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developments in entities that will occur throughout its lifespan. The third is immutability. Despite altering the superficial appearance of an object it does not remove its essence. Observable changes in features of an entity are not salient enough to alter its essential characteristics. The fourth is inductive potential. This suggests that entities may share common features but are essentially different; however similar two beings may be, their characteristics will be at most analogous, differing most importantly in essences. The implications of psychological essentialism are numerous. Prejudiced individuals have been found to endorse exceptionally essential ways of thinking, suggesting that essentialism may perpetuate exclusion among social groups. For example, essentialism of nationality has been linked to anti-immigration attitudes. In multiple studies in India and the United States, it was shown that in lay view a person's nationality is considerably fixed at birth, even if that person is adopted and raised by a family of another nationality at day one and never told about their origin. This may be due to an over-extension of an essential-biological mode of thinking stemming from cognitive development.
810:. In 1991, Kathryn Kremer and Susan Gelman studied the extent to which children from fourâseven years old demonstrate essentialism. Children believed that underlying essences predicted observable behaviours. Children were able to describe living objects' behaviour as self-perpetuated and non-living objects' behavior as a result of an adult influencing the object. Understanding the underlying causal mechanism for behaviour suggests essentialist thinking. Younger children were unable to identify causal mechanisms of behaviour whereas older children were able to. This suggests that essentialism is rooted in
685:. It refers to a political tactic in which minority groups, nationalities, or ethnic groups mobilize on the basis of shared gendered, cultural, or political identity. While strong differences may exist between members of these groups, and among themselves they engage in continuous debates, it is sometimes advantageous for them to temporarily "essentialize" themselves, despite it being based on erroneous logic, and to bring forward their group identity in a simplified way to achieve certain goals, such as
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798:, who has outlined many domains in which children and adults construe classes of entities, particularly biological entities, in essentialist termsâi.e., as if they had an immutable underlying essence which can be used to predict unobserved similarities between members of that class. This causal relationship is unidirectional; an observable feature of an entity does not define the underlying essence.
706:, for example, claims that Egyptian culture is essentially feminized and possesses a "softness" which has made Egypt easy to conquer. To what extent Herodotus was an essentialist is a matter of debate; he is also credited with not essentializing the concept of the Athenian identity, or differences between the Greeks and the Persians that are the subject of his
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understanding of the physical and social worlds, and developmental and cross-cultural psychologists have proposed that it is instinctive and universal. We are natural-born essentialists." Scholars suggest that the categorical nature of essentialist thinking predicts the use of stereotypes and can be targeted in the application of stereotype prevention.
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773:. Popper himself is a realist as opposed to an idealist, but a methodological nominalist as opposed to an essentialist. For example, statements like "a puppy is a young dog" should be read from right to left as an answer to "What shall we call a young dog", never from left to right as an answer to "What is a puppy?"
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must be approached from a metaphysical perspective. Empirical knowledge is developed from experience of a relational universe whose components and attributes are defined and measured in terms of intellectually constructed laws. Thus, for the scientist, reality is explored as an evolutionary system of
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Whereas, endorsement of biological essentialism may have similarly negative implications for social justice policies across racial categories, we investigated the hypothesis that endorsement of cultural essentialism would have different implications across racial categories. In
Studies 1a and 1b, we
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in commonâthe ideal form. Plato proposed that these ideas are eternal and vastly superior to their manifestations, and that we understand these manifestations in the material world by comparing and relating them to their respective ideal form. Plato's forms are regarded as patriarchs to essentialist
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Essentialist conceptions of race hold that the characteristics of physical appearance referred to by racial terms are indicative of more profound characteristics (whether positively or negatively construed) of personality, inclinations, `culture,' heritage, cognitive abilities, or `natural talents'
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Essentialism in history as a field of study entails discerning and listing essential cultural characteristics of a particular nation or culture, in the belief that a people or culture can be understood in this way. Sometimes such essentialism leads to claims of a praiseworthy national or cultural
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There are four key criteria that constitute essentialist thinking. The first facet is the aforementioned individual causal mechanisms. The second is innate potential: the assumption that an object will fulfill its predetermined course of development. According to this criterion, essences predict
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of Yale
University has stated that "one of the most exciting ideas in cognitive science is the theory that people have a default assumption that things, people and events have invisible essences that make them what they are. Experimental psychologists have argued that essentialism underlies our
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wrote: "Essentialism is most commonly understood as a belief in the real, true essence of things, the invariable and fixed properties which define the 'whatness' of a given entity." Women's essence is assumed to be universal and is generally identified with those characteristics viewed as being
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Anti-essentialists contend that an essentialist typological categorization has been rendered obsolete and untenable by evolutionary theory for several reasons. First, they argue that biological species are dynamic entities, emerging and disappearing as distinct populations are molded by natural
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Historically, beliefs which posit that social identities such as ethnicity, nationality or gender determine a person's essential characteristics have in many cases been shown to have destructive or harmful results. It has been argued by some that essentialist thinking lies at the core of many
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that essentialism "entails the belief that those characteristics defined as women's essence are shared in common by all women at all times. It implies a limit of the variations and possibilities of changeâit is not possible for a subject to act in a manner contrary to her essence. Her essence
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said that his concept of essence transferred to metaphysics what was only a verbal convenience and that it confused the properties of language with the properties of the world. In fact, a thing's "essence" consisted in those defining properties without which we could not use the
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Cultural and racial essentialism is the view that fundamental biological or physical characteristics of human "races" produce personality, heritage, cognitive abilities, or 'natural talents' that are shared by all members of a racial group. In the early 20th century, many
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attempts to explain why people will pay more in an auction for the clothing of celebrities if the clothing is unwashed. He believes the answer to this and many other questions is that people cannot help but think of objects as containing a sort of "essence" that can be
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underlies all the apparent variations differentiating women from each other. Essentialism thus refers to the existence of fixed characteristic, given attributes, and ahistorical functions that limit the possibilities of change and thus of social reorganization."
