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developments in entities that will occur throughout its lifespan. The third is immutability. Despite altering the superficial appearance of an object it does not remove its essence. Observable changes in features of an entity are not salient enough to alter its essential characteristics. The fourth is inductive potential. This suggests that entities may share common features but are essentially different; however similar two beings may be, their characteristics will be at most analogous, differing most importantly in essences. The implications of psychological essentialism are numerous. Prejudiced individuals have been found to endorse exceptionally essential ways of thinking, suggesting that essentialism may perpetuate exclusion among social groups. For example, essentialism of nationality has been linked to anti-immigration attitudes. In multiple studies in India and the United States, it was shown that in lay view a person's nationality is considerably fixed at birth, even if that person is adopted and raised by a family of another nationality at day one and never told about their origin. This may be due to an over-extension of an essential-biological mode of thinking stemming from cognitive development.
799:. In 1991, Kathryn Kremer and Susan Gelman studied the extent to which children from fourâseven years old demonstrate essentialism. Children believed that underlying essences predicted observable behaviours. Children were able to describe living objects' behaviour as self-perpetuated and non-living objects' behavior as a result of an adult influencing the object. Understanding the underlying causal mechanism for behaviour suggests essentialist thinking. Younger children were unable to identify causal mechanisms of behaviour whereas older children were able to. This suggests that essentialism is rooted in
674:. It refers to a political tactic in which minority groups, nationalities, or ethnic groups mobilize on the basis of shared gendered, cultural, or political identity. While strong differences may exist between members of these groups, and among themselves they engage in continuous debates, it is sometimes advantageous for them to temporarily "essentialize" themselves, despite it being based on erroneous logic, and to bring forward their group identity in a simplified way to achieve certain goals, such as
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787:, who has outlined many domains in which children and adults construe classes of entities, particularly biological entities, in essentialist termsâi.e., as if they had an immutable underlying essence which can be used to predict unobserved similarities between members of that class. This causal relationship is unidirectional; an observable feature of an entity does not define the underlying essence.
695:, for example, claims that Egyptian culture is essentially feminized and possesses a "softness" which has made Egypt easy to conquer. To what extent Herodotus was an essentialist is a matter of debate; he is also credited with not essentializing the concept of the Athenian identity, or differences between the Greeks and the Persians that are the subject of his
812:
understanding of the physical and social worlds, and developmental and cross-cultural psychologists have proposed that it is instinctive and universal. We are natural-born essentialists." Scholars suggest that the categorical nature of essentialist thinking predicts the use of stereotypes and can be targeted in the application of stereotype prevention.
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762:. Popper himself is a realist as opposed to an idealist, but a methodological nominalist as opposed to an essentialist. For example, statements like "a puppy is a young dog" should be read from right to left as an answer to "What shall we call a young dog", never from left to right as an answer to "What is a puppy?"
214:
must be approached from a metaphysical perspective. Empirical knowledge is developed from experience of a relational universe whose components and attributes are defined and measured in terms of intellectually constructed laws. Thus, for the scientist, reality is explored as an evolutionary system of
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Whereas, endorsement of biological essentialism may have similarly negative implications for social justice policies across racial categories, we investigated the hypothesis that endorsement of cultural essentialism would have different implications across racial categories. In
Studies 1a and 1b, we
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in commonâthe ideal form. Plato proposed that these ideas are eternal and vastly superior to their manifestations, and that we understand these manifestations in the material world by comparing and relating them to their respective ideal form. Plato's forms are regarded as patriarchs to essentialist
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Essentialist conceptions of race hold that the characteristics of physical appearance referred to by racial terms are indicative of more profound characteristics (whether positively or negatively construed) of personality, inclinations, `culture,' heritage, cognitive abilities, or `natural talents'
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Essentialism in history as a field of study entails discerning and listing essential cultural characteristics of a particular nation or culture, in the belief that a people or culture can be understood in this way. Sometimes such essentialism leads to claims of a praiseworthy national or cultural
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There are four key criteria that constitute essentialist thinking. The first facet is the aforementioned individual causal mechanisms. The second is innate potential: the assumption that an object will fulfill its predetermined course of development. According to this criterion, essences predict
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of Yale
University has stated that "one of the most exciting ideas in cognitive science is the theory that people have a default assumption that things, people and events have invisible essences that make them what they are. Experimental psychologists have argued that essentialism underlies our
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wrote: "Essentialism is most commonly understood as a belief in the real, true essence of things, the invariable and fixed properties which define the 'whatness' of a given entity." Women's essence is assumed to be universal and is generally identified with those characteristics viewed as being
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Anti-essentialists contend that an essentialist typological categorization has been rendered obsolete and untenable by evolutionary theory for several reasons. First, they argue that biological species are dynamic entities, emerging and disappearing as distinct populations are molded by natural
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Historically, beliefs which posit that social identities such as ethnicity, nationality or gender determine a person's essential characteristics have in many cases been shown to have destructive or harmful results. It has been argued by some that essentialist thinking lies at the core of many
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that essentialism "entails the belief that those characteristics defined as women's essence are shared in common by all women at all times. It implies a limit of the variations and possibilities of changeâit is not possible for a subject to act in a manner contrary to her essence. Her essence
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said that his concept of essence transferred to metaphysics what was only a verbal convenience and that it confused the properties of language with the properties of the world. In fact, a thing's "essence" consisted in those defining properties without which we could not use the
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Cultural and racial essentialism is the view that fundamental biological or physical characteristics of human "races" produce personality, heritage, cognitive abilities, or 'natural talents' that are shared by all members of a racial group. In the early 20th century, many
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attempts to explain why people will pay more in an auction for the clothing of celebrities if the clothing is unwashed. He believes the answer to this and many other questions is that people cannot help but think of objects as containing a sort of "essence" that can be
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underlies all the apparent variations differentiating women from each other. Essentialism thus refers to the existence of fixed characteristic, given attributes, and ahistorical functions that limit the possibilities of change and thus of social reorganization."
