40:
321:
332:
or fibre-optic cameras inserted by mouth into the esophagus. Endoscopes can be used to diagnose the cause of the food bolus obstruction, as well as to remove the obstruction. Traditional endoscopic techniques involved the use of an overtube, a plastic tube inserted into the esophagus prior to the
215:
of the esophagus, of unknown cause. Many alterations caused by eosinophilic esophagitis can predispose to food boluses; these include the presence of multiple rings and narrowing of the lumen. When considering esophageal dilation to treat a patient with food bolus obstruction, care must be made to
272:
has been used in those with esophageal food bolus obstruction, evidence as of 2019 does not support its effectiveness, and its use may result in more side effects. Older reviews considered it an acceptable option as long it does not lead to delays in arranging other treatments. Other medications
619:
Ikenberry, Steven O.; Jue, Terry L.; Anderson, Michelle A.; Appalaneni, Vasundhara; Banerjee, Subhas; Ben-Menachem, Tamir; Decker, G. Anton; Fanelli, Robert D.; Fisher, Laurel R.; Fukami, Norio; Harrison, M. Edwyn; Jain, Rajeev; Khan, Khalid M.; Krinsky, Mary Lee; Maple, John T.; Sharaf, Ravi;
285:) have been studied but the evidence is limited. Hyoscine butylbromide (also known as Buscopan) is used intravenously as a treatment in some cases, although there is a small risk of serious side effects in people who may have underlying cardiac issues such as
341:
Other tools may be used to remove food boluses. The Roth Net is a mesh net that can be inserted through the endoscope, and opened and closed from the outside; it can be used to retrieve pieces of obstructed food. Snares, which are normally used to remove
1177:
Katsinelos P, Kountouras J, Paroutoglou G, Zavos C, Mimidis K, Chatzimavroudis G (2006). "Endoscopic techniques and management of foreign body ingestion and food bolus impaction in the upper gastrointestinal tract: a retrospective analysis of 139 cases".
193:
1240:
337:
at the time of endoscopy. However, the "push technique", which involves insufflating air into the esophagus, and gently pushing the bolus toward the stomach instead, has emerged as a common and safe way of removing the obstruction.
207:, which are mucosal rings of unknown cause in the lower esophagus. Foodstuff jams into the esophagus due to the narrowing caused by the ring. An increasingly commonly recognized cause for esophageal food bolus obstruction is
308:) with the purpose of degrading the meat that was blocked; however, it is possible that these methods may increase the risk of perforation of the esophagus. Other modalities rarely used now include removal of boluses using
260:
In an emergency room setting, someone with food bolus obstruction may be observed for a period to see if the food bolus passes spontaneously. This may be encouraged by giving carbonated drinks that release gas such as
621:
430:
Peksa, GD; DeMott, JM; Slocum, GW; Burkins, J; Gottlieb, M (April 2019). "Glucagon for Relief of Acute
Esophageal Foreign Bodies and Food Impactions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
1020:
351:
384:
Stadler, J.; A. H. Hölscher; H. Feussner; J. Dittler; J. R. Siewert (December 1989). "The "steakhouse syndrome". Primary and definitive diagnosis and therapy".
704:
Kerlin P, Jones D, Remedios M, Campbell C (2007). "Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults with food bolus obstruction of the esophagus".
157:
leading to the colourful description of the phenomenon as steakhouse syndrome. People with food bolus obstruction typically display acute
662:
Longstreth GF, Longstreth KJ, Yao JF (2001). "Esophageal food impaction: epidemiology and therapy. A retrospective, observational study".
1096:
Dieter RA, Norbeck DE, Acuna A, Rogers J (1972). "Fogarty catheter removal of cervical esophageal meat bolus. Steak-eater's disease".
1021:"Hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan) injection: risk of serious adverse effects in patients with underlying cardiac disease - GOV.UK"
346:
can be used to macerate the food causing the obstruction. Dormia baskets, which are metal baskets used to remove stones from the
123:
240:
216:
look for features of eosinophilic esophagitis, as these patients are at a higher risk of dilation-associated complications.
184:. As a result, urgent treatment of patients with high-risk features, or a lengthy duration of symptoms, is recommended.
1282:
165:, leading to drooling. They may also experience chest pain, neck pain, regurgitation of food, or painful swallowing (
118:
While some esophageal food boli can pass by themselves or with the assistance of medications, some require the use of
243:
may present with food boluses lodged within the stent lumen. Rarely disorders of movement of the esophagus, such as
196:
224:
208:
96:
48:
1131:
Kozarek RA, Sanowski RA (1980). "Esophageal food impaction: description of a new method for bolus removal".
354:, can be opened and closed from the outside in a similar manner to macerate food and facilitate removal.
177:
274:
239:
but are more difficult to treat as endoscopy to push the bolus is less safe. Patients with esophageal
244:
181:
112:
47:
Endoscopic image of patient with esophageal food bolus obstruction due to a grape in the setting of
39:
1244:
286:
1203:
1156:
778:
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409:
228:
60:
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1002:
961:
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868:
819:
770:
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553:
504:
486:
447:
401:
236:
173:
108:
55:
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1058:
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943:
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809:
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713:
671:
636:
580:
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535:
494:
439:
393:
347:
343:
68:
324:
The Roth net can be inserted through the endoscope to remove pieces of the obstructed food.
