2450:
1818:, Hasan Kuchak dispatched his army to Anatolia under Suleiman Khan's command. The battle took place in the plain of KaranbĂŒk (between Sivas and Erzincan) in SeptemberâOctober 1343. Eretna initially faced defeat but was able to flank Suleiman Khan and his guards. The Chobanid army disintegrated when Suleiman Khan fled the scene. Eretna's victory was unexpected for most actors in the region. This victory resulted in the Eretnid annexation of Erzincan and several cities further east, also marking the beginning of Eretna's independent reign. Hasan Kuchak's death at the hands of his wife prevented any retaliation for Eretna's earlier victory.
2325:. The Emir of Sivas, Hajji Ibrahim, who allied with the leader of Samargar, Hizir Beg, rescued Burhan al-Din and imprisoned Ali instead. Hajji Ibrahim further appointed Hizir Beg as the governor of Kayseri and kept Ali in isolation in Sivas. Although Ali was released for a brief period of time, he was imprisoned once again by Hajji Mukbil, who was the mamluk of the recently-deceased Hajji Ibrahim. Ali was liberated by Burhan al-Din in 1378. In June of that year, Burhan al-Din was made vizier by the emirs to prevent a possible revolt of peasants disgruntled by Ali's incompetence.
322:
2063:
1825:
2091:, to underline the Mongol heritage he sought to represent. Eretna's identification with the Mongol tradition and hesitancy to enact Mamluk sovereignty is in parallel with the overall character of other local rulers, who responded to the downfall of traditional concepts of legitimacy by practicing substantially different means to justify their rule. Still, instead of the Mongols, who were numerous in the region from
6859:
49:
6883:
6847:
6895:
5737:
1387:
1758:, but had already established his supremacy in the region to a considerable degree. Hasan Buzurg left Eretna as his deputy in Anatolia when he departed east to oppose the Oirat chieftain Ali Padishah's attempt to occupy the Ilkhanid throne. Eretna was officially appointed as the governor of Anatolia by Hasan Buzurg following his victory against Ali Padishah. However, shortly after,
1712:. Eretna's master Timurtash eventually rebelled against the Ilkhanate in 1323, during which time Eretna went into hiding. However, the Ilkhan's weak authority and influence over the state of Timurtash's father, Chupan, led to the pardoning of Timurtash and the restoration of his position as the governor of Anatolia. He later led an extensive series of campaigns against the
6871:
1807:. He still insisted on his obedience to Suleiman Khan, although by 1341, he had gained enough power to be able to issue his coins in his own name. He first declared his independence in 1341 as it was when he first used the title sultan in his coins. Though, he did not hesitate to send his ambassadors to Cairo to secure Mamluk protection and his status as a
1846:
1902:
1888:
1832:
1916:
1874:
1860:
1540:, was largely not allowed to interfere in administrative matters by the local emirs, who had been enjoying a substantial degree of autonomy since Eretna's demise. Ali lacked necessary skills of governance and was described to have only cared for personal pleasures. The state's borders continued to shrink, and the capital temporarily came under
2483:. Coins Eretna minted in the name of the Chobanid-backed pretender Suleiman Khan forms a continuity with Eretna's coins as an independent sultan. The coinage of Eretna's son Muhammad and grandson Ali were derived from the Mongol tradition. Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad's coinage was more innovative, and his son's largely used older motifs.
2400:, hospitals, or bridges dated back to Eretna's rule, except for tombs. Similarly, the overall Eretnid period in Anatolia was unproductive in terms of architectural legacy. This contrasts with the large legacy produced by the Turkoman contemporaries of the Eretnids, who ruled comparably smaller realms. KöĆkmedrese is a
2328:
Kadi Burhan al-Din later dispatched Ali to lead several campaigns. One was aimed at subduing Burhan al-Din's rival Hajji
Shadgeldi of Amasya, but this proved to be futile and further reinforced Shadgeldi's influence over the region. Another expedition consisted of efforts to reclaim NiÄde, which was
1749:
Eretna was later involved in a plot against the Ilkhan in 1334 but received a pardon and returned to
Anatolia from the Ilkhanid court in Iran. With Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, the Ilkhanid period practically came to an end, leaving in its place continuous wars between several warlords from princely
2304:
Ala al-Din Ali was crowned at 13 years old, following the murder of his father. Ali was particularly known to have solely cared for pleasure and lacked the skills to consolidate his authority. He was largely disregarded in political matters. After
Muhammad's death, local emirs obtained control of
1787:
to Qaraja, who was continuing to enlarge his realm at the expanse of Eretna. Having been robbed of the wealth he had stored in the latter city, Eretna confronted the Mamluk sultan, who brought up his failure to declare Mamluk sovereignty. In return, Eretna finally minted coins for the
Mamluks in
2216:
After losing the throne to his half-brother, Muhammad fled to Konya, which had been regained by the
Karamanids, and later moved north to Sivas. The governor of Sivas, Ibn Kurd, recognized him and assisted him in the restoration of his rule. In April 1355, Muhammad faced Jafar at the Battle of
2504:
Eretna's wives included Suli Pasha (died 1339), Togha Khatun and
Isfahan Shah Khatun. He was known to have had three sons: Hasan, Muhammad, and Jafar. The oldest son, Sheikh Hasan was the governor of Sivas and died in December 1347 or January 1348 due to sickness shortly after he wed an
2404:
that was used as the burial place of the
Eretnid sultans and consorts. According to the now-vanished inscriptions on the building, it was built by Eretna in memory of his consort Suli Pasha in 1339. The name Kaluyan, possibly that of an Armenian architect, appears on the building.
2565:
Muhammad is reputed to have had 2 sons, Yusuf
Chelebi (died 1434) and Ahmad (d. 1433), and 3 daughters, Neslikhan Khatun (d. 1455), Aisha (d. 1436), and Fatima (d. 1430). Ahmad had a son named Muhammad (d. 1443) and grandson Ahmad, who was attested to be living in 1477.
2449:
1770:
Due to constant upheavals in the east, Eretna forged an alliance with the
Mamluks, who confirmed him as the Mamluk governor of Anatolia. On the contrary, Eretna did very little to uphold Mamluk sovereignty, minting coins on behalf of the new Chobanid puppet
2466:
During the
Ilkhanid era, Eretna struck coins in the name of Abu Sa'id until he died in 1335. Eretna issued coins for various pretenders to the Ilkhanid throne. Briefly in 1338â9, Eretna minted one type of coin for Taghaytimur, although he ruled in
2188:. However, Muhammad's rule did not fare well due to his debaucherous behaviour and unfair treatment of his siblings. Since he was young, authority came into the hands of his emirs. Turkoman tribes took control of the northern region of
1509:, struggled to maintain his authority over the state and was quickly deposed by Jafar. Shortly after, he managed to restore his throne, although he could not prevent some portion of his territories from getting annexed by local
2200:
Zayn al-Din Qaraja would soon seek protection in Muhammad's court fleeing from the Mamluks, who were preparing to prosecute him for the rebellion he led. On 22 September 1353, Muhammad deported Qaraja to Mamluk-controlled
2082:
in sources) in asserting his rule. He thus highlighted his succession to the Mongol tradition despite his Uyghur origin. When he stopped referring to an overlord after 1341â2 and issued his own coins, he utilized the
2520:
of Karaman. Muhammad's son Eretna had two sons named Esenbogha and Ghazi, the first of which is reputed to have a tomb in NiÄde. However, details on his life are not mentioned by any sources of that era other than
1762:
gained power in the Ilkhanid domains in the east in 1338. Hasan Kuchak was the son of Timurtash and had effectively become the pretender of his father's legacy. He defeated the Jalayirids near AladaÄ and pillaged
7031:
2320:
tried to fend off the Karamanids, in hopes that he could claim Kayseri for himself. He wasn't successful, getting arrested when Ali uncovered his true intentions. In addition, the Dulkadirids gained control of
2516:, Muhammad also had an older son named Eretna. He was at some point declared as the ruler but was defeated and imprisoned by the Karamanids. While he held the throne for some time, he was eventually killed by
1560:
There is a scant number of surviving buildings and literary works identified with the rule of the Eretnids. This contrasts with the neighboring contemporary states, who left a greater architectural legacy.
1728:
in December while also planning to come into terms with Abu Sa'id. He was later killed on the orders of the Mamluk sultan. Fearing punishment during Timurtash's absence, Eretna took refuge in the court of
1179:
1556:
was 7 years old when his father died. His regent Burhan al-Din toppled him in less than a year and proclaimed himself as the new sultan by January 1381, ending the Eretnid dynasty's political presence.