380:"Monism will demand that enhancement technologies be used to create humans as close as possible to the ideal state. The Nazis would have proposed the list of characteristics for admission to the SS as the universal template for enhancement technologies.
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and the Ideal
Morphologists) were very far from being essentialists, and that the so-called "essentialism story" (or "myth") in biology is a result of conflating the views expressed and biological examples used by philosophers going back to
793:
There is a difference between metaphysical essentialism and psychological essentialism, the latter referring not to an actual claim about the world but a claim about a way of representing entities in cognitions. Influential in this area is
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is a less objectionable version of monism, according to which the best human life is one that contains as much pleasure and as little suffering as possible â but like Nazism, it leaves no room for meaningful choice about enhancement."
91:
questioning the notion, suggesting that if we accept the idea that every beautiful thing or just action partakes of an essence to be beautiful or just, we must also accept the "existence of separate essences for hair, mud, and dirt".
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of which individual objects are mere facsimiles. To give an example: the ideal form of a circle is a perfect circle, something that is physically impossible to make manifest; yet the circles we draw and observe clearly have some
339:, and with it the concept that not only do all existents emanate from a "primary essence" but that the mind plays an active role in shaping or ordering the objects of perception, rather than passively receiving empirical data.
739:. Into the 21st century, most historians, social scientists, and humanists reject methodologies associated with essentialism, although some have argued that certain varieties of essentialism may be useful or even necessary.
592:, and Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram have criticized those theories for ignoring the diverse nature of scientific research and the tremendous variation in women's experiences in different cultures and historical periods.
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specifically feminine. These ideas of femininity are usually biologized and are often preoccupied with psychological characteristics, such as nurturance, empathy, support, and non-competitiveness, etc. Feminist theorist
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understanding of the formation of the things. According to that account, the structure and real existence of any thing can be understood by analogy to an artefact produced by a craftsperson. The craftsperson requires
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undermined the scientific standing of racial essentialism, leading race anthropologists to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation. A significant number of modern anthropologists and
300:. Plato believed that the universe was perfect and that its observed imperfections came from man's limited perception of it. For Plato, there were two realities: the "essential" or ideal and the "perceived".
529:, gender essentialism is the attribution of fixed essences to men and womenâthis idea that men and women are fundamentally different continues to be a matter of contention. Gay/lesbian rights advocate
4663:
814:. It can be argued that there is a shift in the way that children represent entities, from not understanding the causal mechanism of the underlying essence to showing sufficient understanding.
660:. In medical sciences, essentialism can lead to an over-emphasis on the role of identitiesâfor example assuming that differences in hypertension in African-American populations are due to
4603:
2925:
Birnbaum, D.; Deeb, I.; Segall, G.; Ben-Eliyahu, A.; Diesendruck, G. (2010). "The development of social essentialism: The case of
Israeli children's inferences about Jews and Arabs".
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in the 21st century has cast doubt upon this view of pre-Darwinian thinkers. Winsor, Ron
Amundson and Staffan MĂŒller-Wille have each argued that in fact the usual suspects (such as
143:. Essentialist views about race have also been shown to diminish empathy when dealing with members of another racial group. In medical sciences, essentialism can lead to a
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differences rather than social causesâleading to fallacious conclusions and potentially unequal treatment. Older social theories were often conceptually essentialist.
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taught this theory â that race was an entirely biological phenomenon and that this was core to a person's behavior and identity. This, coupled with a belief that
727:, insisted that essentialism was the "defining mode" of "Western" historiography and ethnography until the nineteenth century and even after, according to
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dogma simply because they are a case of what is intrinsic and a-contextual of objectsâthe abstract properties that make them what they are. One example is
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Holtz, P.; Wagner, W. (2009). "Essentialism and attribution of monstrosity in racist discourse: Right-wing internet postings about
Africans and jews".
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for it. Although the concept of essence was "hopelessly muddled" it became part of every philosophy until modern times. The
Egyptian-born philosopher
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argued that the modern scientific enterprise is inherently patriarchal and incompatible with women's nature. Other feminist scholars, such as
266:(timber or wood) and a model, plan or idea in their own mind, according to which the wood is worked to give it the indicated contour or form (
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Gelman, S. A.; Kremer, K. E. (1991). "Understanding natural causes: Children's explanations of how objects and their properties originate".
115:. The role and importance of essentialism in modern biology is still a matter of debate. Beliefs which posit that social identities such as
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Rangel, U.; Keller, J. (2011). "Essentialism goes social: Belief in social determinism as a component of psychological essentialism".