369:"Monism will demand that enhancement technologies be used to create humans as close as possible to the ideal state. The Nazis would have proposed the list of characteristics for admission to the SS as the universal template for enhancement technologies.
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and the Ideal
Morphologists) were very far from being essentialists, and that the so-called "essentialism story" (or "myth") in biology is a result of conflating the views expressed and biological examples used by philosophers going back to
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There is a difference between metaphysical essentialism and psychological essentialism, the latter referring not to an actual claim about the world but a claim about a way of representing entities in cognitions. Influential in this area is
373:
is a less objectionable version of monism, according to which the best human life is one that contains as much pleasure and as little suffering as possible â but like Nazism, it leaves no room for meaningful choice about enhancement."
80:
questioning the notion, suggesting that if we accept the idea that every beautiful thing or just action partakes of an essence to be beautiful or just, we must also accept the "existence of separate essences for hair, mud, and dirt".
279:
of which individual objects are mere facsimiles. To give an example: the ideal form of a circle is a perfect circle, something that is physically impossible to make manifest; yet the circles we draw and observe clearly have some
328:, and with it the concept that not only do all existents emanate from a "primary essence" but that the mind plays an active role in shaping or ordering the objects of perception, rather than passively receiving empirical data.
728:. Into the 21st century, most historians, social scientists, and humanists reject methodologies associated with essentialism, although some have argued that certain varieties of essentialism may be useful or even necessary.
581:, and Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram have criticized those theories for ignoring the diverse nature of scientific research and the tremendous variation in women's experiences in different cultures and historical periods.
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specifically feminine. These ideas of femininity are usually biologized and are often preoccupied with psychological characteristics, such as nurturance, empathy, support, and non-competitiveness, etc. Feminist theorist
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understanding of the formation of the things. According to that account, the structure and real existence of any thing can be understood by analogy to an artefact produced by a craftsperson. The craftsperson requires
624:
undermined the scientific standing of racial essentialism, leading race anthropologists to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation. A significant number of modern anthropologists and
289:. Plato believed that the universe was perfect and that its observed imperfections came from man's limited perception of it. For Plato, there were two realities: the "essential" or ideal and the "perceived".
518:, gender essentialism is the attribution of fixed essences to men and womenâthis idea that men and women are fundamentally different continues to be a matter of contention. Gay/lesbian rights advocate
4652:
803:. It can be argued that there is a shift in the way that children represent entities, from not understanding the causal mechanism of the underlying essence to showing sufficient understanding.
649:. In medical sciences, essentialism can lead to an over-emphasis on the role of identitiesâfor example assuming that differences in hypertension in African-American populations are due to
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2914:
Birnbaum, D.; Deeb, I.; Segall, G.; Ben-Eliyahu, A.; Diesendruck, G. (2010). "The development of social essentialism: The case of
Israeli children's inferences about Jews and Arabs".
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in the 21st century has cast doubt upon this view of pre-Darwinian thinkers. Winsor, Ron
Amundson and Staffan MĂŒller-Wille have each argued that in fact the usual suspects (such as
132:. Essentialist views about race have also been shown to diminish empathy when dealing with members of another racial group. In medical sciences, essentialism can lead to a
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differences rather than social causesâleading to fallacious conclusions and potentially unequal treatment. Older social theories were often conceptually essentialist.
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taught this theory â that race was an entirely biological phenomenon and that this was core to a person's behavior and identity. This, coupled with a belief that
716:, insisted that essentialism was the "defining mode" of "Western" historiography and ethnography until the nineteenth century and even after, according to
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dogma simply because they are a case of what is intrinsic and a-contextual of objectsâthe abstract properties that make them what they are. One example is
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Holtz, P.; Wagner, W. (2009). "Essentialism and attribution of monstrosity in racist discourse: Right-wing internet postings about
Africans and jews".
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for it. Although the concept of essence was "hopelessly muddled" it became part of every philosophy until modern times. The
Egyptian-born philosopher
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argued that the modern scientific enterprise is inherently patriarchal and incompatible with women's nature. Other feminist scholars, such as
255:(timber or wood) and a model, plan or idea in their own mind, according to which the wood is worked to give it the indicated contour or form (
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Gelman, S. A.; Kremer, K. E. (1991). "Understanding natural causes: Children's explanations of how objects and their properties originate".
104:. The role and importance of essentialism in modern biology is still a matter of debate. Beliefs which posit that social identities such as
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Rangel, U.; Keller, J. (2011). "Essentialism goes social: Belief in social determinism as a component of psychological essentialism".
