735:, the transitive form is derived from the intransitive form by insertion of a verbal layer projected by a head expressing causation and introducing the external agent argument. This idea assumes that a verbal phrase is able to be separated into different layers of verbal projections whereby each of the layers provide a specifier where an argument can be attached. In addition, the layers are joined together by head movement of the lowest verb head to positions higher in the syntactic structure. Change-of-state verbs are broken-down into the verbal layers of initiation phrase (initP), process phrase (procP) and result phrase (resP), which approximately correspond to the predicate cause, become, and state respectively.
349:
765:
361:
887:(30c) Immature rule system, where the absence of the adult rule leads to errors in productions When acquiring causatively alternating verbs children must learn both the semantic representation and the argument structure of each verb to produce grammatical sentences It has been suggested that children learn this is through the no negative evidence problem; for example a child will learn that the verb 'throw' can never be used in a subject position: *"the ball threw".
36:
790:
in the syntactic account. The presence of this additional verbal layer (initP) is what distinguishes the causative/transitive variant from the anticausative/instransitive variant in the syntactic account. In contrast, in the lexical accounts, the causative is determined by the presence of a causative predicate ().
898:
overgeneralizations, but in general, did not appear to differ in frequency or type of overgeneralizations when compared to the AC children. In
English, children need to be able to organize verbs into three separate syntactic groups in order to properly use causative alternations. These syntactic groups include:
789:
In the lexical accounts corresponds with the layered process phrase (procP) and the result phrase (resP) in the syntactic account. The ] in the lexical accounts corresponds with the process phrase (procP), the result P (resP) along with initiator phrase (initP), which is the additional verbal layer
225:
Most
English verbs can be used intransitively, but ordinarily this does not change the role of the subject; consider, for example, "He ate the soup" (transitive) and "He ate" (intransitive), where the only difference is that the latter does not specify what was eaten. By contrast, with a labile verb
738:
Example (9a), the anticausative variant, is basic according to the intransitive base approach. The theme ("the stick") is initially merged into the specifier of resP and that it then moves to the specifier of procP. The theme ("stick") is therefore given a complex theta-role of both the result and
682:
In (7a), "x" is the variable ("stick"), and the CHANGE operator refers to the change-of-state ("break"). In the anticausative ("the stick broke") "the stick" undergoes the change "break", namely, the stick breaks. Moreover, the "y" variable refers to "Katherine" and the CAUSE operator refers to the
611:
The general consensus in the field is that there is a derivational relationship between verbs undergoing the causative alternation that share the same lexical entry. From this it follows that there is uncertainty surrounding which form, the intransitive or the transitive, is the base from which the
318:
The second use of the reflexive voice indicates that the subject of the sentence is the causative agent; the phrase "John solved the problem, or maybe Jack did – at any rate, the problem solved itself" is literally self-contradictory, though idiomatic usage does not always follow this prescription.
525:
In various languages, it is seen that the verbs participating in the causative alternation are verbs that denote movement or a change of state or degree. However, not all change of state verbs are anticausatives and therefore, not all change of state verbs participate in the causative alternation.
326:
The labile verb enables not only the omission of the outside agent, but also the implication that the affected party is somehow causing the action. This can be done neutrally when the affected party can be considered an institution or corporate entity and the individual member responsible for the
785:
In the lexical accounts, the causative alternation takes place at the level of the lexical conceptual structure (LCS), while in the syntactic accounts, the alternation happens at the level of the syntax, as a result of the interaction between the syntactic structure and the basic verbal element.
618:
The intransitive base approaches, also known as causativization, state that the transitive variant is derived from the intransitive variant (the causative is derived from the anticausative) by adding one argument, that is an agent. The transitive base approaches, also known as decausativization,
314:
The first use of the reflexive voice can indicate the lack of an agent, but it can also be used when a specific agent is unknown. For example, the phrases "John broke the window, or maybe Jack did – at any rate, the window broke" and "John solved the problem, or maybe Jack did – at any rate, the
446:
Under one possible and fairly common analysis (called the unaccusative hypothesis), unaccusatives and unergatives form the two subclasses of intransitive verbs. Unaccusative verbs cannot assign case to their deep-structure object which bears the theme/patient thematic role; because of this, the
416:
The causative alternation is a transitivity alternation. The verb “break” demonstrates causative alternation because it can alternate between transitive (in the causative) and intransitive use (in the anticausative) and the transitive alternate "John broke the vase" indicates the cause of the
803:, in which they erroneously overuse the causative. Children often acquire the syntactic pattern that goes along with verbal alternations; however, that does not mean that they acquire the lexical semantic restrictions that accompany these alternations. Three common overregulizations include:
875:
In language acquisition, once children establish that a particular transitivity alternation is productive, they often extend the alternation to new verbs, despite the argument structure of the individual verb. It has been suggested that causative alternation errors come from three sources:
693:
In this approach, according to the following rule, the intransitive/anticausative form is derived from the transitive/causative form by deleting the cause predicate from the LCS. In example (8) below, the LCS is "Katherine broke the stick" and the cause predicate "Katherine" is deleted.
897:
Children with specific language impairments (SLI) tend to produce less mature responses (i.e., different verb and adjectival) and fewer mature responses (periphrastics and passives) compared to children of the same age comparison (AC). The children with SLI produced slightly fewer
2325:(23) and (24) show that in order for Laozhang to have broken the window, he has to have completed an action in order for it to break. In (23), there is no action that Laozhang performed to cause the window to break, making this sentence ungrammatical. In (24), he hit the window.
798:
Children typically begin to generate causatively alternating verbs around the age of 1;11 (years;months). Around this time the causative alternations closely resemble an adult-like form; however, around the age of 2;6 to 12;0 children begin making common errors of
753:
490:(like "break") which make up a subclass of unaccusative verbs called alternating unaccusatives. The other subclass of unaccusative verbs, pure unaccusatives, consists of all other unaccusatives (like "fall") that do not take part in causative alternation.
2612:
Letuchiy, Alexander. 2009. Towards a typology of labile verbs: Lability vs. derivation. In
Alexandre Arkhipov & Patience Epps (eds.), New challenges in typology: Transcending the borders and refining the distinctions, 223–244. Berlin: Mouton de
451:. The movement of "the book" from object position to subject position is traced in example (3a). Therefore, unaccusative verbs take a semantic theme or patient subject. On the other hand, unergative verbs take a semantic agent or initiator subject.
