
516:
144:
1640:
560:. When recognized as a separate division, the literature uses many possible names, including Arthrophyta, Calamophyta, Sphenophyta, or Equisetophyta. Other authors regarded the same group as a class, either within a division consisting of the vascular plants or, more recently, within an expanded fern group. When ranked as a class, the group has been termed the Equisetopsida or Sphenopsida.
2991:
480:
496:
331:(Polypodiopsida) of which they form a specialized lineage. However, the division between the horsetails and the other ferns is so ancient that many botanists, especially paleobotanists, still regard this group as fundamentally separate at the higher level.
444:
at their edges, and in extant horsetails cover the spores externally - like sacs hanging from an umbrella, with its handle embedded in the axis of the cone. In extinct groups, further protection was afforded to the spores by the presence of whorls of
372:
trifurcate at the nodes, with the central branch becoming the vein of a microphyll, and the other two moving left and right to merge with the new branches of their neighbours. The vascular system itself resembles that of the vascular plants'
422:
in each segment of the stem and rhizome that grow as the plant gets taller. This contrasts with most seed plants, which grow from an apical meristem - i.e. new growth comes only from growing tips (and widening of stems).
1020:
The organisms first appear in the fossil record during the late
Devonian, a time when land plants were undergoing a rapid diversification, with roots, seeds and leaves having only just evolved. (See
552:, the relationship of this group to other living and fossil plants was considered problematic. Because of their unclear relationships, the rank botanists assigned to the horsetails varied from
615:. The consensus classification produced by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group in 2016 also places horsetails in the subclass Equisetidae, but in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns broadly defined).
339:
The horsetails comprise photosynthesising, "segmented", hollow stems, sometimes filled with pith. At the junction ("node", see diagram) between each segment is a whorl of
623:
The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between subclass
Equisetidae and the other fern subclasses according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group.
3577:
3297:
3084:
1671:
3323:
3110:
3446:
3271:
1511:
3472:
3310:
3097:
1367:
1342:
1309:
1251:
1064:
1664:
1024:) However, plants had already been on the land for almost a hundred million years, with the first evidence of land plants dating to
983:
The extant horsetails represent a tiny fraction of horsetail diversity in the past. There were three orders of the
Equisetidae. The
296:. They typically grow in wet areas, with whorls of needle-like branches radiating at regular intervals from a single vertical stem.
3392:
3179:
1714:
1182:
Rutishauser, R. (1999). "Polymerous leaf whorls in vascular plants: Developmental morphology and fuzziness of organ identities".
1384:
1127:
1709:
1021:
741:
A 2018 study by
Elgorriaga et al. suggests the relationships within the Equisetidae are as shown in the following cladogram.
3477:
3315:
3102:
3582:
1793:
1783:
1766:
1657:
393:
are formed in the cortex. Due to the softer nature of the phloem, these are very rarely seen in fossil instances. In the
3063:
515:
121:
3526:
3433:
3235:
3048:
1087:
Pteridophyte
Phylogeny Group I (November 2016), "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns",
1011:, but diversified as that group disappeared into extinction, gradually dwindling in diversity to today's single genus
441:
437:
433:
390:
382:
476:: i.e. they change their configuration in the presence of water, helping the spores move and aiding their dispersal.
143:
3115:
3572:
3328:
597:
28:
405:
grew outwards, producing a woody stem, and allowing the plants to grow as high as 10m. All extant species of
1544:"Origin of Equisetum: Evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida"
1798:
549:
3016:
583:
2702:
3539:
3485:
3346:
1761:
2690:
2696:
3397:
3338:
3184:
3125:
2994:
2740:
1599:
1399:
868:
700:
378:
2506:
540:
The horsetails and their fossil relatives have long been recognized as distinct from other seedless
3567:
2708:
2159:
2142:
2052:
1900:
1649:
1334:
785:
465:
224:
130:
2838:
3226:
2435:
2186:
2169:
2011:
1895:
1890:
1778:
1756:
1744:
1719:
1644:
1623:
1423:
1215:
1199:
1150:
1106:
351:) with a singular vascular trace, fused into a sheath at each stem node. However, the leaves of
258:
138:
2518:
3544:
3490:
3351:
3089:
1584:
1385:"Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants"
1383:
Pryer, K.M.; Schneider, H.; Smith, A.R.; Cran, R.; Wolf, P.G.; Hunt, J.S.; Sipes, S.D. (2001).