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271:, all entities have two aspects: "matter" and "form". It is the particular form imposed that gives some matter its identityâits
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1830:"The (Biological or Cultural) Essence of Essentialism: Implications for Policy Support among Dominant and Subordinated Groups"
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Studies in
History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
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to that which things in a category have in common and without which they cannot be members of that category (for example,
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posited that all species are unchanging throughout time. The historian Mary P. Winsor has argued that biologists such as
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program, along with the rise of anti-colonial movements, racial essentialism lost widespread popularity. New studies of
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or "whatness" (i.e., "what it is"). Plato was one of the first essentialists, postulating the concept of ideal formsâan
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Lenore Blum, "AWM's first twenty years: The presidents' perspectives," in Bettye Anne Case and Anne M. Leggett, eds.,
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in the 19th century believed that taxa such as species and genus were fixed, reflecting the mind of the creator. Some
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3039:"Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens : Making psychological science more representative of the human population"
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Kronfeldner, Maria; Roughley, Neil; Töpfer, Georg (2014) "Recent work on human nature: beyond traditional essences."
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Beyond
Essentialism: Who Writes Whose Past in the Middle East and Central Asia? Inaugural lecture, 13 December 2002
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is the essence of man; without rationality a creature cannot be a man). In his critique of
Aristotle's philosophy,
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553:. Starting in the 1980s, some feminist writers have put forward essentialist theories about gender and science.
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608:, cultural, and social groups fundamentally existed along racial lines, formed the basis of what is now called
484:. Second, the opponents of essentialism argue that our current understanding of biological species emphasizes
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has an essentialist conception of the human, in its endorsement of the notion of an eternal and unchangeable
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66:âdenies the need to posit such an "essence". Essentialism has been controversial from its beginning. In the
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3461:"Clean people, unclean people: the essentialisation of 'slaves' among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar"
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Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism".
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identity, or to its opposite, the condemnation of a culture based on presumed essential characteristics.
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Demoulin, Stéphanie; Leyens, Jacques-Philippe; Yzerbyt, Vincent (2006). "Lay Theories of Essentialism".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Fernana, H.; Ngum, M. E. (2020). "The allure of essentialism and extremist ideologies".
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Kurzwelly, J.; Fernana, H.; Ngum, M. E. (2020). "The allure of essentialism and extremist ideologies".
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496:, and the variability and diversity within species contradict the notion of fixed biological natures.
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MĂŒller-Wille, Staffan (2007). "Collection and collation: theory and practice of Linnaean botany".
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thinkers. Essentialism, in its broadest sense, is any philosophy that acknowledges the primacy of
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162:. It is permanent, unalterable, and eternal, and is present in every possible world. Classical
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3106:"The native mind: biological categorization and reasoning in development and across cultures"
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selection. This view contrasts with the static essences that essentialists say characterize
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3512:"What's New in Science and Race since the 1930s?: Anthropologists and Racial Essentialism"
2951:"Shifting ground: The variable use of essentialism in contexts of inclusion and exclusion"
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3668:(Littlefield, Adams & Co.). See for instance the articles on "Essence", p. 97; "
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Bastian, B.; Haslam, N. (2006). "Psychological essentialism and stereotype endorsement".
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in the immediately pre-Darwinian period, with the way that biologists used such terms as
136:
view of identities, leading to fallacious conclusions and potentially unequal treatment.
3054:
2126:"Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies"
1174:"Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies"
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3600:. In Wasserman, David T.; Wachbroit, Robert Samuel; Bickenbach, Jerome Edmund (eds.).
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3720:(Montreal), argues for priority of essence/conscience over existence/consciousness
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Quality of life and human difference: genetic testing, health care, and disability
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diverse entities, the order of which is determined by the principle of causality.
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Rad, Mostafa Salari; Martingano, Alison Jane; Ginges, Jeremy (6 November 2018).
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The changing rule of the embryo in evolutionary biology: structure and synthesis
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in the West came to view race as an invalid genetic or biological designation.
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Dating back to the 18th century, naturalism is a form of essentialism in which
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Gender essentialism is pervasive in popular culture, as illustrated by the #1
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is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their
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3376:"The Ever-Stifling Essentialism: Language and Conflict in Poland (1991â1993)"
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Essentialism has emerged as an important concept in psychology, particularly
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matters are explained through the logic of natural dispositions. The invoked
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Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in The 1930s
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Hirschman, Charles (2004). "The Origins and Demise of the Concept of Race".
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Winsor, M. P. (2003). "Non-essentialist methods in pre-Darwinian taxonomy".
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Soylu Yalcinkaya, Nur; Estrada-Villalta, Sara; Adams, Glenn (30 May 2017).
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1375:. Studies in sociology: symbols, theory and society. New York: Peter Lang.
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Mandalaywala, Tara M.; Amodio, David M.; Rhodes, Marjorie (19 June 2017).
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assessed the properties of a cultural essentialism measure we developed...
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Mandalaywala, Tara M.; Amodio, David M.; Rhodes, Marjorie (19 June 2017).
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3598:"Disability, Ideology, and Quality of Life: A Bias in Biomedical Ethics"
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Kanovsky, M. (2007). "Essentialism and folksociology: Ethnicity again".
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Mary Beth Ruskai, "Why women are discouraged from becoming scientists,"
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ideologies. For instance, psychological essentialism is correlated with
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that are taken to be shared by all members of a racially defined group.
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put it, "make the thing what it is, and without which it would be not
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3359:. Vol. 11 (2006). UniversitĂ€tsverlag Göttingen. pp. 47â58.
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1223:"How Should Educators and Publishers Eliminate Racial Essentialism?"
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210:, which posits "being" as the fundamental reality, the essentialist
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traits. Lastly, non-essentialists assert that every organism has a
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3697:(August 1997) "Essentialism, Social Constructionism, and Beyond",
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Towards the world culture society: Florian Znaniecki's culturalism
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219:
73:
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Race to the finish: identity and governance in an age of genomics
1903:(3). Florida State University Department of Philosophy: 341â368.