2126:
Mandarin
Chinese is a language that lacks inflectional morphology that marks tense, case, agreement, or lexical category. The language also does not have derivational morphology to mark the transitivity of verbs. Instead, Mandarin Chinese uses
1317:
It is common for languages to use a reflexive marker to signal the inchoative member of an alternating pair of verbs. Inchoative verbs in German are marked either by the reflexive pronoun "sich" (in third person), or not marked at all.
164:
of its intransitive use, as in "I ring the bell" and "The bell rings." Labile verbs are a prominent feature of
English, and also occur in many other languages. When causatively alternating verbs are used transitively they are called
619:
propose that the intransitive form is derived from the transitive by deleting one argument that is the agent. Common base approaches suggest that both the transitive and the intransitive forms are formulated from a common base.
1899:
and paired verbs. Ergative verbs are verbs that can be transitive or intransitive without morphological change, while paired verbs are verbs that require morphological changes in order to be read as transitive or intransitive.
421:
agent which is not present in the intransitive alternative. The object of the causative alternative ("the vase") bears the same thematic role of theme as the subject of the anticausative alternative (also "the vase").
258:
Some of these can be used intransitively in either sense: "I'm cooking the pasta" is similar to both "The pasta is cooking" (as an ergative verb) and "I'm cooking", although it is clearly more informative than either.
2444:
In examples (25) and (26), it is seen that the infinitive (unconjugated) forms of the verb "yeolda" are the same, but causative and anticausative forms take on different conjugated forms in order to show causativity.
912:
While children with SLI can typically use the lexical alternation for causative alternation as well as AC children, they tend to have difficulty using the syntactic cues to deal with verbs with fixed transitivity.
327:
action is unimportant, for example "the shop closed for the day". It can also avoid assigning blame when journalists are sympathetic to a particular causative agent, as in "Eight factories have closed this year."
417:
intransitive alternative "The vase broke." In other words, the transitive use denotes that it was John that caused the vase to break. The causative alternative has an external argument ("John"), which bears the
3810:
2075:
In (21), the verb "to drop" takes on the verb form "落ちる" – "ochiru", conjugated in past tense. The verb "落ちる" is used when there is no agent in the sentence to do the physical dropping of the coin itself.
2333:
Causative alternation in Korean is difficult to interpret. There have been many attempts to capture the restrictions on Korean causative alternation, but none of them capture the restrictions entirely.
1182:
Note the use of the reflexive pronoun "se" in (11), which is required for the sentence to be grammatically correct in French. When the reflexive pronoun is not present, the sentence is ungrammatical.
3119:
Lam, Patrick P. K. "Causative-inchoative
Alternation of Ergative Verbs in English and Japanese: Observations from News Corpora". Thesis. Center for English Language Education, Asia University, 2006.
631:, the intransitive form is the base and a causative predicate is added to the Lexical Conceptual Structure (LCS) in order to make the verb transitive. In the following example (7), the basic LCS, "
739:
the undergoer of the event. In the syntax, the causative form is derived through the addition of an init-head, which introduces the external initiator argument ("Katherine") in example (9b).
1630:
In this last case, one could say: "De deur gaat open" (lit. "The door goes open"), while the former would be stated as "De marine liet het schip zinken" (lit. "The navy let the ship sink").
2558:
Example (28) shows that the verb "jugda" behaves similarly to the verb "sui" in
Mandarin Chinese seen in example (24) in that the verb requires some sort of action performed by the agent.
938:
in the inchoative use of the verb. A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause.
1746:('become'), which is a typical 'process'-verb. It is usually considered a copula, rather than an ergative, but these two groups of verbs are related. For example, copulas usually take
442:
This flow chart shows that alternating unaccusatives (anticausatives) can participate in causative alternation. It is a visual representation based on information discussed in Schäfer.
615:
With reference to these assumptions, syntactic and lexicalist accounts have been proposed. These approaches account for intransitive, transitive and common base approaches.
439:
683:
cause of the change ("break"). In the causative, ("Katherine broke the stick"), it is "Katherine" who causes the action "break", and is therefore the cause operator.
3128:
Bullock, Ben. "2.1.4. What's the
Difference between Hajimeru and Hajimaru?" What's the Difference between Hajimeru and Hajimaru? Sci.lang.japan. 21 October 2013.
1715:
as ergatives in the perfect tenses even though they typically have a direct object and are really transitive verbs. It is not unusual to hear sentences such as:
841:
In (29b) children are mistakenly employing a causative/transitive verb ("cut") in an intransitive environment, where "cut" has the meaning of 'separate in half'.
1417:
Seen in (16) is the causative use of the verb "öffnen", conjugated in past tense. There is no reflexive pronoun present, it is not needed in the causative use.
872:
In (29c), children are erroneously using fixed intransitive verbs (such as "stay") in environments where fixed transitive verbs (such as "keep") would be used.
764:
3247:
2016:
In (20), the verb "to drop" takes on the verb form "落とす" – "otosu", conjugated in past tense. The verb "落とす" requires an agent to physically drop an object.
1520:
Note the use of the reflexive pronoun "sich" in (17), which behaves in the same manner as French "se" and
Italian "si" seen above in examples (11) and (13).
2337:
Some verbs in Korean bear similarities to the paired verbs in
Japanese. Morphological changes take place in order to show transitivity and intransitivity.
430:
Cross-linguistically, the verbs that participate in the causative alternation are anticausatives which denote movement or a change of state or degree.
3191:"Morphologically Motivated Lexical-Semantic Representations: The Causative Alternation and Change-of-State Verbs in Levin and Rappaport Hovav (1995)"
526:
For instance, a change of state verb like 'bloom' does not show causative alternation as it is a pure unaccusative. It is possible to say that "
493:
Though some unaccusative verbs can undergo causative alternation (anticausatives), it is never the case that an unergative (like "laugh") can.
278:, which allow the agent to be either excluded or included, the intransitive form of a labile verb normally requires the agent to be excluded:
1875:, but the former is transitive (as in "He broke the window") and the latter is intransitive (as in "The window broke"). Similarly, the verbs
295:
The intransitive form of a labile verb can suggest that there is no agent. With some non-labile verbs, this can be achieved using the
4108:
2804:
752:
177:
the action denoted by the intransitive version. When causatively alternating verbs are used intransitively, they are referred to as
119:
2010:
Note that in (18) and (19), the form of the verb does not undergo any sort of morphological change, making "開く" an ergative verb.
1887:, but the former is intransitive (as in "He passed by Susan") and the latter is transitive (as in "He passed the salt to Susan").