3133:
2901:
2802:
2790:
2634:
2613:
2327:
2147:
2078:
2068:
1998:
1788:
1751:
1739:
1729:
1615:
1565:
1484:
1415:
1363:
1338:
1305:
1247:
1207:
1126:
Smith, A.R.; Pryer, K.M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Korall, P.; Schneider, H. & Wolf, P.G. (2006).
1060:
557:
300:
3374:
3138:
3161:
2814:
2808:
2772:
2455:
2317:
2202:
2103:
1703:
1607:
1555:
1520:
1474:
1466:
1457:
1407:
1326:
1191:
1142:
1096:
938:
402:
3302:
2906:
2889:
2796:
2322:
2305:
2088:
2047:
1915:
1905:
1885:
1506:
1008:
992:
984:
759:
608:
587:
553:
479:
381:. Very rapid internode elongation results in the formation of a pith cavity and a ring of
369:
277:
249:
243:
1327:
1603:
1403:
2826:
2766:
2640:
2607:
2565:
2478:
2406:
2401:
2349:
1819:
1734:
1681:
1479:
1452:
663:
630:
575:
541:
504:
285:
168:
3561:
2916:
2760:
2723:
2680:
2593:
2569:
2386:
2108:
2083:
1965:
1910:
1525:
1502:
1431:
1158:
996:
604:
592:
564:
361:
79:
47:
1110:
2977:
2832:
2820:
2560:
2391:
2381:
2181:
2133:
2006:
1627:
1542:
Elgorriaga, A.; Escapa, I.H.; Rothwell, G.W.; Tomescu, A.M.F.; CΓΊneo, N.R. (2018).
1427:
1219:
962:
883:
836:
579:
394:
235:
230:
3531:
3438:
3240:
3053:
495:
3517:
1509:(2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III",
3459:
3284:
3220:
3071:
2784:
2778:
2573:
2554:
2512:
2462:
2269:
2212:
2153:
2098:
2031:
1981:
1951:
1933:
1925:
1004:
954:
771:
685:
473:
457:
453:
218:
54:
3424:
3039:
1639:
3384:
3171:
2984:
2911:
2879:
2865:
2848:
2396:
2073:
1862:
1853:
1203:
1000:
508:
348:
327:
have also been used. They are now recognized as rather close relatives of the
99:
64:
3211:
611:(2009) treated the horsetails as subclass Equisetidae of class Equisetopsida
17:
3258:
3151:
2649:
2545:
2411:
2295:
2093:
1873:
1842:
1013:
967:
958:
519:
500:
428:
407:
356:
104:
3364:
1619:
1569:
1488:
1419:
1211:
1304:(5th ed.). New York: Harper-Collins. pp. 371β387, 478, 506β514.
1269:
The origin of the land flora, a theory based upon the facts of alternation
3511:
3418:
3359:
3205:
3146:
3033:
2921:
2354:
2337:
1773:
1470:
988:
942:
419:
289:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
3250:
1611:
1154:
2874:
2577:
2376:
1833:
415:
411:
are herbaceous, and have lost the ability to produce secondary growth.
374:
109:
84:
3464:
3076:
1560:
1543:
1362:. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 241β242.
1360:
The Origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study
1101:
567:, back to 2001, demonstrated that horsetails belong firmly within the
3289:
1411:
1146:
1026:
596:. (This distinction is necessary because of the alternative usage of
469:
398:
3010:
603:
as a synonym for all land plants (Embryophyta) with rank of class.)
436:) at the tips of some stems. These cones comprise spirally arranged
3276:
1195:
3451:
3263:
2999:
2860:
2273:
1971:
1685:
1286:. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 110β115.
571:
514:
494:
478:
446:
386:
203:
155:
2645:
2364:
568:
545:
340:
328:
281:
188:
178:
3014:
2267:
1653:
586:
era, and considered the ferns (monilophytes), to comprise four
1333:(3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp.
464:
appear in the fossil record. The sporangia open by lateral
418:, from which roots and aerial axes emerge. The plants have
1973:
1059:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 303β305.
578:. Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level
1451:
Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014).
1246:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
414:
The underground parts of the plants consist of jointed
1687:
1583:
Wellman, C.H.; Osterloff, P.L.; Mohiuddin, U. (2003).
1300:
Bold, H.C.; Alexopoulos, C.J.; Delevoryas, T. (1987).