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Guillaumin, Colette (1996), Adkins, Lisa; Leonard, Diana (eds.),
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4036:
2568:
The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought
1784:
Mary Gray, "Gender and mathematics: Mythology and Misogyny," in
1337:
Feminist Knowledge (RLE Feminist Theory): Critique and Construct
175:
3772:
2803:
del RĂo, MarĂa Francisca; Strasser, Katherine (November 2011).
1756:
Ann Hibner Koblitz, "A historian looks at gender and science,"
959:
Cartwright, Richard L. (1968). "Some Remarks on Essentialism".
645:
ideologies. Psychological essentialism is also correlated with
545:, but this essentialism is routinely critiqued in introductory
349:
can be biological, ontological or theological. Its opponent is
3768:
1816:
Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789â1979
4653:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
3441:
Race and Citizen Identity in the Classical Athenian Democracy
1790:
Towards Gender Equity in Mathematics Education: An ICMI Study
1674:
Space, Time, and Perversion: Essays on the Politics of Bodies
1588:(1980). "Evolution, population thinking, and essentialism."
529:
Space, time and perversion: essays on the politics of bodies
2992:"Folk theories of nationality and anti-immigrant attitudes"
2643:"Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA"
1642:
Suzanne Kelly, Gowri Parameswaran, and Nancy Schniedewind,
2519:
Medin, D. L. (1989). "Concepts and conceptual structure".
3380:
Motivation in Language: Studies in Honor of GĂŒnter Radden
2805:"Chilean children's essentialist reasoning about poverty"
234:, things were said to come into being by the action of a
2594:"Ratings of essentialism for eight religious identities"
2173:
Duster, Troy (2005). "Race and Reification in Science".
1644:
Women: Images & Realities: A Multicultural Anthology
1617:
Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men
1244:
Duster, Troy (2005). "Race and Reification in Science".
120:
are essential characteristics have been central to many
4593:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
406:) positions. Another established dichotomy is that of
3309:
Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference
3259:
Negotiating Identities: Constructed Selves and Others
2087:"Psychological Essentialism Predicts Intergroup Bias"
1638:
1636:
1135:"Psychological Essentialism Predicts Intergroup Bias"
2889:
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology
2598:
International Journal for the Psychology of Religion
1334:(20 May 2013). "Conclusion". In Gunew, Sneja (ed.).
4695:
4494:
4234:
3962:
3806:
2949:Morton, T. A.; Hornsey, M. J.; Postmes, T. (2009).
2085:Chen, Jacqueline M.; Ratliff, Kate A. (June 2018).
1133:Chen, Jacqueline M.; Ratliff, Kate A. (June 2018).
2455:"Essentialism, Social Constructionism, and beyond"
2401:Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory
2324:
1814:Pnina Abir-Am and Dorinda Outram, "Introduction,"
1893:"Racial Identity and Non-Essentialism About Race"
1451:Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement
1406:Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement
3357:Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology
3255:"Ancient Egypt as Europe's 'Intimate Stranger'"
3043:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
367:
3353:"Essentialism in Taxonomy: Four Decades Later"
1962:
1775:, Princeton University Press, 2005, pp. 94â95.
1227:American Medical Association Journal of Ethics
16:View that entities have identifying attributes
3784:
3631:"Post World-War II Expert Discourses on Race"
2560:
2558:
935:Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less
8:
2735:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2130:Social Psychological and Personality Science
1305:"The Practice of Power and Belief in Nature"
1178:Social Psychological and Personality Science
448:continue to maintain this view of biology.
259:). Aristotle was the first to use the terms
3551:Currell, Susan; Cogdell, Christina (2006).
3166:(8). Association for Psychological Science.
2809:British Journal of Developmental Psychology
656:Strategic essentialism, a major concept in
585:Racial, cultural and strategic essentialism
242:into ordered entities. Many definitions of
50:similarly proposed that all objects have a
3791:
3777:
3769:
3680:", p. 145; and "Matter", p. 191.
3382:. et al. John Benjamins. pp. 274â96.
3244:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2770:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
1947:
1945:
1758:International Journal of Science Education
1471:. University of California Press. p.
1285:
1283:
1072:
708:, as well as in critiques of colonialism.
96:, essentialism provided the rationale for
3685:On the functional origins of essentialism
3420:
3285:"Philosophy of Biological Classification"
3179:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
3080:
3062:
2966:
2863:
2666:
2617:
2299:
2237:
2149:
1863:
1845:
1197:
1049:
158:, in the sense of the forms and ideas in
88:were often conceptually essentialist. In
3576:"Do Races Differ? Not Really, DNA Shows"
2029:
1499:, New York, Cambridge University Press.
2034:
2019:
1951:
1706:Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
993:
951:
542:Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
3672:", p. 262; "Form", p. 110; "
3237:
2024:
1666:
1664:
4623:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
3291:. Vol. 2. Wiley. pp. 8â10.
2641:Dar-Nimrod, I.; Heine, S. J. (2011).
2571:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2434:Cody, Lisa Forman (1 December 2015).
2390:
2388:
2327:Key Concepts in Post-colonial Studies
2263:The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology
1424:Who are we? Theories of human nature.