1190:
Italian is another Romance language that, like French, incorporates the use of a reflexive pronoun with a verb's inchoative form.
319:
Accordingly, some grammarians would consider both "The window broke" and "The problem solved itself" to be examples of a distinct
3240:
1309:
Note the use of the reflexive pronoun "si" in (13), which behaves in the same manner as the French "se" shown in example (11).
4082:
1707:
of an actor who could possibly be blamed. This association is quite strong in Dutch and speakers tend to treat verbs such as
1532:, labile verbs are used in a way similar to English, but they stand out as more distinct particularly in the perfect tenses.
57:
2835:
Härtl, Holden (2003). "Conceptual and Grammatical Characteristics of Argument Alternations: The Case of Decausative Verbs".
3900:
3220:
2451:
Shown in (27) and (28) is an example of a verb that requires compounding in order to be grammatical in the causative use.
1776:. In many languages the causative object would take a case such as the genitive, but in Dutch this is no longer the case:
100:
3892:
800:
72:
53:
3042:
Pye, C.; Loeb, D. F.; Redmond, S.; Richardson, L. Z. (1995). Clark, E. V. (ed.). "When Do Children Acquire Verbs? In".
2973:
Learning the structure of causative verbs: A study in the relationship of cognitive, semantic and syntactic development
3592:
3411:
3308:
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1855:
from other languages; nonetheless, it has fewer labile verbs than English, in part because it has a fairly productive
1414:
Seen in examples (16) and (17) is an example of a verb that requires a reflexive pronoun to denote the anticausative:
486:
Most unaccusative verbs participate in the causative alternation. The unaccusatives that do causatively alternate are
690:, assumes a lexical operation which performs precisely the opposite of the causativization approach discussed above.
612:
other is derived. Another matter of debate is whether the derivation takes place at the syntactic or lexical level.
226:
the role of the subject changes; consider "it broke the window" (transitive) and "the window broke" (intransitive).
3278:
448:
79:
2596:
Kulikov, Leonid & Nikolaos Lavidas. 2014. Introduction: Typology of labile verbs. Linguistics 52(4). 871–877.
820:
In (29a), children are incorrectly using a causative/transitive structure with a fixed intransitive verb ("swim").
438:
46:
2796:
Word Meaning and Montague Grammar: The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague's PTQ
4002:
3502:
1079:
French is a Romance language which incorporates the use of a reflexive pronoun with a verb's inchoative form.
2183:
The following examples (23) and (24) show an ungrammatical use of the causative alternative of the verb "碎".
881:(30a) Lexical rules being applied too broadly, thus not recognizing the narrow semantic restrictions of verbs
86:
3814:
3323:
2877:
Chierchia, Gennaro. "A semantics for Unaccusatives and its Syntactic Consequences". In Alexiadou, Artemis;
396:
The general structure of the causative and anticausative variants of the causative alternation in English:
315:
problem was solved" both have quite naturally understandable meanings, though they are slightly idiomatic.
3948:
3775:
3684:
348:
4019:
3910:
3905:
3882:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3644:
3437:
3273:
3021:
2878:
671:
263:
68:
2666:
Coppock, Elizabeth. "The Logical and Empirical Foundations of Baker's Paradox." Diss. Standford, 2008.
2745:
Keyser, Samuel Jay & Roeper, Thomas. 1984. "On the middle and ergative constructions in English".
2657:
Schäfer, Florian. 2009. "The Causative Alternation". Language and Linguistics Compass 3.2: 641. Print.
884:(30b) Reflections of retrieval errors, where the wrong verb stem is retrieved under discourse pressure
4024:
3958:
3790:
3747:
3649:
3512:
3472:
3805:
447:
object moves to the subject position in the surface form in order to obtain case in accordance with
189:
participant (in this case "the door") undergoes a change of state, becoming, for example, "opened".
3785:
3432:
2567:
133:
2700:
1633:
A difference between Dutch and English is that typically the perfect tenses of intransitives take
1321:
Shown in examples (14) and (15) is a verb that alternates without any use of a reflexive pronoun:
3971:
3938:
3864:
3849:
3834:
3824:
3737:
3732:
3722:
3517:
3447:
3442:
2913:
1860:
1816:
487:
178:
360:
197:
The terminology in general linguistics is not stable yet. Labile verbs can also be called "S=O-
3928:
3854:
3829:
3752:
3617:
3562:
3532:
3492:
2800:
2572:
927:
320:
210:
170:
161:
153:
949:
is another language that has them, developed from lack of distinguished sense in Gallo-Roman
3966:
3859:
3839:
3689:
3654:
3572:
3367:
2952:
2905:
2844:
2776:
2730:
2597:
2454:
Seen in (27) is the anticausative use of the verb "죽다" – "jukda", conjugated in past tense.
1819:
have one conjugation pattern for the transitive form and another for the intransitive form:
209:'s influential textbook from 1968. However, the term "ergative verb" has also been used for
157:
3874:
3795:
3757:
3742:
3622:
3612:
3527:
3522:
3462:
3328:
3298:
2577:
2340:
Shown in (25) is the causative use of the verb "열다" – "yeolda", conjugated in past tense.
1848:
946:
182:
149:
1906:
Seen in (18) is the causative use of the verb "開く" – "hiraku", conjugated in past tense.
93:
3225:
4056:
4014:
3976:
3878:
3607:
3597:
3587:
3482:
3477:
3457:
3452:
3381:
3256:
3215:
1856:
1529:
1023:
981:
926:
In many Indo-European languages, causative alternation regularly involves the use of a
598:(6g) Verbs of appearance, disappearance, and occurrence: "appear", "disappear", "occur"
296:
267:
206:
202:
198:
1324:
Seen in (14) is the causative use of the verb "zerbrechen", conjugated in past tense.
853:(29c) Suppletive verb substitutions which have different lexical items to show cause:
4102:
3981:
3933:
3800:
3780:
3659:
3577:
3557:
3507:
3487:
3467:
3142:
Okamoto, Aya. "Causative–unaccusative alternation in Japanese, English and Chinese".
2734:
2128:
1903:
An example of an ergative verb in Japanese is shown below in examples (18) and (19):
1896:
1082:
Seen in (10) is the causative use of the verb "briser", conjugated in present tense.
985:
214:
3174:
Yuksel, D. (2008). "Causative in Korean – Case of Confusion for Romanian Learners".
