758:, and horses closely related to the DOM2 population, the ancestors of modern domestic horses. (DOM2 horses originated from the Western Eurasia steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don, but not in Anatolia, during the late fourth and early third millennia BCE. Their genes may show selection for easier domestication and stronger backs). This is not consistent with tarpans as the wild ancestor of, or a feral version of, DOM2. Nor is the tarpan a hybrid with Przewalski's horses.
680:, a gene coding a black coat colour appeared on the Iberian peninsula. This colour spread east but was less common than bay in the investigated sample and never reached Siberia. Bay in combination with dun results in the "bay dun" colour seen in Przewalski's horses; black with dun creates the grullo coat. A loss of the dun dilution may have been advantageous in more forested western European landscapes, as dark colours were a better camouflage in forests.
174:
813:
703:
148:
907:
124:
1008:
592:
979:
often were turned loose when they were no longer needed. Also, remaining wild stallions could steal domestic mares. There are some accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries of wild herds with typical wild horse features such as large heads, pinned ears, short frizzy mane and tail, but mentioned
974:
Some 19th century authors wrote that local "wild" horses had hoof problems that led to crippled legs; therefore, they assumed these were feral horses. Other contemporary authors claimed all "wild" horses between the Volga River and the Ural were actually feral. However, others thought that this
961:
of domestic horses contrasts sharply with the very low diversity of the Y chromosome; that suggests that many mares but only a few stallions were used, and local use of wild mares or even secondary sites of domestication are likely. Therefore, the
European wild horse may well have contributed to the
894:
also described tarpans. According to Smith, the herds of free-ranging horses numbered from a few to hundred individuals. They often were mixed with domestic horses, and alongside pure herds there were herds of feral horses or hybrids. The colour of alleged pure tarpans was described as consistently
970:
Some researchers consider the tarpans to be mixed wild and feral population or completely feral horses. Few consider the more recent animals historically called "tarpans" to be genuine wild horses without domestic influence. Historic references to "wild horses" may actually refer to feral domestic
874:
witnessed possible tarpans in the same year in southern Russia. He thought they were feral animals that escaped during the confusions of wars. These herds were important game of the Tatars and numbered between 5 and 20 animals. The horses he described had a small body, large and thick heads, short
922:
was an important source of protein for many cultures. As large herbivores, the range of the tarpan was continuously decreased by the increasing human population of the
Eurasian landmass. Wild horses were further targeted because they caused damage to hay stores and often took domestic mares from
930:
Tarpans lived in the southern parts of the steppe. In 1879 the last scientifically confirmed individual was killed. After that, only dubious sightings were documented. As the tarpan horse died out in the wild between 1875 and 1890, the last free-ranging mare considered a tarpan was accidentally
1110:
While all three breeds have a primitive look that resembles the tarpan in some respects, they are not genetically tarpans and the wild, predomestic
European horse remains extinct. However, this does not prevent some modern breeders from marketing horses with these features as a "tarpan".
863:
in 1768. Those horses were described as very fast and shy, fleeing at any noise, and as small, with small, pinned ears and a short frizzly mane. The tail was shorter than in domestic horses. They were typically mouse-coloured with a light belly and legs becoming black, although
987:
in 1866. It died in 1887 in the Moscow Zoo. The nature of this horse was dubious in its lifetime, because it showed almost none of the wild horse features described in the historic sources. In 2021, a study found that the so-called 'Shatilov' tarpan, a museum specimen from the
996:
that died in 1868, was a hybrid between two horse lineages, with two thirds of its genetics representing the same ancestral lineage as modern horses, and the remaining third related to a distinct lineage of
European horses found at an archaeological site associated with the
1369:
International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003). Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). "Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved."
804:
and leg stripes, or wholly black legs. The flanks and shoulders were spotted, some of them tended to an ashy colour. They dwelled in rocky habitats and showed intelligent and fierce behaviour. Yet, those horses were never colloquially called "tarpans".
687:
Historic references report that most tarpans were black dun (grullo, "blue dun") colour. Some black individuals were reported to have domestic colours like white or grey legs. Authors, such as Peter Pallas, believed tarpans to be escaped farm horses.
852:. According to him, those wild horses were of small body size, had a blackish brown colour, a large and thick head, short dark manes and tail hair, and a "beard". They were absolutely untameable and defended themselves harshly against predators.