933:
According to the study, the age of the crown group of
468:
to release the spores. The spores bear characteristic
365:, in which the leaves are broad with branching veins.
953:
299:
1121:
1119:
449:- big pointed microphylls protruding from the cone.
3501:
3408:
3195:
3023:
2888:
2847:
2736:
2721:
2676:
2663:
2626:
2591:
2544:
2531:
2495:
2476:
2444:
2432:
2363:
2336:
2304:
2293:
2211:
2195:
2168:
2131:
2061:
2040:
2028:
1997:
1964:
1942:
1924:
1872:
1852:
1832:
1817:
1537:
1535:
511:(spore capsules) full of spores, can be discerned.
472:, distinctive spring-like attachments which are
548:(Polypodiopsida). Before the advent of modern
2275:
1271:. New York: Hafner publishing Co. p. 381.
1665:
1446:
1444:
590:, with the horsetails as class Equisetopsida
359:, as evidenced by early fossil forms such as
8:
1453:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
1284:Morphology of vascular plants (Lower Groups)
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
999:understory, and prospered until the mid and
1329:Morphology and evolution of vascular plants
1295:
1293:
1242:Stewart, W.N. & Rothwell, G.W. (1993).
3011:
2990:
2733:
2673:
2669:
2623:
2599:
2541:
2537:
2492:
2488:
2473:
2441:
2429:
2301:
2290:
2286:
2264:
2208:
2192:
2174:
2165:
2128:
2037:
2025:
1994:
1990:
1829:
1825:
1814:
1672:
1658:
1650:
1057:The biology and evolution of fossil plants
120:
37:
1559:
1524:
1478:
1100:
1055:Taylor, T.N. & Taylor., E.L. (1993).
1512:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1585:"Fragments of the earliest land plants"
1244:Paleobotany and the evolution of plants
1184:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1040:
288:with a fossil record going back to the
3578:Extant Late Devonian first appearances
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
397:, secondary xylem (but not secondary
319:. When treated as a class, the names
7:
3339:47c22b52-d9bb-4277-ae11-7818b1b4ff4b
3126:224f5298-14bc-4a5b-ba60-37fe9effda5d
3064:87c43432-6713-40e9-a4e3-0dd5677f312e
1325:Gifford, E.M.; Foster, A.S. (1988).
1089:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
385:formed by disruption of the primary
1128:"A classification for extant ferns"
860:
807:
800:
777:
751:
744:
678:
656:
636:
626:
426:Horsetails bear cones (technically
355:probably arose by the reduction of
957:. This order consists of a single
377:, which evolved independently and
25:
1358:Kenrick, P.; Crane, P.R. (1997).
2989:
1638:
1526:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
582:classification published in the
526:, terminal on an unbranched stem
142:
3000:Current definitions of Plantae
1302:Morphology of Plants and Fungi
1022:Evolutionary history of plants
995:were a dominant member of the
941:, and most probably up to the
1:
292:. They are commonly known as
343:. In the only extant genus
987:first appeared in the late
303:of spore plants and called
3599:
1548:American Journal of Botany
452:The extant horsetails are
347:, these are small leaves (
26:
2972:
2672:
2622:
2602:
2540:
2491:
2472:
2428:
2289:
2285:
2263:
2177:
2127:
2024:
1993:
1828:
1813:
1697:
881:
865:
858:
833:
812:
805:
798:
782:
775:
756:
749:
698:
683:
676:
661:
654:
643:Equisetidae (horsetails)
641:
634:
264:
257:
215:
210:
139:Scientific classification
137:
128:
119:
40:
499:Cross-section through a
29:Equisetopsida sensu lato
1029: million years ago
1007:existed alongside the
975:has about 20 species.
937:dates at least to the
584:molecular phylogenetic
527:
512:
492:
462:Calamostachys casheana
401:) was secreted as the
389:. Similar spaces, the
3540:Paleobiology Database
3486:Paleobiology Database
3347:Paleobiology Database
1267:Bower, F.O. (1959) .
565:phylogenetic analysis
518:
498:
491:L = fused microphylls
482:
420:intercalary meristems
3583:Late Devonian plants
3061:Euro+Med PlantBase:
2995:List of plant orders
2875:Pinopsida (conifers)
2861:Cycadopsida (cycads)
2853:(living gymnosperms)
2350:Leiosporocerotopsida
2069:Nephroselmidophyceae
1282:Eames, A.J. (1936).