2305:
much of the region with the former vizier Khoja Ali Shah's son Hajji Ibrahim in Sivas, Sheikh Najib in Tokat, and Hajji Shadgeldi Pasha in Amasya. The Karamanids invaded NiÄde and Aksaray, and local
2491:
Eretna's parents were Jafar or Taiju Bakhshi and his wife TĂŒkĂ€lti. Eretna's elder brothers were Emir Taramtaz and Suniktaz. There were possibly two additional brothers of Eretna. Emir of Erzincan,
2267:'s earlier work which explains that Khoja Ali Shah led an uprising against Muhammad in 1364 and marched towards Kayseri. Muhammad was defeated and had to request assistance from the Mamluk Sultan
1189:
6739:
7381:
2532:. Khuvand Islamshah Khatun was either the mother or consort of Ali. She appears in records as a noble carrying weight in the Eretnid court, where she ordered a copy of the Ilkhanid
7075:
6933:
2409:, also known as the Dabbas Tekke and located in the center of the city of Sivas, was built during Eretna's reign as a burial place for his son Sheikh Hasan, who died in 1347.
7376:
1981:. Eretna additionally expanded his borders beyond Erzurum. He faced a reduced number of threats to his rule in this period: Despite the intentions of the new Chobanid ruler
7042:
7022:
7018:
1472:. After an unexpected victory at the Battle of KaranbĂŒk, against Mongol warlords competing to restore the Ilkhanate, Eretna claimed independence declaring himself the
5865:
321:
2509:
princess. Eretna's successor and youngest son, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I was born to Isfahan Shah Khatun, who was a relative of the Jalayirid ruler Hasan Buzurg.
2495:
was Eretna's nephew among others. Eretna had a sister who married the Chobanid prince Timurtash. According to the work of history commissioned by the Karamanids,
2128:) by his subjects who looked upon him favorably because his rule preserved order in a region that was politically crumbling apart. He promoted and reinforced the
2213:
for his execution. This did not affect the fate of Muhammad, as he was deposed by his emirs in 1354, and his half-brother Jafar reigned for a year (until 1355).
7045:
6402:
7016:
6565:
5944:
1257:
2316:
in Kayseri, the Karamanids captured the city with the help of the Mongol tribes of Samargar and Chaykazan, prompting Ali to flee to Sivas. The local judge
1415:
2479:. According to Philip N. Remler, this signified Anatolia's gradual transition into independence from the states in the east but continued trade along the
2271:. Upon a decree by the Mamluk Sultan, the governor of Aleppo sent his forces to aid Muhammad, with which he subdued and executed Khoja Ali Shah in 1365.
6538:
5939:
1340:
1245:
5460:
2264:
7068:
1235:
6926:
6336:
5184:
Melville, Charles (21 April 2010). Suleiman, Yasir; Al-Abdul Jader, Adel (eds.). "Genealogy and Exemplary Rulership in the Tarikh-i Chingiz Khan".
7041:
5725:
2542:, along with her, Khuvandegar Khatun, and the remark "may their dominion live on and their majesty be eternal." There, she was described as "the
2256:, and his 24 thousand-strong force marched north and raided Eretnid and Dulkadirid lands. However, this effort failed to regain Mamluk control.
6828:
5970:
5917:
2472:
1464:, who was appointed as the governor of Anatolia. Some time after the latter's downfall, Eretna became the governor under the suzerainty of the
5332:
5233:
5167:
5081:
5027:
5000:
2244:
from the Eretnids. Muhammad allied himself with the Dulkadirids in September 1362 in a joint campaign successfully driving the Mamluks from
7371:
7356:
7061:
6997:
5848:
1159:
7036:
6954:
2148:'s accusation that he allowed the state to later fall apart. Eretna passed away in February, March, or August 1352 and was buried in the
1824:
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5836:
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1298:
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Yalnızgöz. Muhammad came to terms with the vizier Ali Khoja and killed Jafar, reclaiming his rule. In 1361, as a reprisal to a raid by
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6786:
6326:
6316:
5542:
1992:) to wage a war against him, such an expedition never came to be. The political vacuum in Mamluk Egypt, following the death of Sultan
6978:
2329:
largely fruitless except for Karahisar's capture. After raiding the Turkomans near NiÄde in 1379, Ali took advantage of the death of
2007:
and tensions with the Mamluk emirs also made an attack from the south unlikely. Eretna further took advantage of the Karamanid ruler
7025:
7002:
6331:
6278:
6216:
5904:
5887:
5443:
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5271:
5201:
5127:
5100:
4878:
1323:
1215:
6990:
6983:
6979:
7084:
6764:
6449:
6248:
6172:
5960:
5073:
5019:
4992:
1350:
7139:
7040:
7039:
7035:
6984:
6970:
6965:
6957:
6956:
6444:
5892:
1408:
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7017:
7012:
6887:
2180:(chief minister), Khoja Ali, secretly invited Muhammad to Kayseri to become the new sultan, although Muhammad's older brother
1548:
rose to power as the new vizier and further dispatched Ali to command several largely unsuccessful campaigns. Ali died of the
280:
266:
252:
238:
213:
7038:
6586:
6283:
6238:
6152:
6130:
6043:
5289:
Remler, Philip N. (1980). "Ottoman, Isfendiyarid, and Eretnid Coinage: A Currency Community in Fourteenth Century Anatolia".
5046:
2440:
commissioned by the Eretnid emir of Amasya, Sayf al-Din Shadgeldi (died 1381). Another instance was an astrological almanac (
883:
6987:
5703:
5382:
2538:. The possibility that she was Ali's consort is supported by a reference to him as the person of the highest authority, or
7032:
7030:
6969:
6675:
6392:
6113:
4901:
1811:(viceroy) amidst political turmoil within the Mamluks. This elicited a new expedition by Hasan Kuchak in Eretna's lands.
1594:
1377:
1328:
1129:
6759:
6454:
6085:
6065:
5149:
1345:
6953:
5501:
Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de l'Islam avec 20 tableaux généalogiques hors texte et 5 cartes
2106:-speaker according to Ibn Battuta and was considered a scholar among the scholars of his era. He was famously known as
7305:
6982:
6971:
6714:
6341:
6321:
6243:
6167:
5912:
5718:
2004:
1225:
1013:
7274:
7024:
2322:
2078:
Eretna benefited from the support of the significant population of Mongol tribes in Central Anatolia (referred to as
6958:
5352:
Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti's Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and Its Commercial Context
7391:
6437:
6412:
6290:
6140:
5977:
5965:
5831:
5590:
5578:
5404:
4919:
4870:
3023:
2417:
There is a scant number of surviving literary works that were dedicated to the Eretnids. One such text was a short
2352:
amidst another attempt to crush Shadgeldi. His body was transferred to Tokat and then to Kayseri. He was buried in
2196:
coast. Although the Dulkadirids to the south expanded their borders at the expense of the Eretnids, the Dulkadirid
1401:
1335:
1139:
301:
7009:
6964:
6615:
6253:
6233:
5880:
2167:
1502:
1360:
6993:
5506:
Handbook of genealogy and chronology for the history of Islam: with 20 additional genealogical tables and 5 maps
48:
7019:
7003:
6813:
6479:
6177:
6106:
5875:
4862:
3056:
6988:
6977:
6960:
6992:
6962:
2070:
minted in the name of Eretna in 1351 in Erzincan. It includes an inscription in the Uyghur script that reads
7015:
6162:
6135:
6080:
6075:
5927:
5922:
5535:
2517:
2259:
According to historian Kemal Göde, Muhammad reversed into conflict with Khoja Ali Shah, whom he killed near
7033:
6665:
6994:
6968:
6670:
6610:
6598:
6491:
6348:
5841:
5764:
5711:
5391:
2278:
and Hajji Ibrahim, killed Muhammad in Kayseri before he could reinforce his authority, enthroning his son
1365:
376:
364:
349:
339:
7013:
7010:
2184:
was already residing there. Jafar was imprisoned by Muhammad for some time, but he eventually escaped to
2003:), allowed Eretna to take Darende from the Mamluks. The Dulkadirid ruler Qaraja's focus in pillaging the
7330:
7034:
6989:
6973:
6961:
6955:
6818:
6603:
6593:
6560:
6300:
6123:
2376:
793:
6995:
7027:
7020:
7001:
7335:
7214:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6976:
6967:
6754:
6749:
6734:
6680:
6625:
6509:
6368:
6353:
6201:
6118:
5932:
2534:
2222:
2099:(slave-soldiers) and local Turks in administrative positions fearing the rebirth of the Mongol rule.