981:"Management and endoscopic techniques for digestive foreign body and food bolus impaction"
305:
92:
64:
1109:
1191:
1073:
1046:
956:
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863:
838:
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548:
523:
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312:, and the use of large-bore tubes inserted into the esophagus to forcefully lavage it.
278:
220:
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204:
199:
image of a
Schatzki ring which is a common cause of esophageal food bolus obstruction
100:
1207:
1160:
733:
600:
459:
133:
Eponymous names include 'the steakhouse syndrome' and 'backyard barbeque syndrome'.
782:
413:
85:
932:"The management of oesophageal soft food bolus obstruction: a systematic review"
571:
Nandi P, Ong GB (1978). "Foreign body in the oesophagus: review of 2394 cases".
301:
290:
166:
161:(difficulty swallowing), often to the point that they cannot even swallow their
1260:
111:; rarely it can be seen in disorders of the movement of the esophagus, such as
997:
980:
814:
797:
640:
333:
removal of the food bolus, in order to reduce the risk of aspiration into the
192:
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675:
329:
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119:
81:
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683:
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451:
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405:
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Historical treatment of food bolus obstruction included administration of
592:
309:
269:
232:
127:
104:
1232:
854:
798:"An audit of endoscopic complications in adult eosinophilic esophagitis"
796:
Cohen MS, Kaufman AB, Palazzo JP, Nevin D, Dimarino AJ, Cohen S (2007).
1144:
888:"Two cases of steakhouse syndrome associated with nutcracker esophagus"
397:
355:
150:
443:
359:
282:
235:. Food boluses are common in the course of illness in patients with
212:
162:
320:
979:
Chauvin, A; Viala, J; Marteau, P; Hermann, P; Dray, X (Jul 2013).
747:
Cheung KM, Oliver MR, Cameron DJ, Catto-Smith AG, Chow CW (2003).
319:
191:
146:
334:
219:
Other conditions that predispose to food bolus obstructions are
154:
328:
The standard treatment of food bolus obstruction is the use of
622:"Management of ingested foreign bodies and food impactions"
91:
It is usually associated with diseases that may narrow the
80:
is a medical emergency caused by the obstruction of the
16:
Blockage of the esophagus by an ingested foreign body
1222:
749:"Esophageal eosinophilia in children with dysphagia"
1226:
753:
Journal of
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
620:Strohmeyer, Laura; Dominitz, Jason A. (June 2011).
54:
29:
24:
936:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
203:Food bolus obstruction is most commonly caused by
122:to push the obstructing food into the stomach, or
130:, while common, has not been found to be useful.
930:Leopard, D; Fishpool, S; Winter, S (Sep 2011).
352:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
1172:
1170:
886:Chae HS, Lee TK, Kim YW, et al. (2002).
8:
247:, can predispose to food bolus obstruction.
211:, which is an inflammatory disorder of the
176:are also at risk of complications, such as
1223:
925:
923:
362:can also be employed in a similar manner.
38:
21:
1072:
1062:
996:
955:
903:
862:
813:
764:
699:
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547:
498:
425:
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802:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
145:, but the most common are meats such as
379:
377:
375:
371:
141:Many foods can lodge themselves in the
837:Leclercq P, Marting A, Gast P (2007).
614:
612:
610:
473:Ginsberg, Gregory G. (February 2007).
7:
1180:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1110:10.1001/archsurg.1972.04180110107028
706:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1192:10.1097/01.mcg.0000225602.25858.2c
718:10.1097/01.mcg.0000225590.08825.77
126:it from the esophagus. The use of
14:
1047:"Review of food bolus management"
849:(14): 1446, author reply 1446–7.
479:Gastroenterology & Hepatology
78:esophageal food bolus obstruction
25:Esophageal food bolus obstruction
905:10.1046/j.1442-2050.2002.00271.x
766:10.1097/00005176-200310000-00018
1133:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
843:New England Journal of Medicine
265:, which may dislodge the food.
241:self-expandable metallic stents
1045:Ko HH, Enns R (October 2008).
573:The British Journal of Surgery
172:Patients with esophageal food
1:
524:"Oesophageal foreign bodies"
522:Baraka A, Bikhazi G (1975).