489:B = branch in whorl,
284:(ferns), a group of
2703:Archaeopteridopsida
2436:Polysporangiophytes
2160:Klebsormidiophyceae
2143:Mesostigmatophyceae
2089:Chlorodendrophyceae
2053:Pyramimonadophyceae
2007:Prasinodermophyceae
1901:Compsopogonophyceae
1612:10.1038/nature01884
1604:2003Natur.425..282W
1404:2001Natur.409..618S
786:Archaeocalamitaceae
276:is one of the four
225:Archaeocalamitaceae
131:Equisetum telmateia
2894:(flowering plants)
2815:Lyginopteridopsida
2608:Eophyllophytopsida
2561:Zosterophyllopsida
2499:Paratracheophytes*
2277:sensu strictissimo
2187:Coleochaetophyceae
2170:Phragmoplastophyta
2012:Palmophyllophyceae
1934:Glaucocystophyceae
1896:Stylonematophyceae
1891:Porphyridiophyceae
1680:Classification of
1471:10.1093/aob/mct299
528:
513:
493:
3555:
3554:
3134:Open Tree of Life
3017:Taxon identifiers
3008:
3007:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2902:Basal angiosperms
2803:Gigantopteridales
2752:seed plant groups
2750:and other extinct
2717:
2716:
2691:Noeggerathiopsida
2659:
2658:
2614:Trimerophytopsida
2587:
2586:
2527:
2526:
2483:(vascular plants)
2448:Protracheophytes*
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2387:Andreaeobryopsida
2328:Jungermanniopsida
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2148:Chlorokybophyceae
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2079:Chloropicophyceae
2020:
2019:
1999:Prasinodermophyta
1960:
1959:
1598:(6955): 282β285.
1561:10.1002/ajb2.1125
1398:(6820): 618β621.
1369:978-1-56098-730-7
1344:978-0-7167-1946-5
1311:978-0-06-040839-8
1253:978-0-521-38294-6
1102:10.1111/jse.12229
1066:978-0-13-651589-0
965:, with one genus
930:
929:
921:
920:
912:
911:
903:
902:
894:
893:
847:
846:
738:
737:
729:
728:
720:
719:
711:
710:
550:molecular studies
391:vallecular canals
271:
270:
206:
33:Subclass of ferns
16:(Redirected from
3590:
3573:Plant subclasses
3548:
3547:
3535:
3534:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3401:
3400:
3388:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3012:
2993:
2992:
2907:Core angiosperms
2895:
2854:
2849:Acrogymnospermae
2827:Peltaspermopsida
2809:Glossopteridales
2791:Corystospermales
2773:Callistophytales
2753:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2697:Aneurophytopsida
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2624:
2600:
2596:
2555:Barinophytopsida
2542:
2538:
2534:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2456:Horneophytopsida
2447:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2370:
2355:Anthocerotopsida
2343:
2338:Anthocerotophyta
2318:Haplomitriopsida
2311:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2265:
2218:
2209:
2203:Zygnematophyceae
2193:
2175:
2166:
2136:
2129:
2104:Trebouxiophyceae
2074:Picocystophyceae
2038:
2034:
2026:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1879:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1726:
1706:
1691:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1643:Data related to
1642:
1632:
1631:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1554:(8): 1286β1303.
1539:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1507:Reveal, James L.