1730:
959:
6996:
5093:
Islamic Manuscripts of Late Medieval Rum, 1270s-1370s Production, Patronage and the Arts of the Book
2062:
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7315:
7179:
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7011:
7008:
7006:
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6581:
6514:
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6034:
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5602:
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2406:
2364:
2334:
2268:
2227:
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1303:
1053:
783:
750:
642:
555:
273:
134:
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6974:
6966:
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5464:
1799:
Eretna's attempt to be on good terms with the Chobanids was hindered by Hasan Kuchak's capture of
7194:
7164:
7134:
6999:
6875:
6801:
6744:
6724:
6637:
6526:
6469:
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6187:
5853:
5774:
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5624:
5306:
2368:
2317:
2088:
1776:
1545:
1313:
1169:
973:
758:
231:
7053:
7007:
6991:
6980:
5193:
7386:
7269:
7239:
7229:
6998:
6899:
6808:
6771:
6657:
6642:
6459:
6397:
6384:
6358:
6226:
6157:
6101:
6020:
5813:
5788:
5749:
5687:
5528:
5509:
5499:
5476:
5439:
5414:
5365:
5355:
5338:
5328:
5298:
5277:
5267:
5239:
5229:
5207:
5197:
5163:
5133:
5123:
5106:
5096:
5077:
5052:
5042:
5023:
4996:
4964:
4929:
4884:
4874:
4843:
4652:
4495:
3060:
2353:
2253:
2155:
2056:
1993:
1441:
1355:
1308:
1023:
949:
833:
823:
803:
773:
310:
7026:
7014:
5495:
2337:, through a campaign to retake the city, which was also unsuccessful. Ala al-Din Ali died in
1804:
7310:
7300:
7249:
7129:
6729:
6697:
6519:
6474:
6417:
6070:
5993:
5808:
5659:
5584:
5259:
5251:
5189:
5155:
4954:
4835:
3012:
2468:
2418:
2349:
2338:
2260:
2189:
2181:
2008:
1725:
1549:
1506:
1433:
1281:
1033:
1003:
965:
465:
7204:
6863:
6796:
6776:
6707:
6702:
6647:
6620:
6531:
6504:
6182:
6147:
5427:
2103:
1708:'s appointment as the Ilkhanid governor of the region by Ilkhan Abu Sa'id and his father,
1318:
923:
873:
853:
813:
672:
425:
7279:
7224:
7124:
7021:
6719:
6499:
6422:
6055:
5823:
5784:
5619:
5399:
5395:
4914:
4910:
2543:
2274:
Soon after in October 1365, other emirs who wanted to preserve their autonomy, such as
2233:
1964:
1598:
1518:
1121:
893:
245:
7350:
7144:
6851:
6791:
6692:
6432:
6427:
6060:
6005:
5796:
5596:
5438:(in Turkish). Ankara: Institute of Seljuk History and Civilization (published 1970).
5387:
5377:
5219:
4906:
3217:
2299:
2279:
2241:
2079:
1772:
1537:
1391:
1293:
983:
2282:. Around that time, the eastern part of the realm, including Erzincan, Erzurum, and
1754:. Back west, Eretna came under the suzerainty of the Jalayirid viceroy of Anatolia,
1624:
7325:
7254:
7234:
6823:
6781:
6407:
5858:
5065:
4896:
2559:
2476:
2397:
1982:
1759:
1755:
1469:
1093:
1063:
913:
5159:
2011:'s death in 1350, capturing Konya. Overall, Eretna's realm extended from Konya to
1684:) meaning 'jewel'. This name was common among the Uyghurs following the spread of
5322:
5223:
5011:
7264:
7244:
7174:
7154:
6687:
5998:
4984:
4942:
3046:
2547:
2497:
2492:
2437:
2372:
2044:
1972:
1947:, dispersed coins in his name, and formally declared sovereignty as part of the
1780:
1717:
1583:
1514:
1286:
993:
941:
515:
4959:
2059:, and Darende, with the capital initially situated in Sivas and later Kayseri.
7199:
7104:
5651:
5513:
5369:
5281:
5110:
2330:
2206:
2145:
2092:
1751:
1734:
1654:
1628:
1541:
1103:
1073:
475:
396:
331:
259:
17:
5480:
5418:
5302:
5243:
5211:
5137:
4968:
4933:
4847:
7259:
7169:
5664:
5342:
5056:
4888:
2791:
2480:
2275:
2193:
1977:
1705:
1701:
1579:
1575:
1461:
1453:
1083:
903:
763:
218:
2512:
Muhammad's son Ala al-Din Ali succeeded him after his murder. According to
1552:
in August 1380 amidst one of those expeditions. The fourth Eretnid sultan,
1521:
to the west. In 1365, when he had recently put an end to the revolt of his
5318:
5263:
1476:
of his domains. His reign was largely prosperous earning him the nickname
7219:
7209:
7184:
7119:
7114:
6553:
6543:
5870:
5645:
5186:
Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand
2998:
2506:
2429:
2287:
2249:
2048:
2024:
1788:
1339â40. Despite the loss of Darende, Eretna was able to gain control of
1764:
1700:
following his brothers' execution due to a rebellion they joined and his
1697:
1685:
1669:
1445:
1043:
843:
623:
485:
415:
96:
5310:
7284:
7189:
2401:
2393:
2306:
2283:
2245:
2237:
2052:
1968:
1950:
1800:
1784:
1721:
1646:
1609:
1530:
1457:
863:
652:
632:
565:
545:
505:
455:
445:
435:
76:
6911:
1775:
in 1339. Thus, the Mamluks started viewing the rising Turkoman leader
7109:
6548:
5741:
5736:
5572:
5148:(12 March 2009). "Anatolia under the Mongols". In Fleet, Kate (ed.).
2811:
2423:
2343:
2313:
2218:
2202:
2177:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2096:
2067:
2028:
2016:
2012:
1944:
1815:
1738:
1709:
1650:
1640:
1613:
1522:
1473:
1449:
1207:
712:
682:
605:
535:
495:
122:
103:
62:
2371:, who proclaimed himself as the ruler by January 1381. According to
1943:
After the battle and Hasan Kuchak's death, Eretna assumed the title
2132:
law in his domains and showed an effort to respect and sustain the
2454:
2448:
2210:
2185:
2144:(Islamic dignitaries). An exception to the praise he received was
2133:
2040:
2020:
1958:
1808:
1793:
1789:
732:
722:
702:
692:
662:
595:
585:
575:
525:
86:
72:
7099:
3884:
3882:
2551:
2457:
scroll commissioned for Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I, circa 1353â54
2173:
2036:
1526:
405:
7057:
6915:
5707:
5524:
2446:) created for the last Eretnid ruler Ala al-Din Ali in 1371â2.
2176:(regional feudal lords), and upon his father's death, Eretna's
6952:
4867:
New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
2197:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4572:
4570:
4521:
4519:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4231:
4229:
5324:
Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey
5520:
5154:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 51â101.
2554:-zamin of the time," and "pride of the illustrious family (
5016:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 14 (GeliÌbolu â HaddesenĂą)
4840:
The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute
4506:
4504:
5467:[State of Eretna in Sivas - Kayseri and Around].
4367:
4365:
4299:
4297:
4153:
4151:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4049:
4047:
3933:
3931:
3929:
1627:
was capable of maintaining the empire, his conversion to
1623:), marked the height of the state, and while his brother
4340:
4338:
4336:
2360:
Muhammad II Chelebi and usurpation by Kadi Burhan al-Din
1631:
sped up the impending fall and civil war in the region.
5070:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 11 (ElbiÌstan â EymiÌr)
4384:
4382:
4380:
4216:
4214:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
1505:, although initially preferred over his older brother
4989:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 26 (KiÌliÌ â KĂŒtahya)
3948:
3946:
2379:, Muhammad was killed by Kadi Burhan al-Din in 1390.
2312:
In 1375, when Ali was in the midst of a feast in his
29:
Sultanate in central and eastern Anatolia (1335â1381)
4838:[The Dulkadir Emirs Killed by the Mamluks].
2441:
2421:
2367:
was crowned when he was 7 years old. His regent was
2209:
by the Mamluks, who would later transport Qaraja to
1956:
1948:
1688:, and Eretna may have come from Buddhist parentage.