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282:, all entities have two aspects: "matter" and "form". It is the particular form imposed that gives some matter its identityâits
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1841:"The (Biological or Cultural) Essence of Essentialism: Implications for Policy Support among Dominant and Subordinated Groups"
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Studies in
History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
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to that which things in a category have in common and without which they cannot be members of that category (for example,
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posited that all species are unchanging throughout time. The historian Mary P. Winsor has argued that biologists such as
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program, along with the rise of anti-colonial movements, racial essentialism lost widespread popularity. New studies of
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or "whatness" (i.e., "what it is"). Plato was one of the first essentialists, postulating the concept of ideal formsâan
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Lenore Blum, "AWM's first twenty years: The presidents' perspectives," in Bettye Anne Case and Anne M. Leggett, eds.,
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in the 19th century believed that taxa such as species and genus were fixed, reflecting the mind of the creator. Some
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3050:"Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens : Making psychological science more representative of the human population"
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Kronfeldner, Maria; Roughley, Neil; Töpfer, Georg (2014) "Recent work on human nature: beyond traditional essences."
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Beyond
Essentialism: Who Writes Whose Past in the Middle East and Central Asia? Inaugural lecture, 13 December 2002
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is the essence of man; without rationality a creature cannot be a man). In his critique of
Aristotle's philosophy,
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564:. Starting in the 1980s, some feminist writers have put forward essentialist theories about gender and science.
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619:, cultural, and social groups fundamentally existed along racial lines, formed the basis of what is now called
495:. Second, the opponents of essentialism argue that our current understanding of biological species emphasizes
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has an essentialist conception of the human, in its endorsement of the notion of an eternal and unchangeable
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77:âdenies the need to posit such an "essence". Essentialism has been controversial from its beginning. In the
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3472:"Clean people, unclean people: the essentialisation of 'slaves' among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar"
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Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism".
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identity, or to its opposite, the condemnation of a culture based on presumed essential characteristics.
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Demoulin, Stéphanie; Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Yzerbyt, Vincent (2006). "Lay Theories of Essentialism".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Fernana, H.; Ngum, M. E. (2020). "The allure of essentialism and extremist ideologies".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Fernana, H.; Ngum, M. E. (2020). "The allure of essentialism and extremist ideologies".
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507:, and the variability and diversity within species contradict the notion of fixed biological natures.
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MĂŒller-Wille, Staffan (2007). "Collection and collation: theory and practice of Linnaean botany".
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thinkers. Essentialism, in its broadest sense, is any philosophy that acknowledges the primacy of
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173:. It is permanent, unalterable, and eternal, and is present in every possible world. Classical
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3117:"The native mind: biological categorization and reasoning in development and across cultures"
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selection. This view contrasts with the static essences that essentialists say characterize
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3523:"What's New in Science and Race since the 1930s?: Anthropologists and Racial Essentialism"
2962:"Shifting ground: The variable use of essentialism in contexts of inclusion and exclusion"
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3679:(Littlefield, Adams & Co.). See for instance the articles on "Essence", p. 97; "
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Bastian, B.; Haslam, N. (2006). "Psychological essentialism and stereotype endorsement".
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in the immediately pre-Darwinian period, with the way that biologists used such terms as
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view of identities, leading to fallacious conclusions and potentially unequal treatment.
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2137:"Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies"
1185:"Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies"
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3611:. In Wasserman, David T.; Wachbroit, Robert Samuel; Bickenbach, Jerome Edmund (eds.).
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3731:(Montreal), argues for priority of essence/conscience over existence/consciousness
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Quality of life and human difference: genetic testing, health care, and disability
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diverse entities, the order of which is determined by the principle of causality.
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Rad, Mostafa Salari; Martingano, Alison Jane; Ginges, Jeremy (6 November 2018).
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The changing rule of the embryo in evolutionary biology: structure and synthesis
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in the West came to view race as an invalid genetic or biological designation.
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Dating back to the 18th century, naturalism is a form of essentialism in which
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Gender essentialism is pervasive in popular culture, as illustrated by the #1
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is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their
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3387:"The Ever-Stifling Essentialism: Language and Conflict in Poland (1991â1993)"
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2006:
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Essentialism has emerged as an important concept in psychology, particularly
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matters are explained through the logic of natural dispositions. The invoked
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Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in The 1930s
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Hirschman, Charles (2004). "The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race".
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Soylu Yalcinkaya, Nur; Estrada-Villalta, Sara; Adams, Glenn (30 May 2017).
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Mandalaywala, Tara M.; Amodio, David M.; Rhodes, Marjorie (19 June 2017).
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assessed the properties of a cultural essentialism measure we developed...
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Mandalaywala, Tara M.; Amodio, David M.; Rhodes, Marjorie (19 June 2017).
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3609:"Disability, Ideology, and Quality of Life: A Bias in Biomedical Ethics"
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Kanovsky, M. (2007). "Essentialism and folksociology: Ethnicity again".
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Mary Beth Ruskai, "Why women are discouraged from becoming scientists,"
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ideologies. For instance, psychological essentialism is correlated with
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that are taken to be shared by all members of a racially defined group.
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put it, "make the thing what it is, and without which it would be not
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3370:. Vol. 11 (2006). UniversitĂ€tsverlag Göttingen. pp. 47â58.
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1234:"How Should Educators and Publishers Eliminate Racial Essentialism?"
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221:, which posits "being" as the fundamental reality, the essentialist
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traits. Lastly, non-essentialists assert that every organism has a
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3708:(August 1997) "Essentialism, Social Constructionism, and Beyond",
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Towards the world culture society: Florian Znaniecki's culturalism
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230:
84:
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Race to the finish: identity and governance in an age of genomics
1914:(3). Florida State University Department of Philosophy: 341â368.
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Guillaumin, Colette (1996), Adkins, Lisa; Leonard, Diana (eds.),
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4047:
2579:
The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought
1795:
Mary Gray, "Gender and mathematics: Mythology and Misogyny," in
1348:
Feminist Knowledge (RLE Feminist Theory): Critique and Construct
186:
3783:
2814:
del RĂo, MarĂa Francisca; Strasser, Katherine (November 2011).