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1458:Annals of Botany
1448:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1430:. Archived from
1412:10.1038/35054555
1389:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1239:
1224:
1223:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:. Archived from
1147:10.2307/25065646
1132:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1030:
939:Early Cretaceous
861:
808:
801:
778:
752:
745:
679:
657:
637:
627:
507:, with attached
483:Vegetative stem:
460:species such as
370:vascular bundles
202:
147:
146:
124:
114:
51:
44:Temporal range:
38:
21:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2928:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2797:Czekanowskiales
2751:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2677:
2664:
2655:
2627:Moniliformopses
2618:
2592:
2583:
2533:Eutracheophytes
2532:
2523:
2496:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2445:
2433:
2416:
2407:Polytrichopsida
2402:Tetraphidopsida
2368:
2367:
2359:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2323:Marchantiopsida
2309:
2308:
2306:Marchantiophyta
2294:
2281:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2191:
2164:
2132:
2115:
2057:
2048:Mamiellophyceae
2029:
2016:
1985:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1938:
1920:
1916:Florideophyceae
1906:Rhodellophyceae
1886:Cyanidiophyceae
1877:
1876:
1868:
1848:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1724:
1702:
1693:
1678:
1647:at Wikispecies
1636:
1635:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1227:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1009:Sphenophyllales
993:Sphenophyllales
985:Pseudoborniales
981:
951:
931:
922:
913:
904:
895:
869:Neocalamitaceae
848:
760:Sphenophyllales
739:
730:
721:
712:
621:
576:vascular plants
542:vascular plants
538:
533:
505:sporangiophores
490:
488:
486:
484:
438:sporangiophores
337:
286:vascular plants
250:Sphenophyllales
244:Pseudoborniales
201:
141:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
42:
34:
31:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3536:
3523:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3482:
3469:
3456:
3443:
3430:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3245:
3232:
3217:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3143:
3130:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3058:
3045:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2833:Pentoxylopsida
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2767:Calamopityales
2763:
2756:
2754:
2731:
2724:Spermatophytes
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2681:Progymnosperms
2667:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2646:Polypodiopsida
2643:
2641:Cladoxylopsida
2637:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2594:Euphyllophytes
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2566:Lycopodiopsida
2563:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2507:Cooksoniopsida
2502:
2500:
2486:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2397:Oedipodiopsida
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2299:
2283:
2282:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2041:Prasinophytina
2035:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1988:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1944:incertae sedis
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1823:
1820:Archaeplastida
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:Mesomycetozoea
1796:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1735:Diaphoretickes
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1682:Archaeplastida
1679:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1634:
1633:
1575:
1531:
1519:(2): 122β127,
1503:Chase, Mark W.
1494:
1465:(4): 571β594.
1440:
1437:on 2009-09-02.
1375:
1368:
1350:
1343:
1317:
1310:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1252:
1225:
1204:10.1086/314221
1196:10.1086/314221
1174:
1141:(3): 705β731.
1115:
1095:(6): 563β603,
1072:
1065:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
980:
977:
950:
947:
928:
927:
924:
923:
919:
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
906:
905:
901:
900:
897:
896:
892:
891:
888:
887:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
864:
859:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
841:
840:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
816:Paracalamitina
811:
806:
804:
799:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
781:
776:
774:
768:
767:
764:
763:
755:
750:
748:
743:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
709:
708:
705:
704:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
682:
677:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:Ophioglossidae
660:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
635:
633:
631:Polypodiopsida
625:
620:
617:
598:Equisetopsida
544:, such as the
537:
536:Classification
534:
532:
529:
487:I = internode,
456:, but extinct
383:carinal canals
336:
333:
282:Polypodiopsida
269:
268:
262:
261:
255:
254:
253:
252:
246:
240:
239:
238:
233:
227:
213:
212:
208:
207:
196:
192:
191:
189:Polypodiopsida
186:
182:
181:
179:Polypodiophyta
176:
172:
171:
166:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
43:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3595:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3410:Equisetophyta
3407:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3227:Equisetopsida
3222:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3197:Equisetopsida
3194:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:Bennettitales
2758:
2757:
2755:
2742:
2741:Pteridosperms
2735:
2732:
2728:(seed plants)
2725:
2720:
2710:
2709:Protopityales
2706:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2480:
2479:Tracheophytes
2475:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Andreaeopsida
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2217:(land plants)
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2110:
2109:Chlorophyceae
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Pedinophyceae
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:Chlorophytina
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:Viridiplantae
1963:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Bangiophyceae
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Stramenopiles
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1725:(major groups
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:Equisetopsida
1641:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:(6): 81β103.