7293:
7092:
6656:
6574:
6490:
6383:
6309:
6264:
6209:
6200:
6094:
6042:
6033:
5986:
5953:
5903:
5822:
5783:
5757:
5748:
5680:
5633:
5612:
5565:
5558:
4836:"Memlûkler Tarafından Katledilen Dulkadir Emirleri"
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
1737:. Timurtash was replaced by Emir Muhammad from the
1720:'s death on 24 August 1327, Timurtash retreated to
1716:emirates in Anatolia. Upon the news of his brother
1668:is popularly explained to have originated from the
176:
166:
156:
144:
128:
116:
102:
92:
82:
68:
58:
34:
5381:
5188:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press: 129â150.
4900:
3888:
3865:Ibn Battuta wrote about having met her in Kayseri.
1653:, a trusted follower of the second Ilkhanid ruler
1608:). After half a century, the death of the seventh
5475:(126). Turkish Historical Association: 161â190.
5465:"Sivas - Kayseri ve Dolaylarında Eretna Devleti"
5256:Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia
5076:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 295â296.
5022:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 214â215.
4995:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 282â283.
1724:, and following his father's death, he fled to
4945:[Coinage of the Eretna Principality].
3904:
1679:
1673:
7382:States and territories disestablished in 1381
7069:
6927:
5719:
5536:
2804:Togha Khatun, Suli Pasha, Isfahan Shah Khatun
2286:, had come under the rule of a local figure,
2107:
1477:
1409:
8:
5118:Masters, Bruce Alan; Ăgoston, GĂĄbor (2010).
4953:(240). Turkish Historical Society: 435â452.
2309:tribes started disrupting the public order.
4817:
4793:
4781:
4765:
4753:
4736:
4724:
4612:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4479:
4455:
4419:
4407:
4235:
2113:
1483:
7377:States and territories established in 1335
7076:
7062:
7054:
6934:
6920:
6912:
6653:
6206:
6039:
5754:
5726:
5712:
5704:
5562:
5543:
5529:
5521:
5405:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5291:Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society)
4920:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2571:
2205:in exchange for a payment of 500 thousand
1967:, which was attested in his coins and the
1448:from 1335 to 1381. The dynasty's founder,
1416:
1402:
295:
47:
31:
4958:
2501:, Eretna had a paternal uncle named Ali.
2015:and Erzurum, also incorporating Kayseri,
1649:stock, Eretna was born to Jafar or Taiju
1525:(chief minister), he was murdered by his
5194:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748637386.003.0009
4805:
4664:
4561:
4510:
4491:
4443:
4371:
4193:
4157:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4070:
4053:
3964:
3937:
3900:
2061:
1741:tribe, who was the uncle of Abu Sa'id.
4648:
4636:
4344:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4038:
4007:
3968:
3920:
3908:
3878:
3858:
2575:The family tree of the Eretnid dynasty
1783:more favorably. In 1338â9, Eretna lost
309:
298:
4700:
4688:
4676:
4712:
4624:
4388:
4356:
4259:
4247:
4220:
4205:
4181:
4169:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4019:
3995:
3972:
3952:
3916:
3912:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3754:
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3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
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3740:
3738:
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3734:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3665:
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3661:
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3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
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3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
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3605:
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3601:
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3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
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3585:
3583:
3581:
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3577:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
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3536:
3534:
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3482:
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3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
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3420:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
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3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
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3358:
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3348:
3326:
3324:
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3302:
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3256:
3254:
3252:
3241:
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3226:
3224:
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3215:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3155:
3149:
3147:
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3141:
3135:
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3131:
3129:
3127:
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3123:
3099:
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3089:
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3079:
3077:
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3008:
3005:
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2990:
2988:
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2897:
2895:
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2865:
2863:
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2818:
2816:
2809:
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2800:
2797:
2790:
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2786:
2784:
2781:
2703:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
175:
165:
155:
151:
127:
115:
111:
101:
7:
6882:
6870:
5380:& Ettinghausen, Richard (1971).
5350:Sinclair, Thomas (6 December 2019).
5091:Jackson, Cailah (4 September 2020).
5041:. Turkish Historical Society Press.
4769:
4467:
4431:
4288:
2471:, far from Anatolia, and was not a
2356:beside his father and grandfather.
2263:on 30 May 1358. This deviates from
2172:Muhammad was liked by most Eretnid
2154:(dome) located in the courtyard of
1933:The locations of towns in Anatolia.
5120:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1664:), and his wife TĂŒkĂ€lti. His name
25:
1750:houses, namely the Chobanids and
964:(330â1453; 1204-1261 in exile as
7085:States in late medieval Anatolia
6893:
6881:
6869:
6858:
6857:
6845:
6249:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
5735:
4941:ĂayırdaÄ, Mehmet (August 2000).
2535:Tavarikh-i Jahangusha-yi Ghazani
2392:There are no surviving mosques,
1914:
1900:
1886:
1872:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1830:
1823:
1385:
928:224â651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
320:
278:
264:
250:
236:
211:
6894:
5508:] (in French). H. Lafaire.
5252:Peacock, Andrew Charles Spencer
5151:The Cambridge History of Turkey
1998:
1987:
1901:
1887:
1831:
1792:from the Karamanids as well as
1745:Viceroy of Anatolia (1335â1343)
1659:
1618:
1603:
1588:
5430:[Mongols in Anatolia]
5327:. Vol. II. Pindar Press.
5258:. Cambridge University Press.
5095:. Edinburgh University Press.
4943:"Eretnalı BeyliÄinin Paraları"
3889:Spuler & Ettinghausen 1971
2001: 1293â94, 1299â1309
1915:
1440:) were a dynasty that ruled a
784:Kingdom of Alexander the Great
1:
5225:The Ottomans: Empire of Faith
5160:10.1017/chol9780521620932.004
1939:Independent reign (1343â1352)
1873:
1859:
1595:division of the Mongol Empire
1444:spanning central and eastern
354:
6740:Intangible cultural heritage
6086:Southeastern Anatolia Region
5918:Proclamation of the republic
5496:von Zambaur, Eduard Karl Max
7372:States in medieval Anatolia
7357:History of Kayseri Province
7306:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
6011:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
2442:
2422:
2095:to Sivas, Eretna appointed
2005:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1957:
1949:
1692:Service under the Ilkhanate
1299:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
1014:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
7408:
7367:History of Amasya Province
5842:Conquest of Constantinople
5074:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
5020:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
4993:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
4960:10.37879/belleten.2000.435
4871:Edinburgh University Press
4842:(in Turkish) (43): 83â94.
3905:Masters & Ăgoston 2010
2297:
2165:
2087:, which was also used for
1638:
7362:History of Sivas Province
6949:
6841:
6349:The constitutional system
5881:Second Constitutional Era
5866:Decline and modernization
5461:UzunçarĆılı, Ä°smail Hakkı
5436:Journal of Seljuk Studies
4863:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
3732:
3730:
3609:
3607:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3328:
3296:
3294:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3213:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3139:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3067:
3051:
3003:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2807:
2795:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2618:
2528:Ali's only known son was
2248:. The Mamluk governor of
2168:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I
1680:
1503:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad I
1180:Decline and modernization
1130:Periods of Ottoman Empire
190:
186:
152:
140:
112:
53:The Eretnids under Eretna
46:
41:
6332:Ministry of the Interior
6317:Administrative divisions
5876:First Constitutional Era
5354:. Taylor & Francis.
5072:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
5018:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
5010:ErtuÄrul, Ăzkan (1996).
4991:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
3006:Badr al-Din Sheikh Hasan
2348:in August 1380 from the
2265:Ä°smail Hakkı UzunçarĆılı
6279:Parliamentary elections
6081:Eastern Anatolia Region
6076:Central Anatolia Region
5758:Ancient and Middle Ages
5413:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
4983:Durukan, Aynur (2002).
4928:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2546:of the age and time," "
6450:Science and technology
6284:Presidential elections
5765:Prehistory of Anatolia
5039:Eratnalılar, 1327-1381
2621:Taiju Bakhshi or Jafar
2458:
2162:Muhammad I (1352â1365)
2108:
2075:
1955:(sermon). He took the
1674:
1517:to the south, and the
1478:
1437:
1351:Constitutional history
1236:Provisional government
1190:Defeat and dissolution
340:Prehistory of Anatolia
178:âą Disestablished
7331:Philaretos Brachamios
6445:Free trade agreements
6327:Intelligence Services
6124:North Anatolian Fault
5428:"Anadolu'da MoÄollar"
5426:SĂŒmer, Faruk (1969).