1480:
Ludwig, Arne; Pruvost, Melanie; Reissmann, Monika; Benecke, Norbert; Brockmann, Gudrun A.; Castaños, Pedro; Cieslak, Michael; Lippold, Sebastian; Llorente, Laura; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Slatkin, Montgomery; Hofreiter, Michael (24 April 2009).
839:
Wild horses still were common in the east of
Prussia during the 15th and early 16th centuries. During the 16th century, wild horses disappeared from most of the mainland of western Europe and became less common in eastern Europe as well.
1636:
Pruvost, Melanie; Bellone, Rebecca; Benecke, Norbert; Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson; Cieslak, Michael; Kuznetsova, Tatyana; Morales-Muñiz, Arturo; O'Connor, Terry; Reissmann, Monika; Hofreiter, Michael; Ludwig, Arne (15 November 2011).
1396:
Pruvost, Melanie; Bellone, Rebecca; Benecke, Norbert; Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson; Cieslak, Michael; Kuznetsova, Tatyana; Morales-Muñiz, Arturo; O'Connor, Terry; Reissmann, Monika; Hofreiter, Michael; Ludwig, Arne (4 November 2011).
808:
Black wild horses were found in Dutch swamps, with a large skull, small eyes, and a bristly muzzle. Their mane was full, with broad hooves, and curly hair. However, it is possible that these were feral and not wild horses.
599:
Traditionally, two tarpan subtypes have been proposed, the forest tarpan and steppe tarpan, although there seem to be only minor differences in type. The general view is that there was only one subspecies, the tarpan,
402:
from the 18th to the 20th century. It is generally unknown whether those horses represented genuine wild horses, feral domestic horses or hybrids. The last individual believed to be a tarpan died in captivity in the
938:
is claimed to descend from these hybrid horses, as recent research has highlighted a significant degree of anatomic difference between free-roaming Konik in the
Netherlands and other modern domesticated horses.
1241:
1133:. However, genetic studies do not set any of these breeds apart from other domestic horses. On the other hand, there has not yet been a study comparing domestic breeds directly with the European wild horse.
875:
frizzly manes and short tail hair, as well as pinned ears. The colour was described as faint brownish, sometimes brown or black. He also reported of obvious domestic hybrids with light-coloured legs or
895:
brown, cream-coloured or mouse-coloured. The short frizzy mane was reported to be black, as were the tail and legs. The ears were of varying size, but set high on the skull. The eyes were small.
1796:
Outram, Alan K.; Stear, Natalie A.; Bendrey, Robin; Olsen, Sandra; Kasparov, Alexei; Zaibert, Victor; Thorpe, Nick; Evershed, Richard P. (2009). "The
Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking".
774:
However, historic references do not describe any major difference between the populations, and therefore most authors assume there was only one subspecies of western
Eurasian wild horse,
556:
It is debated if the small, free-roaming horses seen in the
Russian steppes during 18th and 19th centuries and called "tarpan" were indeed wild, never-domesticated horses, hybrids of the
1855:
Lindgren, Gabriella; Backström, Niclas; Swinburne, June; Hellborg, Linda; Einarsson, Annika; Sandberg, Kaj; Cothran, Gus; Vilà, Carles; Binns, Matthew; Ellegren, Hans (14 March 2004).
666:
that also creates the grullo or "blue dun" coat seen in the Konik, has not yet been studied in European wild horses. It is likely that at least some wild horses had a dun coat.
1745:
May-Davis, Sharon; Brown, Wendy; Shorter, Kathleen; Vermeulen, Zefanja; Butler, Raquel; Koekkoek, Marianne; May-Davis, Sharon; Brown, Wendy Y.; Shorter, Kathleen (2018-02-01).
568:
746:; historic material suggests wild horses lived in most parts of Holocene continental Europe and the Eurasian steppe, except for parts of Scandinavia, Iceland and Ireland.
3199:
684:
or "mealy" coloration, a characteristic of other wild equines, might have been present in at least some European wild horses, as historic accounts report a light belly.
564:. Most studies have been based on only two preserved specimens and research to date has not positively linked the tarpan to Pleistocene or Holocene-era animals.
441:
coat colour. Some of these horses are now commercially promoted as "tarpans", although such animals are only domestic breeds and not the wild animal themselves.
538:
855:
Kajetan Kozmian visited the population at Zamość as well and reported that they were small and strong, had robust limbs and a consistently dark mouse colour.