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1164:on 2008-02-26
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:early Permian
998:
997:Carboniferous
994:
990:
986:
979:Fossil record
978:
976:
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
926:
925:
917:
916:
908:
907:
899:
898:
890:
889:
886:
885:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
863:
862:
856:
855:
852:
851:
843:
842:
839:
838:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
821:
817:
814:A.G. clade (β
810:
809:
803:
802:
796:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
780:
779:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
754:
753:
747:
746:
742:
734:
733:
725:
724:
716:
715:
707:
706:
703:
702:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
681:
680:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
659:
658:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
639:
638:
632:
629:
628:
624:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
595:
594:
593:sensu stricto
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
510:
506:
502:
497:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:heterosporous
455:
450:
448:
443:
440:, which bear
439:
435:
431:
430:
424:
421:
417:
412:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
366:
364:
363:
362:Sphenophyllum
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:Equisetopsida
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:Equisetophyta
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
263:
260:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
234:
232:
228:
226:
222:
221:
220:
217:
216:
214:
209:
205:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:Tracheophytes
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
49:
48:Late Devonian
39:
36:
30:
19:
18:Equisetophyta
3502:
3409:
3196:
3024:
2978:paraphyletic
2890:Angiospermae
2867:
2866:Ginkgoales (
2839:Petriellales
2821:Medullosales
2748:(seed ferns)
2461:
2382:Sphagnopsida
2377:Takakiopsida
2310:(liverworts)
2276:
2270:Embryophytes
2224:(see belowβ)
2182:Charophyceae
2152:
2134:Streptophyta
1986:land plants)
1974:
1943:
1861:
1854:Rhodelphidia
1841:
1784:Opisthokonta
1688:
1637:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1551:
1547:
1516:
1510:
1497:
1462:
1456:
1432:the original
1395:
1391:
1378:
1359:
1353:
1328:
1320:
1301:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1243:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1159:the original
1138:
1134:
1092:
1088:
1056:
1019:
1012:
982:
972:
966:
963:Equisetaceae
952:
934:
932:
884:Equisetaceae
882:
866:
837:Calamitaceae
834:
820:Cruciaetheca
819:
815:
813:
783:
757:
740:
701:Polypodiidae
699:
684:
662:
642:
622:
612:
599:
591:
580:pteridophyte
562:
539:
523:
461:
451:
427:
425:
413:
406:
395:Calamitaceae
379:convergently
367:
360:
352:
344:
338:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
298:
293:
273:
272:
265:
236:Equisetaceae
231:Calamitaceae
198:
162:
129:
35:
3503:Sphenophyta
3460:iNaturalist
3285:iNaturalist
3221:Wikispecies
3072:iNaturalist
3025:Equisetidae
2785:Cordaitales
2779:Caytoniales
2665:Lignophytes
2648:(ferns and
2574:spikemosses
2513:Rhyniopsida
2463:Aglaophyton
2342:(hornworts)
2213:Embryophyta
2196:Anydrophyta
2154:Spirotaenia
2099:Ulvophyceae
2032:Chlorophyta
1982:green algae
1952:Algospongia
1926:Glaucophyta
1878:(red algae)
1005:Equisetales
955:Equisetales
949:Subdivision
772:Equisetales
686:Marattiidae
474:hygroscopic
454:homosporous
349:microphylls
335:Description
325:Sphenopsida
317:Sphenophyta
313:Calamophyta
309:Arthrophyta
274:Equisetidae
219:Equisetales
199:Equisetidae
41:Equisetidae
3568:Horsetails
3562:Categories
2912:Magnoliids
2880:Gnetopsida
2650:horsetails
2578:quillworts
2570:clubmosses
2546:Lycophytes
2519:Renaliales
2296:Bryophytes
1874:Rhodophyta
1863:Rhodelphis
1168:2019-10-28
1035:References
613:sensu lato
600:sensu lato
524:E. braunii
466:dehiscence
357:megaphylls
294:horsetails
278:subclasses
266:See text.
195:Subclass:
175:Division:
27:See also:
3518:Q23044259
3152:100352359
2412:Bryopsida
2365:Bryophyta
2094:UTC clade
1843:Picomonas
1779:Amoebozoa
1757:Alveolata
1745:Cryptista
1720:Eukaryota
1014:Equisetum
973:Equisetum
968:Equisetum
959:monotypic
935:Equisetum
619:Phylogeny
520:Strobilus
509:sporangia
501:strobilus
485:N = node,
442:sporangia
434:strobilus
408:Equisetum
353:Equisetum
345:Equisetum
323:s.s. and
152:Kingdom:
50:to Recent
3512:Wikidata
3425:Q3055913
3419:Wikidata
3382:VASCAN:
3365:43000109
3360:Tropicos
3248:BioLib:
3206:Wikidata
3169:VASCAN:
3147:Tropicos
3090:11907104
3040:Q5384600
3034:Wikidata
2922:Eudicots
2917:Monocots
2635:Ibykales
2369:(mosses)
2274:Plantae
1972:Plantae
1774:Amorphea
1752:Rhizaria
1740:Hacrobia
1730:Excavata
1715:Bacteria
1686:Plantae
1620:13679913
1570:30025163
1489:24532607
1420:11214320
1212:10572024
1155:25065646
1111:39980610
989:Devonian
961:family,
943:Jurassic
558:division
531:Taxonomy
432:, sing.