5264:10.1017/9781108582124
2452:
2434:al-As'ila wa'l-Ajwiba
2377:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
2123:the beardless prophet
2065:
1963:(honorific nickname)
1536:His 13-year-old son,
1493:the beardless prophet
794:Kingdom of Cappadocia
350:Palaeolithic Anatolia
6829:World heritage sites
6354:Turkish Armed Forces
6239:Constitutional Court
6153:Flora and vegetation
6131:Environmental issues
6119:East Anatolian Fault
6066:Mediterranean Region
5321:(31 December 1989).
5064:Göde, Kemal (1995).
5037:Göde, Kemal (1994).
4834:Alıç, Samet (2020).
4739:, pp. 164, 189.
2102:Eretna was a fluent
1930:class=notpageimage|
1814:Choosing to stay in
1796:on an unknown date.
960:Eastern Roman Empire
168:âą Independence
7321:Knights Hospitaller
7316:Empire of Trebizond
6943:History of Anatolia
6398:Banking and Finance
6016:History of Anatolia
5913:War of Independence
5905:Republic of TĂŒrkiye
5802:Battle of Manzikert
5641:Emirate of Erzincan
5603:Muhammad II Chelebi
5254:(17 October 2019).
4667:, pp. 214â215.
3381:Muhammad II Chelebi
2530:Muhammad II Chelebi
2365:Muhammad II Chelebi
1696:Eretna migrated to
1554:Muhammad II Chelebi
1304:History of Anatolia
1226:War of Independence
1054:Empire of Trebizond
918:133 BC-27 BCâ330 AD
365:Mesolithic Anatolia
274:Emirate of Erzincan
158:âą Established
135:Muhammad II Chelebi
7195:Kadi Burhan al-Din
6455:Telecommunications
6244:Court of Cassation
5945:Multi-party period
5854:Ottoman Old Regime
5775:Byzantine Anatolia
5770:Classical Anatolia
5667:(1359â61, 1361â81)
5625:Kadi Burhan al-Din
4796:, p. 184â186.
4784:, p. 180â181.
4615:, p. 186â187.
4603:, p. 183â184.
4458:, p. 178â179.
4422:, p. 177â178.
4208:, p. 104â105.
4022:, pp. 23, 93.
2459:
2369:Kadi Burhan al-Din
2318:Kadi Burhan al-Din
2076:
1777:Zayn al-Din Qaraja
1635:Eretna (1335â1352)
1597:that started with
1546:Kadi Burhan al-Din
1346:Diplomatic history
1258:Multi-party period
1208:Republic of Turkey
984:Great Seljuk State
974:Rashidun Caliphate
759:Classical Anatolia
377:Neolithic Anatolia
232:Kadi Burhan al-Din
7392:Anatolian beyliks
7344:
7343:
7051:
7050:
6909:
6908:
6837:
6836:
6379:
6378:
6322:Foreign relations
6296:Political parties
6196:
6195:
6029:
6028:
6021:History of Thrace
5923:AtatĂŒrk's reforms
5814:Anatolian beyliks
5701:
5700:
5676:
5675:
5660:Emirate of Amasya
5573:Ala al-Din Eretna
5463:(20 April 1968).
5334:978-0-907132-33-2
5235:978-1-902886-11-4
5169:978-1-139-05596-3
5146:Melville, Charles
5083:978-975-389-438-8
5029:978-975-389-441-8
5002:978-975-389-406-7
4434:, pp. 85â86.
3847:
3846:
3842:Emirs of Erzincan
3823:
3822:
3063:
2812:Ala al-Din Eretna
2805:
2540:Shahzada-yi Jahan
2473:direct descendant
1994:Al-Nasir Muhammad
1593:) as part of the
1426:
1425:
1392:Turkey portal
1309:History of Thrace
1266:
1265:
1216:Periods of Turkey
1198:
1197:
1112:
1111:
1024:Anatolian beyliks
950:Medieval Anatolia
932:
931:
834:Kingdom of Pontus
824:Ptolemaic Kingdom
774:Achaemenid Empire
741:
740:
614:
613:
387:
386:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
224:
223:
130:âą 1380â1381
123:Ala al-Din Eretna
118:âą 1335â1352
16:(Redirected from
7399:
7311:Empire of Nicaea
7301:Byzantine Empire
7294:Christian states
7250:Sultanate of Rum
7078:
7071:
7064:
7055:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6913:
6897:
6896:
6885:
6884:
6873:
6872:
6861:
6860:
6849:
6654:
6539:Cities and towns
6520:Turkish language
6475:Turkish Airlines
6291:Electoral system
6254:Council of State
6207:
6141:Waste management
6071:Black Sea Region
6049:
6040:
5994:Turkic migration
5940:One-party period
5809:Sultanate of Rum
5755:
5740:
5739:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5705:
5585:Izz al-Din Jafar
5563:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5522:
5517:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5433:
5422:
5385:
5373:
5346:
5314:
5285:
5247:
5215:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5141:
5114:
5087:
5066:"EretnaoÄulları"
5060:
5033:
5006:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4962:
4937:
4904:
4892:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4821:
4818:von Zambaur 1927
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4794:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4791:
4785:
4782:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4779:
4773:
4766:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4763:
4757:
4754:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4751:
4740:
4737:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4734:
4728:
4725:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4613:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4610:
4604:
4601:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4598:
4592:
4589:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4586:
4580:
4577:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4574:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4550:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4547:
4541:
4538:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4535:
4529:
4526:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4523:
4514:
4508:
4499:
4489:
4483:
4480:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4456:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4420:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4417:
4411:
4408:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4405:
4392:
4386:
4375:
4369:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4292:
4286:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4236:UzunçarĆılı 1968
4233:
4224:
4218:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4133:, p. 94â95.
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4057:
4051:
4042:
4036:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3976:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3924:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3866:
3863:
3840:
3833:
3211:Islamshah Khatun
3054:
2803:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2445:
2427:
2347:
2335:Emir of Erzincan
2269:Al-Kamil Sha'ban
2231:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1962:
1954:
1918:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1663:
1661:
1622:
1621: 1295â1304
1620:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1590:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1356:Cultural history
1341:Military history
1336:Economic history
1282:Turkic migration
1246:One-party period
1222:
1221:
1136:
1135:
1034:County of Edessa
1004:Sultanate of Rum
966:Empire of Nicaea
956:
955:
770:
769:
764:Classical Thrace
629:
628:
466:Achaeans (Homer)
402:
401:
369:c. 11,000â
356:
346:
345:
324:
314:
296:
282:
281:
268:
267:
254:
253:
240:
239:
228:
227:
215:
214:
208:
207:
192:
191:
51:
32:
21:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7336:Zaccaria family
7289:
7088:
7082:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7044:
6945:
6940:
6910:
6905:
6833:
6652:
6648:Women in Turkey
6616:Law enforcement
6570:
6566:Life expectancy
6532:Islam in Turkey
6486:
6375:
6337:National Police
6305:
6260:
6192:
6183:Turkish Riviera
6090:
6047:
6046:
6025:
5982:
5949:
5928:Language reform
5899:
5818:
5779:
5744:
5734:
5732:
5702:
5697:
5672:
5629:
5608:
5554:
5549:
5494:
5485:
5483:
5459:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5431:
5425:
5378:Spuler, Bertold
5376:
5362:
5349:
5335:
5319:Sinclair, T. A.
5317:
5288:
5274:
5250:
5236:
5218:
5204:
5183:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5144:
5130:
5117:
5103:
5090:
5084:
5063:
5049:
5036:
5030:
5009:
5003:
4982:
4973:
4971:
4940:
4895:
4881:
4861:
4852:
4850:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4768:, p. 175;
4764:
4760:
4752:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4502:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4395:
4387:
4378:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4295:
4287:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4060:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3979:
3967:, p. 234;
3963:
3959:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3927:
3903:, p. 234;
3899:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3838:
3835:Eretnid sultans
3831:
3027:
3025:
3014:
2569:
2489:
2464:
2415:
2390:
2385:
2362:
2341:
2302:
2296:
2294:Ali (1365â1380)
2276:Hajji Shadgeldi
2225:
2170:
2164:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2109:Köse Peyghamber
1997:
1986:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1747:
1731:Badr al-Din Beg
1694:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1617:
1602:
1587:
1572:
1567:
1533:, the capital.