1767:
Ann Hibner Koblitz, "A historian looks at gender and science,"
970:
Cartwright, Richard L. (1968). "Some Remarks on Essentialism".
656:
ideologies. Psychological essentialism is also correlated with
556:, but this essentialism is routinely critiqued in introductory
360:
can be biological, ontological or theological. Its opponent is
3779:
1827:
Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789â1979
4664:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
3452:
Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy
1801:
Towards Gender Equity in Mathematics Education: An ICMI Study
1685:
Space, Time, and Perversion: Essays on the Politics of Bodies
1599:(1980). "Evolution, population thinking, and essentialism."
540:
Space, time and perversion: essays on the politics of bodies
3003:"Folk theories of nationality and anti-immigrant attitudes"
2654:"Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA"
1653:
Suzanne Kelly, Gowri Parameswaran, and Nancy Schniedewind,
2530:
Medin, D. L. (1989). "Concepts and conceptual structure".
3391:
Motivation in Language: Studies in Honor of GĂŒnter Radden
2816:"Chilean children's essentialist reasoning about poverty"
245:, things were said to come into being by the action of a
2605:"Ratings of essentialism for eight religious identities"
2184:
Duster, Troy (2005). "Race and Reification in Science".
1655:
Women: Images & Realities: A Multicultural Anthology
1628:
Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men
1255:
Duster, Troy (2005). "Race and Reification in Science".
131:
are essential characteristics have been central to many
4604:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
417:) positions. Another established dichotomy is that of
3320:
Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference
3270:
Negotiating Identities: Constructed Selves and Others
2098:"Psychological Essentialism Predicts Intergroup Bias"
1649:
1647:
1146:"Psychological Essentialism Predicts Intergroup Bias"
2900:
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology
2609:
International Journal for the Psychology of Religion
1345:(20 May 2013). "Conclusion". In Gunew, Sneja (ed.).
4706:
4505:
4245:
3973:
3817:
2960:Morton, T. A.; Hornsey, M. J.; Postmes, T. (2009).
2096:Chen, Jacqueline M.; Ratliff, Kate A. (June 2018).
1144:Chen, Jacqueline M.; Ratliff, Kate A. (June 2018).
2466:"Essentialism, Social Constructionism, and beyond"
2412:Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory
2335:
1825:Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, "Introduction,"
1904:"Racial Identity and Non-Essentialism About Race"
1462:Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement
1417:Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement
3368:Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology
3266:"Ancient Egypt as Europe's 'Intimate Stranger'"
3054:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
378:
3364:"Essentialism in Taxonomy: Four Decades Later"
1973:
1786:, Princeton University Press, 2005, pp. 94â95.
1238:American Medical Association Journal of Ethics
27:View that entities have identifying attributes
3795:
3642:"Post World-War II Expert Discourses on Race"
2571:
2569:
946:Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less
8:
2746:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2141:Social Psychological and Personality Science
1316:"The Practice of Power and Belief in Nature"
1189:Social Psychological and Personality Science
459:continue to maintain this view of biology.
270:). Aristotle was the first to use the terms
3562:Currell, Susan; Cogdell, Christina (2006).
3177:(8). Association for Psychological Science.
2820:British Journal of Developmental Psychology
667:Strategic essentialism, a major concept in
596:Racial, cultural and strategic essentialism
253:into ordered entities. Many definitions of
61:similarly proposed that all objects have a
3802:
3788:
3780:
3691:", p. 145; and "Matter", p. 191.
3393:. et al. John Benjamins. pp. 274â96.
3255:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2781:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
1958:
1956:
1769:International Journal of Science Education
1482:. University of California Press. p.
1296:
1294:
1083:
719:, as well as in critiques of colonialism.
107:, essentialism provided the rationale for
3696:On the functional origins of essentialism
3431:
3296:"Philosophy of Biological Classification"
3190:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
3091:
3073:
2977:
2874:
2677:
2628:
2310:
2248:
2160:
1874:
1856:
1208:
1060:
169:, in the sense of the forms and ideas in
99:were often conceptually essentialist. In
3587:"Do Races Differ? Not Really, DNA Shows"
2040:
1510:, New York, Cambridge University Press.
2045:
2030:
1962:
1717:Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
1004:
962:
553:Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
3683:", p. 262; "Form", p. 110; "
3248:
2035:
1677:
1675:
4634:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
3302:. Vol. 2. Wiley. pp. 8â10.
2652:Dar-Nimrod, I.; Heine, S. J. (2011).
2582:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2445:Cody, Lisa Forman (1 December 2015).
2401:
2399:
2338:Key Concepts in Post-colonial Studies
2274:The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology
1435:Who are we? Theories of human nature.
671:, was introduced in the 1980s by the
7:
4734:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
4654:The World as Will and Representation
2966:British Journal of Social Psychology
2517:"The Origins of Pleasure (TED talk)"
2272:G. Ritze and J.M. Ryan, ed. (2010).
1666:
1095:
3755:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
3504:The Straight Mind: And Other Essays
1803:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.
1437:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
1022:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
715:Essentialism had been operative in
43:held that all things have such an "
3585:Angier, Natalie (22 August 2000).
1783:Complexities: Women in Mathematics
761:whenever he means the opposite of
435:Species § The species problem
73:kind of thing". The contrary viewâ
25:
3341:Rethinking the Other in Antiquity
3268:. In Helen Vella Bonavita (ed.).