660:, was introduced in the 1980s by the
7:
4723:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
4643:The World as Will and Representation
2955:British Journal of Social Psychology
2506:"The Origins of Pleasure (TED talk)"
2261:G. Ritze and J.M. Ryan, ed. (2010).
1655:
1084:
3744:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
3493:The Straight Mind: And Other Essays
1792:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.
1426:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
1011:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
704:Essentialism had been operative in
32:held that all things have such an "
3574:Angier, Natalie (22 August 2000).
1772:Complexities: Women in Mathematics
750:whenever he means the opposite of
424:Species § The species problem
62:kind of thing". The contrary viewâ
14:
3330:Rethinking the Other in Antiquity
3257:. In Helen Vella Bonavita (ed.).
2592:Toosi, N. R.; Ambady, N. (2011).
2397:"What's wrong with essentialism?"
2323:B. Ashcroft; et al. (1998).
1976:Population and Development Review
1818:, Rutgers University Press, 1987.
1747:, Indiana University Press, 1993.
1734:, Cornell University Press, 1986.
1719:Reflections on Gender and Science
1468:Evolution. The History of an Idea
222:'s philosophy, in particular the
4786:
4776:
4775:
3528:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00263.x
2928:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01432.x
2852:Journal of Cognition and Culture
2492:The Open Society and its Enemies
1988:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00021.x
1732:The Science Question in Feminism
446:religious opponents of evolution
4573:Meditations on First Philosophy
3104:Medin, D.L.; Atran, S. (2004).
2453:Sayer, Andrew (1 August 1997).
2395:Phillips, Anne (1 March 2011).
1291:A History of Western Philosophy
527:states in her 1995 publication
390:, the divergent conceptions of
246:hark back to the ancient Greek
2990:Rad, M.S.; Ginges, J. (2018).
1721:, Yale University Press, 1985.
1615:Fausto-Sterling, Anne (1992).
295:(384â322 BC) applied the term
170:. This has been criticized by
1:
3413:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141
3355:. In Wisseman, Volker (ed.).
2413:10.1080/1600910X.2010.9672755
2331:. Psychology Press. pp.
2292:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141
2230:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141
2064:10.1080/23323256.2020.1759435
1909:10.5840/soctheorpract19952131
1760:, vol. 9 (1987), pp. 399â407.
1646:, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2011.
1112:10.1080/23323256.2020.1759435
1042:10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141
551:Women: Images & Realities
4758:Philosophy of space and time
3749:Cliff, Brian (Spring 1996).
3400:Anthropology Southern Africa
3378:. In Hubert Cuyckens (ed.).
3261:. Rodopi. pp. 171â192.
2610:10.1080/10508619.2011.532441
2533:10.1037/0003-066X.44.12.1469
2279:Anthropology Southern Africa
2218:Anthropology Southern Africa
2051:Anthropology Southern Africa
1099:Anthropology Southern Africa
1030:Anthropology Southern Africa
28:. In early Western thought,
4633:The Phenomenology of Spirit
3718:Beyond Sartre and Sterility
3287:. In Roberts, Keith (ed.).
3219:. Amsterdam. Archived from
3125:10.1037/0033-295x.111.4.960
1891:Stubblefield, Anna (1995).
1840:. Frontiers Media SA: 900.
1530:10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.06.010
791:In developmental psychology
724:, over-generalization, and
620:and the fledgling field of
591:Race (human categorization)
436:, the essentialist view of
287:Plato's parable of the cave
100:at least until the time of
4847:
3662:Runes, Dagobert D. (1972)
3639:Princeton University Press
3608:Cambridge University Press
3510:Cravens, Hamilton (2010).
3191:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.003
3156:"Why we like what we like"
2103:10.1521/soco.2018.36.3.301
1963:Currell & Cogdell 2006
1897:Social Theory and Practice
1151:10.1521/soco.2018.36.3.301
732:splits the ambiguous term
672:Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
588:
503:
488:relationships rather than
464:and continuing through to
421:
363:Philosophical anthropology
360:
4771:
3289:Handbook of Plant Science
3283:Ereshefsky, Marc (2007).
3008:10.1038/s41562-018-0334-3
2565:Gelman, Susan A. (2009).
2504:Bloom, Paul (July 2011).
2436:"Essentialism in Context"
1671:Grosz, Elizabeth (1995).
1465:Bowler, Peter J. (1989).
1340:(0 ed.). Routledge.
1293:, London: Routledge, 1991
961:The Journal of Philosophy
842:Mereological essentialism
371:Hedonistic utilitarianism
4748:Philosophy of psychology
4683:Simulacra and Simulation
3665:Dictionary of Philosophy
2968:10.1348/014466607X270287
2874:10.1163/156853707X208503
2821:10.1348/2044-835X.002005
2782:10.1177/1368430206059856
2142:10.1177/1948550617707020
1847:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00900
1553:Biology & Philosophy
1369:HaĆas, ElĆŒbieta (2010).
1311:, Taylor & Francis,
1190:10.1177/1948550617707020
827:Educational essentialism
797:developmental psychology
394:may be partitioned into
4613:Critique of Pure Reason
3716:Cattarini, L.S. (2018)
3683:Barrett, H. C. (2001).
3629:Reardon, Jenny (2005).
3477:10.1111/1469-8676.12107
3459:Regnier, Denis (2015).
3374:Janicki, Karol (2003).
3064:10.1073/pnas.1721165115
2471:10.1111/1467-954X.00073
2459:The Sociological Review
2440:Perspectives on History
2187:10.1126/science.1110303
1834:Frontiers in Psychology
1677:. New York: Routledge.