2917:
4070:
4044:
4034:
4007:
3869:
3602:
3567:
3542:
3497:
3318:
3046:. Stanford, Massachusetts: Center for the Study of Language and Information: 60–70.
1193:
Seen in (12) is the causative use of the verb "chiudere" conjugated in past tense.
950:
2013:
An example of a paired verb in Japanese is shown below in examples (20) and (21):
1049:", i.e. either "I cook " or e.g. "It's so hot in here, I'm practically roasting.")
2794:
3727:
3416:
3377:
3342:
3333:
1562:
However, there are cases where the two languages deviate. For example, the verb
35:
3025:
4087:
3986:
3943:
3920:
3844:
3679:
3582:
3552:
3547:
3401:
3396:
3303:
3293:
3283:
2399:
Shown in (26) is the anticausative use of the verb, conjugated in past tense.
1772:
can take two objects, a reflexive indirect one and one that could be called a
418:
271:
17:
4077:
4039:
3819:
3636:
3391:
3337:
3313:
3009:
1754:('stay') is used both as a copula and as an ergative and all its compounds (
166:
2601:
2909:
2848:
288:" the breaking of the window " or " the burglar's breaking of the window "
4066:
4061:
3061:
2499:
Seen in (28) is the causative use of the verb, conjugated in past tense.
3044:
The Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Child Language Research Forum
3008:
Loeb, Diane Frome; Pye, Clifton; Richardson, Lori Zobel; Redmond, Sean.
4051:
3767:
3372:
3288:
2883:
The unaccusativity puzzle: explorations of the syntax-lexicon interface
1810:
3190:
3101:
Piñón, Christopher. "Modelling the causative-inchoative alternation".
3010:"Causative alternations of children with specific language impairment"
4029:
3714:
3406:
3386:
2448:
Korean also bears similarities to Chinese in its verbal compounding.
1852:
1535:
In the present, the usage in both languages is similar, for example:
931:
782:
The syntactic and lexical analyses correspond in the following ways:
275:
335:
Example of the causative alternation with the English verb 'break':
185:
because the intransitive variant describes a situation in which the
1064:
the pasta", i.e. "I make the pasta cook", i.e. "I cook the pasta.")
2822:
Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics
935:
576:(6) Examples of non-causatively alternating change of state verbs
437:
285:" to break the window " or " for the burglar to break the window "
282:"The window was broken" or "The window was broken by the burglar."
2989:
Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure
2528:
2414:
2369:
2355:
2091:
2045:
2031:
1980:
1935:
1921:
3352:
3265:
1026:
construction to substitute for the transitive form of the verb:
3229:
1742:('become aware (of something)'). It is a separable compound of
1723:
mijn boek vergeten. – I forgot my book (and it just 'happened'
829:(29b) Fixed transitive verbs produced in intransitive contexts
555:(5e) Zero-related to adjective verbs: "blunt", "clear", "clean"
539:(5) Examples of causatively alternating change of state verbs
29:
567:(5i) -ize verbs: "democratize", "decentralize", "crystallize"
291:"The window broke" but not "The window broke by the burglar."
2930:
Larson, Richard. 1988. "On the double object construction".
2315:
Laozhang da-sui-le chuangzi /Laozhang ba-chuangzi da-sui-le.
2690:. Chicago: University Press of Chicago, 1993. 26–27. Print.
2262:
2209:
2164:
1504:
1277:
1158:
379:(1a) Transitive use (causative):
2896:
Reinhart, Tanya (2002). "The Theta System: An Overview".
552:(5d) Amuse-type psych verbs: "cheer", "delight", "thrill"
2864:
Unaccusativity: At the Syntax-Lexical Semantic Interface
580:(6a) Change of possession verbs: "give", "donate", "owe"
2779:. "Ergative adjectives and the Lexicalist Hypothesis".
2514:
2469:
2134:
Seen in (22) is the anticausative use of the verb "碎" (
1703:
Labiles are verbs of innocence, because they imply the
592:(6e) Destroy verbs: "annihilate", "decimate", "destroy"
586:(6c) Contact by impact verbs: "hit", "swat", "bludgeon"
558:(5f) Change of color verbs: "blacken", "redden", "grey"
2885:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–29.
1738:
Something similar happens with compound verbs such as
570:(5j) -ate verbs: "accelerate", "ameliorate", "operate"
512:(Intended meaning: The comedian made the crowd laugh.)
1641:(to have), and this extends to these verbs as well.
635:" is embedded under a cause predicate, in this case "
229:
Labile verbs can be divided into several categories:
3158:
Light verb syntax and the theory of phrase structure
1566:(to sink) cannot be used transitively, nor the verb
808:(29a) Fixed intransitive verbs as transitive verbs:
27:
Verb that can be used transitively or intransitively
3995:
3957:
3919:
3891:
3766:
3713:
3635:
3425:
3360:
3351:
3264:
1965:Seen in (19) is the anticausative use of the verb.
1469:Seen in (17) is the anticausative use of the verb.
1373:Seen in (15) is the anticausative use of the verb.
1250:Seen in (13) is the anticausative use of the verb.
1131:Seen in (11) is the anticausative use of the verb.
564:(5h) -ify verbs: "solidify", "stratify", "emulsify"
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2957:Verb meaning and the lexicon: a first-phase syntax
1871: (its mediopassive counterpart) both mean
3216:Ideas for Teaching Ergative Verbs to ESL Students
3160:(Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Irvine.
3084:(3rd ed.). West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
3014:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
2763:Belletti, Adriana. "The Case of Unaccusatives".
1734:mijn geld verloren. – I lost my money (poor me).
595:(6f) Killing verbs: "kill", "shoot", "eliminate"
341:These trees are representations given by Schäfer
1883: (its causative counterpart) both mean
1780:Ik werd me dat gewaar – I became aware of that.
561:(5g) -en verbs: "awaken", "brighten", "broaden"
235:break, burst, form, heal, melt, tear, transform
3221:Wiktionary's "English ergative verbs" category
2235:Intended meaning: 'Laozhang broke the window.'
1895:In Japanese, causative alternation is seen in
1651:"Hij breekt het glas." ("He breaks the glass")
1022:have even more possibilities, even allowing a
893:In children with specific language impairments
169:since, in the transitive use of the verb, the
3241:
1851:does have a few labile verbs, due in part to
778:Connecting the lexical and syntactic analyses
408:(2b) Anticausative: theme Verb-intransitive
405:(2a) Causative: agent Verb-transitive theme
213:, and in most other contexts, it is used for
8:
3063:An Analysis of the Anticausative Alternation
2959:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2862:Levin, Beth; Hovav, Malka Rappaport (1995).