2603:Toosi, N. R.; Ambady, N. (2011).
2408:"What's wrong with essentialism?"
2334:B. Ashcroft; et al. (1998).
1987:Population and Development Review
1829:, Rutgers University Press, 1987.
1758:, Indiana University Press, 1993.
1745:, Cornell University Press, 1986.
1730:Reflections on Gender and Science
1479:Evolution. The History of an Idea
233:'s philosophy, in particular the
4797:
4787:
4786:
3539:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00263.x
2939:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01432.x
2863:Journal of Cognition and Culture
2503:The Open Society and its Enemies
1999:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x
1743:The Science Question in Feminism
457:religious opponents of evolution
4584:Meditations on First Philosophy
3115:Medin, D.L.; Atran, S. (2004).
2464:Sayer, Andrew (1 August 1997).
2406:Phillips, Anne (1 March 2011).
1302:A History of Western Philosophy
538:states in her 1995 publication
401:, the divergent conceptions of
257:hark back to the ancient Greek
3001:Rad, M.S.; Ginges, J. (2018).
1732:, Yale University Press, 1985.
1626:Fausto-Sterling, Anne (1992).
306:(384â322 BC) applied the term
181:. This has been criticized by
1:
3424:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141
3366:. In Wisseman, Volker (ed.).
2424:10.1080/1600910X.2010.9672755
2342:. Psychology Press. pp.
2303:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141
2241:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141
2075:10.1080/23323256.2020.1759435
1920:10.5840/soctheorpract19952131
1771:, vol. 9 (1987), pp. 399â407.
1657:, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2011.
1123:10.1080/23323256.2020.1759435
1053:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141
562:Women: Images & Realities
4769:Philosophy of space and time
3760:Cliff, Brian (Spring 1996).
3411:Anthropology Southern Africa
3389:. In Hubert Cuyckens (ed.).
3272:. Rodopi. pp. 171â192.
2621:10.1080/10508619.2011.532441
2544:10.1037/0003-066X.44.12.1469
2290:Anthropology Southern Africa
2229:Anthropology Southern Africa
2062:Anthropology Southern Africa
1110:Anthropology Southern Africa
1041:Anthropology Southern Africa
39:. In early Western thought,
4644:The Phenomenology of Spirit
3729:Beyond Sartre and Sterility
3298:. In Roberts, Keith (ed.).
3230:. Amsterdam. Archived from
3136:10.1037/0033-295x.111.4.960
1902:Stubblefield, Anna (1995).
1851:. Frontiers Media SA: 900.
1541:10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.06.010
802:In developmental psychology
735:, over-generalization, and
631:and the fledgling field of
602:Race (human categorization)
447:, the essentialist view of
298:Plato's parable of the cave
111:at least until the time of
4856:
3673:Runes, Dagobert D. (1972)
3650:Princeton University Press
3619:Cambridge University Press
3521:Cravens, Hamilton (2010).
3202:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.003
3167:"Why we like what we like"
2114:10.1521/soco.2018.36.3.301
1974:Currell & Cogdell 2006
1908:Social Theory and Practice
1162:10.1521/soco.2018.36.3.301
743:splits the ambiguous term
683:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
599:
514:
499:relationships rather than
475:and continuing through to
432:
374:Philosophical anthropology
371:
4782:
3300:Handbook of Plant Science
3294:Ereshefsky, Marc (2007).
3019:10.1038/s41562-018-0334-3
2576:Gelman, Susan A. (2009).
2515:Bloom, Paul (July 2011).
2447:"Essentialism in Context"
1682:Grosz, Elizabeth (1995).
1476:Bowler, Peter J. (1989).
1351:(0 ed.). Routledge.
1304:, London: Routledge, 1991
972:The Journal of Philosophy
853:Mereological essentialism
382:Hedonistic utilitarianism
4759:Philosophy of psychology
4694:Simulacra and Simulation
3676:Dictionary of Philosophy
2979:10.1348/014466607X270287
2885:10.1163/156853707X208503
2832:10.1348/2044-835X.002005
2793:10.1177/1368430206059856
2153:10.1177/1948550617707020
1858:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00900
1564:Biology & Philosophy
1380:HaĆas, ElĆŒbieta (2010).
1322:, Taylor & Francis,
1201:10.1177/1948550617707020
838:Educational essentialism
808:developmental psychology
405:may be partitioned into
4624:Critique of Pure Reason
3727:Cattarini, L.S. (2018)
3694:Barrett, H. C. (2001).
3640:Reardon, Jenny (2005).
3488:10.1111/1469-8676.12107
3470:Regnier, Denis (2015).
3385:Janicki, Karol (2003).
3075:10.1073/pnas.1721165115
2482:10.1111/1467-954X.00073
2470:The Sociological Review
2451:Perspectives on History
2198:10.1126/science.1110303
1845:Frontiers in Psychology
1688:. New York: Routledge.
1576:10.1023/A:1024139523966
1460:Agar, Nicholas (2004).
1415:Agar, Nicholas (2004).
1269:10.1126/science.1110303
1232:Tsai, Jennifer (2022).
917:Political acceptation:
894:Scientific essentialism
429:Biological essentialism
4835:Philosophical theories
4215:Typeâtoken distinction
4043:Hypostatic abstraction
3825:Abstract object theory
3607:Amundson, Ron (2005).
3264:DeLapp, Kevin (2011).
3007:Nature Human Behaviour
2658:Psychological Bulletin
1719:, HarperCollins, 1995.