498:
914:
The human-caused extinction of wild horses in Europe began in Southern Europe, possibly in antiquity. While humans had been hunting wild horses since the
1043:
selected Polish farm horses that were formerly known as Panje horses (now called Konik) and that he believed resembled the historic tarpan and started a
537:
in 1758, is descended from the tarpan; indeed, many taxonomists consider them to belong to the same species. By a strict application of the rules of the
571:"conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming
3109:
3135:
770:, who suggested that the continuous forestation of Europe after the last ice age created forest-adapted subtype of the wild horse, which he named
697:
1611:
Librado, P., Khan, N., Fages, A. et al. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes. Nature 598, 634–640 (2021).
3204:
3179:
2143:
Cieslak, Michael; Pruvost, Melanie; Benecke, Norbert; Hofreiter, Michael; Morales, Arturo; Reissmann, Monika; Ludwig, Arne (20 December 2010).
1903:
Jansen, Thomas; Forster, Peter; Levine, Marsha A.; Oelke, Hardy; Hurles, Matthew; Renfrew, Colin; Weber, Jürgen; Olek, Klaus (6 August 2002).
868:
and white horses were mentioned as well. The coat was long and dense. The horses at Zamosc were never called "tarpan" back in their lifetime.
1705:
1728:
1722:
Untersuchungen zur Phylogenie und Domestikation des Hauspferdes (Equus ferus f. caballus) Stammesentwicklung und geografische Verteilung.
800:
upland. They had a robust head and strong body, and a long frizzy mane. The colour was described as faint brown or yellowish brown with
1574:
Tadeusz Jezierski, Zbigniew Jaworski: Das Polnische Konik. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei Bd. 658, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2008
3219:
3194:
3184:
831:
stated that mouse-coloured wild horses with a dark eel stripe lived in the German territory, and in Denmark, large herds were hunted.
2054:
1268:
1184:
1147:
1039:, though recreating an extinct subspecies is not genetically possible with current technology. In 1936, Polish university professor
934:
The horses at Zamosc survived until 1806, when they were allegedly donated to local farmers of Poland and bred to their horses. The
1312:
669:
Historical reports are ambiguous on whether tarpans had standing manes like wild equines, or falling manes like domestic horses.
898:
According to Smith, tarpans made stronger sounds than domestic horses and the overall appearance of these horses was mule-like.
2273:
1962:
Librado, Pablo; Khan, Naveed; Fages, Antoine; Kusliy, Mariya A.; Suchan, Tomasz; Tonasso-Calvière, Laure; et al. (2021).
604:. The last individual, which died in captivity in 1909, was between 140 and 145 centimetres (55 and 57 in; 13.3 and 14.1
3140:
521:
in 1912, again referring to Gmelin's description. Since Antonius' name refers to the same description as Boddaert's it is a
975:
was too speculative and assumed that wild, undomesticated horses still lived into the 19th century. Domestic horses
780:
Nevertheless, a stocky type of horse living in forests and highlands was described during the 19th century in Spain, the
575:
for the undomesticated wild horse. Taxonomists who consider the domestic horse a subspecies of the wild horse should use
2671:
953:
The oldest archaeological evidence for domesticated horses is from Kazakhstan and Ukraine between 6,000 and 5,500
3209:
676:
and historic data. One genetic study suggests that bay was the predominant colour in European wild horses. During the
423:
931:
killed during an attempt at capture. The last captive tarpan died in 1909 in a Ukrainian zoo in the Russian empire.
3032:
1142:
948:
624:
428:
993:
3214:
1122:
with differently proportioned body measurements, thought in part to be linked to living in different habitats.
983:
The only known individual to be photographed was the so-called Cherson tarpan, which was caught as a foal near
522:
766:
The "forest horse" or "forest tarpan" was a hypothesis of various 20th-century natural scientists, including
735:
173:
2108:
Komosa, M.; Purzyc, H. (July 2009). "Konik and Hucul horses: A comparative study of exterior measurements".
1313:"Comparative craniometry of "Shatilov's tarpan" (Equus gmelini Antonius, 1912): a problem of species status"
28:
2246:
2083:
3189:
3049:
3022:
891:
856:
494:
285:
3087:
2937:
2202:
Jordana, J.; Pares, P.M.; Sanchez, A. (July 1995). "Analysis of genetic relationships in horse breeds".