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1479:Köse Peyghamber
1422:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1361:Genetic history
1276:
1268:
1267:
1251:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1113:
954:
944:
934:
933:
924:Sasanian Empire
884:Armenian Empire
874:Parthian Empire
854:Attalid kingdom
814:Seleucid Empire
768:
753:
743:
742:
626:
616:
615:
426:Akkadian Empire
399:
389:
388:
382:
381:c. 8,000â
370:
358:
344:
334:
312:
305:
279:
265:
251:
237:
212:
179:
169:
159:
131:
119:
54:
37:
36:Eretnid dynasty
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7405:
7403:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7349:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7225:Ottoman Empire
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7125:CandaroÄulları
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7058:
7049:
7048:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6916:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6891:
6879:
6867:
6855:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6765:Radio stations
6762:
6757:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6613:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6500:Turkish people
6496:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6465:Transportation
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6173:National parks
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6107:Climate change
6098:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6056:Marmara Region
6052:
6050:
6048:(west to east)
6037:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5963:
5961:Constitutional
5957:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5851:
5849:Transformation
5846:
5845:
5844:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5824:Ottoman Empire
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5793:
5791:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5708:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5649:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5620:Khoja Ali Shah
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5600:
5597:Ala al-Din Ali
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5567:
5560:
5559:Administration
5556:
5555:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5492:
5471:(in Turkish).
5457:
5444:
5423:
5374:
5360:
5347:
5333:
5315:
5286:
5272:
5248:
5234:
5220:Nicolle, David
5216:
5202:
5181:
5168:
5142:
5128:
5115:
5101:
5088:
5082:
5061:
5047:
5034:
5028:
5012:"GĂŒdĂŒk Minare"
5007:
5001:
4980:
4949:(in Turkish).
4938:
4893:
4879:
4859:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:, p. 155.
4810:
4808:, p. 137.
4798:
4786:
4774:
4758:
4756:, p. 175.
4741:
4729:
4727:, p. 189.
4717:
4705:
4703:, p. 175.
4693:
4691:, p. 172.
4681:
4679:, p. 171.
4669:
4657:
4641:
4629:
4627:, p. 114.
4617:
4605:
4593:
4591:, p. 184.
4581:
4579:, p. 183.
4566:
4564:, p. 451.
4554:
4542:
4540:, p. 181.
4530:
4528:, p. 182.
4515:
4513:, p. 450.
4500:
4484:
4482:, p. 179.
4472:
4460:
4448:
4446:, p. 444.
4436:
4424:
4412:
4410:, p. 177.
4393:
4391:, p. 121.
4376:
4361:
4359:, p. 115.
4349:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4306:, p. 182.
4293:
4264:
4262:, p. 113.
4252:
4250:, p. 111.
4240:
4238:, p. 164.
4225:
4223:, p. 110.
4210:
4198:
4196:, p. 286.
4186:
4184:, p. 105.
4174:
4172:, p. 104.
4162:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4109:, p. 101.
4099:
4087:
4075:
4058:
4043:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3977:
3971:, p. 48;
3957:
3942:
3940:, p. 234.
3925:
3919:, p. 22;
3911:, p. 48;
3907:, p. 41;
3893:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3218:Ala al-Din Ali
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2488:
2485:
2463:
2460:
2414:
2411:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2361:
2358:
2298:Main article:
2295:
2292:
2166:Main article:
2163:
2160:
2057:Ćebinkarahisar
1990: 1343â57
1940:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1746:
1743:
1693:
1690:
1662: 1265â82
1639:Main article:
1636:
1633:
1606: 1251â59
1591: 1256â65
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1538:Ala al-Din Ali
1460:origin, under
1438:Eretna BeyliÄi
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:(1945âpresent)
1260:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1160:Transformation
1156:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
990:
989:
986:
980:
979:
976:
970:
969:
962:
953:
952:
946:
945:
940:
939:
936:
935:
930:
929:
926:
920:
919:
916:
910:
909:
906:
900:
899:
896:
894:Roman Republic
890:
889:
886:
880:
879:
876:
870:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:
850:
849:
846:
840:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
790:
789:
786:
780:
779:
776:
767:
766:
761:
755:
754:
749:
748:
745:
744:
739:
738:
735:
729:
728:
725:
719:
718:
717:859â595/585 BC
715:
709:
708:
705:
699:
698:
695:
689:
688:
685:
679:
678:
675:
669:
668:
665:
659:
658:
655:
649:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
611:
610:859â595/585 BC
608:
602:
601:
598:
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
572:
571:
568:
562:
561:
558:
552:
551:
548:
542:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
522:
521:
518:
512:
511:
508:
502:
501:
498:
492:
491:
488:
482:
481:
478:
472:
471:
468:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
448:
442:
441:
438:
432:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
412:
411:
408:
400:
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
373:
372:
367:
361:
360:
357:500,000â
352:
343:
342:
336:
335:
330:
329:
326:
325:
317:
316:
307:
306:
299:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
262:
256:
255:
248:
246:Ottoman Empire
242:
241:
234:
225:
222:
221:
216:
204:
203:
198:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
28:
24:
18:Eretna Dynasty
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7404:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7145:Danishmendids
7143:
7141:
7140:ĂubukoÄulları
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:Muslim states
7091:
7086:
7079:
7074:
7072:
7067:
7065:
7060:
7059:
7056:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6932:
6930:
6925:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6902:
6901:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6136:Air pollution
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:Aegean Region
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Turkification
6004:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5837:Classical Age
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5797:Seljuk Empire
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5694:
5693:GĂŒdĂŒk Minaret
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5447:
5445:9789751753601
5441:
5437:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5392:MĂ©nage, V. L.
5389:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5361:9781000752670
5357:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5273:9781108499361
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5203:9780748637386
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5129:9781438110257
5125:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5102:9781474451512
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4985:"KöĆkmedrese"
4981:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4897:Cahen, Claude
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4880:9780231107143
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4806:Melville 2010
4802:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4718:
4715:, p. 84.
4714:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:ErtuÄrul 1996
4661:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4562:ĂayırdaÄ 2000
4558:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4511:ĂayırdaÄ 2000
4507:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4492:Sinclair 2019
4488:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4473:
4470:, p. 96.
4469:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4444:ĂayırdaÄ 2000
4440:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4374:, p. 96.
4373:
4372:Melville 2009
4368:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4347:, p. 62.
4346:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4330:, p. 61.
4329:
4324:
4321:
4318:, p. 51.
4317:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4194:Sinclair 1989
4190:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4160:, p. 89.
4159:
4158:Sinclair 2019
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:, p. 95.
4144:
4143:Melville 2009
4139:
4136:
4132:
4131:Melville 2009
4127:
4124:
4121:, p. 94.
4120:
4119:Melville 2009
4115:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4097:, p. 92.
4096:
4091:
4088:
4085:, p. 93.
4084:
4079:
4076:
4073:, p. 92.
4072:
4071:Melville 2009
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4056:, p. 91.
4055:
4054:Melville 2009
4050:
4048:
4044:
4041:, p. 50.
4040:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4010:, p. 48.
4009:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3965:Bosworth 1996
3961:
3958:
3955:, p. 22.
3954:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3938:Bosworth 1996
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:, p. 51.
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:Bosworth 1996
3897:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3763:
3761:
3699:
3697:
3640:
3638:
3576:
3574:
3551:Yusuf Chelebi
3529:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3462:
3460:
3444:
3442:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3383:
3382:
3347:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3220:
3219:
3180:
3177:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3119:
3103:
3101:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3000:
2982:
2979:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2814:
2813:
2793:
2780:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2731:
2729:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2675:
2673:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2407:GĂŒdĂŒk Minaret
2403:
2399:
2398:caravanserais
2395:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2300:Ali of Eretna
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:Ankara Castle
2239:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:Uyghur script
2081:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1931:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:and siege of
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:Suleiman Khan
1768:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:(vassals) in
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:Eretna's son
1499:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Turkification
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1150:Classical Age
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
995:
992:
991:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
975:
972:
971:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
951:
948:
947:
943:
938:
937:
927:
925:
922:
921:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
902:
901:
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:190 BCâ428 AD
887:
885:
882:
881:
878:247 BCâ224 AD
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
845:
842:
841:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
775:
772:
771:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:Classical Age
747:
746:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
723:Median Empire
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
680:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
625:
620:
619:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
577:
574:
573:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
527:
524:
523:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
487:
484:
483:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
467:
464:
463:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
392:
380:
378:
375:
374:
368:
366:
363:
362:
353:
351:
348:
347:
341:
338:
337:
333:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
315:
308:
303:
297:
277:
275:
272:
271:
263:
261:
258:
257:
249:
247:
244:
243:
235:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
217:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
189:
185:
181:
171:
161:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
124:
121:
107:
105:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
50:
45:
40:
33:
27:
19:
7326:Latin Empire
7255:Sahib Ataids
7235:Qara Qoyunlu
7159:
7087:(after 1071)
6898:
6886:
6874:
6862:
6850:
6735:Illumination
6671:Architecture
6599:Human rights
6587:Universities
6505:Ethnic Kurds
6492:Demographics
6403:Construction
5681:Architecture
5551:
5505:
5500:
5484:. Retrieved
5472:
5468:
5449:. Retrieved
5435:
5410:
5403:
5351:
5323:
5294:
5290:
5255:
5228:. Thalamus.