923:Strategic essentialism
889:Social constructionism
790:
606:Strategic essentialism
462:Work by historians of
387:
4840:Identity (philosophy)
4804:Philosophy portal
4684:Being and Nothingness
4100:Mental representation
3568:Ohio University Press
3500:"The Category of Sex"
3338:Gruen, Erich (2012).
2532:American Psychologist
1357:10.4324/9780203094037
942:Greg McKeown (author)
904:Traditionalist School
863:National essentialism
812:cognitive development
784:
327:(204â270 AD) brought
4729:Feminist metaphysics
3724:New York, Routledge.
3449:Lape, Susan (2010).
3317:Fuss, Diana (2013).
3165:Bloom, Paul (2010).
3124:Psychological Review
1506:Amundson, R. (2005)
1018:"Plato's Parmenides"
4574:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
4085:Linguistic modality
3711:Sociological Review
3476:Social Anthropology
3066:2018PNAS..11511401R
3060:(45): 11401â11405.
2192:(5712): 1050â1051.
1728:Evelyn Fox Keller,
1263:(5712): 1050â1051.
1026:Stanford University
858:Medium essentialism
769:only as opposed to
723:theorists, such as
669:postcolonial theory
633:population genetics
517:Gender essentialism
511:Gender essentialism
443:was developed as a
4764:Philosophy of self
4754:Philosophy of mind
4018:Embodied cognition
3930:Scientific realism
3718:Oderberg, David S.
3702:, 3, Vol. 2, 1â30.
3592:The New York Times
1756:The Less Noble Sex
1464:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1419:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1300:Bertrand Russell,
927:Ethnic nationalism
848:Nature vs. nurture
791:
578:Ann Hibner Koblitz
560:textbooks such as
493:natural categories
464:systematic biology
425:about the matter.
249:who works to form
4812:
4811:
3991:Category of being
3960:Truthmaker theory
3722:Real Essentialism
3687:", p. 133; "
3652:. pp. 17ff.
3237:on 22 August 2016
2927:Child Development
2912:10.1002/casp.1005
2703:Child Development
2589:978-0-19-515406-1
2538:(12): 1469â1481.
1493:978-0-520-06386-0
1393:978-3-631-59946-4
1366:978-0-203-09403-7
1329:978-0-203-64625-0
1084:Ereshefsky (2007)
932:Brian David Ellis
919:Identity politics
879:Poststructuralism
697:In historiography
691:antiglobalization
621:scientific racism
566:Evelyn Fox Keller
445:scientific theory
415:anti-essentialist
171:Platonic idealism
41:Platonic idealism
16:(Redirected from
4847:
4830:Substance theory
4802:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4789:
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4689:
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4609:
4599:
4589:
4579:
4569:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4195:Substantial form
4007:Cogito, ergo sum
3950:Substance theory
3804:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3766:Emory University
3700:Mind and Society
3663:
3636:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3581:
3558:
3517:
3506:. Beacon Press.
3491:
3466:
3455:. Cambridge UP.
3445:
3435:
3404:
3381:
3355:
3344:. Princeton UP.
3334:
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2869:(3â4): 241â281.
2858:
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2776:
2770:
2769:
2758:10.1037/a0022401
2752:(6): 1056â1078.
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2102:Social Cognition
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967:
936:New essentialism
869:Non-essentialism
658:racial prejudice
590:Mary Beth Ruskai
477:John Stuart Mill
411:non-essentialist
391:
316:Bertrand Russell
161:characterizes a
141:racial prejudice
105:natural sciences
75:non-essentialism
49:"idea" or "form"
21:
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4544:De rerum natura
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4145:Physical object
3981:Abstract object
3969:
3955:Theory of forms
3890:Meaning of life
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3768:
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3738:
3670:
3668:Further reading
3660:
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3570:. p. 203.
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1630:. Basic Books.
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1106:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:. 30 July 2015.
1016:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
984:10.2307/2024315
978:(20): 615â626.
969:
968:
964:
960:
955:
829:
804:
779:
699:
676:literary critic
613:anthropologists
608:
600:Main articles:
598:
558:women's studies
536:Elizabeth Grosz
523:feminist theory
519:
513:
505:mutational load
481:William Whewell
437:
431:
395:In the case of
393:
389:
376:
370:
350:
345:
288:abstract entity
280:his explanation
278:. According to
201:and many other
153:
97:social theories
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4853:
4851:
4843:
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4756:
4751:
4746:
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4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4707:Related topics
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4680:
4674:Being and Time
4670:
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4590:
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4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4247:Metaphysicians
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
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4167:
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4097:
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4087:
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4077:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4003:
4001:Causal closure
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Libertarianism
3872:
3867:
3862:
3860:Existentialism
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3762:"Essentialism"
3757:
3748:
3737:
3736:External links
3734:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3715:
3714:45 : 456.
3703:
3692:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:978-0691118574
3658:
3637:
3632:978-0521832014
3631:
3604:
3582:
3576:
3566:. Athens, OH:
3559:
3533:(2): 299â320.
3518:
3513:978-0807079171
3512:
3492:
3482:(2): 152â168.
3467:
3462:978-1139484121
3461:
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3405:
3400:978-1588114266
3399:
3382:
3377:978-3938616857
3376:
3356:
3351:978-0691156354
3350:
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3330:978-1135201128
3329:
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3309:978-0470057230
3308:
3291:
3279:978-9401206877
3278:
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3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3196:(2): 228â235.
3180:
3157:
3130:(4): 960â983.