2825:
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2785:
2542:
1152:
663:
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stock, which clusters genetically with other domestic horse breeds, including those as diverse as the
1047:
program. Although his breeding attempt is well known, it made only a minor contribution to the modern
410:
Beginning in the 1930s, several attempts were made to develop horses that looked like tarpans through
2995:
2929:
2897:
2817:
2809:
2156:
1977:
1916:
1805:
1650:
1494:
1410:
1223:
595:
Only known illustration of a tarpan made from life, depicting a five-month-old foal. By Borisov, 1841
2833:
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2627:
2591:
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Cis van Vuure: On the origin of the Polish konik and its relation to Dutch nature management. 2014
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pastures. Furthermore, interbreeding with wild horses was an economic loss for farmers since the
871:
801:
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Tarpan DNA shows its ancestry to be a mixture between horses native to Europe and found with the
617:
411:
371:
327:
313:
168:
2618:
1212:"Wilde Weiden: Praxisleitfaden für Ganzjahresbeweidung in Naturschutz und Landschaftsentwicklung
1747:"A Novel Non-Invasive Selection Criterion for the Preservation of Primitive Dutch Konik Horses"
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2003:
1944:
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1701:
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349:
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1993:
1985:
1968:
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1924:
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1813:
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1510:
1502:
1428:
1418:
1352:
1083:
1040:
841:
767:
731:
450:
360:
1639:"Genotypes of predomestic horses match phenotypes painted in Paleolithic works of cave art"
1399:"Genotypes of predomestic horses match phenotypes painted in Paleolithic works of cave art"
812:
3148:
2905:
2857:
2841:
2401:
2392:
2354:
2326:
1732:
1696:
Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001). "Equines: Natural History". In Dohner, Janet Vorwald (ed.).
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1052:
984:
828:
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remains available for the domestic horse where it is considered to be a separate species.
506:
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304:
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2160:
1981:
1920:
1809:
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1998:
1963:
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1433:
1398:
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989:
404:
225:
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1939:
1904:
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1098:. In the mid-1960s, Harry Hegard started a similar program in the United States using
702:
3173:
2759:
2726:
2475:
2457:
2283:
1210:
Bunzel-Drüke, Finck, Kämmer, Luick, Reisinger, Riecken, Riedl, Scharf & Zimball:
1102:
and local working ranch horses that has resulted in the Hegardt or Stroebel's horse.
793:
659:
651:
643:
534:
514:
415:
338:
245:
158:
74:
2241:
1587:
2971:
2865:
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1841:
1456:
1087:
1056:
609:
1015:
845:
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17:
3122:
3081:
1263:. SUNY Series in Endangered Species. Albany State University of New York Press.
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915:
906:
711:
639:
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474:
49:
1989:
1909:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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2022:
1115:
1095:
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919:
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681:
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419:
259:
152:
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59:
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1964:"The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes"
1612:
1542:
Baker, Sue, 2008: Exmoor Ponies: Survival of the Fittest – A natural history.
549:. However, biologists have generally ignored the letter of the rule and used
3096:
1817:
1663:
1506:
1423:
1067:
1036:
998:
820:
673:
437:
breed, all of which have a primitive appearance, particularly in having the
185:
123:
99:
2188:
2129:
2007:
1948:
1929:
1882:
1833:
1782:
1682:
1524:
1442:
1007:
3153:
2121:
672:
The appearance of European wild horses may be reconstructed with genetic,
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860:
789:
785:
781:
655:
635:
627:
502:
470:
205:
89:
84:
69:
64:
54:
1825:
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are known from the wild horse population in Europe and were depicted in
3114:
3017:
2736:
1763:
1125:
Other breeds sometimes alleged to be surviving wild horses include the
1099:
1019:
824:
727:
235:
104:
79:
3127:
2582:
2560:
2368:
2335:
2303:
2145:"Origin and History of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in Domestic Horses"
797:
743:
723:
715:
613:
466:
438:
215:
195:
3043:
2087:
1261:
Przewalski's Horse: The History and Biology of an Endangered Species
553:
for the tarpan to avoid confusion with the domesticated subspecies.