589:(6d) Touch verbs: "caress", "graze", "touch"
549:(5c) Bend verbs: "bend", "crease", "crinkle"
2967:
2965:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
745:These trees illustrate a syntactic account.
583:(6b) Cutting verbs: "cut", "carve", "slice"
3357:
3248:
3234:
3226:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
770:(9b) Katherine broke the stick (causative)
629:intransitive base/causativization approach
546:(5b) Break verbs: "break", "chip", "crack"
543:(5a) Roll verbs: "roll", "bounce", "swing"
3169:
3167:
2983:
2981:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2548:gyeongchareun cheolsureul jugyeotseumnida
160:of its transitive use corresponds to the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
2554:"The police killed (made dead) Cheolsu."
1654:"Het glas breekt." ("The glass breaks.")
530:", but it is ungrammatical to say that "
3055:
3053:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2589:
1750:in the perfect as well. A verb such as
1637:(to be) as their auxiliary rather than
1466:This is the causative use of the verb.
385:(1b) Intransitive use (anticausative):
3138:
3136:
3134:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3037:
3035:
2866:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
2824:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
2799:. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.
2781:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
2686:Levin, Beth. "Causative Alternation".
2318:Laozhang hit-break-PRT window {} {} {}
1863:constructions. For example, the verbs
2688:English Verb Classes and Alternations
233:Verbs suggesting a change of state –
7:
1018:Further, verbs analogous to English
758:(9a) The stick broke (anticausative)
733:syntactic intransitive base approach
532:The warm weather bloomed the cactus.
205:'s usage), or "ergative", following
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2727:Studies in ergativity: Introduction
688:transitive/decausativation approach
498:(4) Non-alternation of unergatives
2668:ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
980:However, note that the use of the
25:
1859:construction and partly distinct
1766:('stay on') etc.) are ergatives.
706:(8a) Example of decausativization
354:English (1a): John broke the vase
2551:police-TOP Cheolsu-ACC died-made
984:form of the verb to express the
763:
751:
658:(7a) Example of causativization
510:*The comedian laughed the crowd.
359:
347:
156:, with the requirement that the
34:
1796:me dat niet gewaargeworden. – (
1363:Rebecca zerbrach den Bleistift.
148:; that is, it can be used both
45:needs additional citations for
3144:Hsuan Chang Humanities Journal
1592:het schip." (Unlike "The navy
1127:"Caroline breaks the bottles."
1121:Caroline brise les bouteilles.
253:drive, fly, reverse, run, sail
247:move, shake, sweep, turn, walk
1:
3103:Linguistische Arbeitsberichte
3069:(Thesis). University of Oslo.
2131:to do causative alternation.
1811:Nynorsk § Ergative verbs
1800:) I did not catch on to that.
1243:Gianni have closed the window
1240:Gianni ha chiuso la finestra.
1172:Les bouteilles *(se) brisent.
3082:Syntax: A Generative Grammar
2735:10.1016/0024-3841(87)90065-9
2707:. Cambridge University Press
2321:"Laozhang broke the window."
639:", to form the derived LCS "
366:English (1b): The vase broke
2881:; Everaert, Martin (eds.).
2537:
2523:
2509:
2478:
2464:
2423:
2409:
2378:
2364:
2350:
2304:
2293:
2282:
2271:
2257:
2246:
2218:
2204:
2193:
2159:
2148:
2100:
2086:
2054:
2040:
2026:
1989:
1975:
1944:
1930:
1916:
1788:regardless of the objects:
1369:"Rebecca broke the pencil."
1299:La finestra *(si) è chiusa.
1246:"Gianni closed the window."
1178:"The bottles are breaking."
1124:Caroline breaks the bottles
699:(8) Decausativization rule
401:(2) Causative alternation:
251:Verbs involving vehicles –
144:) is a verb that undergoes
4125:
4083:Syntax–semantics interface
3189:Volpe, M. (January 2008).
3020:(5). Rockville, Maryland.
2068:Heiji-NOM coin-ACC dropped
1808:
1784:The perfect usually takes
1570:(to open) intransitively:
1014:", i.e. "The door opens.")
794:Child language acquisition
710:Katherine broke the stick.
641:Katherine broke the stick.
3176:Journal of Korean Studies
2820:Parsons, Terence (1990).
2232:Laozhang break-PRT window
2229:Laozhang sui-le chuangzi.
2071:"Heiji dropped the coin."
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1302:the window REFL is closed
667:Katherine broke the stick
648:(7) Causativization rule
426:Principal characteristics
309:The problem solved itself
4109:Transitivity and valency
3503:Exceptional case-marking
2670:Web. 2 Oct. 2013. p. 20.
2065:Heiji-ga zeni-o otoshita
1958:Taro-NOM door-ACC opened
1955:Taro-ga tobira-o hiraita
1699:Perfect labile innocence
1669:het glas gebroken" ("He
1462:"Maria opened the door."
1366:Rebecca broke the pencil
988:meaning is more common.
3080:Carnie, Andrew (2013).
3060:Sabo, Kjell J. (2001).
2898:Theoretical Linguistics
1961:"Taro opened the door."
1727:me: there is no actor).
1680:gebroken." ("The glass
1404:Der Bleistift zerbrach.
922:Indo-European languages
449:Burzio's generalization
3309:Initial-stress-derived
2879:Anagnostopoulou, Elena
2729:. Lingua 71(1). 1–16.
2725:Dixon, R. M. W. 1987.
2602:10.1515/ling-2014-0010
2534:
2520:
2506:
2475:
2461:
2420:
2406:
2389:naega muneul yeoreotda
2375:
2361:
2347:
2312:老张 打碎了 窗子 /老张 把窗子 打碎了.
2301:
2290:
2279:
2268:
2254:
2243:
2215:
2201:
2190:
2156:
2145:
2097:
2083:
2051:
2037:
2023:
1986:
1972:
1941:
1927:
1913:
1879: (active) and
1867: (active) and
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1456:Maria öffnete die Tür.
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1396:
1388:
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1347:
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1331:
1291:
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1200:
1175:the bottles REFL break
1164:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
607:Theoretical approaches
443:
305:The problem was solved
215:ergative constructions
3820:Inclusive / Exclusive
2971:Bowerman, M. (1974).
2910:10.1515/thli.28.3.229
2849:10.1515/ling.2003.029
2793:Dowty, David (1979).