5224:
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5150:
5122:. Infobase.
5119:
5092:
5069:
5038:
5015:
4988:
4972:. Retrieved
4950:
4946:
4925:
4918:
4866:
4851:. Retrieved
4839:
4828:Bibliography
4813:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4761:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4684:
4672:
4660:
4649:Jackson 2020
4644:
4637:Durukan 2002
4632:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4584:
4557:
4545:
4533:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4415:
4352:
4345:Peacock 2019
4328:Peacock 2019
4323:
4316:Peacock 2019
4311:
4304:Peacock 2019
4255:
4243:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4165:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4039:Peacock 2019
4015:
4008:Nicolle 2008
4003:
3969:Nicolle 2008
3960:
3921:Peacock 2019
3909:Nicolle 2008
3896:
3861:
3848:
3834:
3828:
3412:
3379:
3216:
3045:
3035:Pir Muhammad
3022:
3011:
2810:
2568:
2564:
2560:Chingiz Khan
2555:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2477:Genghis Khan
2465:
2433:
2416:
2391:
2388:Architecture
2363:
2327:
2311:
2303:
2273:
2258:
2215:
2171:
2158:in Kayseri.
2149:
2101:
2077:
2071:
2055:, Erzincan,
1983:Malek Ashraf
1976:
1942:
1813:
1798:
1769:
1760:Hasan Kuchak
1756:Hasan Buzurg
1748:
1726:Mamluk Egypt
1695:
1665:
1644:
1573:
1559:
1535:
1500:
1470:Hasan Buzurg
1429:
1427:
1366:LGBT history
1324:Christianity
1094:Kara Koyunlu
1064:Latin Empire
942:Medieval Age
914:Ancient Rome
908:163 BCâ72 AD
643:Neo-Hittites
556:Neo-Hittites
540:1300â1250 BC
520:1500â1290 BC
510:1500â1300 BC
500:1500â1320 BC
490:1680â1220 BC
480:1650â1450 BC
470:1700â1300 BC
460:1780â1680 BC
450:1950â1750 BC
440:2300â1400 BC
430:2400â2150 BC
420:2500â2000 BC
201:Succeeded by
200:
195:
26:
7275:TanrıbermiĆ
7270:Tacettinids
7265:Sarukhanids
7245:Shah-Armens
7230:PervĂąneoÄlu
7215:MengĂŒjekids
7175:Germiyanids
7155:Dulkadirids
6888:WikiProject
6819:Video games
6611:Individuals
6604:LGBT rights
6594:Health care
6561:Immigration
6342:Gendarmerie
6301:Referendums
6217:Legislative
6114:Earthquakes
5999:Oghuz Turks
5888:Dissolution
5688:KöĆkmedrese
5409:Volume III:
5400:Schacht, J.
5396:Pellat, Ch.
5383:"ÄȘlkÌČhÌČÄns"
5297:: 167â188.
4974:17 November
4915:Schacht, J.
4911:Pellat, Ch.
4701:Remler 1980
4689:Remler 1980
4677:Remler 1980
3057:Alexios III
3047:Mutahharten
2523:Karamanname
2514:Karamanname
2498:Karamanname
2493:Mutahharten
2487:Family tree
2373:Ibn Khaldun
2354:KöĆkmedrese
2342: [
2226: [
2156:KöĆkmedrese
2080:Qara Tatars
2072:sultan adil
1973:Ibn Battuta
1718:Demasq Kaja
1599:Möngke Khan
1584:Hulagu Khan
1578:emerged in
1515:Dulkadirids
1513:lords, the
1456:officer of
1287:Oghuz Turks
1252:(1930â1945)
1250:(1923â1930)
1240:(1920â1923)
1230:(1919â1922)
1194:(1908â1922)
1184:(1789â1908)
1174:(1703â1789)
1164:(1566â1703)
1154:(1453â1566)
1144:(1299â1453)
1122:Ottoman Era
1108:(1378â1501)
1098:(1375â1468)
1088:(1256â1335)
1078:(1250â1487)
1068:(1204â1261)
1058:(1204â1461)
1048:(1101â1409)
1038:(1098â1150)
1028:(1081â1423)
1018:(1078â1375)
1008:(1077â1307)
998:(1071â1178)
994:Danishmends
988:(1037â1194)
707:1000â545 BC
697:1000â700 BC
687:1000â560 BC
677:1100â560 BC
667:1150â547 BC
657:1200â700 BC
647:1200â800 BC
637:1200â800 BC
600:1000â545 BC
590:1000â700 BC
580:1150â547 BC
570:1200â700 BC
560:1200â800 BC
550:1200â800 BC
530:1450â350 BC
516:Hayasa-Azzi
410:3000â700 BC
311:History of
196:Preceded by
7351:Categories
7240:Ramadanids
7200:Karamanids
7150:Dilmachids
7105:Aq Qoyunlu
6760:Newspapers
6745:Literature
6725:Folk dance
6626:Corruption
6510:Minorities
6438:Renewables
6393:Automotive
6202:Government
5933:Secularism
5652:Pir Husayn
5591:Muhammad I
5579:Muhammad I
5514:1417299000
5486:28 October
5451:19 October
5370:1119073048
5282:1124923987
5175:22 October
5111:1202462227
5048:9751606128
4924:Volume II:
4713:SĂŒmer 1969
4625:SĂŒmer 1969
4389:SĂŒmer 1969
4357:SĂŒmer 1969
4260:SĂŒmer 1969
4248:SĂŒmer 1969
4221:SĂŒmer 1969
4206:SĂŒmer 1969
4182:SĂŒmer 1969
4170:SĂŒmer 1969
4107:SĂŒmer 1969
4095:SĂŒmer 1969
4083:SĂŒmer 1969
4020:SĂŒmer 1969
3996:Cahen 1965
3973:Cahen 1965
3953:SĂŒmer 1969
3917:SĂŒmer 1969
3913:Cahen 1965
3873:References
3028:Muhammad I
3013:Izz al-Din
2518:Ala al-Din
2413:Literature
2331:Pir Husayn
2146:al-Maqrizi
1971:traveller
1965:Ala al-Din
1752:Jalayirids
1655:Abaqa Khan
1601:'s reign (
1570:Background
1170:Old Regime
1104:Ak Koyunlu
1074:Karamanids
858:282â129 BC
808:306â168 BC
804:Antigonids
798:322â130 BC
788:334â301 BC
778:559â331 BC
737:685â547 BC
727:678â549 BC
476:Kizzuwatna
397:Bronze Age
332:Prehistory
260:Karamanids
93:Government
7260:Saltukids
7170:Eshrefids
7135:Chobanids
6814:TV series
6772:Miniature
6715:Festivals
6631:Terrorism
6582:Education
6515:Languages
6359:Air Force
6274:Elections
6222:Executive
6168:Mountains
6035:Geography
5954:Overviews
5893:Partition
5859:Tulip era
5665:Shadgeldi
5654:(1362â79)
5648:(1348â62)
5605:(1380â81)
5599:(1366â80)
5593:(1355â65)
5587:(1354â55)
5581:(1352â54)
5575:(1343â52)
5481:2791-6472
5419:495469525
5388:Lewis, B.
5303:0145-1413
5244:455106992
5212:712995836
5138:227205977
4969:2791-6472
4934:495469475
4907:Lewis, B.
4848:2667-4750
4770:Göde 1995
4468:Göde 1994
4432:Alıç 2020
4289:Göde 1995
3561:Neslikhan
3365:Esenbogha
3061:Ahmad Beg
2792:Timurtash
2481:Silk Road
2323:PınarbaĆı
2240:captured
2194:Black Sea
2192:near the
2089:Mongolian
2033:Karahisar
1706:Timurtash
1580:West Asia
1576:Ilkhanate
1544:control.