3101:
1873:
1856:
2721:
2523:
2502:
2443:
2236:
1079:
1048:
1006:
935:
905:
811:
726:. There are cave drawings of primitive predomestication horses at
719:
701:
591:
590:
526:
434:
395:
513:, referring to Gmelin's description. Unaware of Boddaert's name,
2731:
924:
3047:
2255:
1114:
In spite of sharing primitive external features, the Konik and
131:
The "Cherson tarpan", the only tarpan to be photographed, 1884
1483:"Coat Color Variation at the Beginning of Horse Domestication"
954:
738:, where a horse of this type was domesticated around 3000 BC.
734:, Spain, as well as artifacts believed to show the species in
823:
described light-coloured wild horses in an area now part of
497:
in 1771; he had seen the animals in 1769 in the district of
2231:
630:
have been identified within European wild horses from the
1905:"Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse"
418:" by advocates. The breeds that resulted included the
1857:"Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication"
1698:
Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds
1298:
The Natural History of Horses, with Memoir of Gesner
1177:
Das Polnische Konik. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei Bd. 658
1035:
to create a type of horse that resembles the tarpan
272:
3056:
2745:
2714:
2684:
2649:
2568:
2559:
2510:
2501:
2442:
2367:
2311:
2302:
569:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1700:. Topeka, KS: Yale University Press. p. 300.
710:Wild horses have been present in Europe since the
706:Replica of a horse painting from a cave in Lascaux
620:, including a dorsal stripe and shoulder stripes.
608:) tall at the shoulders, and had a thick, falling
1643:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1403:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1179:, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2008,
742:had a continuous range from western Europe to
449:The name "tarpan" or "tarpani" derives from a
2267:
827:in the 5th century BCE. In the 12th century,
539:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
8:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
654:of wild horses during the Pleistocene. The
3044:
2565:
2507:
2308:
2274:
2260:
2252:
2061:. Recently Extinct Animals. Archived from
1613:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9
1391:
1389:
943:Tarpans interbreeding with domestic horses
835:16th century free-ranging horses in Europe
525:. It is now thought that the domesticated
146:
122:
35:
2178:
2168:
2038:
1997:
1938:
1928:
1872:
1772:
1762:
1672:
1662:
1622:
1620:
1570:
1568:
1514:
1475:
1473:
1432:
1422:
980:animals with domestic influence as well.
3200:Species made extinct by human activities
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1564:
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2086:. Tarpanassociation.com. Archived from
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1259:Boyd, Lee; Houpt, Katherine A. (1994).
1163:
698:History of horse domestication theories
1582:
1580:
1320:Zoological Museum of Moscow University
1175:Tadeusz Jezierski, Zbigniew Jaworski:
560:and local domestic animals, or simply
473:distinguished the wild horse from the
1171:
1169:
1167:
1031:Three attempts have been made to use
844:saw wild horses in the Polish zoo in
7:
2204:Journal of Equine Veterinary Science
957:(years before present). The diverse
910:Illustration of a running individual
2237:The Spanish Tarpan in North America
2084:"North American Tarpan Association"
1094:,. By the 1960s they produced the
927:of such matings were intractable.
883:The tarpans of 18th century Europe
493:The tarpan was first described by
25:
2247:North American Tarpan Association
2023:"The breeding-back of the tarpan"
1372:Bulletin of Zoologic Nomenclature
1295:Smith, Charles Hamilton (1866) .
1148:List of extinct animals of Europe
545:, or if considered a subspecies,
1246:Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary
816:European wild horse coat colours
172:
1118:horses have markedly different
541:, the tarpan ought to be named
1078:began a program crossbreeding
1:
3205:Mammal extinctions since 1500
3180:IUCN Red List extinct species
3167:Extinct subspecies of equines
2216:10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81738-7
1086:stallions, and the mares of
888:The Natural History of Horses
2170:10.1371/journal.pone.0015311
966:Wild horses vs. feral horses
616:coat colour, dark legs, and
2672:Hartmann's mountain zebra (
2357:Equus africanus somaliensis
2294:Extinct species are marked
1594:. Oklahoma State University
424:Hegardt or Stroebel's horse
3236:
3033:Domestication of the horse
2432:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
2348:Equus africanus atlanticus
1990:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9
1228:Merriam-Webster Unabridged
1143:Domestication of the horse
949:Domestication of the horse
946:
695:
433:, and a derivation of the
45:Early Pleistocene–Holocene
26:
3220:Mammals described in 1785
3195:Extinct mammals of Europe
3185:Controversial mammal taxa
3013:
2369:Onager / Asiatic wild ass
2329:Equus africanus africanus
2292:
2110:Journal of Animal Science
2040:10.1017/S0030605300037662
1457:"Horse Dun Zygosity Test"
1359:(published May 24, 2016).