2392:I-NOM door-ACC opened
1622:." (Unlike "The door
1510:Die Tür öffnete sich.
1459:Maria opened the door
521:Change of state verbs
441:
301:He solved the problem
241:bake, boil, cook, fry
146:causative alternation
2705:Cambridge Dictionary
2489:Cheolsuneun jugeotda
2395:"I opened the door."
1815:The labile verbs in
1305:"The window closed."
381:John broke the vase.
323:, the middle voice.
245:Verbs of movement –
54:improve this article
3700:Relative subsective
3593:Regular / Irregular
3438:Andative / Venitive
3274:Abstract / Concrete
3156:Lin, T. H. (2001).
3105:76 (2001): 273–293.
2987:Pinker, S. (1989).
2568:Ambitransitive verb
2179:"The window broke."
2117:"The coin dropped."
1839:(I cracked the nut)
1673:broken the glass.")
1543:zijn glas." ("John
1410:"The pencil broke."
902:Fixed intransitives
488:anticausative verbs
239:Verbs of cooking –
134:general linguistics
3259:and their features
3257:Lexical categories
3146:9 (2009): 175–191.
2932:Linguistic Inquiry
2765:Linguistic Inquiry
2747:Linguistic Inquiry
2440:"The door opened."
2129:verbal compounding
2006:"The door opened."
1516:"The door opened."
1513:the door open REFL
801:overregularization
672:(the stick) CHANGE
528:The cactus bloomed
504:The crowd laughed.
444:
211:unaccusative verbs
4096:
4095:
3901:Casally modulated
3806:Formal / Informal
3695:Pure intersective
3645:Anti-intersective
3631:
3630:
3578:Preterite-present
3193:. lingbuzz/000081
2953:Ramchand, Gillian
2777:Cinque, Guglielmo
2573:Unaccusative verb
2000:Tobira-ga hiraita
1829:(The nut cracked)
1758:('stay behind'),
1608:de deur." ("John
928:reflexive pronoun
905:Fixed transitives
627:According to the
476:The child laughed
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4116:
3675:Non-intersective
3358:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3186:
3180:
3179:
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3147:
3140:
3129:
3126:
3120:
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2604:
2594:
2530:
2516:
2492:Cheolsu-TOP died
2471:
2434:muni yeollyeotda
2416:
2371:
2357:
2264:
2211:
2176:window break-PRT
2173:Chuangzi sui-le.
2166:
2114:Coin-NOM dropped
2093:
2047:
2033:
1982:
1937:
1923:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1774:causative object
1506:
1407:the pencil broke
1279:
1160:
1034:les pâtes." ("I
995:
767:
755:
714:The stick broke.
363:
351:
125:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
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4092:
3991:
3953:
3915:
3887:
3815:Gender-specific
3762:
3709:
3627:
3513:Germanic strong
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2792:
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2767:19.1 (1988): 1.
2762:
2753:
2749:15(3). 381–416.
2744:
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2720:
2710:
2708:
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2685:
2674:
2665:
2661:
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2617:
2611:
2607:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2578:Unergative verb
2564:
2556:
2543:
2538:jugyeotseumnida
2532:
2518:
2504:
2497:
2495:"Cheolsu died."
2484:
2473:
2459:
2442:
2437:door-NOM opened
2429:
2418:
2404:
2397:
2384:
2373:
2359:
2345:
2331:
2323:
2310:
2299:
2288:
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2224:
2213:
2199:
2188:
2181:
2168:
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2143:
2124:
2119:
2106:
2095:
2081:
2073:
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2049:
2035:
2021:
2008:
2003:Door-NOM opened
1995:
1984:
1970:
1963:
1950:
1939:
1925:
1911:
1893:
1846:
1813:
1807:
1701:
1554:." ("The glass
1526:
1518:
1508:
1498:
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1438:
1430:
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1170:
1162:
1152:
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1136:
1129:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1071:." ("The pasta
999:la porte." ("I
993:
961:la tête." ("He
944:
924:
919:
917:Other languages
895:
890:
870:
867:
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772:
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663:The stick broke
655:
633:The stick broke
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573:
523:
518:
515:
484:
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469:
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436:
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387:The vase broke.
371:
370:
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342:
333:
331:Another example
297:reflexive voice
223:
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63:
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39:
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4057:Procedure word
4054:
4049:
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4022:
4017:
4015:Complementizer
4012:
4011:
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3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:Gender-neutral
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Bound variable
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3435:
3433:Ambitransitive
3429:
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3409:
3404:
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3389:
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3210:External links
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2545:경찰은 철수를 죽였습니다.