1542:Karamanid
1466:Jalayirid
1462:Timurtash
1452:, was an
1084:Ilkhanate
978:(637â656)
904:Commagene
898:133â27 BC
868:281â64 BC
848:297â74 BC
838:302â64 BC
828:305â30 BC
818:305â64 BC
359:10,000 BC
219:Ilkhanate
83:Religion
63:Sultanate
42:1335â1381
7387:Eretnids
7220:Menteshe
7205:Karasids
7185:Hamidids
7180:Hacıemir
7165:Erzincan
7160:Eretnids
7120:Aydinids
7115:Artuqids
6864:Category
6802:Football
6787:Painting
6730:Folklore
6638:Marriage
6544:Istanbul
6527:Religion
6480:Railways
6470:Aviation
6408:Currency
6266:Politics
6234:Judicial
6210:Branches
6188:Wildlife
5978:Military
5966:Economic
5871:Tanzimat
5646:Ahi Ayna
5552:Eretnids
5498:(1927).
5469:Belleten
5402:(eds.).
5343:16887803
5311:43573603
5222:(2008).
5057:31737254
4947:Belleten
4917:(eds.).
4902:"Eretna"
4899:(1965).
4889:35029627
4865:(1996).
4853:19 March
3670:Muhammad
3242:Daughter
3233:Shah Ali
3055:Das. of
3040:Daughter
3001:princess
2824:Suniktaz
2819:Taramtaz
2798:Daughter
2469:Khorasan
2438:Aqsara'i
2430:exegesis
2394:madrasas
2288:Ahi Ayna
2254:Yalbugha
2250:Damascus
1969:Maghrebi
1852:Erzincan
1781:Dulkadir
1765:Erzincan
1714:Turkoman
1702:Chobanid
1698:Anatolia
1686:Buddhism
1670:Sanskrit
1519:Ottomans
1511:Turkoman
1454:Ilkhanid
1446:Anatolia
1430:Eretnids
1378:Timeline
1314:Religion
1275:By topic
1044:Artuqids
844:Bithynia
693:Tuwanuwa
624:Iron Age
586:Tuwanuwa
486:Hittites
416:Hattians
383:5,500 BC
371:9,000 BC
302:a series
300:Part of
97:Monarchy
7285:Tzachas
7190:Inalids
6900:Outline
6876:Commons
6809:Theater
6792:Pottery
6708:Ottoman
6703:Cuisine
6681:Ottoman
6658:Culture
6643:Poverty
6575:Society
6460:Tourism
6413:Defense
6385:Economy
6227:Cabinet
6158:Geology
6102:Climate
6044:Regions
5971:Ottoman
5789:Beyliks
5785:Seljuks
5750:History
5634:Vassals
5613:Viziers
5566:Sultans
3829:Legend:
3413:Yar Ali
3024:Ghiyath
2999:Artuqid
2984:Feridun
2616:TĂŒkĂ€lti
2507:Artuqid
2462:Coinage
2419:Persian
2402:khanqah
2383:Culture
2284:Bayburt
2261:Zamantu
2246:Malatya
2238:Murad I
2234:Ottoman
2232:tribe,
2223:Chavdar
2221:of the
2142:sheikhs
2138:sayyids
2117:
2097:mamluks
2093:KĂŒtahya
2066:Silver
2053:Aksaray
1996:(1341;
1951:khutbah
1908:Darende
1894:Kayseri
1838:Erzurum
1801:Erzurum
1785:Darende
1735:Karaman
1722:Kayseri
1704:master
1651:Bakhshi
1625:ĂljaitĂŒ
1565:History
1531:Kayseri
1487:
1434:Turkish
1329:Judaism
864:Galatia
683:Aeolis
653:Phrygia
633:Diauehi
566:Phrygia
546:Diauehi
506:Mitanni
456:Kussara
446:Assyria
436:Luwians
145:History
77:Kayseri
69:Capital
7110:Alaiye
6852:Portal
6797:Sports
6698:Cinema
6693:Carpet
6676:Seljuk
6666:Anthem
6549:Ankara
6418:Energy
6310:Topics
6178:Rivers
6095:Topics
5987:Topics
5742:Turkey
5512:
5479:
5442:
5417:
5411:HâIram
5398:&
5368:
5358:
5341:
5331:
5309:
5301:
5280:
5270:
5242:
5232:
5210:
5200:
5166:
5136:
5126:
5109:
5099:
5080:
5055:
5045:
5026:
4999:
4967:
4932:
4913:&
4887:
4877:
4846:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3571:Fatima
3206:Eretna
3026:al-Din
2544:Bilqis
2443:taqwim
2424:tafsir
2350:plague
2339:Kazova
2314:hammam
2307:Mongol
2236:ruler
2219:Tatars
2207:dinars
2203:Aleppo
2178:vizier
2151:kumbet
2140:, and
2130:sharia
2104:Arabic
2068:dirham
2029:Develi
2017:Amasya
2013:Ankara
1945:sultan
1922:Amasya
1816:Tabriz
1710:Chupan
1666:Eretna
1647:Uyghur
1641:Eretna
1629:Shiism
1614:Ghazan
1610:Ilkhan
1582:under
1550:plague
1523:vizier
1474:sultan
1468:ruler
1458:Uyghur
1450:Eretna
713:Urartu
673:Doris
606:Urartu
536:Assuwa
496:Arzawa
313:Turkey
304:on the
148:
108:
104:Sultan
59:Status
7210:Ladik
7130:Canik
6782:Names
6777:Music
6750:Media
6621:Crime
6554:Ä°zmir
6163:Lakes
6148:Fauna
5504:[
5432:(PDF)
5386:. In
5307:JSTOR
4905:. In
3853:Notes
3793:Ahmad
3566:Aisha
3556:Ahmad
3370:Ghazi
3015:Jafar
2558:) of
2556:urugh
2455:Quran
2432:) in
2346:]
2333:Beg,
2230:]
2211:Cairo
2190:Canik
2186:Egypt
2182:Jafar
2174:emirs
2134:ulama
2049:NiÄde
2045:ĂrgĂŒp
2041:Canik
2025:Ăorum
2021:Tokat
2009:Ahmed
1978:Rihla
1959:laqab
1880:Konya
1866:Sivas
1809:na'ib
1805:Avnik
1794:Sivas
1790:Konya
1739:Oirat
1675:ratna
1672:word
1527:emirs
1507:Jafar
1442:state
1319:Islam
733:Lydia
703:Ionia
663:Caria
596:Ionia
576:Caria
526:Lycia
87:Islam
73:Sivas
7280:Teke
7100:Ahis
6824:Wine
6720:Flag
6423:Coal
6369:Navy
6364:Land
5832:Rise
5787:and
5510:OCLC
5488:2023
5477:ISSN
5453:2023
5440:ISBN
5415:OCLC
5366:OCLC
5356:ISBN
5339:OCLC
5329:ISBN
5299:ISSN
5278:OCLC
5268:ISBN
5240:OCLC
5230:ISBN
5208:OCLC
5198:ISBN
5177:2023
5164:ISBN
5134:OCLC
5124:ISBN
5107:OCLC
5097:ISBN
5078:ISBN
5053:OCLC
5043:ISBN
5024:ISBN
4997:ISBN
4976:2023
4965:ISSN
4930:OCLC
4885:OCLC
4875:ISBN
4855:2023
4844:ISSN
4653:link
4496:link
3059:and
2552:Iran
2548:Banu
2375:and
2114:lit.
2037:Zile
1681:à€°à€€à„à€š
1574:The
1484:lit.
1428:The
1140:Rise
406:Troy
182:1381
172:1343
162:1335
75:and
6688:Art
6433:Oil
6428:Gas
5260:doi
5190:doi
5156:doi
4955:doi
4926:CâG
2997:An
2829:Son
2782:Son
2562:."
2550:of
2475:of
2436:by
2280:Ali
2198:beg
1975:'s
1779:of
1733:of
1645:Of
1498:).
7353::
6755:TV
5473:32
5434:.
5407:.
5394:;
5390:;
5364:.
5337:.
5305:.
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5293:.
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4963:.
4951:64
4922:.
4909:;
4883:.
4873:.
4869:.
4744:^
4651:,
4569:^
4518:^
4503:^
4494:,
4396:^
4379:^
4364:^
4335:^
4296:^
4267:^
4228:^
4213:^
4150:^
4061:^
4046:^
4027:^
3980:^
3945:^
3928:^
3915:;
3881:^
2525:.
2453:A
2396:,
2344:tr
2290:.
2252:,
2228:tr
2136:,
2051:,
2047:,
2043:,
2039:,
2035:,
2031:,
2027:,
2023:,
2019:,
1999:r.
1988:r.
1767:.
1660:r.
1619:r.
1612:,
1604:r.
1589:r.
1436::
355:c.
7077:e
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