1351:Castelli, Andrea (2016).
714:and ranged from southern
319:
312:
291:
284:
169:Scientific classification
167:
144:
135:
130:
121:
38:
1027:Breeding back the tarpan
918:, during historic times
523:junior objective synonym
477:; the latter was called
2594:Equus quagga burchellii
2545:Equus ferus przewalskii
2395:Equus hemionus hemippus
2385:Equus hemionus hemionus
1818:10.1126/science.1168594
1664:10.1073/pnas.1108982108
1507:10.1126/science.1172750
1424:10.1073/pnas.1108982108
890:by 19th-century author
736:southern Russian empire
29:Tarpan (disambiguation)
3023:Evolution of the horse
2674:Equus zebra hartmannae
2630:Equus quagga crawshayi
2444:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass
2338:Equus africanus asinus
2059:The Extinction Website
1930:10.1073/pnas.152330099
1357:The Official PLOS Blog
1353:"Don't Call Me Tarpan"
1326:. 2008. Archived from
1023:
911:
892:Charles Hamilton Smith
857:Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin
817:
707:
596:
495:Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin
2663:Cape mountain zebra (
2621:Equus quagga chapmani
2612:Equus quagga borensis
2478:Equus kiang holdereri
2422:Equus hemionus onager
2282:Species of the genus
2122:10.2527/jas.2008-1501
1010:
994:Pontic–Caspian steppe
909:
815:
705:
594:
394:) was a free-ranging
2639:Equus quagga selousi
2543:Przewalski's horse (
2526:Equus ferus caballus
2487:Equus kiang polyodon
2413:Equus hemionus kulan
2383:Mongolian wild ass (
1062:In the early 1930s,
577:Equus ferus caballus
27:For other uses, see
2938:Equus parastylidens
2603:Equus quagga boehmi
2585:Equus quagga quagga
2430:European wild ass (
2404:Equus hemionus khur
2161:2010PLoSO...515311C
2055:"Equus ferus ferus"
1982:2021Natur.598..634L
1921:2002PNAS...9910905J
1915:(16): 10905–10910.
1810:2009Sci...323.1332O
1804:(5919): 1332–1335.
1655:2011PNAS..10818626P
1649:(46): 18626–18630.
1592:Breeds of Livestock
1499:2009Sci...324..485L
1415:2011PNAS..10818626P
1409:(46): 18626–18630.
1002:Corded Ware culture
971:horses or hybrids.
859:witnessed herds in
796:, and the southern
756:Corded Ware Culture
517:published the name
138:Conservation status
3210:Pleistocene horses
2964:Equus semiplicatus
2955:Equus simplicidens
2922:Equus occidentalis
2914:Equus niobrarensis
2890:Equus mauritanicus
2802:Equus conversidens
2775:Giant Cape zebra (
2628:Crawshay's zebra (
2592:Burchell's zebra (
2411:Turkmenian kulan (
2232:The Spanish Tarpan
1764:10.3390/ani8020021
1731:2016-03-08 at the
1153:Przewalski's horse
1045:selective breeding
1033:selective breeding
1024:
912:
872:Peter Simon Pallas
818:
776:Equus ferus ferus.
750:Ancient equine DNA
708:
664:Przewalski's horse
618:primitive markings
597:
558:Przewalski's horse
509:named the species
445:Name and etymology
412:selective breeding
398:subspecies of the
3164:
3163:
3088:Equus ferus ferus
3058:Equus ferus ferus
3050:Taxon identifiers
3041:
3040:
3004:Equus yunnanensis
2826:Equus dalianensis
2794:Equus complicatus
2786:Equus cedralensis
2710:
2709:
2665:Equus zebra zebra
2619:Chapman's zebra (
2555:
2554:
2536:Equus ferus ferus
2497:
2496:
2460:Equus kiang kiang
2402:Indian wild ass (
2393:Syrian wild ass (
2355:Somali wild ass (
2327:Nubian wild ass (
2242:American "Tarpan"
2021:Heck, H. (1952).
1976:(7882): 634–640.