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2111:Zeni-ga ochita
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1897:ergative verbs
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1314:
1311:
1290:
1282:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1184:
1163:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1050:
1039:
1016:
1015:
1010:." ("The door
1004:
978:
977:
972:." ("His head
966:
943:
940:
923:
920:
918:
915:
910:
909:
906:
903:
894:
891:
889:
888:
885:
882:
878:
869:
868:
866:
865:
863:
862:
854:
850:
848:
846:
845:
843:
842:
838:
830:
827:
825:
824:
822:
821:
817:
809:
805:
795:
792:
779:
776:
769:
762:
761:
757:
750:
749:
748:
744:
743:
742:
741:
728:
725:
723:
722:
720:
719:
716:
707:
704:
700:
696:
679:
678:
676:
675:
669:
659:
656:
654:
653:
649:
645:
624:
621:
608:
605:
603:
602:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
574:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
540:
536:
522:
519:
517:
516:
514:
513:
506:
499:
495:
483:
482:
480:
479:
472:
471:(unaccusative)
467:
463:
457:
453:
435:
434:Anticausatives
432:
427:
424:
413:
412:
410:
409:
406:
402:
398:
393:
392:
390:
389:
383:
376:
372:
365:
358:
357:
353:
346:
345:
344:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
329:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
268:nominalization
256:
255:
249:
243:
237:
222:
219:
203:R. M. W. Dixon
199:ambitransitive
194:
191:
179:anticausatives
154:intransitively
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4121:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Interrogative
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Interrogative
3937:
3935:
3934:Demonstrative
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3883:Prepositional
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Strong / Weak
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Interrogative
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Demonstrative
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Prepositional
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Interrogative
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Demonstrative
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Germanic weak
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:Frequentative
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Autocausative
3446:
3444:
3443:Anticausative
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:Transgressive
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2806:9789400994737
2802:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2510:gyeongchareun
2508:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:('keep up'),
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:les pâtes." (
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
991:
990:
989:
987:
986:anticausative
983:
975:
971:
967:
964:
960:
956:
955:
954:
952:
948:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
921:
916:
914:
907:
904:
901:
900:
899:
892:
886:
883:
880:
879:
877:
873:
860:
856:
855:
852:
851:
849:
840:
839:
836:
832:
831:
828:
819:
818:
815:
812:*"Look at me
811:
810:
807:
806:
804:
802:
793:
791:
787:
783:
777:
766:
754:
740:
736:
734:
726:
717:
715:
711:
708:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
695:
691:
689:
684:
673:
670:
668:
664:
661:
660:
657:
651:
650:
647:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
620:
616:
613:
606:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
535:
533:
529:
520:
511:
507:
505:
501:
500:
497:
496:
494:
491:
489:
477:
473:
470:
459:
458:
455:
454:
452:
450:
440:
433:
431:
425:
423:
420:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
397:
388:
384:
382:
378:
377:
374:
373:
362:
350:
336:
330:
328:
324:
322:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
254:
250:
248:
244:
242:
238:
236:
232:
231:
230:
227:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:" (following
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
158:direct object
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:ergative verb
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
69:"Labile verb"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Ergative verb
4071:Pro-sentence
4045:Onomatopoeia
4035:Interjection
4008:Measure word
3791:Distributive
3685:Postpositive
3665:Intersective
3618:Unaccusative
3563:Performative
3537:
3533:Intransitive
3493:Ditransitive
3319:Noun adjunct
3195:. Retrieved
3184:
3175:
3157:
3151:
3143:
3124:
3102:
3081:
3075:
3062:
3043:
3017:
3013:
2988:
2972:
2956:
2931:
2926:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2746:
2741:
2726:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2687:
2667:
2662:
2608:
2592:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2526:
2512:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2467:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2412:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2367:
2353:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2296:
2285:
2274:
2260:
2249:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2207:
2196:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2151:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:平次が 銭を おとした.
2061:
2057:
2043:
2029:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1978:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:太郎が、 扉を 開いた.
1951:
1947:
1933:
1919:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1884:
1872:
1861:mediopassive
1847:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1770:Gewaarworden
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:gewaarworden
1739:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:*"De marine
1585:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:his glass.")
1544:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1038:the pasta.")
1035:
1031:
1019:
1017:
1012:opens itself
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
979:
973:
969:
962:
958:
951:Vulgar Latin
945:
925:
911:
896:
874:
871:
858:
834:
833:*"The snake
813:
797:
788:
784:
781:
737:
732:
730:
713:
709:
692:
687:
685:
681:
666:
662:
640:
636:
632:
628:
626:
617:
614:
610:
531:
527:
524:
509:
503:
492:
485:
478:(unergative)
475:
461:
445:
429:
415:
395:
386:
380:
375:(1) English
334:
325:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
294:
264:passive verb
261:
257:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
224:
196:
186:
174:
150:transitively
145:
141:
137:
131:
116:
110:January 2017
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4020:Conjunction
3786:Disjunctive
3723:Conjunctive
3670:Nominalized
3573:Predicative
3417:Verbal noun
3368:Attributive
3197:November 5,
3178:(9): 60–73.
2934:19.335–391.
2837:Linguistics
2711:26 November
2524:cheolsureul
2465:Cheolsuneun
2424:yeollyeotda
2294:ba-chuangzi
1688:"The glass
1612:the door.")
1596:the ship.")
1574:"Het schip
1114:bouteilles.
1067:"Les pâtes
1003:the door.")
965:his head.")
861:it there!"
193:Terminology
183:inchoatives
138:labile verb
4088:Yes and no
4003:Classifier
3987:Possessive
3949:Quantifier
3944:Possessive
3921:Determiner
3893:Adposition
3865:Resumptive
3850:Reciprocal
3845:Possessive
3825:Indefinite
3753:Pronominal
3705:Subsective
3680:Possessive
3650:Collateral
3623:Unergative
3613:Transitive
3528:Inchoative
3523:Impersonal
3463:Catenative
3402:Participle
3397:Infinitive
3329:Relational
3299:Collective
3279:Adjectival
2701:"ergative"
2584:References
2386:내가 문을 열었다.
2305:da-sui-le.
2261:hit-break-
2226:*老张 碎了 窗子.
1881:לְהַעֲבִיר
1764:aanblijven
1760:bijblijven
1709:forgetting
1676:"Het glas
1618:*"De deur
1550:"Het glas
1356:Bleistift.
1147:bouteilles
1054:fais cuire
1006:"La porte
908:Causatives
837:in half.
623:Lexicalist
419:theta role
272:infinitive
221:In English
167:causatives
80:newspapers
4078:Prop-word
4040:Ideophone
3967:Discourse
3906:Inflected
3855:Reflexive
3830:Intensive
3637:Adjective
3608:Stretched
3598:Separable
3588:Reflexive
3483:Denominal
3478:Defective
3458:Captative
3453:Auxiliary
3392:Gerundive
3382:Nonfinite
3304:Countable
2541:died-made
2379:yeoreotda
2283:/Laozhang
2258:da-sui-le
2219:chuangzi.
1976:Tobira-ga
1869:נִשְׁבַּר
1857:causative
1817:Norwegian
1805:Norwegian
1756:nablijven
1692:broken.")
1684:broken."
1397:zerbrach.
1389:Bleistift
1233:finestra.
1062:make cook
1024:causative
982:reflexive
968:"Sa tête
727:Syntactic
637:Katherine
262:Unlike a
4103:Category
4067:Pro-verb
4062:Pro-form
3959:Particle
3911:Stranded
3860:Relative
3840:Personal
3758:Relative
3743:Locative
3733:Genitive
3558:Negative
3488:Deponent
3468:Compound
3026:85498671
3022:ProQuest
2955:. 2008.
2918:62733642
2783:8, 1–40.
2562:See also
2527:Cheolsu-
2486:철수는 죽었다.
2479:jugeotda
2468:Cheolsu-
2272:chuangzi
2250:Laozhang
2247:Laozhang
2197:Laozhang
2194:Laozhang
2149:Chuangzi
2055:otoshita
2027:Heiji-ga
1931:tobira-o
1891:Japanese
1873:to break
1340:zerbrach
1266:finestra
1165:brisent.