1565:10.1023/A:1024139523966
1449:Agar, Nicholas (2004).
1404:Agar, Nicholas (2004).
1258:10.1126/science.1110303
1221:Tsai, Jennifer (2022).
906:Political acceptation:
883:Scientific essentialism
418:Biological essentialism
4824:Philosophical theories
4204:Typeâtoken distinction
4032:Hypostatic abstraction
3814:Abstract object theory
3596:Amundson, Ron (2005).
3253:DeLapp, Kevin (2011).
2996:Nature Human Behaviour
2647:Psychological Bulletin
1708:, HarperCollins, 1995.
912:Strategic essentialism
878:Social constructionism
779:
595:Strategic essentialism
451:Work by historians of
376:
4829:Identity (philosophy)
4793:Philosophy portal
4673:Being and Nothingness
4089:Mental representation
3557:Ohio University Press
3489:"The Category of Sex"
3327:Gruen, Erich (2012).
2521:American Psychologist
1346:10.4324/9780203094037
931:Greg McKeown (author)
893:Traditionalist School
852:National essentialism
801:cognitive development
773:
316:(204â270 AD) brought
4718:Feminist metaphysics
3713:New York, Routledge.
3438:Lape, Susan (2010).
3306:Fuss, Diana (2013).
3154:Bloom, Paul (2010).
3113:Psychological Review
1495:Amundson, R. (2005)
1007:"Plato's Parmenides"
4563:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
4074:Linguistic modality
3700:Sociological Review
3465:Social Anthropology
3055:2018PNAS..11511401R
3049:(45): 11401â11405.
2181:(5712): 1050â1051.
1717:Evelyn Fox Keller,
1252:(5712): 1050â1051.
1015:Stanford University
847:Medium essentialism
758:only as opposed to
712:theorists, such as
658:postcolonial theory
622:population genetics
506:Gender essentialism
500:Gender essentialism
432:was developed as a
4753:Philosophy of self
4743:Philosophy of mind
4007:Embodied cognition
3919:Scientific realism
3707:Oderberg, David S.
3691:, 3, Vol. 2, 1â30.
3581:The New York Times
1745:The Less Noble Sex
1453:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1408:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1289:Bertrand Russell,
916:Ethnic nationalism
837:Nature vs. nurture
780:
567:Ann Hibner Koblitz
549:textbooks such as
482:natural categories
453:systematic biology
414:about the matter.
238:who works to form
4801:
4800:
3980:Category of being
3949:Truthmaker theory
3711:Real Essentialism
3676:", p. 133; "
3641:. pp. 17ff.
3226:on 22 August 2016
2916:Child Development
2901:10.1002/casp.1005
2692:Child Development
2578:978-0-19-515406-1
2527:(12): 1469â1481.
1482:978-0-520-06386-0
1382:978-3-631-59946-4
1355:978-0-203-09403-7
1318:978-0-203-64625-0
1073:Ereshefsky (2007)
921:Brian David Ellis
908:Identity politics
868:Poststructuralism
686:In historiography
680:antiglobalization
610:scientific racism
555:Evelyn Fox Keller
434:scientific theory
404:anti-essentialist
160:Platonic idealism
30:Platonic idealism
4836:
4819:Substance theory
4791:
4790:
4789:
4779:
4778:
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4678:
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4658:
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4598:
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4568:
4558:
4548:
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4518:
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4184:Substantial form
3996:Cogito, ergo sum
3939:Substance theory
3793:
3786:
3779:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3755:Emory University
3689:Mind and Society
3652:
3625:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3570:
3547:
3506:
3495:. Beacon Press.
3480:
3455:
3444:. Cambridge UP.
3434:
3424:
3393:
3370:
3344:
3333:. Princeton UP.
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2858:(3â4): 241â281.
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2793:
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2759:
2758:
2747:10.1037/a0022401
2741:(6): 1056â1078.
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2091:Social Cognition
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925:New essentialism
858:Non-essentialism
647:racial prejudice
579:Mary Beth Ruskai
466:John Stuart Mill
400:non-essentialist
380:
305:Bertrand Russell
150:characterizes a
130:racial prejudice
94:natural sciences
64:non-essentialism
38:"idea" or "form"
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4134:Physical object
3970:Abstract object
3958:
3944:Theory of forms
3879:Meaning of life
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3659:
3657:Further reading
3649:
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3559:. p. 203.
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1619:. Basic Books.
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1071:
1067:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1017:. 30 July 2015.
1005:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
973:10.2307/2024315
967:(20): 615â626.
958:
957:
953:
949:
944:
818:
793:
768:
688:
665:literary critic
602:anthropologists
597:
589:Main articles:
587:
547:women's studies
525:Elizabeth Grosz
512:feminist theory
508:
502:
494:mutational load
470:William Whewell
426:
420:
384:In the case of
382:
378:
365:
359:
339:
334:
277:abstract entity
269:his explanation
267:. According to
190:and many other
142:
86:social theories
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4697:
4696:Related topics
4693:
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4690:
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4669:
4663:Being and Time
4659:
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4609:
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4238:
4236:Metaphysicians
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4231:
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4228:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
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4044:
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4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3990:Causal closure
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
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3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Libertarianism
3861:
3856:
3851:
3849:Existentialism
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3751:"Essentialism"
3746:
3737:
3726:
3725:External links
3723:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3704:
3703:45 : 456.