1707:978-0-300-08880-9
1459:. Vgl.ucdavis.edu
959:mitochondrial DNA
772:Equus sylvestris.
638:: those creating
602:Equus ferus ferus
547:E. caballus ferus
391:Equus ferus ferus
382:
381:
375:
364:
353:
342:
331:
298:Equus ferus ferus
162:
18:Equus ferus ferus
16:(Redirected from
3227:
3215:Horse subspecies
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3045:
2980:Equus sivalensis
2953:Hagerman horse (
2946:Equus pectinatus
2651:Mountain zebra (
2610:Maneless zebra (
2566:
2508:
2485:Southern kiang (
2467:Northern kiang (
2420:Persian onager (
2346:Atlas wild ass (
2313:African wild ass
2309:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2220:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2116:(7): 2245–2254.
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1742:
1736:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1584:
1575:
1572:
1543:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1393:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1275:
1274:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1187:
1173:
1092:Icelandic horses
1084:Przewalski horse
1041:Tadeusz Vetulani
962:domestic horse.
850:Seven Years' War
842:Belsazar Hacquet
768:Tadeusz Vetulani
732:Cave of Altamira
730:, France and in
722:east to central
461:) name meaning "
432:
370:
359:
357:Equus silvaticus
348:
346:Equus sylvestris
337:
326:
300:
296:
277:E. f. ferus
274:
177:
176:
156:
150:
149:
126:
116:
46:
42:Temporal range:
36:
21:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3149:Observation.org
3147:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3052:
3042:
3037:
3009:
2996:Equus uralensis
2930:Equus pacificus
2906:Equus namadicus
2898:Equus mexicanus
2858:Equus giganteus
2842:Equus fraternus
2818:Equus cumminsii
2810:Equus crinidens
2747:
2741:
2706:
2698:Grévy's zebra (
2686:Grévy's zebra (
2680:
2645:
2637:Selous' zebra (
2601:Grant's zebra (
2551:
2493:
2476:Eastern kiang (
2469:Equus kiang chu
2458:Western kiang (
2445:
2438:
2370:
2363:
2317:Equus africanus
2314:
2298:
2288:
2280:
2228:
2223:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1861:Nature Genetics
1854:
1853:
1849:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1733:Wayback Machine
1720:Thomas Jansen:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1294:
1293:
1278:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1190:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1139:
1108:
1053:Mongolian horse
1029:
985:Novovorontsovka
977:used in warfare
968:
951:
945:
904:
885:
837:
829:Albertus Magnus
764:
752:
700:
694:
648:leopard complex
589:
507:Pieter Boddaert
491:
451:Turkic language
447:
426:
400:Eurasian steppe
378:
324:Equus equiferus
308:
302:
294:
293:
280:
263:
171:
163:
151:
147:
140:
117:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
40:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3119:
3106:
3093:
3078:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2988:Equus stenonis
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2882:Equus lenensis
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2850:Equus gallicus
2845:
2837:
2834:Equus excelsus
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2777:Equus capensis
2771:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2578:
2576:
2570:Plains zebra (
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2373:Equus hemionus
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2342:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2226:External links
2224:
2222:
2221:
2210:(7): 320–328.
2194:
2155:(12): e15311.
2135:
2100:
2075:
2046:
2013:
1954:
1888:
1874:10.1038/ng1326
1867:(4): 335–336.
1847:
1788:
1737:
1713:
1706:
1688:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1576:
1544:
1530:
1469:
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1276:
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1156:
1155:
1150:
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1138:
1135:
1107:
1104:
1088:Gotland ponies
1028:
1025:
990:Kherson region
967:
964:
947:Main article:
944:
941:
903:
900:
884:
881:
836:
833:
763:
760:
751:
748:
693:
690:
652:cave paintings
588:
585:
581:Equus caballus
531:Equus caballus
490:
487:
446:
443:
405:Russian Empire
380:
379:
377:
376:
365:
354:
343:
332:
320:
317:
316:
310:
309:
303:
289:
288:
286:Trinomial name
282:
281:
271:
269:
265:
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255:
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250:
243:
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229:
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226:Perissodactyla
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3211:
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3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Equus (genus)
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3137:
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3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
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3079:
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3064:
3063:
3061:
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3055:
3051:
3046:
3034:
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3024:
3021:
3019:
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2989:
2984:
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2924:
2923:
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2900:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:Equus latipes
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2820:
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2814:
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2811:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:Equus alaskae
2756:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
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2713:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2693:
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2654:
2648:
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2617:
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2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2090:on 2017-09-11
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2065:on 2009-01-13
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2017:
2014:
2009:
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1946:
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1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:(5926): 485.