3107:
3040:
3013:(5): 343â347.
2993:
2952:
2933:(3): 757â777.
2917:
2906:(6): 411â425.
2890:
2853:
2826:(4): 722â743.
2806:
2771:
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2709:(2): 396â414.
2693:
2664:(5): 800â818.
2644:
2595:
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2565:
2522:
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2495:
2476:(3): 453â487.
2456:
2437:
2395:
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2377:
2368:
2359:
2352:
2326:
2279:
2276:. p. 193.
2264:
2219:
2176:
2147:(4): 461â469.
2127:
2108:(3): 301â323.
2088:
2069:(2): 107â118.
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2020:
1993:(3): 385â415.
1977:
1966:
1952:
1894:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1788:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:978-0415911375
1694:
1671:
1659:
1643:
1637:978-0465047925
1636:
1618:
1605:
1603:Sci 47:350â383
1597:Sober, Elliott
1589:
1570:(3): 387â400.
1554:
1535:(3): 541â562.
1519:
1499:
1492:
1468:
1452:
1448:Philos Compass
1439:
1423:
1407:
1392:
1372:
1365:
1334:
1328:
1306:
1290:
1247:
1224:
1195:(4): 461â469.
1175:
1156:(3): 301â323.
1136:
1117:(2): 107â118.
1099:
1088:
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1031:
1009:
1005:Janicki (2003)
997:
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778:
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729:Touraj Atabaki
698:
695:
650:discriminatory
597:
594:
570:Sandra Harding
548:New York Times
527:gender studies
515:Main article:
512:
509:
433:Main article:
430:
427:
377:
369:
366:
349:
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219:existentialism
152:
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133:discriminatory
113:Charles Darwin
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4772:
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4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Phenomenology
4747:
4745:
4742:
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4737:
4735:
4732:
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4727:
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4531:
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4516:
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4508:
4506:Notable works
4504:
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4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
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3979:
3978:
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3951:
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3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Phenomenalism
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Action theory
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
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3763:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3706:Sayer, Andrew
3704:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:Individuation
3686:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3667:
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3651:
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3569:
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3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3527:The Historian
3524:
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3505:
3501:
3497:
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3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:. Routledge.
3322:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3267:
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3016:
3012:
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2755:
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2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
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2648:
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2606:
2599:
2596:
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2585:
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2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
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2523:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
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2457:
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2413:
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2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2353:9780415153041
2349:
2345:
2340:
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2318:
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2300:
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2203:
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2168:
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2099:
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2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Amundson 2005
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
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1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1816:, March 1990.
1815:
1814:The Scientist
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1777:
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1757:
1754:Nancy Tuana,
1751:
1748:
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1738:
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1538:
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1520:
1517:
1516:0-521-80699-2
1513:
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1480:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:Pojman, Louis
1427:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1403:
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1147:
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1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
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1080:
1077:
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1068:
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1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1007:, p. 274
1006:
1001:
998:
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989:
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928:
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920:
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910:
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905:
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899:Structuralism
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895:
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884:Primordialism
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4225:Unobservable
4075:Intelligence
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3945:Subjectivism
3940:Spiritualism
3855:Essentialism
3854:
3835:Anti-realism
3769:. Retrieved
3751:Essentialism
3742:Essentialism
3728:
3721:
3709:
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3685:Hylomorphism
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3645:
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3596:. Retrieved
3590:
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3269:
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3232:the original
3223:
3212:Bibliography
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2393:Atabaki 6-7.
2389:
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2375:Lape 149-52.
2371:
2362:
2337:
2329:
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2031:Cravens 2010
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1990:
1986:
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1969:
1963:Cravens 2010
1946:
1939:. Retrieved
1911:
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1684:
1669:, p. xi
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1000:
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805:
796:Susan Gelman
792:
766:
759:essentialism
758:
754:
751:essentialism
750:
744:
737:reductionism
733:Eurocentrism
714:
707:
700:
687:equal rights
666:
642:
623:. After the
609:
561:
551:
550:best seller
547:
545:
539:
520:
500:
497:genealogical
489:
484:
461:
438:
414:
410:
407:essentialist
406:
403:human nature
398:Homo sapiens
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368:Human nature
351:
337:Neoplatonism
333:Roman Empire
320:
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179:human nature
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33:Essentialism
32:
31:
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18:Essentialist
4554:Metaphysics
4538:(c. 200 BC)
4528:(c. 350 BC)
4518:(c. 350 BC)
4405:Collingwood
4310:Malebranche
4058:Information
3986:Anima mundi
3965:Type theory
3920:Physicalism
3885:Materialism
3840:Determinism
3811:Metaphysics
3621:. pp.
3433:10023/24669
3360:Hull, David
2366:DeLapp 177.
2312:10023/24669
2250:10023/24669
2036:Angier 2000
1715:John Gray,
1667:Fuss (2013)
1616:131:191â213
1096:Hull (2007)
1086:, p. 8
1062:10023/24669
843:Moral panic
833:Determinism
789:influenced.