3692:
3681:
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3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:978-0691118574
3647:
3626:
3621:978-0521832014
3620:
3593:
3571:
3565:
3555:. Athens, OH:
3548:
3522:(2): 299â320.
3507:
3502:978-0807079171
3501:
3481:
3471:(2): 152â168.
3456:
3451:978-1139484121
3450:
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3389:978-1588114266
3388:
3371:
3366:978-3938616857
3365:
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3340:978-0691156354
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3319:978-1135201128
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3298:978-0470057230
3297:
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3268:978-9401206877
3267:
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3199:
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3196:
3185:(2): 228â235.
3169:
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3119:(4): 960â983.
3096:
3029:
3002:(5): 343â347.
2982:
2941:
2922:(3): 757â777.
2906:
2895:(6): 411â425.
2879:
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2815:(4): 722â743.
2795:
2760:
2725:
2698:(2): 396â414.
2682:
2653:(5): 800â818.
2633:
2584:
2577:
2554:
2511:
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2465:(3): 453â487.
2445:
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2357:
2348:
2341:
2315:
2268:
2265:. p. 193.
2253:
2208:
2165:
2136:(4): 461â469.
2116:
2097:(3): 301â323.
2077:
2058:(2): 107â118.
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2009:
1982:(3): 385â415.
1966:
1955:
1941:
1883:
1820:
1807:
1794:
1777:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:978-0415911375
1683:
1660:
1648:
1632:
1626:978-0465047925
1625:
1607:
1594:
1592:Sci 47:350â383
1586:Sober, Elliott
1578:
1559:(3): 387â400.
1543:
1524:(3): 541â562.
1508:
1488:
1481:
1457:
1441:
1437:Philos Compass
1428:
1412:
1396:
1381:
1361:
1354:
1323:
1317:
1295:
1279:
1236:
1213:
1184:(4): 461â469.
1164:
1145:(3): 301â323.
1125:
1106:(2): 107â118.
1088:
1077:
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1020:
998:
994:Janicki (2003)
986:
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764:
718:Touraj Atabaki
687:
684:
639:discriminatory
586:
583:
559:Sandra Harding
537:New York Times
516:gender studies
504:Main article:
501:
498:
422:Main article:
419:
416:
366:
358:
355:
338:
335:
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208:existentialism
141:
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122:discriminatory
102:Charles Darwin
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4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Phenomenology
4736:
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4724:
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4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
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4495:Notable works
4493:
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4008:
4005:
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3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3988:
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3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:Phenomenalism
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:Action theory
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3787:
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3780:
3775:
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3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3695:Sayer, Andrew
3693:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:Individuation
3675:
3671:
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3517:
3516:The Historian
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3332:
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3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:. Routledge.
3311:
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3256:
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2342:9780415153041
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2052:
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2041:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Amundson 2005
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
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1808:
1805:, March 1990.
1804:
1803:The Scientist
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1743:Nancy Tuana,
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1421:
1420:Pojman, Louis
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1021:
1016:
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1002:
999:
996:, p. 274
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889:
888:Structuralism
886:
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873:Primordialism
871:
869:
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4214:Unobservable
4064:Intelligence
3994:
3934:Subjectivism
3929:Spiritualism
3844:Essentialism
3843:
3824:Anti-realism
3758:. Retrieved
3740:Essentialism
3731:Essentialism
3717:
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3698:
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3674:Hylomorphism
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3579:
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3221:the original
3212:
3201:Bibliography
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2382:Atabaki 6-7.
2378:
2369:
2364:Lape 149-52.
2360:
2351:
2326:
2318:
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2035:Reardon 2005
2020:Cravens 2010
2012:
1979:
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1969:
1958:
1952:Cravens 2010
1935:
1928:. Retrieved
1900:
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1673:
1658:, p. xi
1651:
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960:
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785:Susan Gelman
781:
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748:essentialism
747:
743:
740:essentialism
739:
733:
726:reductionism
722:Eurocentrism
703:
696:
689:
676:equal rights
655:
631:
612:. After the
598:
550:
540:
539:best seller
536:
534:
528:
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489:
486:genealogical
478:
473:
450:
427:
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399:
396:essentialist
395:
392:human nature
387:Homo sapiens
385:
383:
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368:
357:Human nature
340:
326:Neoplatonism
322:Roman Empire
309:
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168:human nature
145:
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21:
20:
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4543:Metaphysics
4527:(c. 200 BC)
4517:(c. 350 BC)
4507:(c. 350 BC)
4394:Collingwood
4299:Malebranche
4047:Information
3975:Anima mundi
3954:Type theory
3909:Physicalism
3874:Materialism
3829:Determinism
3800:Metaphysics
3610:. pp.
3422:10023/24669
3349:Hull, David
2355:DeLapp 177.
2301:10023/24669
2239:10023/24669
2025:Angier 2000
1704:John Gray,
1656:Fuss (2013)
1605:131:191â213
1085:Hull (2007)
1075:, p. 8
1051:10023/24669
832:Moral panic
822:Determinism
778:influenced.