1492:
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1400:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:Bennett, 1998
1380:
1377:
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1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1333:on 2019-11-10
1329:
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268:Subspecies:
258:
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3082:Wikispecies
2746:Prehistoric
2700:Equus grevy
2688:Equus grevy
2653:Equus zebra
2514:Equus ferus
2448:Equus kiang
1374:, 60:81–84.
1131:Dülmen pony
1127:Exmoor pony
916:Paleolithic
848:during the
740:Equus ferus
712:Pleistocene
632:Pleistocene
625:coat colour
579:; the name
543:E. caballus
511:Equus ferus
505:. In 1784,
475:feral horse
427: [
372:Pidoplichko
3174:Categories
3028:Wild horse
2094:2018-05-13
2069:2008-07-09
2033:(7): 338.
1598:2008-10-07
1463:2018-05-13
1337:2020-03-26
1159:References
1106:Assessment
1096:Heck horse
1076:Munich Zoo
1072:Heinz Heck
1064:Berlin Zoo
1012:Heck horse
920:horse meat
902:Extinction
877:grey coats
802:eel stripe
696:See also:
678:Mesolithic
674:osteologic
587:Appearance
463:wild horse
420:Heck horse
414:, called "
1757:(2): 21.
1068:Lutz Heck
1066:Director
1037:phenotype
1016:Haselünne
999:Neolithic
821:Herodotus
628:genotypes
407:in 1909.
254:Species:
192:Kingdom:
186:Eukaryota
3067:Wikidata
2583:Quagga (
2534:Tarpan (
2336:Donkey (
2189:21187961
2149:PLOS ONE
2130:19329479
2008:34671162
1949:12130666
1883:15034578
1834:19265018
1826:25471639
1783:29389896
1729:Archived
1683:22065780
1588:"Tarpan"
1525:19390039
1443:22065780
1242:"Tarpan"
1224:"Tarpan"
1137:See also
1129:and the
1100:mustangs
1055:and the
861:Voronezh
790:Ardennes
786:Camargue
782:Pyrenees
662:seen in
656:dun gene
636:Holocene
573:E. ferus
551:E. ferus
529:, named
503:Voronezh
489:Taxonomy
471:Cossacks
469:and the
361:Vetulani
350:Brincken
339:Antonius
314:Synonyms
305:Boddaert
232:Family:
216:Mammalia
206:Chordata
202:Phylum:
196:Animalia
182:Domain:
159:IUCN 3.1
3115:7342637
3073:Q233608
3018:Equidae
2751:species
2737:Zebroid
2715:Hybrids
2524:Horse (
2180:3004868
2157:Bibcode
1999:8550961
1978:Bibcode
1917:Bibcode
1842:5126719
1806:Bibcode
1798:Science
1774:5836029
1751:Animals
1674:3219153
1651:Bibcode
1516:5102060
1495:Bibcode
1487:Science
1434:3219153
1411:Bibcode
1074:of the
1020:Germany
992:of the
825:Ukraine
798:Swedish
728:Lascaux
692:History
682:Pangaré
501:, near
465:". The
295:†
242:Genus:
236:Equidae
222:Order:
212:Class:
157: (
153:Extinct
111:↓
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3141:926237
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1969:Nature
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1080:Koniks
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846:Zamość
788:, the
784:, the
744:Alaska
724:Russia
716:France
614:grullo
499:Bobrov
467:Tatars
459:Kyrgyz
455:Kazakh
439:grullo
422:, the
386:tarpan
374:, 1951
363:, 1928
352:, 1826
341:, 1912
330:, 1811
328:Pallas
307:, 1785
39:Tarpan
2749:Equus
2727:Kunga
2722:Hinny
2304:Asses
2285:Equus
1838:S2CID
1822:JSTOR
1331:(PDF)
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936:Konik
925:foals
720:Spain
644:black
606:hands
527:horse
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479:Takja
435:Konik
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396:horse
247:Equus
3136:ITIS
3110:GBIF
3097:EPPO
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2126:PMID
2027:Oryx
2004:PMID
1945:PMID
1879:PMID
1830:PMID
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