429:strobili
416:rhizomes
301:division
290:Devonian
259:Synonyms
3375:9480679
3212:Q134677
3139:7577693
3116:1521258
2985:extinct
1834:Picozoa
1789:Animals
1710:Archaea
1628:4383813
1600:Bibcode
1480:3936591
1428:4367248
1400:Bibcode
1220:4658142
588:classes
563:Modern
470:elaters
403:cambium
375:eustele
248:β
242:β
229:β
223:β
211:Orders
185:Class:
156:Plantae
3532:223966
3478:500001
3465:325920
3439:223963
3398:425736
3372:uBio:
3336:NZOR:
3316:500004
3241:223519
3185:450493
3162:230563
3159:uBio:
3123:NZOR:
3103:846529
3077:764793
3054:224784
2980:groups
2868:Ginkgo
2576:&
2434:
2030:
1767:Plants
1704:Domain
1626:
1618:
1592:Nature
1568:
1505:&
1487:
1477:
1426:
1418:
1392:Nature
1366:
1341:
1337:β207.
1308:
1250:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1153:
1109:
1063:
1003:. The
991:. The
609:Reveal
447:bracts
399:phloem
341:leaves
3545:56096
3491:56313
3393:WoRMS
3352:54758
3298:IRMNG
3290:47749
3264:1EQUC
3180:WoRMS
3085:IRMNG
1984:&
1794:Fungi
1624:S2CID
1588:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1424:S2CID
1388:(PDF)
1216:S2CID
1200:JSTOR
1162:(PDF)
1151:JSTOR
1135:Taxon
1131:(PDF)
1107:S2CID
605:Chase
572:clade
554:order
546:ferns
387:xylem
329:ferns
204:Warm.
163:Clade
3527:APNI
3473:ITIS
3447:GBIF
3434:APNI
3329:3254
3324:NCBI
3311:ITIS
3303:1295
3272:GBIF
3259:EPPO
3251:3063
3236:APNI
3111:NCBI
3098:ITIS
3049:APNI
2983:β =
1975:s.s.
1689:s.l.
1616:PMID
1566:PMID
1485:PMID
1416:PMID
1364:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1208:PMID
1061:ISBN
607:and
569:fern
368:The
55:Preκ
3277:246
2272:or
1970:or
1684:or
1608:doi
1596:425
1556:doi
1552:105
1521:doi
1517:161
1475:PMC
1467:doi
1463:113
1408:doi
1396:409
1335:175
1192:doi
1188:160
1143:doi
1097:doi
1027:475
818:, β
574:of
556:to
522:of
315:or
280:of
3564::
3542::
3529::
3514::
3488::
3475::
3462::
3452:61
3449::
3436::
3421::
3395::
3385:73
3362::
3349::
3326::
3313::
3300::
3287::
3274::
3261::
3238::
3223::
3208::
3182::
3172:26
3149::
3136::
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3100::
3087::
3074::
3051::
3036::
2572:,
1622:.
1614:.
1606:.
1594:.
1590:.
1564:.
1550:.
1546:.
1534:^
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1483:.
1473:.
1461:.
1455:.
1443:^
1422:.
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1406:.
1394:.
1390:.
1292:^
1228:^
1214:.
1206:.
1198:.
1186:.
1149:.
1139:55
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1133:.
1118:^
1105:,
1093:54
1091:,
1075:^
1043:^
1031:.
1017:.
971:.
945:.
822:)
503:;
311:,
307:,
165::
105:Pg
2976:*
2870:)
2837:β
2831:β
2825:β
2819:β
2813:β
2807:β
2801:β
2795:β
2789:β
2783:β
2777:β
2771:β
2765:β
2759:β
2744:*
2738:β
2707:β
2701:β
2695:β
2689:β
2683:*
2678:β
2652:)
2639:β
2633:β
2612:β
2606:β
2580:)
2568:(
2559:β
2553:β
2517:β
2511:β
2505:β
2497:β
2460:β
2454:β
2446:β
1980:(
1801:)
1673:e
1666:t
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1630:.
1610::
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1558::
1523::
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1469::
1410::
1402::
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1347:.
1314:.
1256:.
1222:.
1194::
1171:.
1145::
1099::
1069:.
867:β
835:β
784:β
758:β
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:κ
20:)
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