741:Karl Popper
725:Edward Said
717:colonialism
582:Lenore Blum
574:Nancy Tuana
362:culturalism
312:rationality
259:hylomorphic
207:materialist
203:existential
183:Kierkegaard
125:nationality
4819:Categories
4614:Monadology
4548:(c. 80 BC)
4255:Parmenides
4140:Perception
4038:Experience
3925:Relativism
3900:Naturalism
3850:Enactivism
3746:PhilPapers
3577:082141691X
1797:Gila Hanna
953:References
820:Paul Bloom
786:Paul Bloom
763:nominalism
757:. He uses
646:simplistic
638:biologists
617:linguistic
531:Diana Fuss
372:See also:
348:Naturalism
103:and other
83:dialogue,
80:Parmenides
54:Categories
4774:Teleology
4739:Mereology
4719:Cosmology
4578:(c. 1000)
4475:Plantinga
4465:Armstrong
4415:Heidegger
4390:Whitehead
4375:Nietzsche
4295:Descartes
4265:Aristotle
4220:Universal
4150:Principle
4120:Necessity
4080:Intention
4033:Existence
3996:Causality
3935:Solipsism
3865:Free will
3771:29 August
3442:221063562
3251:cite book
3084:0027-8424
2871:CiteSeerX
2840:0261-510X
2505:, passim.
2490:145731202
2432:145373912
2384:Gruen 39.
2321:221063562
2259:221063562
2122:150259817
2083:221063773
2015:145485765
2007:1728-4457
1928:0037-802X
1867:1664-1078
1450:9:642â652
1402:503075283
1170:150259817
1131:221063773
1071:221063562
709:Histories
704:Herodotus
654:extremist
586:Mary Gray
501:intrinsic
473:Aristotle
441:evolution
423:pluralism
413:(or even
304:Aristotle
217:. Unlike
191:Heidegger
163:substance
137:extremist
121:ethnicity
65:that, as
63:substance
59:Aristotle
4792:Category
4714:Axiology
4568:(c.â270)
4496:more ...
4450:Anscombe
4445:Strawson
4440:Davidson
4335:Berkeley
4275:Plotinus
4236:more ...
4175:Relation
4155:Property
4130:Ontology
4053:Identity
3974:Concepts
3905:Nihilism
3870:Idealism
3818:Theories
3681:Quiddity
3598:9 August
3555:10378582
3547:20726131
3498:(1992).
3362:(2007).
3285:29 April
3241:29 April
3221:(2003).
3171:Observer
3152:11085594
3144:15482069
3102:30397114
3027:30962601
2988:18171502
2947:20573103
2848:21199501
2801:14374536
2766:21319911
2688:21142350
2639:21572550
2560:20925945
2214:28235427
2206:15718453
2171:33163145
1936:23557192
1885:28611723
1701:17 March
1614:Synthese
1584:54214030
1549:17893064
1433:(2006).
1285:28235427
1277:15718453
1219:33163145
909:Vitalism
874:Pleasure
827:See also
771:idealism
680:theorist
468:Linnaeus
343:Examples
329:idealism
325:Plotinus
284:quiddity
247:demiurge
242:Philebus
239:and the
223:ontology
175:humanism
109:taxonomy
89:Socrates
87:depicts
37:identity
4564:Enneads
4558:(c. 50)
4524:Timaeus
4514:Sophist
4460:Dummett
4455:Deleuze
4395:Russell
4385:Bergson
4380:Meinong
4360:Bolzano
4320:Leibniz
4300:Spinoza
4285:Aquinas
4270:Proclus
4200:Thought
4190:Subject
4170:Reality
4165:Quality
4135:Pattern
4095:Meaning
4070:Insight
4028:Essence
4013:Concept
3915:Realism
3880:Liberty
3845:Dualism
3753:at the
3720:(2007)
3623:101â124
3093:6233089
3062:Bibcode
3035:4898162
2731:2055130
2723:1131012
2679:3394457
2630:3093246
2552:2690699
2186:Science
2162:7643920
1941:22 July
1876:5447748
1799:, ed.,
1257:Science
1210:7643920
992:2024315
865:(Japan)
767:realism
755:realism
746:realism
629:culture
572:, and
485:species
449:biology
439:Before
421:versus
409:versus
331:to the
308:essence
255:essence
236:Timaeus
215:essence
158:essence
145:reified
101:biology
45:essence
4698:(1981)
4688:(1943)
4678:(1927)
4668:(1846)
4658:(1818)
4648:(1807)
4638:(1783)
4628:(1781)
4618:(1714)
4608:(1710)
4598:(1677)
4594:Ethics
4588:(1641)
4490:Parfit
4480:Kripke
4470:Putnam
4430:Sartre
4420:Carnap
4370:Peirce
4315:Newton
4290:SuĂĄrez
4280:Scotus
4160:Qualia
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4115:Nature
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1421:, p 41
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673:Indian
662:racial
419:monism
358:nature
354:social
276:morphe
268:morphe
199:Badiou
195:Sartre
129:gender
95:Older
4744:Meta-
4485:Lewis
4435:Quine
4400:Moore
4365:Lotze
4350:Hegel
4325:Wolff
4305:Locke
4260:Plato
4230:Value
4210:Truth
3551:S2CID
3438:S2CID
3235:(PDF)
3228:(PDF)
3148:S2CID
3120:(PDF)
3031:S2CID
2797:S2CID
2719:JSTOR
2556:S2CID
2486:S2CID
2428:S2CID
2317:S2CID
2255:S2CID
2210:S2CID
2118:S2CID
2079:S2CID
2027:See:
2011:S2CID
1932:JSTOR
1580:S2CID
1281:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1127:S2CID
1067:S2CID
988:JSTOR
958:Notes
749:into
251:chaos
231:Plato
165:or a
127:, or
85:Plato
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4425:Ryle
4345:Kant
4340:Hume
4330:Reid
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4105:Mind
4063:Data
4048:Idea
3773:2008
3654:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3600:2010
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167:form
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