1093:Caroline
1090:Caroline
731:Under a
462:The book
303:becomes
4052:Preverb
3929:Article
3875:Subject
3768:Pronoun
3603:Stative
3568:Phrasal
3543:Lexical
3498:Dynamic
3473:Copular
3373:Converb
3289:Animacy
2613:Gruyter
2513:police-
2431:문이 열렸다.
2160:sui-le.
2122:Chinese
2108:銭が おちた.
2104:dropped
2087:Zeni-ga
2058:dropped
1997:扉が 開いた.
1990:hiraita
1945:hiraita
1917:Taro-ga
1885:to pass
1877:לַעֲבֹר
1853:calques
1798:roughly
1752:blijven
1705:absence
1660:perfect
1646:present
1493:öffnete
1433:öffnete
1335:Rebecca
1332:Rebecca
1292:chiusa.
1186:Italian
1150:bottles
1117:bottles
1069:cuisent
1045:." ("I
1008:s'ouvre
274:, or a
175:causing
171:subject
162:subject
94:scholar
4030:Coverb
4025:Copula
3879:Object
3796:Donkey
3715:Adverb
3690:Proper
3655:Common
3538:Labile
3407:Supine
3387:Gerund
3378:Finite
3343:Verbal
3334:Strong
3324:Proper
3024:
2916:
2803:
2535:죽였습니다.
2427:opened
2382:opened
2365:muneul
2329:Korean
2308:
2297:
2286:
2275:window
2222:window
2208:break-
2205:sui-le
2170:窗子 碎了.
2163:break-
2152:window
2101:ochita
2041:zeni-o
2030:Heiji-
1993:opened
1948:opened
1865:שָׁבַר
1849:Hebrew
1844:Hebrew
1835:knekte
1824:Nøtta
1744:worden
1713:losing
1639:hebben
1568:openen
1564:zinken
1556:breaks
1552:breekt
1545:breaks
1541:breekt
1436:opened
1392:pencil
1359:pencil
1313:German
1295:closed
1269:window
1236:window
1220:closed
1217:chiuso
1204:Gianni
1201:Gianni
1101:breaks
970:tourne
959:tourne
947:French
942:French
932:clitic
835:cutted
816:her"
466:fell t
276:gerund
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3996:Other
3977:Modal
3801:Dummy
3553:Modal
3548:Light
3426:Types
3361:Forms
3284:Agent
3067:(PDF)
2914:S2CID
2413:door-
2368:door-
2351:naega
2090:Coin-
2052:おとした.
2044:coin-
1979:Door-
1934:door-
1920:Taro-
1837:nøtta
1826:knakk
1786:to be
1748:to be
1667:heeft
1665:"Hij
1624:opens
1620:opent
1610:opens
1606:opent
1604:"Jan
1539:"Jan
1530:Dutch
1524:Dutch
1501:sich.
1428:Maria
1425:Maria
1400:broke
1343:broke
1274:*(si)
1168:break
1155:*(se)
1098:brise
1073:cooks
1060:, "I
997:ouvre
994:'
974:turns
963:turns
936:affix
934:, or
508:(4b)
502:(4a)
474:(3b)
460:(3a)
321:voice
270:, an
207:Lyons
187:theme
101:JSTOR
87:books
3982:Noun
3728:Flat
3583:Pure
3353:Verb
3338:Weak
3314:Mass
3294:Bare
3266:Noun
3199:2013
2801:ISBN
2713:2018
2503:(28)
2482:died
2476:죽었다.
2458:(27)
2421:열렸다.
2410:muni
2403:(26)
2376:열었다.
2344:(25)
2302:打碎了.
2240:(24)
2187:(23)
2142:(22)
2098:おちた.
2080:(21)
2020:(20)
1987:開いた.
1969:(19)
1942:開いた.
1914:太郎が、
1910:(18)
1833:Jeg
1711:and
1635:zijn
1600:and
1594:sank
1590:zonk
1580:sank
1576:zonk
1505:REFL
1496:open
1488:door
1473:(17)
1452:door
1449:Tür.
1421:(16)
1377:(15)
1328:(14)
1278:REFL
1254:(13)
1212:have
1197:(12)
1159:REFL
1135:(11)
1086:(10)
1058:lit.
1052:"Je
1047:cook
1043:cuis
1041:"Je
1036:cook
1032:cuis
1030:"Je
1020:cook
1001:open
957:"Il
859:Stay
814:swim
718:] ⇒
703:] ⇒
686:The
456:(3)
266:, a
152:and
140:(or
136:, a
73:news
2906:doi
2845:doi
2731:doi
2598:doi
2529:ACC
2521:철수를
2515:TOP
2507:경찰은
2470:TOP
2462:철수는
2415:NOM
2370:ACC
2356:NOM
2291:把窗子
2280:/老张
2263:PRT
2255:打碎了
2216:窗子.
2210:PRT
2191:*老张
2165:PRT
2157:碎了.
2138:).
2136:suì
2092:NOM
2046:ACC
2032:NOM
2024:平次が
1981:NOM
1936:ACC
1922:NOM
1794:ben
1792:Ik
1732:ben
1730:Ik
1721:ben
1719:Ik
1682:has
1671:has
1626:.")
1616:Not
1586:Not
1582:.")
1558:.")
1528:In
1485:Tür
1480:the
1477:Die
1444:the
1441:die
1384:the
1381:Der
1351:the
1348:den
1261:the
1228:the
1142:the
1139:Les
1109:the
1106:les
1075:.")
976:.")
674:⇒ ]
652:⇒ ]
307:or
181:or
173:is
132:In
56:by
4105::
4069:/
3881:/
3877:/
3813:/
3380:/
3336:/
3166:^
3133:^
3110:^
3090:^
3052:^
3034:^
3018:41
3016:.
3012:.
2996:^
2980:^
2964:^
2939:^
2912:.
2902:28
2900:.
2841:41
2839:.
2754:^
2703:.
2675:^
2618:^
2407:문이
2362:문을
2354:I-
2348:내가
2269:窗子
2244:老张
2202:碎了
2146:窗子
2084:銭が
2038:銭を
1973:扉が
1928:扉を
1725:to
1690:is
1686:or
1678:is
1662::
1648::
1287:is
1258:La
1225:la
1209:ha
992:"J
953::
930:,
857:*"
712:⇒
665:⇒
643:"
534:"
311:.
299::
217:.
3249:e
3242:t
3235:v
3201:.
3028:.
2991:.
2975:.
2920:.
2908::
2851:.
2847::
2809:.
2733::
2715:.
2600::
1284:è
468:i
464:i
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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