178:perforation of the esophagus
985:Digestive and Liver Disease
1299:
839:"Eosinophilic esophagitis"
664:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
629:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
95:of the esophagus, such as
998:10.1016/j.dld.2012.11.002
892:Diseases of the Esophagus
815:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.05.017
641:10.1016/j.gie.2010.11.010
225:tracheoesophageal fistula
182:aspiration into the lungs
46:
37:
948:10.1308/003588411X588090
350:in a procedure known as
209:eosinophilic esophagitis
109:cancers of the esophagus
97:eosinophilic esophagitis
49:eosinophilic esophagitis
676:10.1067/mge.2001.112709
528:British Medical Journal
585:10.1002/bjs.1800650103
540:10.1136/bmj.1.5957.561
475:"Food Bolus Impaction"
325:
200:
1051:Can. J. Gastroenterol
323:
275:hyoscine butylbromide
195:
245:nutcracker esophagus
231:(TOF/OA) and peptic
113:nutcracker esophagus
1283:Esophagus disorders
1098:Archives of Surgery
1064:10.1155/2008/682082
855:10.1056/NEJMc071646
287:high blood pressure
33:Steakhouse syndrome
1145:10.1007/bf01308305
398:10.1007/BF02171545
386:Surgical Endoscopy
326:
229:esophageal atresia
201:
137:Signs and symptoms
61:Emergency medicine
1270:
1269:
444:10.1002/phar.2236
304:enzymes (such as
237:esophageal cancer
74:
73:
19:Medical condition
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834:
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768:
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701:
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635:(6): 1085–1091.
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513:
512:
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348:common bile duct
306:meat tenderizers
69:gastroenterology
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22:
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978:
977:
973:
929:
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885:
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880:
836:
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808:(10): 1149–53.
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741:
703:
702:
691:
661:
660:
656:
624:
618:
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570:
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534:(5957): 561–3.
521:
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472:
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467:
432:Pharmacotherapy
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428:
421:
383:
382:
373:
368:
318:
279:benzodiazepines
258:
253:
221:esophageal webs
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139:
84:by an ingested
65:general surgery
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1296:
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1227:Classification
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1219:External links
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1123:
1088:
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1012:
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759:(4): 498–503.
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438:(4): 463–472.
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205:Schatzki rings
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101:Schatzki rings
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991:(7): 529–42.
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41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1254:
1239:
1186:(9): 784–9.
1183:
1179:
1139:(2): 100–3.
1136:
1132:
1126:
1104:(5): 790–1.
1101:
1097:
1091:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:
1015:
988:
984:
974:
942:(6): 441–4.
939:
935:
898:(4): 330–3.
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891:
881:
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842:
832:
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791:
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670:(2): 193–8.
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572:
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531:
527:
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485:(2): 85–86.
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392:(4): 195–8.
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267:
259:
256:Conservative
218:
202:
188:Risk factors
171:
140:
132:
117:
90:
86:foreign body
77:
75:
302:proteolytic
291:tachycardia
167:odynophagia
107:, webs, or
30:Other names
1256:DiseasesDB
1025:www.gov.uk
579:(1): 5–9.
366:References
316:Endoscopic
233:strictures
197:Endoscopic
105:strictures
491:1554-7914
358:used for
330:endoscopy
310:catheters
263:Coca-Cola
251:Treatment
159:dysphagia
143:esophagus
120:endoscopy
103:, peptic
82:esophagus
56:Specialty
1277:Category
1208:22304230
1200:17016132
1161:26808585
1083:18925301
1030:16 March
1007:23266207
966:21929913
914:12472482
873:17914050
824:17683993
775:14508223
734:31233220
726:17413601
684:11174291
649:21628009
601:43510040
509:21960815
460:73457663
452:30779190
360:biopsies
270:glucagon
128:glucagon
1153:7353455
1118:5081553
1074:2661297
957:3369328
864:2653291
783:2288806
558:1139150
549:1672660
500:3099357
414:6247162
406:2623551
356:Forceps
283:opioids
174:boluses
151:poultry
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593:623968
591:
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458:
450:
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404:
344:polyps
268:While
213:mucosa
180:, and
163:saliva
124:remove
1261:17942
1250:787.2
1204:S2CID
1157:S2CID
779:S2CID
730:S2CID
625:(PDF)
597:S2CID
456:S2CID
410:S2CID
335:lungs
293:, or
153:, or
147:steak
93:lumen
1245:9-CM
1196:PMID
1149:PMID
1114:PMID
1079:PMID
1032:2018
1003:PMID
962:PMID
910:PMID
869:PMID
820:PMID
771:PMID
722:PMID
680:PMID
645:PMID
589:PMID
554:PMID
505:PMID
487:ISSN
448:PMID
402:PMID
281:and
155:pork
1241:ICD
1188:doi
1141:doi
1106:doi
1102:105
1069:PMC
1059:doi
993:doi
952:PMC
944:doi
900:doi
859:PMC
851:doi
847:357
810:doi
761:doi
714:doi
672:doi
637:doi
581:doi
544:PMC
536:doi
495:PMC
440:doi
394:doi
169:).
76:An
1279::
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1202:.
1194:.
1184:40
1182:.
1169:^
1155:.
1147:.
1137:25
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1067:.
1055:22
1053:.
1049:.
1023:.
1001:.
989:45
987:.
983:.
960:.
950:.
940:93
938:.
934:.
922:^
908:.
896:15
894:.
890:.
867:.
857:.
845:.
841:.
818:.
804:.
800:.
777:.
769:.
757:37
755:.
751:.
728:.
720:.
710:41
708:.
692:^
678:.
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643:.
633:73
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627:.
609:^
595:.
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577:65
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552:.
542:.
530:.
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503:.
493:.
481:.
477:.
454:.
446:.
436:39
434:.
422:^
408:.
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388:.
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