730:Karl Popper
714:Edward Said
706:colonialism
571:Lenore Blum
563:Nancy Tuana
351:culturalism
301:rationality
248:hylomorphic
196:materialist
192:existential
172:Kierkegaard
114:nationality
4808:Categories
4603:Monadology
4537:(c. 80 BC)
4244:Parmenides
4129:Perception
4027:Experience
3914:Relativism
3889:Naturalism
3839:Enactivism
3735:PhilPapers
3566:082141691X
1786:Gila Hanna
942:References
809:Paul Bloom
775:Paul Bloom
752:nominalism
746:. He uses
635:simplistic
627:biologists
606:linguistic
520:Diana Fuss
361:See also:
337:Naturalism
92:and other
72:dialogue,
69:Parmenides
43:Categories
4763:Teleology
4728:Mereology
4708:Cosmology
4567:(c. 1000)
4464:Plantinga
4454:Armstrong
4404:Heidegger
4379:Whitehead
4364:Nietzsche
4284:Descartes
4254:Aristotle
4209:Universal
4139:Principle
4109:Necessity
4069:Intention
4022:Existence
3985:Causality
3924:Solipsism
3854:Free will
3760:29 August
3431:221063562
3240:cite book
3073:0027-8424
2860:CiteSeerX
2829:0261-510X
2494:, passim.
2479:145731202
2421:145373912
2373:Gruen 39.
2310:221063562
2248:221063562
2111:150259817
2072:221063773
2004:145485765
1996:1728-4457
1917:0037-802X
1856:1664-1078
1439:9:642â652
1391:503075283
1159:150259817
1120:221063773
1060:221063562
698:Histories
693:Herodotus
643:extremist
575:Mary Gray
490:intrinsic
462:Aristotle
430:evolution
412:pluralism
402:(or even
293:Aristotle
206:. Unlike
180:Heidegger
152:substance
126:extremist
110:ethnicity
54:that, as
52:substance
48:Aristotle
4781:Category
4703:Axiology
4557:(c.â270)
4485:more ...
4439:Anscombe
4434:Strawson
4429:Davidson
4324:Berkeley
4264:Plotinus
4225:more ...
4164:Relation
4144:Property
4119:Ontology
4042:Identity
3963:Concepts
3894:Nihilism
3859:Idealism
3807:Theories
3670:Quiddity
3587:9 August
3544:10378582
3536:20726131
3487:(1992).
3351:(2007).
3274:29 April
3230:29 April
3210:(2003).
3160:Observer
3141:11085594
3133:15482069
3091:30397114
3016:30962601
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2837:21199501
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2755:21319911
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2203:28235427
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1925:23557192
1874:28611723
1690:17 March
1603:Synthese
1573:54214030
1538:17893064
1422:(2006).
1274:28235427
1266:15718453
1208:33163145
898:Vitalism
863:Pleasure
816:See also
760:idealism
669:theorist
457:Linnaeus
332:Examples
318:idealism
314:Plotinus
273:quiddity
236:demiurge
231:Philebus
228:and the
212:ontology
164:humanism
98:taxonomy
78:Socrates
76:depicts
26:identity
4553:Enneads
4547:(c. 50)
4513:Timaeus
4503:Sophist
4449:Dummett
4444:Deleuze
4384:Russell
4374:Bergson
4369:Meinong
4349:Bolzano
4309:Leibniz
4289:Spinoza
4274:Aquinas
4259:Proclus
4189:Thought
4179:Subject
4159:Reality
4154:Quality
4124:Pattern
4084:Meaning
4059:Insight
4017:Essence
4002:Concept
3904:Realism
3869:Liberty
3834:Dualism
3742:at the
3709:(2007)
3612:101â124
3082:6233089
3051:Bibcode
3024:4898162
2720:2055130
2712:1131012
2668:3394457
2619:3093246
2541:2690699
2175:Science
2151:7643920
1930:22 July
1865:5447748
1788:, ed.,
1246:Science
1199:7643920
981:2024315
854:(Japan)
756:realism
744:realism
735:realism
618:culture
561:, and
474:species
438:biology
428:Before
410:versus
398:versus
320:to the
297:essence
244:essence
225:Timaeus
204:essence
147:essence
134:reified
90:biology
34:essence
4687:(1981)
4677:(1943)
4667:(1927)
4657:(1846)
4647:(1818)
4637:(1807)
4627:(1783)
4617:(1781)
4607:(1714)
4597:(1710)
4587:(1677)
4583:Ethics
4577:(1641)
4479:Parfit
4469:Kripke
4459:Putnam
4419:Sartre
4409:Carnap
4359:Peirce
4304:Newton
4279:SuĂĄrez
4269:Scotus
4149:Qualia
4114:Object
4104:Nature
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4079:Matter
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651:racial
408:monism
347:nature
343:social
265:morphe
257:morphe
188:Badiou
184:Sartre
118:gender
84:Older
4733:Meta-
4474:Lewis
4424:Quine
4389:Moore
4354:Lotze
4339:Hegel
4314:Wolff
4294:Locke
4249:Plato
4219:Value
4199:Truth
3540:S2CID
3427:S2CID
3224:(PDF)
3217:(PDF)
3137:S2CID
3109:(PDF)
3020:S2CID
2786:S2CID
2708:JSTOR
2545:S2CID
2475:S2CID
2417:S2CID
2306:S2CID
2244:S2CID
2199:S2CID
2107:S2CID
2068:S2CID
2016:See:
2000:S2CID
1921:JSTOR
1569:S2CID
1270:S2CID
1155:S2CID
1116:S2CID
1056:S2CID
977:JSTOR
947:Notes
738:into
240:chaos
220:Plato
154:or a
116:, or
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4414:Ryle
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4329:Hume
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4052:Data
4037:Idea
3762:2008
3643:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3589:2010
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156:form
106:race
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983:.
971::
937:)
933:(
927:)
923:(
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